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Dakroub A, Dbouk A, Asfour A, Nasser SA, El-Yazbi AF, Sahebkar A, Eid AA, Iratni R, Eid AH. C-peptide in diabetes: A player in a dual hormone disorder? J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31212. [PMID: 38308646 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
C-peptide, a byproduct of insulin synthesis believed to be biologically inert, is emerging as a multifunctional molecule. C-peptide serves an anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic role in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and early T2DM. C-peptide protects endothelial cells by activating AMP-activated protein kinase α, thus suppressing the activity of NAD(P)H oxidase activity and reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. It also prevents apoptosis by regulating hyperglycemia-induced p53 upregulation and mitochondrial adaptor p66shc overactivation, as well as reducing caspase-3 activity and promoting expression of B-cell lymphoma-2. Additionally, C-peptide suppresses platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-beta receptor and p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphorylation to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) proliferation. It also diminishes leukocyte adhesion by virtue of its capacity to abolish nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) signaling, a major pro-inflammatory cascade. Consequently, it is envisaged that supplementation of C-peptide in T1DM might ameliorate or even prevent end-organ damage. In marked contrast, C-peptide increases monocyte recruitment and migration through phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI-3 kinase)-mediated pathways, induces lipid accumulation via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ upregulation, and stimulates VSMC proliferation and CD4+ lymphocyte migration through Src-kinase and PI-3K dependent pathways. Thus, it promotes atherosclerosis and microvascular damage in late T2DM. Indeed, C-peptide is now contemplated as a potential biomarker for insulin resistance in T2DM and linked to increased coronary artery disease risk. This shift in the understanding of the pathophysiology of diabetes from being a single hormone deficiency to a dual hormone disorder warrants a careful consideration of the role of C-peptide as a unique molecule with promising diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Dakroub
- St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn, New York, USA
| | - Ali Dbouk
- Department of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University Medical School, Hotel-Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Aref Asfour
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ahmed F El-Yazbi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Alamein International University (AIU), Alamein City, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Assaad A Eid
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rabah Iratni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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2
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Hao Y, Li C, Wang H, Ming C. Effects of copy number variations on longevity in late-onset Alzheimer's disease patients: insights from a causality network analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1241412. [PMID: 38020759 PMCID: PMC10652415 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1241412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), particularly late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), is a prevalent form of dementia that significantly affects patients' cognitive and behavioral capacities and longevity. Although approximately 70 genetic risk factors linked with AD have been identified, their influence on patient longevity remains unclear. Further, recent studies have associated copy number variations (CNVs) with the longevity of healthy individuals and immune-related pathways in AD patients. This study aims to investigate the role of CNVs on the longevity of AD patients by integrating the Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) and transcriptomics data from the Religious Orders Study/Memory and Aging Project (ROSMAP) cohort through causality network inference. Our comprehensive analysis led to the construction of a CNV-Gene-Age of Death (AOD) causality network. We successfully identified three key CNVs (DEL5006, mCNV14192, and DUP42180) and seven AD-longevity causal genes (PLGRKT, TLR1, PLAU, CALB2, SYTL2, OTOF, and NT5DC1) impacting AD patient longevity, independent of disease severity. This outcome emphasizes the potential role of plasminogen activation and chemotaxis in longevity. We propose several hypotheses regarding the role of identified CNVs and the plasminogen system on patient longevity. However, experimental validation is required to further corroborate these findings and uncover precise mechanisms. Despite these limitations, our study offers promising insights into the genetic influence on AD patient longevity and contributes to paving the way for potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Hao
- Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, Macao SAR, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Chuhao Li
- Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - He Wang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Ming
- Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, Macao SAR, China
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3
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Direct delivery of plasmin using clot-anchoring thrombin-responsive nanoparticles for targeted fibrinolytic therapy. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 21:983-994. [PMID: 36696210 PMCID: PMC10148984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2022.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrin-rich clot formation in thrombo-occlusive pathologies is currently treated by systemic administration of plasminogen activators (e.g. tPA), to convert fibrin-associated plasminogen to plasmin for fibrinolytic action. However, this conversion is not restricted to clot site only but also occurs on circulating plasminogen, causing systemic fibrinogenolysis and bleeding risks. To address this, past research has explored tPA delivery using clot-targeted nanoparticles. OBJECTIVES We designed a nanomedicine system that can (1) target clots via binding to activated platelets and fibrin, (2) package plasmin instead of tPA as a direct fibrinolytic agent, and (3) release this plasmin triggered by thrombin for clot-localized action. METHODS Clot-targeted thrombin-cleavable nanoparticles (CTNPs) were manufactured using self-assembly of peptide-lipid conjugates. Plasmin loading and its thrombin-triggered release from CTNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy. CTNP-targeting to clots under flow was studied using microfluidics. Fibrinolytic effect of CTNP-delivered plasmin was studied in vitro using BioFlux imaging and D-dimer analysis and in vivo in a zebrafish thrombosis model. RESULTS Plasmin-loaded CTNPs significantly bound to clots under shear flow and showed thrombin-triggered enhanced release of plasmin. BioFlux studies confirmed that thrombin-triggered plasmin released from CTNPs rendered fibrinolysis similar to free plasmin, further corroborated by D-dimer analysis. In the zebrafish model, CTNP-delivered plasmin accelerated time-to-recanalization, or completely prevented occlusion when infused before thrombus formation. CONCLUSION Considering that the very short circulation half-life (<1 second) of plasmin prevents its systemic use but also makes it safer without off-target drug effects, clot-targeted delivery of plasmin using CTNPs can enable safer and more efficacious fibrinolytic therapy.
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Badran M, Gozal D. PAI-1: A Major Player in the Vascular Dysfunction in Obstructive Sleep Apnea? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5516. [PMID: 35628326 PMCID: PMC9141273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea is a chronic and prevalent condition that is associated with endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and imposes excess overall cardiovascular risk and mortality. Despite its high prevalence and the susceptibility of CVD patients to OSA-mediated stressors, OSA is still under-recognized and untreated in cardiovascular practice. Moreover, conventional OSA treatments have yielded either controversial or disappointing results in terms of protection against CVD, prompting the need for the identification of additional mechanisms and associated adjuvant therapies. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), the primary inhibitor of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and urinary-type plasminogen activator (uPA), is a key regulator of fibrinolysis and cell migration. Indeed, elevated PAI-1 expression is associated with major cardiovascular adverse events that have been attributed to its antifibrinolytic activity. However, extensive evidence indicates that PAI-1 can induce endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis through complex interactions within the vasculature in an antifibrinolytic-independent matter. Elevated PAI-1 levels have been reported in OSA patients. However, the impact of PAI-1 on OSA-induced CVD has not been addressed to date. Here, we provide a comprehensive review on the mechanisms by which OSA and its most detrimental perturbation, intermittent hypoxia (IH), can enhance the transcription of PAI-1. We also propose causal pathways by which PAI-1 can promote atherosclerosis in OSA, thereby identifying PAI-1 as a potential therapeutic target in OSA-induced CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Badran
- Department of Child Health and Child Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 400 N Keene St, Suite 010, Columbia, MO 65201, USA;
| | - David Gozal
- Department of Child Health and Child Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 400 N Keene St, Suite 010, Columbia, MO 65201, USA;
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
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5
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Boffa MB. Beyond fibrinolysis: The confounding role of Lp(a) in thrombosis. Atherosclerosis 2022; 349:72-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Miles LA, Krajewski S, Baik N, Parmer RJ, Mueller BM. Plg-RKT Expression in Human Breast Cancer Tissues. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040503. [PMID: 35454092 PMCID: PMC9028288 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasminogen activation system regulates the activity of the serine protease, plasmin. The role of plasminogen receptors in cancer progression is being increasingly appreciated as key players in modulation of the tumor microenvironment. The interaction of plasminogen with cells to promote plasminogen activation requires the presence of proteins exposing C-terminal lysines on the cell surface. Plg-RKT is a structurally unique plasminogen receptor because it is an integral membrane protein that is synthesized with and binds plasminogen via a C-terminal lysine exposed on the cell surface. Here, we have investigated the expression of Plg-RKT in human breast tumors and human breast cancer cell lines. Breast cancer progression tissue microarrays were probed with anti-Plg-RKT mAB and we found that Plg-RKT is widely expressed in human breast tumors, that its expression is increased in tumors that have spread to draining lymph nodes and distant organs, and that Plg-RKT expression is most pronounced in hormone receptor (HR)-positive tumors. Plg-RKT was detected by Western blotting in human breast cancer cell lines. By flow cytometry, Plg-RKT cell surface expression was highest on the most aggressive tumor cell line. Future studies are warranted to address the functions of Plg-RKT in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Miles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (L.A.M.); (N.B.)
| | | | - Nagyung Baik
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (L.A.M.); (N.B.)
