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Greco MF, Rizzuto AS, Zarà M, Cafora M, Favero C, Solazzo G, Giusti I, Adorni MP, Zimetti F, Dolo V, Banfi C, Ferri N, Sirtori CR, Corsini A, Barbieri SS, Pistocchi A, Bollati V, Macchi C, Ruscica M. PCSK9 Confers Inflammatory Properties to Extracellular Vesicles Released by Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13065. [PMID: 36361853 PMCID: PMC9655172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are key participants in both early- and late-stage atherosclerosis and influence neighbouring cells possibly by means of bioactive molecules, some of which are packed into extracellular vesicles (EVs). Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is expressed and secreted by VSMCs. This study aimed to unravel the role of PCSK9 on VSMCs-derived EVs in terms of content and functionality. EVs were isolated from human VSMCs overexpressing human PCSK9 (VSMCPCSK9-EVs) and tested on endothelial cells, monocytes, macrophages and in a model of zebrafish embryos. Compared to EVs released from wild-type VSMCs, VSMCPCSK9-EVs caused a rise in the expression of adhesion molecules in endothelial cells and of pro-inflammatory cytokines in monocytes. These acquired an increased migratory capacity, a reduced oxidative phosphorylation and secreted proteins involved in immune response and immune effector processes. Concerning macrophages, VSMCPCSK9-EVs enhanced inflammatory milieu and uptake of oxidized low-density lipoproteins, whereas the migratory capacity was reduced. When injected into zebrafish embryos, VSMCPCSK9-EVs favoured the recruitment of macrophages toward the site of injection. The results of the present study provide evidence that PCSK9 plays an inflammatory role by means of EVs, at least by those derived from smooth muscle cells of vascular origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francesca Greco
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Stefania Rizzuto
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Zarà
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Cafora
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Favero
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Solazzo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Giusti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Adorni
- Unit of Neuroscience, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Zimetti
- Department of Food and Drug, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Vincenza Dolo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Cristina Banfi
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35100 Padua, Italy
| | - Cesare R Sirtori
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Corsini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Stella Barbieri
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Pistocchi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational, Università degli Studi di Milano, L.I.T.A., 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Bollati
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Macchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Ruscica
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Pharmacological prevention of intimal hyperplasia: A state-of-the-art review. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 235:108157. [PMID: 35183591 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intimal hyperplasia (IH) occurs in a considerable number of cases of blood vessel reconstruction by stenting or balloon angioplasty, venous bypass grafting, and arteriovenous dialysis accesses. It is triggered by endothelial injury during the vascular intervention and leads to vessel restenosis with life-threatening consequences for patients. To date, the drugs used for IH prevention in clinics-paclitaxel and rapalog drugs-have been focusing primarily on the vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation pathway of IH development. Limitations, such as endothelial toxicity and inappropriate drug administration timing, have spurred the search for new and efficient pharmacological approaches to control IH. In this state-of-the-art review, we present the pathways of IH development, focusing on the key events and actors involved in IH. Subsequently, we discuss different drugs and drug combinations interfering with these pathways based on their effect on peripheral circulation IH models in animal studies, or on clinical reports. The reports were obtained through an extensive search of peer-reviewed publications in Pubmed, Embase, and Google Scholar, with search equations composed based on five concepts around IH and their various combinations. To improve vascular intervention outcomes, rethinking of conventional therapeutic approaches to IH prevention is needed. Exploring local application of drugs and drug combinations acting on different pathophysiological pathways of IH development has the potential to provide effective and safe restenosis prevention.
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PCSK9 promotes arterial medial calcification. Atherosclerosis 2022; 346:86-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Lu NH, Li J, Yang YR, Liu HL, Du YR. New triterpenes from Cimicifuga yunnanensis down-regulating the mRNA expression of CD147, MMP-2, and MMP-9. RSC Adv 2021; 11:36978-36988. [PMID: 35494395 PMCID: PMC9043592 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07828c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eleven new 9,19-cycloartane triterpenes (1–9, 11–12) and one undescribed lanostane-type aglycone (10) were identified from the aerial parts of Cimicifuga yunnanensis. The new structures were elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data. Compounds 3–5, 7–9, and 11, without obvious cytotoxicity at 50 μM, were evaluated for inhibiting the mRNA expressions of atherosclerosis-related factors of CD147 (extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer, EMMPRIN), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 in phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) induced Human monocytic THP-1 cells by using a quantitative real-time PCR method (q-PCR). Among them, aglycones 7 and 8 showed potent activities, whereas all tested glycosides were inactive. Compounds 7 and 8 suppressed the mRNA expression of CD147 in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 3.38 ± 0.27 μM and 8.25 ± 0.33 μM, respectively. Besides, 7 dose-related down-regulated the mRNA expression of MMP-2, and MMP-9, having an IC50 value of 6.32 ± 0.31 μM and 11.57 ± 0.23 μM, respectively. Meanwhile, 8 at 10 μM reduced the mRNA expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by 35% and 25%, respectively. Significantly, the migration ability of the induced THP-1 cells was potently and dose-dependently inhibited by 7, with an IC50 value of 5.87 ± 0.27 μM. Eleven new 9,19-cycloartane triterpenes (CTs) (1–9, 11–12) and one undescribed lanostane-type aglycone (10) were identified from Cimicifuga yunnanensis. CTs aglycones 7 and 8 potently down-regulated the mRNA expression of CD147, MMP-2, and MMP-9.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni-Hong Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming Yunnan 650041 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming Yunnan 650041 People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Rui Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming Yunnan 650041 People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Lu Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming Yunnan 650041 People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Rong Du
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming Yunnan 650041 People's Republic of China
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Colón-Bolea P, García-Gómez R, Casar B. RAC1 Activation as a Potential Therapeutic Option in Metastatic Cutaneous Melanoma. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1554. [PMID: 34827551 PMCID: PMC8615836 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a complex process by which cancer cells escape from the primary tumor to colonize distant organs. RAC1 is a member of the RHO family of small guanosine triphosphatases that plays an important role in cancer migration, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. RAC1 activation has been related to most cancers, such as cutaneous melanoma, breast, lung, and pancreatic cancer. RAC1P29S driver mutation appears in a significant number of cutaneous melanoma cases. Likewise, RAC1 is overexpressed or hyperactivated via signaling through oncogenic cell surface receptors. Thus, targeting RAC1 represents a promising strategy for cutaneous melanoma therapy, as well as for inhibition of other signaling activation that promotes resistance to targeted therapies. In this review, we focus on the role of RAC1 in metastatic cutaneous melanoma emphasizing the anti-metastatic potential of RAC1- targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Colón-Bolea
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas—Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain; (P.C.-B.); (R.G.-G.)
