1
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Wang L, Liu Y, Tian R, Zuo W, Qian H, Wang L, Yang X, Liu Z, Zhang S. What do we know about platelets in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and why is it important? Thromb Res 2023; 229:114-126. [PMID: 37437517 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2023.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI), the joint result of ischemic injury and reperfusion injury, is associated with poor outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that activated platelets directly contribute to the pathogenesis of MIRI through participating in the formation of microthrombi, interaction with leukocytes, secretion of active substances, constriction of microvasculature, and activation of spinal afferent nerves. The molecular mechanisms underlying the above detrimental effects of activated platelets include the homotypic and heterotypic interactions through surface receptors, transduction of intracellular signals, and secretion of active substances. Revealing the roles of platelet activation in MIRI and the associated mechanisms would provide potential targets/strategies for the clinical evaluation and treatment of MIRI. Further studies are needed to characterize the temporal (ischemia phase vs. reperfusion phase) and spatial (systemic vs. local) distributions of platelet activation in MIRI by multi-omics strategies. To improve the likelihood of translating novel cardioprotective interventions into clinical practice, basic researches maximally replicating the complexity of clinical scenarios would be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yifan Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ran Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wei Zuo
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hao Qian
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xinglin Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Shuyang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
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2
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Yuan H, Liu Y, Zhang J, Dong JF, Zhao Z. Transcription factors in megakaryocytes and platelets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1140501. [PMID: 36969155 PMCID: PMC10034027 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1140501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors bind promoter or regulatory sequences of a gene to regulate its rate of transcription. However, they are also detected in anucleated platelets. The transcription factors RUNX1, GATA1, STAT3, NFκB, and PPAR have been widely reported to play key roles in the pathophysiology of platelet hyper-reactivity, thrombosis, and atherosclerosis. These non-transcriptional activities are independent of gene transcription or protein synthesis but their underlying mechanisms of action remain poorly defined. Genetic and acquired defects in these transcription factors are associated with the production of platelet microvesicles that are known to initiate and propagate coagulation and to promote thrombosis. In this review, we summarize recent developments in the study of transcription factors in platelet generation, reactivity, and production of microvesicles, with a focus on non-transcriptional activities of selected transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengjie Yuan
- Tianjin Institute of Neurology, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- BloodWorks Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Yafan Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Neurology, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Neurology, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing-fei Dong
- BloodWorks Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Zilong Zhao, ; Jing-fei Dong,
| | - Zilong Zhao
- Tianjin Institute of Neurology, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- BloodWorks Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Zilong Zhao, ; Jing-fei Dong,
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3
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Taylor E, Heyland A. Evolution of non-genomic nuclear receptor function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 539:111468. [PMID: 34610359 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are responsible for the regulation of diverse developmental and physiological systems in metazoans. NR actions can be the result of genomic and non-genomic mechanisms depending on whether they act inside or outside of the nucleus respectively. While the actions of both mechanisms have been shown to be crucial to NR functions, non-genomic actions are considered less frequently than genomic actions. Furthermore, hypotheses on the origin and evolution of non-genomic NR signaling pathways are rarely discussed in the literature. Here we summarize non-genomic NR signaling mechanisms in the context of NR protein family evolution and animal phyla. We find that NRs across groups and phyla act via calcium flux as well as protein phosphorylation cascades (MAPK/PI3K/PKC). We hypothesize and discuss a possible synapomorphy of NRs in the NR1 and NR3 families, including the thyroid hormone receptor, vitamin D receptor, ecdysone receptor, retinoic acid receptor, steroid receptors, and others. In conclusion, we propose that the advent of non-genomic NR signaling may have been a driving force behind the expansion of NR diversity in Cnidarians, Placozoans, and Bilaterians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Taylor
- University of Guelph, College of Biological Sciences, Integrative Biology, Guelph, ON N1G-2W1, Canada.
| | - Andreas Heyland
- University of Guelph, College of Biological Sciences, Integrative Biology, Guelph, ON N1G-2W1, Canada.
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4
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Omega-6 DPA and its 12-lipoxygenase-oxidized lipids regulate platelet reactivity in a nongenomic PPARα-dependent manner. Blood Adv 2021; 4:4522-4537. [PMID: 32946570 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial thrombosis is the underlying cause for a number of cardiovascular-related events. Although dietary supplementation that includes polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been proposed to elicit cardiovascular protection, a mechanism for antithrombotic protection has not been well established. The current study sought to investigate whether an omega-6 essential fatty acid, docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn-6), and its oxidized lipid metabolites (oxylipins) provide direct cardiovascular protection through inhibition of platelet reactivity. Human and mouse blood and isolated platelets were treated with DPAn-6 and its 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX)-derived oxylipins, 11-hydroxy-docosapentaenoic acid and 14-hydroxy-docosapentaenoic acid, to assess their ability to inhibit platelet activation. Pharmacological and genetic approaches were used to elucidate a role for DPA and its oxylipins in preventing platelet activation. DPAn-6 was found to be significantly increased in platelets following fatty acid supplementation, and it potently inhibited platelet activation through its 12-LOX-derived oxylipins. The inhibitory effects were selectively reversed through inhibition of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator activator receptor-α (PPARα). PPARα binding was confirmed using a PPARα transcription reporter assay, as well as PPARα-/- mice. These approaches confirmed that selectivity of platelet inhibition was due to effects of DPA oxylipins acting through PPARα. Mice administered DPAn-6 or its oxylipins exhibited reduced thrombus formation following vessel injury, which was prevented in PPARα-/- mice. Hence, the current study demonstrates that DPAn-6 and its oxylipins potently and effectively inhibit platelet activation and thrombosis following a vascular injury. Platelet function is regulated, in part, through an oxylipin-induced PPARα-dependent manner, suggesting that targeting PPARα may represent an alternative strategy to treat thrombotic-related diseases.