| | - Robert J. Parmer
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA;
| | - Barbara M. Mueller
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
- Correspondence:
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Para I, Albu A, Porojan MD. Adipokines and Arterial Stiffness in Obesity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57070653. [PMID: 34202323 PMCID: PMC8305474 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57070653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adipokines are active molecules with pleiotropic effects produced by adipose tissue and involved in obesity-related metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Arterial stiffness, which is a consequence of arteriosclerosis, has been shown to be an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of arterial stiffness is complex but incompletely understood. Adipokines dysregulation may induce, by various mechanisms, vascular inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and vascular remodeling, leading to increased arterial stiffness. This article summarizes literature data regarding adipokine-related pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the development of arterial stiffness, particularly in obesity, as well as the results of clinical and epidemiological studies which investigated the relationship between adipokines and arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Para
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Adriana Albu
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Correspondence:
| | - Mihai D. Porojan
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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8
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Echeverría LE, Rojas LZ, Gómez-Ochoa SA. Coagulation disorders in Chagas disease: A pathophysiological systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Res 2021; 201:73-83. [PMID: 33652329 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2021.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, Chagas disease (CD) constitutes one of the main public health problems in Latin America. However, little is known about potential mechanisms of disease different from cardiac or digestive involvement, such as the coagulation disorders elicited by the parasite persistence in the tissues. The aim of this systematic review was to describe and characterize all the published literature that evaluated the pathophysiological aspects of coagulation disorders in CD. METHODS Searches in Medline, EMBASE, and LILACS databases (from inception to July 28th, 2020) were performed. Articles of any language reporting the levels of different coagulation factors/markers or the prevalence of abnormal levels of the mentioned molecules in patients with CD were included. Two reviewers independently selected the studies, extracted the data, and assessed the quality of evidence. Estimates were pooled using random-effects meta-analyses. RESULTS Seven studies evaluating a total of 676 participants fulfilled the criteria and were included, while only six were suitable for meta-analyzing (544 participants, 52% men, mean age: 49 ± 8 years). 57.16% of the patients in the meta-analysis had a serological confirmed diagnosis of CD, while 97% of these were in the indeterminate stage of the disease. Patients in the CD group had higher levels of F 1 + 2 (SMD 5.15. 95% CI 1.92, 8.38), PAI-1 (SMD 0.46. 95% CI 0.07; 0.89), and P-selectin (SMD 1.8; 95% CI 0.13-3.47) compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, benznidazole therapy was associated with a reduction in the levels of these biomarkers after treatment. CONCLUSION The results of the present study suggest that patients with chronic T. cruzi infection are affected by a potential hypercoagulable state irrespective of the development of cardiac or digestive disease. Furthermore, the reduction in the levels of the coagulation markers after benznidazole therapy may suggest a significant role of the parasite load in the development of these coagulation disorders. There is a scarcity of research assessing the molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms of coagulation disorders in Chagas disease. Further research is needed to assess the benefit of benznidazole therapy on this hypercoagulable state in the long-term, along with its impact on the risk of thromboembolic events in CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Echeverría
- Heart Failure and Heart Transplant Clinic, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Floridablanca, Colombia.
| | - Lyda Z Rojas
- Research Group and Development of Nursing Knowledge (GIDCEN-FCV), Research Center, Cardiovascular Foundation of Colombia, Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia
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9
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Chu Y, Bucci JC, Peterson CB. Dissecting molecular details and functional effects of the high-affinity copper binding site in plasminogen activator Inhibitor-1. Protein Sci 2020; 30:597-612. [PMID: 33345392 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the primary inhibitor for plasminogen activators, tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). As a unique member in the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) family, PAI-1 is metastable and converts to an inactive, latent structure with a half-life of 1-2 hr under physiological conditions. Unusual effects of metals on the rate of the latency conversion are incompletely understood. Previous work has identified two residues near the N-terminus, H2 and H3, which reside in a high-affinity copper-binding site in PAI-1 [Bucci JC, McClintock CS, Chu Y, Ware GL, McConnell KD, Emerson JP, Peterson CB (2017) J Biol Inorg Chem 22:1123-1,135]. In this study, neighboring residues, H10, E81, and H364, were tested as possible sites that participate in Cu(II) coordination at the high-affinity site. Kinetic methods, gel sensitivity assays, and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) revealed that E81 and H364 have different roles in coordinating metal and mediating the stability of PAI-1. H364 provides a third histidine in the metal-coordination sphere with H2 and H3. In contrast, E81 does not appear to be required for metal ligation along with histidines; contacts made by the side-chain carboxylate upon metal binding are perturbed and, in turn, influence dynamic fluctuations within the region encompassing helices D, E, and F and the W86 loop that are important in the pathway for the PAI-1 latency conversion. This investigation underscores a prominent role of protein dynamics, noncovalent bonding networks and ligand binding in controlling the stability of the active form of PAI-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhuo Chu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Joel C Bucci
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Cynthia B Peterson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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10
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Baganha F, de Jong A, Jukema JW, Quax PHA, de Vries MR. The Role of Immunomodulation in Vein Graft Remodeling and Failure. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2020; 14:100-109. [PMID: 32542547 PMCID: PMC7892738 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-020-10001-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive arterial disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world. Venous bypass graft surgery is one of the most frequently used revascularization strategies despite its considerable short and long time failure rate. Due to vessel wall remodeling, inflammation, intimal hyperplasia, and accelerated atherosclerosis, vein grafts may (ultimately) fail to revascularize tissues downstream to occlusive atherosclerotic lesions. In the past decades, little has changed in the prevention of vein graft failure (VGF) although new insights in the role of innate and adaptive immunity in VGF have emerged. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of VGF, emphasizing the role of immune response and associated factors related to VG remodeling and failure. Moreover, we discuss potential therapeutic options that can improve patency based on data from both preclinical studies and the latest clinical trials. This review contributes to the insights in the role of immunomodulation in vein graft failure in humans. We describe the effects of immune cells and related factors in early (thrombosis), intermediate (inward remodeling and intimal hyperplasia), and late (intimal hyperplasia and accelerated atherosclerosis) failure based on both preclinical (mouse) models and clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Baganha
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Alwin de Jong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H A Quax
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet R de Vries
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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11
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Obradovic M, Essack M, Zafirovic S, Sudar‐Milovanovic E, Bajic VP, Van Neste C, Trpkovic A, Stanimirovic J, Bajic VB, Isenovic ER. Redox control of vascular biology. Biofactors 2020; 46:246-262. [PMID: 31483915 PMCID: PMC7187163 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Redox control is lost when the antioxidant defense system cannot remove abnormally high concentrations of signaling molecules, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). Chronically elevated levels of ROS cause oxidative stress that may eventually lead to cancer and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we focus on redox effects in the vascular system. We pay close attention to the subcompartments of the vascular system (endothelium, smooth muscle cell layer) and give an overview of how redox changes influence those different compartments. We also review the core aspects of redox biology, cardiovascular physiology, and pathophysiology. Moreover, the topic-specific knowledgebase DES-RedoxVasc was used to develop two case studies, one focused on endothelial cells and the other on the vascular smooth muscle cells, as a starting point to possibly extend our knowledge of redox control in vascular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Obradovic
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Molecular GeneticsVinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Magbubah Essack
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE)ThuwalKingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sonja Zafirovic
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Molecular GeneticsVinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Emina Sudar‐Milovanovic
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Molecular GeneticsVinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Vladan P. Bajic
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Molecular GeneticsVinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Christophe Van Neste
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE)ThuwalKingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Andreja Trpkovic
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Molecular GeneticsVinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Julijana Stanimirovic
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Molecular GeneticsVinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Vladimir B. Bajic
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE)ThuwalKingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Esma R. Isenovic
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Molecular GeneticsVinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
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12
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Syu YW, Lai HW, Jiang CL, Tsai HY, Lin CC, Lee YC. GLUT10 maintains the integrity of major arteries through regulation of redox homeostasis and mitochondrial function. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:307-321. [PMID: 29149261 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose transporter 10 (GLUT10) is a member of the GLUT family of membrane transporters, and mutations in this gene cause arterial tortuosity syndrome (ATS). However, the physiological role and regulation of GLUT10 in arteries remains unclear. To further understand its physiological roles in major arteries, we examined the regulatory mechanisms of GLUT10 in ASMCs and aortic tissues. Interestingly, we find that targeting of GLUT10 to mitochondria is increased in ASMCs under both stress and aging conditions, which enhances dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) uptake and maintains intracellular ascorbic acid (AA) levels. We further demonstrate that the targeting of GLUT10 to mitochondria is important to maintain redox homeostasis, mitochondrial structure and mitochondrial function in ASMCs. A missense mutation of GLUT10 (Glut10G128E) impairs mitochondrial targeting in ASMCs. Consequently, ASMCs isolated from Glut10G128E mice exhibit increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, fragmented mitochondria and impaired mitochondrial function, as well as enhanced cell proliferation and migration. In vivo, mitochondrial structure is altered, and ROS levels are heightened in aortic tissues of Glut10G128E mice. Furthermore, increased number and disorganization of ASMCs, along with progressive arterial wall remodeling were observed in aortic tissues of Glut10G128E mice. These defects were coincident with elevated systolic blood pressure in aged Glut10G128E animals. Our results describe a novel mechanism that GLUT10 targeting to mitochondria under stress and aging condition has a critical role in maintaining AA levels, redox homeostasis and mitochondrial structure and function in ASMCs, which is likely to contribute to the maintenance of healthy vascular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Syu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Wen Lai
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Lin Jiang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Yuan Tsai
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chih Lin
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Lee