| | - Rocío García-Gómez
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas—Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain; (P.C.-B.); (R.G.-G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Berta Casar
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas—Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain; (P.C.-B.); (R.G.-G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Lee CF, Carley RE, Butler CA, Morrison AR. Rac GTPase Signaling in Immune-Mediated Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis. Cells 2021; 10:2808. [PMID: 34831028 PMCID: PMC8616135 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease caused by atherosclerosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. Data from preclinical and clinical studies support the belief that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease that is mediated by innate and adaptive immune signaling mechanisms. This review sought to highlight the role of Rac-mediated inflammatory signaling in the mechanisms driving atherosclerotic calcification. In addition, current clinical treatment strategies that are related to targeting hypercholesterolemia as a critical risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease are addressed in relation to the effects on Rac immune signaling and the implications for the future of targeting immune responses in the treatment of calcific atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cadence F. Lee
- Ocean State Research Institute, Inc., Providence VA Medical Center, Research (151), 830 Chalkstone Avenue, Providence, RI 02908, USA; (C.F.L.); (R.E.C.); (C.A.B.)
- Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Rachel E. Carley
- Ocean State Research Institute, Inc., Providence VA Medical Center, Research (151), 830 Chalkstone Avenue, Providence, RI 02908, USA; (C.F.L.); (R.E.C.); (C.A.B.)
- Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Celia A. Butler
- Ocean State Research Institute, Inc., Providence VA Medical Center, Research (151), 830 Chalkstone Avenue, Providence, RI 02908, USA; (C.F.L.); (R.E.C.); (C.A.B.)
- Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Alan R. Morrison
- Ocean State Research Institute, Inc., Providence VA Medical Center, Research (151), 830 Chalkstone Avenue, Providence, RI 02908, USA; (C.F.L.); (R.E.C.); (C.A.B.)
- Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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PCSK9 Induces Rat Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Counteracts the Pleiotropic Effects of Simvastatin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084114. [PMID: 33923431 PMCID: PMC8073479 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human atherosclerotic plaque contains smooth muscle cells (SMCs) negative for the contractile phenotype (α-smooth muscle actin) but positive for proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). Thus, we generated rat SMCs which overexpressed human PCSK9 (SMCsPCSK9) with the aim of investigating the role of PCSK9 in the phenotype of SMCs. PCSK9 overexpression in SMCsPCSK9 led to a significant downregulation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr) as well as transgelin (Sm22α), a marker of the contractile phenotype. The cell proliferation rate of SMCsPCSK9 was significantly faster than that of the control SMCs (SMCspuro). Interestingly, overexpression of PCSK9 did not impact the migratory capacity of SMCs in response to 10% FCS, as determined by Boyden's chamber assay. Expression and activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (Hmgcr) was significantly increased in the presence of PCSK9, both in SMCPCSK9 and after treatment with recombinant PCSK9. The transcriptional activity of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) was also increased in the presence of PSCK9, suggesting a direct role of PCSK9 in the control of SRE-responsive genes, like HMGCR. We also observed that cholesterol biosynthesis is elevated in SMCPCSK9, potentially explaining the increased proliferation observed in these cells. Finally, concentration-dependent experiments with simvastatin demonstrated that SMCsPCSK9 were partially resistant to the antiproliferative and antimigratory effect of this drug. Taken together, these data further support a direct role of PCSK9 in proliferation, migration, and phenotypic changes in SMCs-pivotal features of atherosclerotic plaque development. We also provide new evidence on the role of PCSK9 in the pharmacological response to statins-gold standard lipid-lowering drugs with pleiotropic action.
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8
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Himalayan Nettle Girardinia diversifolia as a Candidate Ingredient for Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Applications-Phytochemical Analysis and In Vitro Bioassays. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071563. [PMID: 32235298 PMCID: PMC7180999 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Girardinia diversifolia, also known as Himalayan nettle, is a perennial herb used in Nepal to make fiber as well as in traditional medicine for the treatment of several diseases. To date, phytochemical studies and biological assays on this plant are scarce. Thus, in the present work, the G. diversifolia extracts have been evaluated for their potential pharmaceutical, cosmetic and nutraceutical uses. For this purpose, detailed phytochemical analyses were performed, evidencing the presence of phytosterols, fatty acids, carotenoids, polyphenols and saponins. The most abundant secondary metabolites were β- and γ-sitosterol (11 and 9% dw, respectively), and trans syringin (0.5 mg/g) was the most abundant phenolic. Fatty acids with an abundant portion of unsaturated derivatives (linoleic and linolenic acid at 22.0 and 9.7 mg/g respectively), vitamin C (2.9 mg/g) and vitamin B2 (0.12 mg/g) were also present. The antioxidant activity was moderate while a significant ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrilcholinesterase (BuChE), tyrosinase, α-amylase and α-glucosidase was observed. A cytotoxic effect was observed on human ovarian, pancreatic and hepatic cancer cell lines. The effect in hepatocarcinoma cells was associated to a downregulation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), a pivotal regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis. These data show the potential usefulness of this species for possible applications in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and cosmetics.
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RAC1 as a Therapeutic Target in Malignant Melanoma. Trends Cancer 2020; 6:478-488. [PMID: 32460002 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Small GTPases of the RAS and RHO families are related signaling proteins that, when activated by growth factors or by mutation, drive oncogenic processes. While activating mutations in KRAS, NRAS, and HRAS genes have long been recognized and occur in many types of cancer, similar mutations in RHO family genes, such as RAC1 and RHOA, have only recently been detected as the result of extensive cancer genome-sequencing efforts and are linked to a restricted set of malignancies. In this review, we focus on the role of RAC1 signaling in malignant melanoma, emphasizing recent advances that describe how this oncoprotein alters melanocyte proliferation and motility and how these findings might lead to new therapeutics in RAC1-mutant tumors.
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Ruscica M, Ferri N, Macchi C, Corsini A, Sirtori CR. Lipid lowering drugs and inflammatory changes: an impact on cardiovascular outcomes? Ann Med 2018; 50:461-484. [PMID: 29976096 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2018.1498118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory changes are responsible for maintenance of the atherosclerotic process and may underlie some of the most feared vascular complications. Among the multiple mechanisms of inflammation, the arterial deposition of lipids and particularly of cholesterol crystals is the one responsible for the activation of inflammasome NLRP3, followed by the rise of circulating markers, mainly C-reactive protein (CRP). Elevation of lipoproteins, LDL but also VLDL and remnants, associates with increased inflammatory changes and coronary risk. Lipid lowering medications can reduce cholesterolemia and CRP: patients with elevations of both are at greatest cardiovascular (CV) risk and receive maximum benefit from therapy. Evaluation of the major drug series indicates that statins exert the largest LDL and CRP reduction, accompanied by reduced CV events. Other drugs, mainly active on the triglyceride/HDL axis, for example, PPAR agonists, may improve CRP and the lipid pattern, especially in patients with metabolic syndrome. PCSK9 antagonists, the newest most potent medications, do not induce significant changes in inflammatory markers, but patients with the highest baseline CRP levels show the best CV risk reduction. Parallel evaluation of lipids and inflammatory changes clearly indicates a significant link, both guiding to patients at highest risk, and to the best pharmacological approach. Key messages Lipid lowering agents with "pleiotropic" effects provide a more effective approach to CV prevention In CANTOS study, patients achieving on-treatment hsCRP concentrations ≤2 mg/L had a higher benefit in terms of reduction in major CV events The anti-inflammatory activity of PCSK9 antagonists appears to be of a minimal extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ruscica
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - N Ferri
- b Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - C Macchi
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - A Corsini
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - C R Sirtori
- c Centro Dislipidemie , A.S.S.T. Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda , Milan , Italy
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Lu NH, Zhang ZW, Guo RW, Yang LX, Song YX, Ye JS, Shi YK. Yunnanterpene G, a spiro-triterpene from the roots of Cimicifuga foetida, downregulates the expression of CD147 and MMPs in PMA differentiated THP-1 cells. RSC Adv 2018; 8:15036-15043. [PMID: 35541353 PMCID: PMC9079972 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01895b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A new cycloartane triterpene, yunnanterpene G (1), containing an oxaspiro[5.4]decane moiety, was purified from the roots of Cimicifuga foetida. The new structure was determined from spectroscopic data and the X-ray diffraction method. Biological evaluations revealed that compound 1 significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of the atherosclerosis-related adhesion molecule CD147 (extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer, EMMPRIN), and proteolytic enzymes matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), MMP-9 and MMP-14, in a dose-dependent manner in phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced human monocytic THP-1 cells by quantitative real-time PCR method. At the same time, the migration ability of the induced THP-1 cells was potently inhibited. Furthermore, western blot experiments showed that compound 1 at 25 μM strongly suppressed phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK in the differentiated THP-1 cells. Yunnanterpene G (1), a new cycloartane triterpene with an oxaspiro[5.4]decane moiety, was purified from the roots of Cimicifuga foetida. Significantly, it downregulates the expression of CD147 and MMPs in PMA differentiated THP-1 cells.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni-Hong Lu
- Department of Postgraduate, Kunming Medical University Yunnan 650500 P. R. China
| | - Zi-Wei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Area Yunnan 650032 P. R. China
| | - Rui-Wei Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Area Yunnan 650032 P. R. China
| | - Li-Xia Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Area Yunnan 650032 P. R. China
| | - Ya-Xian Song
- Department of Postgraduate, Kunming Medical University Yunnan 650500 P. R. China
| | - Jin-Shan Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Area Yunnan 650032 P. R. China
| | - Yan-Kun Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Area Yunnan 650032 P. R. China
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Ricci C, Ruscica M, Camera M, Rossetti L, Macchi C, Colciago A, Zanotti I, Lupo MG, Adorni MP, Cicero AFG, Fogacci F, Corsini A, Ferri N. PCSK9 induces a pro-inflammatory response in macrophages. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29396513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20425-x.pmid:29396513;pmcid:pmc5797178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraplaque release of inflammatory cytokines from macrophages is implicated in atherogenesis by inducing the proliferation and migration of media smooth muscle cells (SMCs). PCSK9 is present and released by SMCs within the atherosclerotic plaque but its function is still unknown. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that PCSK9 could elicit a pro-inflammatory effect on macrophages. THP-1-derived macrophages and human primary macrophages were exposed to different concentrations (0.250 ÷ 2.5 µg/ml) of human recombinant PCSK9 (hPCSK9). After 24 h incubation with 2.5 µg/ml PCSK9, a significant induction of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, CXCL2, and MCP1 mRNA, were observed in both cell types. Co-culture of THP-1 macrophages with HepG2 overexpressing hPCSK9 also showed the induction of TNF-α (2.4 ± 0.5 fold) and IL-1β (8.6 ± 1.8 fold) mRNA in macrophages. The effect of hPCSK9 on TNF-α mRNA in murine LDLR-/- bone marrow macrophages (BMM) was significantly impaired as compared to wild-type BMM (4.3 ± 1.6 fold vs 31.1 ± 6.1 fold for LDLR-/- and LDLR+/+, respectively). Finally, a positive correlation between PCSK9 and TNF-α plasma levels of healthy adult subjects (males 533, females 537) was observed (B = 8.73, 95%CI 7.54 ÷ 9.93, p < 0.001). Taken together, the present study provides evidence of a pro-inflammatory action of PCSK9 on macrophages, mainly dependent by the LDLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Ricci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Ruscica
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Camera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Macchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Colciago
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zanotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Lupo
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Adorni
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Arrigo F G Cicero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Fogacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Corsini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Multimedica IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy.