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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Chung HJ, Park HJ, Baek SY, Park JK, Lee WY, Kim KW, Jo YM, Hochi S, Kim YM, Choi TJ, Cho ES, Cho KH. Production of human tissue-type plasminogen activator (htPA) using in vitro cultured transgenic pig mammary gland cells. Anim Biotechnol 2018; 30:317-322. [PMID: 30522372 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2018.1521824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a protein involved in the breakdown of blood clots. We have previously produced a human tPA (htPA)-overexpressing transgenic pig using a mammary gland-specific promoter. In this study, we have established a transgenic pig mammary gland cell line that produces recombinant htPA. The mammary gland cells grew well and retained their character over long periods of culture. There was no difference in the extent of apoptosis in transgenic cells compared to wild-type mammary gland cells. In addition, the transgenic mammary gland cells expressed and secreted htPA into the conditioned media at a concentration similar to that in milk. This transgenic cell line represents a simple and ethical method for recombinant htPA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak-Jae Chung
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science , Cheoan-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Baek
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science , Cheoan-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ki Park
- Department of Swine & Poultry Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries , Jeonju , Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Young Lee
- Department of Beef & Dairy Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries , Jeonju , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Woon Kim
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science , Wanju-gun , Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Mi Jo
- Medi Kinetics Central Research Institute , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Shinichi Hochi
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University , Ueda , Nagano , Japan
| | - Yong-Min Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science , Cheoan-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jeong Choi
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science , Cheoan-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Suek Cho
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science , Cheoan-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Ho Cho
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science , Cheoan-si , Republic of Korea
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14
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Chen T, Huang JB, Dai J, Zhou Q, Raj JU, Zhou G. PAI-1 is a novel component of the miR-17~92 signaling that regulates pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell phenotypes. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 315:L149-L161. [PMID: 29644896 PMCID: PMC6139661 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00137.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that miR-17~92 is critically involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH). We also identified two novel mR-17/20a direct targets, PDZ and LIM domain protein 5 (PDLIM5) and prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2), and elucidated the signaling pathways by which PDLIM5 and PHD2 regulate functions of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). In addition, we have shown that plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is also downregulated in PASMCs that overexpress miR-17~92. However, it is unclear whether PAI-1 is a direct target of miR-17~92 and whether it plays a role in regulating the PASMC phenotype. In this study, we have identified PAI-1 as a novel target of miR-19a/b, two members of the miR-17~92 cluster. We found that the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of PAI-1 contains a miR-19a/b binding site and that miR-19a/b can target this site to suppress PAI-1 protein expression. MiR-17/20a, two other members of miR-17~92, may also indirectly suppress PAI-1 expression through PDLIM5. PAI-1 is a negative regulator of miR-17~92-mediated PASMC proliferation. Silencing of PAI-1 induces Smad2/calponin signaling in PASMCs, suggesting that PAI-1 is a negative regulator of the PASMC contractile phenotype. We also found that PAI-1 is essential for the metabolic gene expression in PASMCs. Furthermore, although there is no significant change in PAI-1 levels in PASMCs isolated from idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension and associated pulmonary arterial hypertension patients, PAI-1 is downregulated in hypoxia/Sugen-induced hypertensive rat lungs. These results suggest that miR-17~92 regulates the PASMC contractile phenotype and proliferation coordinately and synergistically by direct and indirect targeting of PAI-1.
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MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/genetics
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/pathology
- Male
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Muscle Contraction/genetics
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/biosynthesis
- Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/genetics
- Pulmonary Artery/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/pathology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianji Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jason B Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jingbo Dai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Qiyuan Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - J Usha Raj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Guofei Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
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15
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de Vries MR, Quax PHA. Inflammation in Vein Graft Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:3. [PMID: 29417051 PMCID: PMC5787541 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bypass surgery is one of the most frequently used strategies to revascularize tissues downstream occlusive atherosclerotic lesions. For venous bypass surgery the great saphenous vein is the most commonly used vessel. Unfortunately, graft efficacy is low due to the development of vascular inflammation, intimal hyperplasia and accelerated atherosclerosis. Moreover, failure of grafts leads to significant adverse outcomes and even mortality. The last couple of decades not much has changed in the treatment of vein graft disease (VGD). However, insight is the cellular and molecular mechanisms of VGD has increased. In this review, we discuss the latest insights on VGD and the role of inflammation in this. We discuss vein graft pathophysiology including hemodynamic changes, the role of vessel wall constitutions and vascular remodeling. We show that profound systemic and local inflammatory responses, including inflammation of the perivascular fat, involve both the innate and adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margreet R de Vries
- Department of Surgery, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Paul H A Quax
- Department of Surgery, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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16
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Bucci JC, McClintock CS, Chu Y, Ware GL, McConnell KD, Emerson JP, Peterson CB. Resolving distinct molecular origins for copper effects on PAI-1. J Biol Inorg Chem 2017; 22:1123-1135. [PMID: 28913669 PMCID: PMC5613068 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-017-1489-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Components of the fibrinolytic system are subjected to stringent control to maintain proper hemostasis. Central to this regulation is the serpin plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which is responsible for specific and rapid inhibition of fibrinolytic proteases. Active PAI-1 is inherently unstable and readily converts to a latent, inactive form. The binding of vitronectin and other ligands influences stability of active PAI-1. Our laboratory recently observed reciprocal effects on the stability of active PAI-1 in the presence of transition metals, such as copper, depending on the whether vitronectin was also present (Thompson et al. Protein Sci 20:353–365, 2011). To better understand the molecular basis for these copper effects on PAI-1, we have developed a gel-based copper sensitivity assay that can be used to assess the copper concentrations that accelerate the conversion of active PAI-1 to a latent form. The copper sensitivity of wild-type PAI-1 was compared with variants lacking N-terminal histidine residues hypothesized to be involved in copper binding. In these PAI-1 variants, we observed significant differences in copper sensitivity, and these data were corroborated by latency conversion kinetics and thermodynamics of copper binding by isothermal titration calorimetry. These studies identified a copper-binding site involving histidines at positions 2 and 3 that confers a remarkable stabilization of PAI-1 beyond what is observed with vitronectin alone. A second site, independent from the two histidines, binds metal and increases the rate of the latency conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel C Bucci
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Walters Life Sciences Building, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, A221 Life Sciences Annex, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Carlee S McClintock
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Walters Life Sciences Building, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Yuzhuo Chu
- Department of Biological Sciences, A221 Life Sciences Annex, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Gregory L Ware
- Department of Biological Sciences, A221 Life Sciences Annex, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Kayla D McConnell
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Box 1115, Starkville, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Joseph P Emerson
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Box 1115, Starkville, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Cynthia B Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Walters Life Sciences Building, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, A221 Life Sciences Annex, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
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17
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Functional Regulation of the Plasma Protein Histidine-Rich Glycoprotein by Zn 2+ in Settings of Tissue Injury. Biomolecules 2017; 7:biom7010022. [PMID: 28257077 PMCID: PMC5372734 DOI: 10.3390/biom7010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Divalent metal ions are essential nutrients for all living organisms and are commonly protein-bound where they perform important roles in protein structure and function. This regulatory control from metals is observed in the relatively abundant plasma protein histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG), which displays preferential binding to the second most abundant transition element in human systems, Zinc (Zn2+). HRG has been proposed to interact with a large number of protein ligands and has been implicated in the regulation of various physiological and pathological processes including the formation of immune complexes, apoptotic/necrotic and pathogen clearance, cell adhesion, antimicrobial activity, angiogenesis, coagulation and fibrinolysis. Interestingly, these processes are often associated with sites of tissue injury or tumour growth, where the concentration and distribution of Zn2+ is known to vary. Changes in Zn2+ levels have been shown to modify HRG function by altering its affinity for certain ligands and/or providing protection against proteolytic disassembly by serine proteases. This review focuses on the molecular interplay between HRG and Zn2+, and how Zn2+ binding modifies HRG-ligand interactions to regulate function in different settings of tissue injury.
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18
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Shen YH, LeMaire SA. Molecular pathogenesis of genetic and sporadic aortic aneurysms and dissections. Curr Probl Surg 2017; 54:95-155. [PMID: 28521856 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying H Shen
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
| | - Scott A LeMaire
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
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19
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Chapurina YE, Drozdov AS, Popov I, Vinogradov VV, Dudanov IP, Vinogradov VV. Streptokinase@alumina nanoparticles as a promising thrombolytic colloid with prolonged action. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:5921-5928. [PMID: 32263765 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb01349j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study is devoted to the development of a new class of thrombolytic systems - nanocolloids. A non-direct plasminogen activator, streptokinase, was entrapped in a sol-gel matrix based on boehmite nanoparticles used in medical practice as the most common vaccine adjuvant. It is shown that when the enzyme content in the composite is less than 10%, only minor release is observed, while thrombolytic properties are maintained at a relatively high level, demonstrating the prolonged effect. Based on the obtained composites, thrombolytic nanocolloids containing nanoparticles of less than 500 nm size and suitable for parenteral administration were produced. The thrombolytic properties were studied using the plasminogen activation tests, human plasma clots and a model thrombus made from a whole human blood. Based on the obtained results, the structure of the composites and the mechanism of their action are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia E Chapurina
- ITMO University, Laboratory of Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies, Lomonosova St. 9, 191002, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.
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20
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Bucci JC, Trelle MB, McClintock CS, Qureshi T, Jørgensen TJD, Peterson CB. Copper(II) Ions Increase Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 1 Dynamics in Key Structural Regions That Govern Stability. Biochemistry 2016; 55:4386-98. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel C. Bucci
- Department
of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Walters Life Sciences Building, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, A221 Life
Sciences Annex, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Morten Beck Trelle
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 55 Campusvej, 5000 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Carlee S. McClintock
- Department
of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Walters Life Sciences Building, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Tihami Qureshi
- Department
of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Walters Life Sciences Building, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Thomas J. D. Jørgensen
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 55 Campusvej, 5000 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Cynthia B. Peterson
- Department
of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Walters Life Sciences Building, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, A221 Life
Sciences Annex, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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21
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Zhang Y, Chen W, Chen LF, Wang X, Hsu J, Fang LG, Fang Q. Increased Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor Expression on Circulating Monocytes Is Correlated with Clinical Instability and Long-Term Adverse Cardiac Events in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Cardiology 2016; 135:98-107. [PMID: 27299738 DOI: 10.1159/000446392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to investigate the clinical correlates and prognostic roles of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) on circulating monocytes in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS 263 angina patients were included in this study. The percentage of uPAR expressing monocytes (PUEM) and the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) index of uPAR were measured using flow cytometry. Patient follow-up was on average 604 days. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were defined as a composite of cardiac death, reinfarction, acute heart failure and hospitalization for revascularization. RESULTS The PUEM and MFI index levels were significantly more elevated in acute coronary syndrome patients than in stable ones. uPAR expressions on circulating monocytes at admission were correlated to inflammatory biomarkers and myocardial necrosis. Logistic regression analysis revealed that PUEM ≥15% (OR 21.96, 95% CI 7.31-65.98, p < 0.001) and uPAR MFI index ≥3.00 (OR 3.54, 95% CI 1.18-10.59, p = 0.024) were independent determinants of clinical instability in patients with CAD. When followed up, a high PUEM level at admission was an independent prognostic parameter for long-term MACE (HR 3.99, 95% CI 1.31-12.11, p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS uPAR expression on circulating monocytes is associated with clinical instability and myocardial necrosis and independently predicts the risk of MACE in patients with CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
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22
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de Vries MR, Simons KH, Jukema JW, Braun J, Quax PHA. Vein graft failure: from pathophysiology to clinical outcomes. Nat Rev Cardiol 2016; 13:451-70. [PMID: 27194091 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2016.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Occlusive arterial disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Aside from balloon angioplasty, bypass graft surgery is the most commonly performed revascularization technique for occlusive arterial disease. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery is performed in patients with left main coronary artery disease and three-vessel coronary disease, whereas peripheral artery bypass graft surgery is used to treat patients with late-stage peripheral artery occlusive disease. The great saphenous veins are commonly used conduits for surgical revascularization; however, they are associated with a high failure rate. Therefore, preservation of vein graft patency is essential for long-term surgical success. With the exception of 'no-touch' techniques and lipid-lowering and antiplatelet (aspirin) therapy, no intervention has hitherto unequivocally proven to be clinically effective in preventing vein graft failure. In this Review, we describe both preclinical and clinical studies evaluating the pathophysiology underlying vein graft failure, and the latest therapeutic options to improve patency for both coronary and peripheral grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margreet R de Vries
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Karin H Simons
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jerry Braun
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Paul H A Quax
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
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23
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Curnow J, Pasalic L, Favaloro EJ. Why Do Patients Bleed? Surg J (N Y) 2016; 2:e29-e43. [PMID: 28824979 PMCID: PMC5553458 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1579657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients undergoing surgical procedures can bleed for a variety of reasons. Assuming that the surgical procedure has progressed well and that the surgeon can exclude surgical reasons for the unexpected bleeding, then the bleeding may be due to structural (anatomical) anomalies or disorders, recent drug intake, or disorders of hemostasis, which may be acquired or congenital. The current review aims to provide an overview of reasons that patients bleed in the perioperative setting, and it also provides guidance on how to screen for these conditions, through consideration of appropriate patient history and examination prior to surgical intervention, as well as guidance on investigating and managing the cause of unexpected bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Curnow
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Hematology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research and Westmead Hospital, Sydney Centres for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Westmead, Australia
| | - Leonardo Pasalic
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Hematology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research and Westmead Hospital, Sydney Centres for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Westmead, Australia.,Pathology West, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, Australia
| | - Emmanuel J Favaloro
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Hematology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research and Westmead Hospital, Sydney Centres for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Westmead, Australia.,Pathology West, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, Australia
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24
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Wagner L, Wolf R, Zeitschel U, Rossner S, Petersén Å, Leavitt BR, Kästner F, Rothermundt M, Gärtner UT, Gündel D, Schlenzig D, Frerker N, Schade J, Manhart S, Rahfeld JU, Demuth HU, von Hörsten S. Proteolytic degradation of neuropeptide Y (NPY) from head to toe: Identification of novel NPY-cleaving peptidases and potential drug interactions in CNS and Periphery. J Neurochem 2015; 135:1019-37. [PMID: 26442809 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The bioactivity of neuropeptide Y (NPY) is either N-terminally modulated with respect to receptor selectivity by dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DP4)-like enzymes or proteolytic degraded by neprilysin or meprins, thereby abrogating signal transduction. However, neither the subcellular nor the compartmental differentiation of these regulatory mechanisms is fully understood. Using mass spectrometry, selective inhibitors and histochemistry, studies across various cell types, body fluids, and tissues revealed that most frequently DP4-like enzymes, aminopeptidases P, secreted meprin-A (Mep-A), and cathepsin D (CTSD) rapidly hydrolyze NPY, depending on the cell type and tissue under study. Novel degradation of NPY by cathepsins B, D, L, G, S, and tissue kallikrein could also be identified. The expression of DP4, CTSD, and Mep-A at the median eminence indicates that the bioactivity of NPY is regulated by peptidases at the interphase between the periphery and the CNS. Detailed ex vivo studies on human sera and CSF samples recognized CTSD as the major NPY-cleaving enzyme in the CSF, whereas an additional C-terminal truncation by angiotensin-converting enzyme could be detected in serum. The latter finding hints to potential drug interaction between antidiabetic DP4 inhibitors and anti-hypertensive angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, while it ablates suspected hypertensive side effects of only antidiabetic DP4-inhibitors application. The bioactivity of neuropeptide Y (NPY) is either N-terminally modulated with respect to receptor selectivity by dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DP4)-like enzymes or proteolytic degraded by neprilysin or meprins, thereby abrogating signal transduction. However, neither the subcellular nor the compartmental differentiation of these regulatory mechanisms is fully understood. Using mass spectrometry, selective inhibitors and histochemistry, studies across various cell types, body fluids, and tissues revealed that most frequently DP4-like enzymes, aminopeptidases P, secreted meprin-A (Mep-A), and cathepsin D (CTSD) rapidly hydrolyze NPY, depending on the cell type and tissue under study. Novel degradation of NPY by cathepsins B, D, L, G, S, and tissue kallikrein could also be identified. The expression of DP4, CTSD, and Mep-A at the median eminence indicates that the bioactivity of NPY is regulated by peptidases at the interphase between the periphery and the CNS. Detailed ex vivo studies on human sera and CSF samples recognized CTSD as the major NPY-cleaving enzyme in the CSF, whereas an additional C-terminal truncation by angiotensin-converting enzyme could be detected in serum. The latter finding hints to potential drug interaction between antidiabetic DP4 inhibitors and anti-hypertensive angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, while it ablates suspected hypertensive side effects of only antidiabetic DP4-inhibitors application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona Wagner
- Deutschsprachige Selbsthilfegruppe für Alkaptonurie (DSAKU) e.V., Stuttgart, Germany.,Probiodrug AG, Halle, Germany.,Department of Experimental Therapy, Preclinical Experimental Center, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Ulrike Zeitschel
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Rossner
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Åsa Petersén
- Translational Neuroendocrine Research Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Blair R Leavitt
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia and Children's and Women's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Florian Kästner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Matthias Rothermundt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,St. Rochus-Hospital Telgte, Telgte, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Gündel
- Julius Bernstein Institute for Physiology, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Dagmar Schlenzig
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany
| | - Nadine Frerker
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Preclinical Experimental Center, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jutta Schade
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Preclinical Experimental Center, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Jens-Ulrich Rahfeld
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany
| | - Stephan von Hörsten
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Preclinical Experimental Center, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Kim YM, Kim JH, Park SW, Kim HJ, Chang KC. Retinoic acid inhibits tissue factor and HMGB1 via modulation of AMPK activity in TNF-α activated endothelial cells and LPS-injected mice. Atherosclerosis 2015; 241:615-23. [PMID: 26116962 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Retinoic acid (RA) is the active vitamin A derivative and has diverse immunomodulatory actions. We hypothesized that RA reduces prothrombotic mediators such as tissue factor (TF) in endothelial cells during inflammatory conditions via an AMPK-dependent pathway, which attenuates cardiovascular complications. RESULTS RA significantly increased AMPK and Akt phosphorylation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in endothelial cells (EC). RA downregulated TF expression at the transcriptional and translational levels in TNF-α activated ECs, which was reversed by the silencing of AMPK and transfection of DN-AMPK. Interestingly, the PI3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 reversed the RA effect on TF expression. Increased AMPK phosphorylation by RA was inhibited by LY294002. However, increased Akt phosphorylation was not reduced by compound C, indicating that PI3K/Akt signaling modulates AMPK activity. In addition, RA reduced HMGB1 release in TNF-α activated ECs, which was reversed by both LY294001 and siAMPK. Importantly, administration of RA (1 mg/kg) significantly reduced blood TF activity, circulating HMGB1 and PAI-1 levels and expression of hepatic TF mRNA as well as fibrin deposition in LPS (5 mg/kg)-injected mice. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the activation of PI3K/Akt by RA modulates AMPK activity in ECs and plays a crucial role in the inhibition of coagulatory factors such as TF, PAI-1, and HMGB1 in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine Gyeongsang National University, 660-751 Jinju, South Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine Gyeongsang National University, 660-751 Jinju, South Korea
| | - Sang Won Park
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine Gyeongsang National University, 660-751 Jinju, South Korea
| | - Hye Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine Gyeongsang National University, 660-751 Jinju, South Korea
| | - Ki Churl Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine Gyeongsang National University, 660-751 Jinju, South Korea.