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13
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Abstract
Intraplaque release of inflammatory cytokines from macrophages is implicated in atherogenesis by inducing the proliferation and migration of media smooth muscle cells (SMCs). PCSK9 is present and released by SMCs within the atherosclerotic plaque but its function is still unknown. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that PCSK9 could elicit a pro-inflammatory effect on macrophages. THP-1-derived macrophages and human primary macrophages were exposed to different concentrations (0.250 ÷ 2.5 µg/ml) of human recombinant PCSK9 (hPCSK9). After 24 h incubation with 2.5 µg/ml PCSK9, a significant induction of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, CXCL2, and MCP1 mRNA, were observed in both cell types. Co-culture of THP-1 macrophages with HepG2 overexpressing hPCSK9 also showed the induction of TNF-α (2.4 ± 0.5 fold) and IL-1β (8.6 ± 1.8 fold) mRNA in macrophages. The effect of hPCSK9 on TNF-α mRNA in murine LDLR−/− bone marrow macrophages (BMM) was significantly impaired as compared to wild-type BMM (4.3 ± 1.6 fold vs 31.1 ± 6.1 fold for LDLR−/− and LDLR+/+, respectively). Finally, a positive correlation between PCSK9 and TNF-α plasma levels of healthy adult subjects (males 533, females 537) was observed (B = 8.73, 95%CI 7.54 ÷ 9.93, p < 0.001). Taken together, the present study provides evidence of a pro-inflammatory action of PCSK9 on macrophages, mainly dependent by the LDLR.
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Lin HF, Liao KF, Chang CM, Lin CL, Lai SW. Statin use correlates with reduced risk of chronic osteomyelitis: a nationwide case-control study in Taiwan. Curr Med Res Opin 2017; 33:2235-2240. [PMID: 28699801 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2017.1354831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Potential association between prior statin use and chronic osteomyelitis is examined. METHODS A nationwide case-control study was conducted based on data taken from the Taiwan National Health Insurance program. The case group includes 2338 subjects aged 20-84 years newly diagnosed for chronic osteomyelitis from 2000 to 2013; the control group included 2338 randomly selected subjects without chronic osteomyelitis matched for sex, age, and index year. Statin use was respectively defined as "current", "recent" or "past" if the most recent statin prescription was filled <3 months, 3-6 months or ≥6 months prior to the chronic osteomyelitis diagnosis. Relative risk of chronic osteomyelitis associated with statin use was measured by the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) using the conditional logistic regression model. RESULTS After controlling for potential confounders, the adjusted ORs of chronic osteomyelitis were 0.57 for subjects with current statin use (95% CI 0.45, 0.72), 0.80 for subjects with recent statin use (95% CI 0.48, 1.33), and 1.00 for subjects with past statin use (95% CI 0.83, 1.20), compared patients with no prior statin use. In further analysis, the adjusted ORs of chronic osteomyelitis were 0.70 for subjects with cumulative statin use <12 months (95% CI 0.47, 1.07), and 0.56 for subjects with cumulative statins use ≥12 months (95% CI 0.41, 0.77), compared with those with no prior statin use. CONCLUSIONS Current statin use is associated with reduced concurrent diagnosis of chronic osteomyelitis, particularly for a cumulative statin use ≥12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Feng Lin
- a School of Chinese Medicine , China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan
- b Department of Family Medicine , China Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Fu Liao
- c Department of Internal Medicine , Taichung Tzu Chi General Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan
- d College of Medicine , Tzu Chi University , Hualien , Taiwan
- e Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Ching-Mei Chang
- f Department of Nursing , Tungs' Taichung Metro Habor Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Li Lin
- g College of Medicine , China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan
- h Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Lai
- b Department of Family Medicine , China Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan
- g College of Medicine , China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan
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15
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Marei H, Malliri A. Rac1 in human diseases: The therapeutic potential of targeting Rac1 signaling regulatory mechanisms. Small GTPases 2017; 8:139-163. [PMID: 27442895 PMCID: PMC5584733 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1211398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal Rac1 signaling is linked to a number of debilitating human diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. As such, Rac1 represents an attractive therapeutic target, yet the search for effective Rac1 inhibitors is still underway. Given the adverse effects associated with Rac1 signaling perturbation, cells have evolved several mechanisms to ensure the tight regulation of Rac1 signaling. Thus, characterizing these mechanisms can provide invaluable information regarding major cellular events that lead to aberrant Rac1 signaling. Importantly, this information can be utilized to further facilitate the development of effective pharmacological modulators that can restore normal Rac1 signaling. In this review, we focus on the pathological role of Rac1 signaling, highlighting the benefits and potential drawbacks of targeting Rac1 in a clinical setting. Additionally, we provide an overview of available compounds that target key Rac1 regulatory mechanisms and discuss future therapeutic avenues arising from our understanding of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadir Marei
- Cell Signaling Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Angeliki Malliri
- Cell Signaling Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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16
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Ferri N, Marchianò S, Lupo MG, Trenti A, Biondo G, Castaldello P, Corsini A. Geranylgeraniol prevents the simvastatin-induced PCSK9 expression: Role of the small G protein Rac1. Pharmacol Res 2017; 122:96-104. [PMID: 28554582 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Statins are known to increase the plasma levels of proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) through the activation of the sterol responsive element binding protein (SREBP) pathway due to the inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis. In the present study, we explore a possible role of the prenylated proteins on the statin-mediated PCSK9 induction in Caco-2 cells. Simvastatin (40μM) induced both PCSK9 mRNA (10.7±3.2 fold) and protein (2.2±0.3 fold), after 24h incubation. The induction of PCSK9 mRNA was partially, but significantly, prevented by the co-incubation with mevalonate (MVA), farnesol (FOH) and geranylgeraniol (GGOH), while a complete prevention was observed on secreted PCSK9, evaluated by ELISA assay. Under the same experimental conditions, MVA, GGOH, but not FOH, prevented the activation of the PCSK9 promoter by simvastatin in a SRE-dependent manner. Simvastatin reduced by -35.7±15.2% the Rac1-GTP levels, while no changes were observed on RhoA- and Cdc42-GTP. This effect was prevented by MVA and GGOH. A Rac inhibitor, and N17Rac1 dominant negative mutant, significantly induced PCSK9 levels, and a suppression of Rac1 expression by siRNA, counteract the effect of simvastatin on the induction of PCSK9 mRNA. Finally, simvastatin, and Rac inhibitor inhibited the nuclear translocation of STAT3 and its knock-down by siRNA increased significantly the susceptibility of Caco-2 to simvastatin on PCSK9 expression. Taken together, the present study reveal a direct role of Rac1 on simvastatin-mediated PCSK9 expression via the reduction of STAT3 nuclear translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ferri
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy.
| | - Silvia Marchianò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Lupo
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Annalisa Trenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Biondo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Castaldello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Corsini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Multimedica IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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17
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Eliasson P, Svensson RB, Giannopoulos A, Eismark C, Kjær M, Schjerling P, Heinemeier KM. Simvastatin and atorvastatin reduce the mechanical properties of tendon constructs in vitro and introduce catabolic changes in the gene expression pattern. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172797. [PMID: 28264197 PMCID: PMC5339395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment with lipid-lowering drugs, statins, is common all over the world. Lately, the occurrence of spontaneous tendon ruptures or tendinosis have suggested a negative influence of statins upon tendon tissue. But how statins might influence tendons is not clear. In the present study, we investigated the effect of statin treatment on mechanical strength, cell proliferation, collagen content and gene expression pattern in a tendon-like tissue made from human tenocytes in vitro. Human tendon fibroblasts were grown in a 3D tissue culture model (tendon constructs), and treated with either simvastatin or atorvastatin, low or high dose, respectively, for up to seven days. After seven days of treatment, mechanical testing of the constructs was performed. Collagen content and cell proliferation were also determined. mRNA levels of several target genes were measured after one or seven days. The maximum force and stiffness were reduced by both statins after 7 days (p<0.05), while the cross sectional area was unaffected. Further, the collagen content was reduced by atorvastatin (p = 0.01) and the cell proliferation rate was decreased by both types of statins (p<0.05). Statin treatment also introduced increased mRNA levels of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, TIMP-1 and decreased levels of collagen type 1 and 3. In conclusion, statin treatment appears to have a negative effect on tendon matrix quality as seen by a reduced strength of the tendon constructs. Further, activated catabolic changes in the gene expression pattern and a reduced collagen content indicated a disturbed balance in matrix production of tendon due to statin administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Eliasson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Dept of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Rene B. Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Dept of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Antonis Giannopoulos
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Dept of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Eismark
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Dept of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjær
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Dept of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Dept of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katja M. Heinemeier
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Dept of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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In vitro anticancer activity evaluation of new cationic platinum(II) complexes based on imidazole moiety. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:1907-1913. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Ferri N, Marchianò S, Tibolla G, Baetta R, Dhyani A, Ruscica M, Uboldi P, Catapano AL, Corsini A. PCSK9 knock-out mice are protected from neointimal formation in response to perivascular carotid collar placement. Atherosclerosis 2016; 253:214-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.07.910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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20
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Akarsu M, Saygun O, Aydinuraz K, Aydin O, Daphan CE, Tanrıkulu FB, Kisa U, Comu FM. The Effects of Simvastatin on Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in an Experimental Colon Anastomosis Model. Indian J Surg 2016; 79:390-395. [PMID: 29089696 DOI: 10.1007/s12262-016-1493-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anastomotic leakage is more frequently reported in colonic anastomoses. Ischemia reperfusion injury is one of the main reasons for anastomotic leakage. Simvastatin is known to prevent tissue damage induced by free oxygen radicals after ischemia reperfusion injury. The effect of simvastatin on colonic anastomosis impaired by ischemia reperfusion injury is investigated. Single layer, end-to-end colocolic anastomosis after 0.5-cm colon resection was performed in Wistar Albino rats. In Group 1 (control) (n = 10), colonic anastomosis without I-R was performed. In Group 2 (n = 10), the superior mesenteric artery was clamped for 10 min followed by 60 min of reperfusion after which resection anastomosis was performed. In Group 3 (n = 10), 10 mg/kg simvastatin was given by gavage for 7 days after I-R and resection anastomosis. In Group 4 (n = 10), the rats received 10 mg/kg simvastatin by gavage 7 days before and 7 days after ischemia reperfusion and surgery. All of the rats were sacrificed 8 days after surgery. Anastomotic bursting pressure and tissue hydroxyproline levels were measured. Postoperative administration of simvastatin restored the anastomotic bursting pressure and hydroxyproline levels to that of control group thus overcoming the effect of ischemia reperfusion injury. Simvastatin administered postoperatively in an experimental model of colonic resection anastomosis impaired by ischemia reperfusion injury increased anastomotic bursting pressures and tissue hydroxyproline levels. Further experimental and clinical studies will show whether administration of simvastatin will increase reliability of the anastomosis and decrease postoperative morbidity and mortality in colonic anastomosis after ischemia reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Akarsu
- Department of General Surgery, Medical Faculty, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Oral Saygun
- Department of General Surgery, Medical Faculty, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Kuzey Aydinuraz
- Department of General Surgery, Medical Faculty, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Oktay Aydin
- Department of General Surgery, Medical Faculty, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Cagatay Erden Daphan
- Department of General Surgery, Medical Faculty, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | | | - Ucler Kisa
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Faruk Metin Comu
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
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21
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Ruscica M, Ricci C, Macchi C, Magni P, Cristofani R, Liu J, Corsini A, Ferri N. Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-3 (SOCS-3) Induces Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) Expression in Hepatic HepG2 Cell Line. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:3508-19. [PMID: 26668321 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.664706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are negative regulators of the JAK/STAT pathway activated by proinflammatory cytokines, including the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). SOCS3 is also implicated in hypertriglyceridemia associated to insulin resistance. Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) levels are frequently found to be positively correlated to insulin resistance and plasma very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglycerides concentrations. The present study aimed to investigate the possible role of TNF-α and JAK/STAT pathway on de novo lipogenesis and PCSK9 expression in HepG2 cells. TNF-α induced both SOCS3 and PCSK9 in a concentration-dependent manner. This effect was inhibited by transfection with siRNA anti-STAT3, suggesting the involvement of the JAK/STAT pathway. Retroviral overexpression of SOCS3 in HepG2 cells (HepG2(SOCS3)) strongly inhibited STAT3 phosphorylation and induced PCSK9 mRNA and protein, with no effect on its promoter activity and mRNA stability. Consistently, siRNA anti-SOCS3 reduced PCSK9 mRNA levels, whereas an opposite effect was observed with siRNA anti-STAT3. In addition, HepG2(SOCS3) express higher mRNA levels of key enzymes involved in the de novo lipogenesis, such as fatty-acid synthase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD)-1, and apoB. These responses were associated with a significant increase of SCD-1 protein, activation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1), accumulation of cellular triglycerides, and secretion of apoB. HepG2(SOCS3) show lower phosphorylation levels of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) Tyr(896) and Akt Ser(473) in response to insulin. Finally, insulin stimulation produced an additive effect with SOCS3 overexpression, further inducing PCSK9, SREBP-1, fatty acid synthase, and apoB mRNA. In conclusion, our data candidate PCSK9 as a gene involved in lipid metabolism regulated by proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α in a SOCS3-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Ruscica
- From the Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Ricci
- From the Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Macchi
- From the Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Magni
- From the Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy, Centro per lo Studio delle Malattie Dismetaboliche e delle Iperlipemie-Enrica Grossi Paoletti, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20162 Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cristofani
- From the Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy, Centro di Eccellenza per le Malattie Neurodegenerative, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy, and
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System, 94304 Palo Alto, California
| | - Alberto Corsini
- From the Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy, Multimedica IRCCS, 20099 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
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22
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Abstract
In the early stages of atherosclerotic lesion development, cholesterol is mostly present as esterified cholesterol stored in macrophage cytoplasmic lipid droplets. However, when the lesion evolves, free cholesterol accumulates in other compartments, such as lysosomes and plasma membrane. A number of studies support a role for intracellular cholesterol content and distribution in regulating several cell functions. Particularly, membrane free cholesterol content has a specific effect on signaling pathways involved in regulating cell motility and organization of the actin cytoskeleton. These processes are regulated by several signaling pathways including the small GTPase Rac1. Rac1 belongs to the Rho GTPases of the Ras protein superfamily involved in the regulation of multiple cell functions, including cell proliferation, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, degranulation, and superoxide production. In this review, we discuss the role of Rac1 in macrophage with respect to cholesterol metabolism and trafficking as critical aspects for the development of atherosclerotic plaque.