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Lorente L, Martín MM, Borreguero-León JM, Barrios Y, Solé-Violán J, Ferreres J, Labarta L, Díaz C, Jiménez A. The 4G/4G Genotype of PAI-1 Polymorphism Is Associated with Higher Plasma PAI-1 Concentrations and Mortality in Patients with Severe Sepsis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129565. [PMID: 26066833 PMCID: PMC4466252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Two studies have reported that patients with the 4G/4G genotype of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) genetic polymorphism had higher plasma PAI-1 concentrations and higher risk of death than those with the 4G/5G or 5G/5G genotypes; one study involved 175 children with meningococcal disease, and the other included 88 adult patients with septic shock. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine whether there is an association between carriage of the 4G/4G genotype, plasma PAI-1 concentrations and mortality in a large series of adult septic patients. Methods An observational, prospective, multicenter study was carried out in six Spanish Intensive Care Units including severe septic patients. We determined the PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism and plasma PAI-1 concentrations in all patients. The end-points of the study were 30-day and 6-month mortality. Results We included a total of 260 patients, 82 (31.5%) with 4G/4G, 126 (48.5%) with 4G/5G and 52 (20.0%) with 5G/5G genotype. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the 4G/4G genotype was associated with higher mortality at 30 days (Odds Ratio = 1.95; 95% CI = 1.063–3.561; p = 0.03) and at 6 months (Odds Ratio = 2.19; 95% CI = 1.221–3.934; p = 0.01), and that higher plasma PAI-1 concentrations were associated with higher mortality at 30 days (Odds Ratio = 1.01; 95% CI = 1.002–1.022; p = 0.02) at 6 months (Odds Ratio = 1.01; 95% CI = 1.003–1.023; p = 0.01). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that increased plasma PAI-1 concentrations were associated with the PAI-1 4G/4G genotype (regression coefficient = 4.82; 95% CI = 3.227 to 6.406; p<0.001). Conclusions The major findings of our study, to our knowledge the largest series reporting data about 4G/5G polymorphism of the PAI-1 gene, plasma PAI-1 concentrations and mortality in septic patients, were that septic patients with the 4G/4G genotype had higher plasma PAI-1 concentrations and higher risk of death than those with 4G/5G or 5G/5G genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Lorente
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - María M. Martín
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora Candelaria, Santa Cruz Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Ysamar Barrios
- Laboratory Deparment of the Research Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jordi Solé-Violán
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José Ferreres
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - César Díaz
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Insular, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Alejandro Jiménez
- Statistical Deparment of the Research Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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The inflammatory actions of coagulant and fibrinolytic proteases in disease. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:437695. [PMID: 25878399 PMCID: PMC4387953 DOI: 10.1155/2015/437695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aside from their role in hemostasis, coagulant and fibrinolytic proteases are important mediators of inflammation in diseases such as asthma, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer. The blood circulating zymogens of these proteases enter damaged tissue as a consequence of vascular leak or rupture to become activated and contribute to extravascular coagulation or fibrinolysis. The coagulants, factor Xa (FXa), factor VIIa (FVIIa), tissue factor, and thrombin, also evoke cell-mediated actions on structural cells (e.g., fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells) or inflammatory cells (e.g., macrophages) via the proteolytic activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs). Plasmin, the principle enzymatic mediator of fibrinolysis, also forms toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) activating fibrin degradation products (FDPs) and can release latent-matrix bound growth factors such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Furthermore, the proteases that convert plasminogen into plasmin (e.g., urokinase plasminogen activator) evoke plasmin-independent proinflammatory actions involving coreceptor activation. Selectively targeting the receptor-mediated actions of hemostatic proteases is a strategy that may be used to treat inflammatory disease without the bleeding complications of conventional anticoagulant therapies. The mechanisms by which proteases of the coagulant and fibrinolytic systems contribute to extravascular inflammation in disease will be considered in this review.
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Paltseva EM, Semenova TS, Zhigalova SB, Pestin IS, Shertsinger AG. [Expression of plasminogen activator system components in the gastric mucosa in portal hypertensive gastropathy]. Arkh Patol 2015; 77:16-21. [PMID: 26027394 DOI: 10.17116/patol201577216-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to study the expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in the gastric mucosal (GM) vascular endothelium and epithelial cells of patients with portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG) and those with portal hypertension (PH) without signs of PHG as compared to a control group. MATERIAL AND METHODS GM biopsy specimens from patients with PHG, those with PH without signs of PHG, and controls with the normal gastric mucosa were immunohistochemically examined. RESULTS Comparison of the expression of uPA in the GM vascular endothelium and epithelial vessels revealed no significant differences in the patient groups. The level of PAI-1 in the GM vessels was statistically significantly higher in the control group than in the groups of patients with PHG and PH without PHG. PAI-1 expression in the GM epithelial cells was significantly more commonly absent in the PHG group than in the control group. An analysis of an uPA and PAI-1 expression ratio showed a statistically significant predominance of the expression of uPA over its inhibitor in the GM vascular endothelium of the patients with PHG and those with PH without PHG as compared to the controls. CONCLUSION The predominance of uPA over PAI-1 in the GM vessels and epithelial cells can play a role in the development of GM bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Paltseva
- B.V. Petrovsky Russian Surgery Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - T S Semenova
- B.V. Petrovsky Russian Surgery Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - S B Zhigalova
- B.V. Petrovsky Russian Surgery Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - I S Pestin
- B.V. Petrovsky Russian Surgery Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - A G Shertsinger
- B.V. Petrovsky Russian Surgery Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Stewart AG, Xia YC, Harris T, Royce S, Hamilton JA, Schuliga M. Plasminogen-stimulated airway smooth muscle cell proliferation is mediated by urokinase and annexin A2, involving plasmin-activated cell signalling. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:1421-35. [PMID: 24111848 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The conversion of plasminogen into plasmin by interstitial urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is potentially important in asthma pathophysiology. In this study, the effect of uPA-mediated plasminogen activation on airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell proliferation was investigated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human ASM cells were incubated with plasminogen (0.5-50 μg·mL(-1) ) or plasmin (0.5-50 mU·mL(-1) ) in the presence of pharmacological inhibitors, including UK122, an inhibitor of uPA. Proliferation was assessed by increases in cell number or MTT reduction after 48 h incubation with plasmin(ogen), and by earlier increases in [(3) H]-thymidine incorporation and cyclin D1 expression. KEY RESULTS Plasminogen (5 μg·mL(-1) )-stimulated increases in cell proliferation were attenuated by UK122 (10 μM) or by transfection with uPA gene-specific siRNA. Exogenous plasmin (5 mU·mL(-1) ) also stimulated increases in cell proliferation. Inhibition of plasmin-stimulated ERK1/2 or PI3K/Akt signalling attenuated plasmin-stimulated increases in ASM proliferation. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of cell signalling mediated by the EGF receptor, a receptor trans-activated by plasmin, also reduced plasmin(ogen)-stimulated cell proliferation. Knock down of annexin A2, which has dual roles in both plasminogen activation and plasmin-signal transduction, also attenuated ASM cell proliferation following incubation with either plasminogen or plasmin. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Plasminogen stimulates ASM cell proliferation in a manner mediated by uPA and involving multiple signalling pathways downstream of plasmin. Targeting mediators of plasminogen-evoked ASM responses, such as uPA or annexin A2, may be useful in the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Lung Health Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Interventions for the prevention of dry socket: an evidence-based update. Br Dent J 2014; 217:27-30. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2014.550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kruger R, Rasmussen LM, Argraves WS, Eugen-Olsen J, Nielsen OW, Blyme A, Willenheimer R, Wachtell K, Olsen MH. Extracellular matrix biomarker, fibulin-1, is closely related to NT-proBNP and soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in patients with aortic valve stenosis (the SEAS study). PLoS One 2014; 9:e101522. [PMID: 25014213 PMCID: PMC4094491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fibulin-1, a circulating extracellular matrix glycoprotein, has been associated with arterial disease and elevated N-terminal prohormone B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in diabetes. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), a marker of inflammation, has been associated with subclinical atherosclerosis. Therefore, we aimed to explore the interplay between these biomarkers and mild to moderate aortic valve stenosis (AS). Methods In 374 patients with mild to moderate AS, we investigated the relationship of fibulin-1 with NT-proBNP, levels of suPAR and the degree of AS at baseline and after one and four years of treatment with Simvastatin 40 mg and Ezetimibe 10 mg or placebo. Results During treatment, fibulin-1 became more closely associated with NT-proBNP (βyear0 = 0.10, p = 0.08, βyear1 = 0.16, p = 0.005, βyear4 = 0.22, p<0.001) and suPAR (βyear0 = 0.05, p = 0.34, βyear1 = 0.16, p = 0.006, βyear4 = 0.13, p = 0.03) at the expense of the association to aortic valve area index (AVAI) (βyear0 = −0.14, p = 0.005, βyear1 = −0.08, p = 0.11, βyear4 = −0.06, p = 0.22) independently of age, gender, creatinine, and serum aspartate aminotransferase (Adj.Ryear02 = 0.19, Adj.Ryear12 = 0.22, Adj.Ryear42 = 0.27). Fibulin-1 was unrelated to aortic regurgitation, left ventricular mass, and ejection fraction. In patients with baseline AVAI<0.58 cm2/m2 (median value), fibulin-1 was more closely associated to NT-proBNP (βyear0 = 0.25, βyear1 = 0.21, βyear4 = 0.22, all p<0.01), and suPAR (βyear0 = 0.09, p = 0.26, βyear1 = 0.23, βyear4 = 0.21, both p<0.01) independently of age, gender, AST and treatment allocation. Conclusions Increased levels of fibulin-1 were independently associated with higher levels of suPAR and NT-proBNP especially in patients with lower AVAI, suggesting that fibulin-1 may be an early marker of AS as well as cardiac fibrosis secondarily to elevated left ventricular hemodynamic load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Kruger
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- The Cardiovascular and Metabolic Preventive Clinic, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Lars M. Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - William S. Argraves
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Cell Biology, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Olav W. Nielsen
- Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adam Blyme
- Department of Cardiology, Glostrup Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Michael H. Olsen
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- The Cardiovascular and Metabolic Preventive Clinic, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Vaidya B, Nayak MK, Dash D, Agrawal GP, Vyas SP. Development and characterization of highly selective target-sensitive liposomes for the delivery of streptokinase: in vitro/in vivo studies. Drug Deliv 2014; 23:801-7. [PMID: 24865294 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.916770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptokinase is one of the most commonly used thrombolytic agents for the treatment of thromboembolism. Short half-life of the streptokinase requires administration of higher dose which results in various side effects including systemic haemorrhage due to activation of systemic plasmin. To increase the selectivity of the streptokinase and hence to reduce side effects, various novel carriers have been developed. Among these carriers, liposomes have been emerged as versatile carrier. In the present study, highly selective target-sensitive liposomes were developed and evaluated by in vitro and in vivo studies. Prepared liposomes were found to release streptokinase in vitro following binding with activated platelets. Intravital microscopy studies in thrombosed murine model revealed higher accumulation of liposomes in the thrombus area. In vivo thrombolysis study was performed in the human clot inoculated rat model. Results of the study showed that target-sensitive liposomes dissolved 28.27 ± 1.56% thrombus as compared to 17.18 ± 1.23% of non-liposomal streptokinase. Further, it was also observed that target-sensitive liposomes reduced the clot dissolution time as compared to streptokinase solution. Studies concluded that developed liposomes might be pragmatic carriers for the treatment of thromboembolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvaneshwar Vaidya
- a Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Dr. H. S. Gour University , Sagar , Madhya Pradesh , India and
| | - Manasa K Nayak
- b Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences , Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Debabrata Dash
- b Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences , Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Govind P Agrawal
- a Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Dr. H. S. Gour University , Sagar , Madhya Pradesh , India and
| | - Suresh P Vyas
- a Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Dr. H. S. Gour University , Sagar , Madhya Pradesh , India and
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Lorente L, Martín MM, Borreguero-León JM, Solé-Violán J, Ferreres J, Labarta L, Díaz C, Jiménez A, Páramo JA. Sustained high plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels are associated with severity and mortality in septic patients. Thromb Res 2014; 134:182-6. [PMID: 24814968 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels have been reported in septic patients. However, some questions remain unanswered, such as whether there is an association between plasma PAI-1 levels and sepsis severity and mortality, and inflammation state during the first week. METHODS Multicenter, observational and prospective study carried out in six Spanish Intensive Care Units of 260 patients with severe sepsis. Circulating levels of PAI-1 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured at day 1, 4 and 8. End-point was 30-day mortality. RESULTS Nonsurviving septic patients (n=89) presented higher PAI-1 levels than surviving (n=171) at day 1 (58.4 (33.3-83.8) vs 36.5 (21.1-62.5) ng/mL; p<0.001), 4 (34.0 (14.7-53.3) vs 16.2 (10.2-27.4) ng/mL; p<0.001) and 8 (30.6 (16.2-47.8) vs 18.9 (10.4-29.5) ng/mL; p=0.004). We found a positive correlation of PAI-1 levels with SOFA, lactic acid, aPTT, INR and TNF-α, and negative with platelet count at day 1, 4 and 8. Logistic regression analyses showed that PAI-1 levels at day 1 (p<0.001), 4 (p<0.001) and 8 (p=0.001) were associated with 30-day mortality. On ROC curve analysis to predict 30- day survival, the area under the curve of PAI-1 levels at day 1, 4 and 8 were 0.65 (95% CI=0.58-0.72; p<0.001), 0.69 (95% CI=0.60-0.78; p<0.001) and 0.65 (95% CI=0.54-0.75; p=0.005) respectively. CONCLUSIONS The most interesting findings of our study, to our knowledge the largest series reporting PAI-1 levels during follow-up in septic patients, were that plasma PAI-1 levels during the first week were associated with inflammation, severity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Lorente
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
| | - María M Martín
- Intensive Care Unit. Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Juan M Borreguero-León
- Laboratory Deparment, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jordi Solé-Violán
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José Ferreres
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Labarta
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital San Jorge de Huesca, Huesca, Spain
| | - César Díaz
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Insular, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Alejandro Jiménez
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - José A Páramo
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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The use of external mesh reinforcement to reduce intimal hyperplasia and preserve the structure of human saphenous veins. Biomaterials 2014; 35:2588-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Expression of uPA, tPA, and PAI-1 in Calcified Aortic Valves. Biochem Res Int 2014; 2014:658643. [PMID: 24693431 PMCID: PMC3947876 DOI: 10.1155/2014/658643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. Our physiopathological assumption is that u-PA, t-PA, and PAI-1 are released by calcified aortic valves and play a role in the calcification of these valves. Methods. Sixty-five calcified aortic valves were collected from patients suffering from aortic stenosis. Each valve was incubated for 24 hours in culture medium. The supernatants were used to measure u-PA, t-PA, and PAI-1 concentrations; the valve calcification was evaluated using biphotonic absorptiometry. Results. Aortic stenosis valves expressed normal plasminogen activators concentrations and overexpressed PAI-1 (u-PA, t-PA, and PAI-1 mean concentrations were, resp., 1.69 ng/mL ± 0.80, 2.76 ng/mL ± 1.33, and 53.27 ng/mL ± 36.39). There was no correlation between u-PA and PAI-1 (r = 0.3) but t-PA and PAI-1 were strongly correlated with each other (r = 0.6). Overexpression of PAI-1 was proportional to the calcium content of the AS valves. Conclusions. Our results demonstrate a consistent increase of PAI-1 proportional to the calcification. The overexpression of PAI-1 may be useful as a predictive indicator in patients with aortic stenosis.
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Majoor CJ, van de Pol MA, Kamphuisen PW, Meijers JCM, Molenkamp R, Wolthers KC, van der Poll T, Nieuwland R, Johnston SL, Sterk PJ, Bel EHD, Lutter R, van der Sluijs KF. Evaluation of coagulation activation after rhinovirus infection in patients with asthma and healthy control subjects: an observational study. Respir Res 2014; 15:14. [PMID: 24502801 PMCID: PMC3922343 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-15-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Asthma exacerbations are frequently triggered by rhinovirus infections. Both asthma and respiratory tract infection can activate haemostasis. Therefore we hypothesized that experimental rhinovirus-16 infection and asthmatic airway inflammation act in synergy on the haemostatic balance. Methods 28 patients (14 patients with mild allergic asthma and 14 healthy non-allergic controls) were infected with low-dose rhinovirus type 16. Venous plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL fluid) were obtained before and 6 days after infection to evaluate markers of coagulation activation, thrombin-antithrombin complexes, von Willebrand factor, plasmin-antiplasmin complexes, plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1, endogenous thrombin potential and tissue factor-exposing microparticles by fibrin generation test, in plasma and/or BAL fluid. Data were analysed by nonparametric tests (Wilcoxon, Mann Whitney and Spearman correlation). Results 13 patients with mild asthma (6 females, 19-29 y) and 11 healthy controls (10 females, 19-31 y) had a documented Rhinovirus-16 infection. Rhinovirus-16 challenge resulted in a shortening of the fibrin generation test in BAL fluid of asthma patients (t = -1: 706 s vs. t = 6: 498 s; p = 0.02), but not of controls (t = -1: 693 s vs. t = 6: 636 s; p = 0.65). The fold change in tissue factor-exposing microparticles in BAL fluid inversely correlated with the fold changes in eosinophil cationic protein and myeloperoxidase in BAL fluid after virus infection (r = -0.517 and -0.528 resp., both p = 0.01). Rhinovirus-16 challenge led to increased plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 levels in plasma in patients with asthma (26.0 ng/mL vs. 11.5 ng/mL in healthy controls, p = 0.04). Rhinovirus-16 load in BAL showed a linear correlation with the fold change in endogenous thrombin potential, plasmin-antiplasmin complexes and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1. Conclusions Experimental rhinovirus infection induces procoagulant changes in the airways of patients with asthma through increased activity of tissue factor-exposing microparticles. These microparticle-associated procoagulant changes are associated with both neutrophilic and eosinophilic inflammation. Systemic activation of haemostasis increases with Rhinoviral load. Trial registration This trial was registered at the Dutch trial registry (http://www.trialregister.nl): NTR1677.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof J Majoor
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Simone TM, Higgins SP, Higgins CE, Lennartz MR, Higgins PJ. Chemical Antagonists of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1: Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Potential in Vascular Disease. J Mol Genet Med 2014; 8. [PMID: 26110015 PMCID: PMC4476021 DOI: 10.4172/1747-0862.1000125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tessa M Simone
- Center for Cell Biology & Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA
| | - Stephen P Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology & Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA
| | - Craig E Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology & Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA
| | - Michelle R Lennartz
- Center for Cell Biology & Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA
| | - Paul J Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology & Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA
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Schuliga M, Langenbach S, Xia YC, Qin C, Mok JSL, Harris T, Mackay GA, Medcalf RL, Stewart AG. Plasminogen-stimulated inflammatory cytokine production by airway smooth muscle cells is regulated by annexin A2. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:751-8. [PMID: 23721211 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0404oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen has a role in airway inflammation. Airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells cleave plasminogen into plasmin, a protease with proinflammatory activity. In this study, the effect of plasminogen on cytokine production by human ASM cells was investigated in vitro. Levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in the medium of ASM cells were increased by incubation with plasminogen (5-50 μg/ml) for 24 hours (P < 0.05; n = 6-9), corresponding to changes in the levels of cytokine mRNA at 4 hours. The effects of plasminogen were attenuated by α2-antiplasmin (1 μg/ml), a plasmin inhibitor (P < 0.05; n = 6-12). Exogenous plasmin (5-15 mU/ml) also stimulated cytokine production (P < 0.05; n = 6-8) in a manner sensitive to serine-protease inhibition by aprotinin (10 KIU/ml). Plasminogen-stimulated cytokine production was increased in cells pretreated with basic fibroblast growth factor (300 pM) in a manner associated with increases in urokinase plasminogen activator expression and plasmin formation. The knockdown of annexin A2, a component of the putative plasminogen receptor comprised of annexin A2 and S100A10, attenuated plasminogen conversion into plasmin and plasmin-stimulated cytokine production by ASM cells. Moreover, a role for annexin A2 in airway inflammation was demonstrated in annexin A2-/- mice in which antigen-induced increases in inflammatory cell number and IL-6 levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were reduced (P < 0.01; n = 10-14). In conclusion, plasminogen stimulates ASM cytokine production in a manner regulated by annexin A2. Our study shows for the first time that targeting annexin A2-mediated signaling may provide a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of airway inflammation in diseases such as chronic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schuliga
- 1 Department Pharmacol, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Schuliga M, Westall G, Xia Y, Stewart AG. The plasminogen activation system: new targets in lung inflammation and remodeling. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:386-93. [PMID: 23735578 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The plasminogen activation system (PAS) and the plasmin it forms have dual roles in chronic respiratory diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and interstitial lung disease. Whilst plasmin-mediated airspace fibrinolysis is beneficial, interstitial plasmin contributes to lung dysfunction because of its pro-inflammatory and tissue remodeling activities. Recent studies highlight the potential of fibrinolytic agents, including small molecule inhibitors of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), as treatments for chronic respiratory disease. Current data also suggest that interstitial urokinase plasminogen activator is an important mediator of lung inflammation and remodeling. However, further preclinical characterization of uPA as a drug target for lung disease is required. Here we review the concept of selectively targeting the contributions of PAS to treat chronic respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schuliga
- Department of Pharmacol, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Haka AS, Grosheva I, Singh RK, Maxfield FR. Plasmin promotes foam cell formation by increasing macrophage catabolism of aggregated low-density lipoprotein. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1768-78. [PMID: 23702659 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.301109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The plasmin/plasminogen system is involved in atherosclerosis. However, the mechanisms by which it stimulates disease are not fully defined. A key event in atherogenesis is the deposition of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) on arterial walls where it is modified, aggregated, and retained. Macrophages are recruited to clear the lipoproteins, and they become foam cells. The goal of this study was to assess the role of plasmin in macrophage uptake of aggregated LDL and foam cell formation. APPROACH AND RESULTS Plasminogen treatment of macrophages catabolizing aggregated LDL significantly accelerated foam cell formation. Macrophage interaction with aggregated LDL increased the surface expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor and plasminogen activator activity, resulting in increased ability to generate plasmin at the cell surface. The high local level of plasmin cleaves cell-associated aggregated LDL, allowing a portion of the aggregate to become sequestered in a nearly sealed, yet extracellular, acidic compartment. The low pH in the plasmin-induced compartment allows lysosomal enzymes, delivered via lysosome exocytosis, greater activity, resulting in more efficient cholesteryl ester hydrolysis and delivery of a large cholesterol load to the macrophage, thereby promoting foam cell formation. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight a critical role for plasmin in the catabolism of aggregated LDL by macrophages and provide a new context for considering the atherogenic role of plasmin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S Haka
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a devastating clinical condition associated with pulmonary and systemic inflammation and characterized by incompetence of the pulmonary microvascular barrier culminating in noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. An understanding of the mechanisms underlying endothelial barrier dysfunction in ALI has been facilitated by study of the effects of statins in relevant cellular and animals models. Many of the pleotropic properties of these drugs, including direct effects on endothelial cell (EC) cytoskeletal rearrangement, NADPH oxidase, and nitric oxide activity, as well as effects on differential EC gene expression, are relevant to the pathobiology of ALI and suggest a potential therapeutic role for statins in this context. Moreover, results from preclinical studies and observations in relevant patient populations support the protective potential of statins in ALI, paving the way now for definitive clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunit Singla
- Institute for Personalized Respiratory Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Popławska-Kita A, Siewko K, Telejko B, Modzelewska A, Myśliwiec J, Milewski R, Górska M, Szelachowska M. The changes in the endothelial function and haemostatic and inflammatory parameters in subclinical and overt hyperthyroidism. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:981638. [PMID: 24367378 PMCID: PMC3866785 DOI: 10.1155/2013/981638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. The aim of the present study was to compare the levels of circulating markers of endothelial function and low-grade inflammation in patients with subclinical and overt hyperthyroidism (OH) due to Graves disease (GD) and toxic nodular goiter (TNG). Material and Methods. The group studied consisted of 42 patients with GD, 75 patients with TNG, and 39 healthy controls. Results. Circulating markers of endothelial dysfunction were elevated in the patients with both SH and OH, but the concentrations of interleukin-12 (IL-12) (P < 0.05), IL-18 (P < 0.05), fibrinogen (P < 0.01), and von Willebrand factor (vWF) (P < 0.05) were significantly higher in the OH than in the SH group. The highest levels of IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, vWF, sVCAM-1, and fibrinogen were found in the patients with GD, but the differences between the GD, and TNG groups were not significant. In the subjects with OH serum IL-6 was positively associated with FT3 (R = 0.276, P < 0.05), FT4 (R = 0.273, P < 0.05), and thyroid peroxidase antibodies (R = 0.346, P < 0.01) levels. Conclusion. Our results may suggest that both SH and OH may be associated with endothelial dysfunction, which is reflected by decreased fibrinolytic activity, hypercoagulability, and increased levels of IL-6, IL-12, and IL-18 and depends not only on the cause but also on the degree of hyperthyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Popławska-Kita
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Białystok, Poland
- *Anna Popławska-Kita:
| | - Katarzyna Siewko
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Białystok, Poland
| | - Beata Telejko
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Modzelewska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Białystok, Poland
| | - Janusz Myśliwiec
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Białystok, Poland
| | - Robert Milewski
- Department of Statistics and Medical Informatics, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Białystok, Poland
| | - Maria Górska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Białystok, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szelachowska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Białystok, Poland
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The biochemistry and regulation of S100A10: a multifunctional plasminogen receptor involved in oncogenesis. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:353687. [PMID: 23118506 PMCID: PMC3479961 DOI: 10.1155/2012/353687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasminogen receptors mediate the production and localization to the cell surface of the broad spectrum proteinase, plasmin. S100A10 is a key regulator of cellular plasmin production and may account for as much as 50% of cellular plasmin generation. In parallel to plasminogen, the plasminogen-binding site on S100A10 is highly conserved from mammals to fish. S100A10 is constitutively expressed in many cells and is also induced by many diverse factors and physiological stimuli including dexamethasone, epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-α, interferon-γ, nerve growth factor, keratinocyte growth factor, retinoic acid, and thrombin. Therefore, S100A10 is utilized by cells to regulate plasmin proteolytic activity in response to a wide diversity of physiological stimuli. The expression of the oncogenes, PML-RARα and KRas, also stimulates the levels of S100A10, suggesting a role for S100A10 in pathophysiological processes such as in the oncogenic-mediated increases in plasmin production. The S100A10-null mouse model system has established the critical role that S100A10 plays as a regulator of fibrinolysis and oncogenesis. S100A10 plays two major roles in oncogenesis, first as a regulator of cancer cell invasion and metastasis and secondly as a regulator of the recruitment of tumor-associated cells, such as macrophages, to the tumor site.