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23
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Role of small GTPase protein Rac1 in cardiovascular diseases: development of new selective pharmacological inhibitors. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2014; 62:425-35. [PMID: 23921306 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3182a18bcc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A pathway-based genome-wide association analysis has recently identified Rac1 as one of the biologically important gene in coronary heart diseases. The role of the small GTPase Rac1 in cardiac hypertrophy and atherosclerosis has also been documented in clinical studies with the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and in in vitro and in vivo settings using transgenic and knockout mice. Thus, Rac1 has emerged as a new pharmacological target for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The activation state of Rac1 depends on the release of guanosine diphosphate and the binding of guanosine triphosphate. This cycling is regulated by the guanine nucleotide exchange factors, as activators, and by the GTPase-activating proteins. Three categories of selective Rac1 inhibitors have been developed affecting different steps of this pathway: antagonists of Rac1-guanine nucleotide exchange factor interaction, allosteric inhibitors of nucleotide binding to Rac1, and antagonists of Rac1-mediated NADPH oxidase activity. These chemical compounds have shown to selectively inhibit Rac1 activation in cultured cell lines without affecting the homologous proteins RhoA and Cdc42. Moreover, pioneer studies have been conducted with Rac1 inhibitors in in vivo experimental models of cardiovascular diseases with encouraging results. The present review summarizes the current knowledge of the role of Rac1 in cardiovascular diseases and the pharmacological approaches that have been developed to selectively inhibit its function.
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24
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Clinical evidence of statin therapy in non-dyslipidemic disorders. Pharmacol Res 2014; 88:20-30. [PMID: 24548821 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The clinical benefits of statins are strongly related to their low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering properties. However, considering that the pharmacological target of statins, the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, is one of the upstream enzyme of the mevalonate pathway, its inhibition may determine a substantial impoverishment of additional lipid moieties required for a proper cellular function. From this hypothesis, several experimental and clinical evidences have been reported indicating additional effects of statins beyond the LDL-C lowering, in particular anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Thus statin therapy, indicated for hyperlipidemic patients for primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) has begun to be considered effective in other diseases not necessarily linked to altered lipid profile. In the present review we summarized the current clinical evidence of the efficacy and safety profile of statins in a variety of diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, venous thromboembolism, liver diseases, polycystic ovary syndrome, and age-related macular degeneration. As discussed in the review, pending large, well designed, randomized trials, it is reasonable to conclude that there is no definitive evidence for the use of statins in the aforementioned diseases.
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25
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Ijioma N, Robinson JG. Lipid-lowering effects of ezetimibe and simvastatin in combination. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 9:131-45. [DOI: 10.1586/erc.10.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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26
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Gargiulo S, Gamba P, Testa G, Sottero B, Maina M, Guina T, Biasi F, Poli G, Leonarduzzi G. Molecular signaling involved in oxysterol-induced β₁-integrin over-expression in human macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23203064 PMCID: PMC3509580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131114278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypercholesterolemia-atherosclerosis association is now established; hypercholesterolemia may induce vascular-cell activation, subsequently increasing expression of adhesion molecules, cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and other key inflammatory molecules. Among inflammatory molecules expressed by vascular cells, integrins play a critical role in regulating macrophage activation and migration to the site of inflammation, by mediating cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. The main lipid oxidation products present in oxidized LDL that may be responsible for inflammatory processes in atherogenesis, are cholesterol oxidation products, known as oxysterols. This study demonstrates the effect of an oxysterol mixture, compatible with that detectable in human hypercholesterolemic plasma, on the expression and synthesis of β1-integrin in cells of the macrophage lineage. The molecular signaling whereby oxysterols induce β1-integrin up-regulation is also comprehensively investigated. Over-expression of β1-integrin depends on activation of classic and novel members of protein kinase C and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, as well as of the up-stream G-protein (Gq and G13), c-Src, and phospholipase C. In addition, the localization of β1-integrin in advanced human carotid plaques is highlighted, marking its importance in atherosclerotic plaque progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Gargiulo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano 10043, Turin, Italy.