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Van De Craen B, Declerck PJ, Gils A. The Biochemistry, Physiology and Pathological roles of PAI-1 and the requirements for PAI-1 inhibition in vivo. Thromb Res 2012; 130:576-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2012.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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A novel fibrinogenase from Agkistrodon acutus venom protects against DIC via direct degradation of thrombosis and activation of protein C. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:905-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ratnikova LA, Metelskaya VA, Perova NV, Deev AD, Shalnova SA. Gender specifics of the association between blood fibrinolytic activity and cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus in a cohort of Muscovites aged 55 years or older. КАРДИОВАСКУЛЯРНАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКА 2012. [DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2012-4-52-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim. To investigate potential gender differences in the association between plasma fibrinolytic activity (FLA) and atherosclerotic pathology in elderly people. Material and methods. This analysis was performed as a part of the prospective population-based cohort study “Stress, Ageing, and Health in Russia”. The study included randomly selected Moscow residents of both genders and age of ≥55 years (n=1863; 889 men and 974 women). Based on the levels of blood FLA (time of spontaneous lysis of euglobin blood fraction, or euglobin lysis time, ELT), all participants were divided into three groups: with normofibrinolysis (ELT 180-260 minutes), hypofibrinolysis (ELT >260 minutes), and hyperfibrinolysis (ELT <180 minutes). Results. In this cohort of elderly Muscovites, the association between FLA and the presence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) or Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM-2) differed in men and women. The link between hypofibrinolysis, atherogenic changes in lipid profile, or high fasting levels of insulin and arterial hypertension (AH), myocardial infarction (MI), or DM-2 was present only in men. In women, either reduced or increased FLA was not related to DM-2. Men with hyperfibrinolysis demonstrated lower odds of AH and DM-2, while women with hyperfibrinolysis had lower odds of AH, coronary heart disease, or angina. Conclusion. In elderly people, high FLA appears to provide protection against atherothrombotic pathology, regardless of gender. Low FLA was associated with higher odds of CVD and DM-2 in men only.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - N. V. Perova
- State Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Moscow
| | - A. D. Deev
- State Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Moscow
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Tjärnlund-Wolf A, Brogren H, Lo EH, Wang X. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and thrombotic cerebrovascular diseases. Stroke 2012; 43:2833-9. [PMID: 22879095 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.622217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tjärnlund-Wolf
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13 Street, Room 2411A, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Plasminogen activator inhitor-1 associates with cardiovascular risk factors in healthy young adults in the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Atherosclerosis 2012; 224:208-12. [PMID: 22840426 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Hypofibrinolysis displayed by elevated serum plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) level has been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its risk factors such as obesity and insulin resistance. However, no studies have examined associations between PAI-1 and CVD risk factors in healthy subjects. We examined associations between serum PAI-1, ultrasound markers of atherosclerosis and CVD risk factors and whether PAI-1 improves prediction of atherosclerosis over known risk factors in a cohort of asymptomatic adults. METHODS We analyzed PAI-1 and CVD risk factors and assessed carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), distensibility (CDist) and the presence of a carotid atherosclerotic plaque and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) ultrasonographically for 2202 adults (993 men and 1,209 women, aged 30-45 years) participating in the ongoing longitudinal cohort study, The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. High cIMT was defined as >90th percentile and/or carotid plaque and low CDist and low FMD as <20th percentile. RESULTS In bivariate analyses, PAI-1 correlated directly with cIMT and the risk factors: blood pressure, BMI, waist and hip circumference, alcohol use, total and LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, glomerular filtration rate, high-sensitivity CRP and glucose (all P<0.005). PAI-1 was higher in men and increased with age. Inverse correlation was observed with CDist, HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin in both sexes, with testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin in men and with creatinine and oral contraceptive use in women (P<0.005). Independent direct associations were observed between PAI-1 and waist circumference, serum triglycerides, insulin, alcohol use and age and inverse with serum creatinine, HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin. PAI-1 did not improve estimation of high cIMT, low CDist and low FMD over conventional risk factors (P for difference in area under curve ≥ 0.37). CONCLUSION PAI-1 was independently associated with several known CVD risk factors, especially obesity markers, in both men and women. However, addition of PAI-1 to known risk factors did not improve cross-sectional prediction of high cIMT, low CDist and low FMD suggesting that PAI-1 is not a clinically important biomarker in early atherosclerosis.
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Baldwin JF, Sood V, Elfline MA, Luke CE, Dewyer NA, Diaz JA, Myers DD, Wakefield T, Henke PK. The role of urokinase plasminogen activator and plasmin activator inhibitor-1 on vein wall remodeling in experimental deep vein thrombosis. J Vasc Surg 2012; 56:1089-97. [PMID: 22796119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2012.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) resolution instigates an inflammatory response, resulting in vessel wall damage and scarring. Urokinase-plasminogen activator (uPA) and its inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), are integral components of the fibrinolytic system, essential for venous thrombosis (VT) resolution. This study determined the vein wall response when exposed to increased and decreased plasmin activity. METHODS A mouse inferior vena cava (IVC) ligation model in uPA -/- or PAI-1 -/- and their genetic wild types (B6/SvEv and C57/BL6, respectively) was used to create stasis thrombi, with tissue harvest at either 8 or 21 days. Tissue analysis included gene expression of vascular smooth muscle cells (alpha smooth muscle actin [αSMA], SM22) and endothelial marker (CD31), by real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 activity by zymography, and vein wall collagen by picro-Sirius red histologic analysis. A P < .05 was considered significant. RESULTS Thrombi were significantly larger in both 8-day and 21-day uPA -/- as compared with wild type (WT) and were significantly smaller in both 8-day and 21-day PAI-1 -/- as compared with WT. Correspondingly, 8-day plasmin levels were reduced in half in uPA -/- and increased three-fold in PAI-1 -/- when compared with respective WT thrombi (P < .05; n = 5-6). The endothelial marker CD31 was elevated two-fold in PAI-1 -/- mice at 8 days, but reduced 2.5-fold at 21 days in uPA -/- as compared with WT (P = .02; n = 5-6), suggesting less endothelial preservation. Vein wall vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) gene expression showed that 8-day and 21-day PAI-1 -/- mice had 2.3- and 3.8-fold more SM22 and 1.8- and 2.3-fold more αSMA expression than respective WT (P < .05; n = 5-7), as well as 1.8-fold increased αSMA (+) cells (P ≤ .05; n = 3-5). No significant difference in MMP-2 or -9 activity was found in the PAI-1 -/- mice compared with WT, while 5.4-fold more MMP-9 was present in 21-day WT than 21-day uPA -/- (P = .03; n = 5). Lastly, collagen was ∼two-fold greater at 8 days in PAI-1 -/- IVC as compared with WT (P = .03; n = 6) with no differences observed in uPA -/- mice. CONCLUSIONS In stasis DVT, plasmin activity is critical for thrombus resolution. Divergent vein wall responses occur with gain or loss of plasmin activity, and despite smaller VT, greater vein wall fibrosis was associated with lack of PAI-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe F Baldwin
- Jobst Vascular Surgery Laboratory, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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50
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Lishko VK, Yermolenko IS, Owaynat H, Ugarova TP. Fibrinogen counteracts the antiadhesive effect of fibrin-bound plasminogen by preventing its activation by adherent U937 monocytic cells. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:1081-90. [PMID: 22507544 PMCID: PMC4532274 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04745.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrinogen and plasminogen strongly reduce adhesion of leukocytes and platelets to fibrin clots, highlighting a possible role for these plasma proteins in surface-mediated control of thrombus growth and stability. In particular, adsorption of fibrinogen on fibrin clots renders their surfaces non-adhesive, while the conversion of surface-bound plasminogen to plasmin by transiently adherent blood cells results in degradation of a superficial fibrin layer, leading to cell detachment. Although the mechanisms whereby these proteins exert their antiadhesive effects are different, the outcome is the same: the formation of a mechanically unstable surface that does not allow firm cell attachment. OBJECTIVES Since fibrin clots in circulation are exposed to both fibrinogen and plasminogen, their combined effect on adhesion of monocytic cells was examined. METHODS Fibrin gels were coated with plasminogen and its activation by adherent U937 monocytic cells in the presence of increasing concentrations of fibrinogen was examined by either measuring (125) I-labeled fibrin degradation products or plasmin amidolytic activity. RESULTS Unexpectedly, the antiadhesive effects of two fibrin binding proteins were not additive; in fact, in the presence of fibrinogen, the effect of plasminogen was strongly reduced. An investigation of the underlying mechanism revealed that fibrinogen prevented activation of fibrin-bound plasminogen by cells. Confocal microscopy showed that fibrinogen accumulates in a thin superficial layer of a clot, where it exerts its blocking effect on activation of plasminogen. CONCLUSION The results point to a complex interplay between the fibrinogen- and plasminogen-dependent antiadhesive systems, which may contribute to the mechanisms that control the adhesiveness of a fibrin shell on the surface of hemostatic thrombi.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Lishko
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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