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27
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Greco CM, Camera M, Facchinetti L, Brambilla M, Pellegrino S, Gelmi ML, Tremoli E, Corsini A, Ferri N. Chemotactic effect of prorenin on human aortic smooth muscle cells: a novel function of the (pro)renin receptor. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 95:366-74. [PMID: 22721990 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The discovery of a specific prorenin receptor (PRR) suggests a biological function of prorenin that is independent of angiotensin I production. In the present study, we investigated the role of PRR on smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration. METHODS AND RESULTS PRR was expressed in human mammary arteries and in cultured human aortic SMCs. Prorenin induced SMC migration in a dose-dependent manner, as assessed by Boyden chamber chemotaxis assay, and increased SMC random motility, as determined by video microscopy. The prorenin decoy peptide inhibited SMC migration in response to prorenin, and knockdown of PRR by small interfering RNA completely inhibited the migratory response to prorenin, demonstrating that the chemotactic action of prorenin is mediated by the PRR. Prorenin induced cytoskeleton reorganization and lamellipodia formation and increased the intracellular levels of both RhoA-GTP and Rac1-GTP through PRR. These effects were required for SMC migration, because the suppression by small interfering RNA of either Rac1 or RhoA GTP-bound forms completely blocked the PRR-mediated chemotactic effect. Prorenin also induced the formation of larger focal adhesions and cleavage of the focal adhesion kinase (pp125(FAK)) into two main fragments with molecular weights of 50 and 90 kDa. The generation of these two fragments of pp125(FAK) was reduced by the calpain inhibitor ALLN, which also inhibited SMC migration in response to prorenin. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that prorenin is a chemotactic factor for human aortic SMCs expressing PRR. This effect is elicited through reorganization of the cytoskeleton and focal adhesion, activation of RhoA and Rac1, and calpain-mediated cleavage of pp125(FAK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina M Greco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milan, Italy
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Caino MC, Lopez-Haber C, Kissil JL, Kazanietz MG. Non-small cell lung carcinoma cell motility, rac activation and metastatic dissemination are mediated by protein kinase C epsilon. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31714. [PMID: 22384062 PMCID: PMC3288050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein kinase C (PKC) ε, a key signaling transducer implicated in mitogenesis, survival, and cancer progression, is overexpressed in human primary non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The role of PKCε in lung cancer metastasis has not yet been established. Principal Findings Here we show that RNAi-mediated knockdown of PKCε in H358, H1299, H322, and A549 NSCLC impairs activation of the small GTPase Rac1 in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), serum, or epidermal growth factor (EGF). PKCε depletion markedly impaired the ability of NSCLC cells to form membrane ruffles and migrate. Similar results were observed by pharmacological inhibition of PKCε with εV1-2, a specific PKCε inhibitor. PKCε was also required for invasiveness of NSCLC cells and modulated the secretion of extracellular matrix proteases and protease inhibitors. Finally, we found that PKCε-depleted NSCLC cells fail to disseminate to lungs in a mouse model of metastasis. Conclusions Our results implicate PKCε as a key mediator of Rac signaling and motility of lung cancer cells, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cecilia Caino
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Huang Z, Wang L, Meng S, Wang Y, Chen T, Wang C. Berberine reduces both MMP-9 and EMMPRIN expression through prevention of p38 pathway activation in PMA-induced macrophages. Int J Cardiol 2011; 146:153-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Wright JL, Zhou S, Preobrazhenska O, Marshall C, Sin DD, Laher I, Golbidi S, Churg AM. Statin reverses smoke-induced pulmonary hypertension and prevents emphysema but not airway remodeling. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 183:50-8. [PMID: 20709821 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201003-0399oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE the potential role of statins in treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is controversial, and it is unclear what anatomic COPD lesions statins affect. OBJECTIVES to determine whether an intervention of simvastatin could alter cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary hypertension. METHODS we exposed guinea pigs to cigarette smoke for 6 months. In half the animals, simvastatin therapy was initiated after 3 months of smoke exposure. Pulmonary arterial systolic pressures were monitored weekly with a radiotelemetric catheter; additional physiologic and morphologic measurements were made at sacrifice after 6 months. Precision-cut lung explants were assessed for evidence of endothelial dysfunction, and in situ vascular nitric oxide generation was measured with 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS cigarette smoke increased the pulmonary arterial systolic pressure after approximately 4 weeks. Simvastatin returned the pressure to control levels within 4 weeks of starting treatment, and ameliorated smoke-induced small arterial remodeling as well as emphysema measured both physiologically and morphometrically at 6 months, but did not prevent smoke-induced small airway remodeling either physiologically or morphologically. In precision-cut lung slices simvastatin reversed small arterial endothelial dysfunction, and partially reversed smoke-induced loss of vascular nitric oxide generation. CONCLUSIONS simvastatin, as an intervention therapy, reverses the pulmonary vascular effects of cigarette smoke, including pulmonary hypertension, and prevents smoke-induced emphysema, but does not prevent small airway remodeling. This is the first demonstration that an intervention can reverse a COPD-associated cigarette smoke-induced anatomic abnormality. The study also shows the importance of examining all three anatomic lung compartments when assessing the effects of a potential drug intervention in patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Wright
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5 Canada.
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Igata T, Jinnin M, Makino T, Moriya C, Muchemwa FC, Ishihara T, Ihn H. Up-regulated type I collagen expression by the inhibition of Rac1 signaling pathway in human dermal fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 393:101-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.01.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7-Difluoromethyl-5,4′-dimethoxygenistein, a Novel Genistein Derivative, Has Therapeutic Effects on Atherosclerosis in a Rabbit Model. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2009; 54:412-20. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181bad280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ferri N, Roncalli E, Arnaboldi L, Fenu S, Andrukhova O, Aharinejad S, Camera M, Tremoli E, Corsini A. Fibrillar Collagen Inhibits Cholesterol Biosynthesis in Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:1631-7. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.187807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
Integrin-mediated cell adhesion to type I fibrillar collagen regulates gene and protein expression, whereas little is known of its effect on lipid metabolism. In the present study, we examined the effect of type I fibrillar collagen on cholesterol biosynthesis in human aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs).
Methods and Results—
SMCs were cultured on either fibrillar or monomer collagen for 48 hours and [
14
C]-acetate incorporation into cholesterol was evaluated. Fibrillar collagen reduced by 72.9±2.6% cholesterol biosynthesis without affecting cellular cholesterol levels. Fibrillar collagen also reduced 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA) promoter activity (−72.6±7.3%), mRNA (−58.7±6.4%), protein levels (−35.5±8.5%), and enzyme activity (−37.7±2.2%). Intracellular levels of the active form of sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBP) 1a was decreased by 60.7±21.7% in SMCs cultured on fibrillar collagen, whereas SREBP2 was not significantly affected (+12.1±7.1%). The overexpression of the active form of SREBP1a rescued the downregulation of fibrillar collagen on HMG-CoA reductase levels. Blocking antibody to α2 integrin partially reversed the downregulation of HMG-CoA reductase mRNA expression. Finally, fibrillar collagen led to an intracellular accumulation of unprenylated Ras.
Conclusions—
Our study demonstrated that α2β1 integrin interaction with fibrillar collagen affected the expression of HMG-CoA reductase, which led to the inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in human SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ferri
- From the Department of Pharmacological Sciences (N.F., E.R., L.A., M.C., E.T., A.C.), University of Milan, Italy; Axxam (S.F.), San Raffaele Biomedical Science Park, Milan, Italy; the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (O.A., S.A.), Vienna Medical University, Austria; and Monzino Cardiology Center IRCCS (M.C., E.T.), Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Roncalli
- From the Department of Pharmacological Sciences (N.F., E.R., L.A., M.C., E.T., A.C.), University of Milan, Italy; Axxam (S.F.), San Raffaele Biomedical Science Park, Milan, Italy; the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (O.A., S.A.), Vienna Medical University, Austria; and Monzino Cardiology Center IRCCS (M.C., E.T.), Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Arnaboldi
- From the Department of Pharmacological Sciences (N.F., E.R., L.A., M.C., E.T., A.C.), University of Milan, Italy; Axxam (S.F.), San Raffaele Biomedical Science Park, Milan, Italy; the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (O.A., S.A.), Vienna Medical University, Austria; and Monzino Cardiology Center IRCCS (M.C., E.T.), Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Fenu
- From the Department of Pharmacological Sciences (N.F., E.R., L.A., M.C., E.T., A.C.), University of Milan, Italy; Axxam (S.F.), San Raffaele Biomedical Science Park, Milan, Italy; the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (O.A., S.A.), Vienna Medical University, Austria; and Monzino Cardiology Center IRCCS (M.C., E.T.), Milan, Italy
| | - Olena Andrukhova
- From the Department of Pharmacological Sciences (N.F., E.R., L.A., M.C., E.T., A.C.), University of Milan, Italy; Axxam (S.F.), San Raffaele Biomedical Science Park, Milan, Italy; the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (O.A., S.A.), Vienna Medical University, Austria; and Monzino Cardiology Center IRCCS (M.C., E.T.), Milan, Italy
| | - Seyedhossein Aharinejad
- From the Department of Pharmacological Sciences (N.F., E.R., L.A., M.C., E.T., A.C.), University of Milan, Italy; Axxam (S.F.), San Raffaele Biomedical Science Park, Milan, Italy; the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (O.A., S.A.), Vienna Medical University, Austria; and Monzino Cardiology Center IRCCS (M.C., E.T.), Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Camera
- From the Department of Pharmacological Sciences (N.F., E.R., L.A., M.C., E.T., A.C.), University of Milan, Italy; Axxam (S.F.), San Raffaele Biomedical Science Park, Milan, Italy; the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (O.A., S.A.), Vienna Medical University, Austria; and Monzino Cardiology Center IRCCS (M.C., E.T.), Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Tremoli
- From the Department of Pharmacological Sciences (N.F., E.R., L.A., M.C., E.T., A.C.), University of Milan, Italy; Axxam (S.F.), San Raffaele Biomedical Science Park, Milan, Italy; the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (O.A., S.A.), Vienna Medical University, Austria; and Monzino Cardiology Center IRCCS (M.C., E.T.), Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Corsini
- From the Department of Pharmacological Sciences (N.F., E.R., L.A., M.C., E.T., A.C.), University of Milan, Italy; Axxam (S.F.), San Raffaele Biomedical Science Park, Milan, Italy; the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (O.A., S.A.), Vienna Medical University, Austria; and Monzino Cardiology Center IRCCS (M.C., E.T.), Milan, Italy
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Simvastatin improves wound strength after intestinal anastomosis in the rat. J Gastrointest Surg 2009; 13:1707-16. [PMID: 19578821 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-009-0951-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simvastatin is a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor commonly known as a cholesterol-lowering drug with additional pleiotropic effects. Also, it is demonstrated that it prevents postoperative peritoneal adhesions in rat. This study was designed to assess its effects on the healing process of colonic anastomosis. METHODS Thirty-two male Wistar albino rats were randomized into two groups and subjected to colonic anastomosis. The study group was treated with simvastatin and the control group received only tap water instead. The rats were killed 3 and 7 days postoperatively. Wound complications, intra-abdominal abscesses, and anastomotic leaks and stenosis were recorded. Four types of assessment were performed: bursting pressure, hydroxyproline content, histopathology, and biochemical analysis. RESULTS Compared to the control group, simvastatin-treated rats displayed a higher bursting pressure (p < 0.001) and anastomotic hydroxyproline content (p < 0.05). Simvastatin treatment leads to a significant decrease in malondealdehyde levels (p < 0.05) and increase in paraoxonase activity (p < 0.001) at both time points. Histopathological analysis revealed that simvastatin administration leads to a better anastomotic healing in terms of reepithelialization, decreased granuloma formation, reduced ischemic necrosis, and inflammatory infiltration to muscle layer. CONCLUSION Clinically relevant doses of simvastatin do not have a negative impact on colonic anastomosis but improve intestinal wound healing in rats.
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Ferri N, Corsini A, Bottino P, Clerici F, Contini A. Virtual screening approach for the identification of new Rac1 inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4087-90. [PMID: 19527032 DOI: 10.1021/jm8015987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rac1 protein is implicated in several events of atherosclerotic plaque development and represents a new potential pharmacological target for cardiovascular diseases. In this paper we describe a pharmacophore virtual screening followed by molecular docking calculations leading to the identification of five new Rac1 inhibitors. These compounds were shown to be more effective than the reference compound NSC23766 in reducing the intracellular levels of Rac1-GTP, thus supporting this approach for the development of new Rac1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ferri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Svineng G, Ravuri C, Rikardsen O, Huseby NE, Winberg JO. The role of reactive oxygen species in integrin and matrix metalloproteinase expression and function. Connect Tissue Res 2008; 49:197-202. [PMID: 18661342 DOI: 10.1080/03008200802143166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion and migration is largely dependent on integrin binding to extracellular matrix, and several signalling pathways involved in these processes have been shown to be modified by reactive oxygen species (ROS). In fact, integrin activation is linked to increased ROS production by NADPH-oxidases, 5-lipoxygenase, and release from mitochondria. Cell migration is intimately linked to degradation of the extracellular matrix, and activated matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a prerequisite for cancer cell invasion and metastasis. In this minireview, we focus on the interplay between integrin-mediated ROS production and MMP expression as well as its biological and pathobiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunbjørg Svineng
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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