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5
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Mitchell JA, Kirkby NS, Ahmetaj-Shala B, Armstrong PC, Crescente M, Ferreira P, Lopes Pires ME, Vaja R, Warner TD. Cyclooxygenases and the cardiovascular system. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 217:107624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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6
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Fang C, Schmaier AH. Novel anti-thrombotic mechanisms mediated by Mas receptor as result of balanced activities between the kallikrein/kinin and the renin-angiotensin systems. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105096. [PMID: 32712319 PMCID: PMC7378497 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The risk of thrombosis, a globally growing challenge and a major cause of death, is influenced by various factors in the intravascular coagulation, vessel wall, and cellular systems. Among the contributors to thrombosis, the contact activation system and the kallikrein/kinin system, two overlapping plasma proteolytic systems that are often considered as synonymous, regulate thrombosis from different aspects. On one hand, components of the contact activation system such as factor XII initiates activation of the coagulation proteins promoting thrombus formation on artificial surfaces through factor XI- and possibly prekallikrein-mediated intrinsic coagulation. On the other hand, physiological activation of plasma prekallikrein in the kallikrein/kinin system on endothelial cells liberates bradykinin from associated high-molecular-weight kininogen to stimulate the constitutive bradykinin B2 receptor to generate nitric oxide and prostacyclin to induce vasodilation and counterbalance angiotensin II signaling from the renin-angiotensin system which stimulates vasoconstriction. In addition to vascular tone regulation, this interaction between the kallikrein/kinin and renin-angiotensin systems has a thrombo-regulatory role independent of the contact pathway. At the level of the G-protein coupled receptors of these systems, defective bradykinin signaling due to attenuated bradykinin formation and/or decreased B2 receptor expression, as seen in murine prekallikrein and B2 receptor null mice, respectively, leads to compensatory overexpressed Mas, the receptor for angiotensin-(1-7) of the renin-angiotensin system. Mas stimulation and/or its increased expression contributes to maintaining a healthy vascular homeostasis by generating graded elevation of plasma prostacyclin which reduces thrombosis through two independent pathways: (1) increasing the vasoprotective transcription factor Sirtuin 1 to suppress tissue factor expression, and (2) inhibiting platelet activation. This review will summarize the recent advances in this field that support these understandings. Appreciating these subtle mechanisms help to develop novel anti-thrombotic strategies by targeting the vascular receptors in the renin-angiotensin and the kallikrein/kinin systems to maintain healthy vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology and the Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Alvin H. Schmaier
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
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7
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Flora GD, Sahli KA, Sasikumar P, Holbrook LM, Stainer AR, AlOuda SK, Crescente M, Sage T, Unsworth AJ, Gibbins JM. Non-genomic effects of the Pregnane X Receptor negatively regulate platelet functions, thrombosis and haemostasis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17210. [PMID: 31748641 PMCID: PMC6868193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a nuclear receptor (NR), involved in the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds. Recently, its presence was reported in the human vasculature and its ligands were proposed to exhibit anti-atherosclerotic effects. Since platelets contribute towards the development of atherosclerosis and possess numerous NRs, we investigated the expression of PXR in platelets along with the ability of its ligands to modulate platelet activation. The expression of PXR in human platelets was confirmed using immunoprecipitation analysis. Treatment with PXR ligands was found to inhibit platelet functions stimulated by a range of agonists, with platelet aggregation, granule secretion, adhesion and spreading on fibrinogen all attenuated along with a reduction in thrombus formation (both in vitro and in vivo). The effects of PXR ligands were observed in a species-specific manner, and the human-specific ligand, SR12813, was observed to attenuate thrombus formation in vivo in humanised PXR transgenic mice. PXR ligand-mediated inhibition of platelet function was found to be associated with the inhibition of Src-family kinases (SFKs). This study identifies acute, non-genomic regulatory effects of PXR ligands on platelet function and thrombus formation. In combination with the emerging anti-atherosclerotic properties of PXR ligands, these anti-thrombotic effects may provide additional cardio-protective benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan D Flora
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Khaled A Sahli
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.,General Directorate of Medical Services, Ministry of Interior, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Parvathy Sasikumar
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.,Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lisa-Marie Holbrook
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.,School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander R Stainer
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Sarah K AlOuda
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Marilena Crescente
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.,Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Tanya Sage
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Amanda J Unsworth
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.,School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Jonathan M Gibbins
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
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8
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Unsworth AJ, Flora GD, Gibbins JM. Non-genomic effects of nuclear receptors: insights from the anucleate platelet. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:645-655. [PMID: 29452349 PMCID: PMC5915957 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) have the ability to elicit two different kinds of responses, genomic and non-genomic. Although genomic responses control gene expression by influencing the rate of transcription, non-genomic effects occur rapidly and independently of transcriptional regulation. Due to their anucleate nature and mechanistically well-characterized and rapid responses, platelets provide a model system for the study of any non-genomic effects of the NRs. Several NRs have been found to be present in human platelets, and multiple NR agonists have been shown to elicit anti-platelet effects by a variety of mechanisms. The non-genomic functions of NRs vary, including the regulation of kinase and phosphatase activity, ion channel function, intracellular calcium levels, and production of second messengers. Recently, the characterization of mechanisms and identification of novel binding partners of NRs have further strengthened the prospects of developing their ligands into potential therapeutics that offer cardio-protective properties in addition to their other defined genomic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Unsworth
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Harborne Building, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AS, Berkshire, UK
| | - Gagan D Flora
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Harborne Building, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AS, Berkshire, UK
| | - Jonathan M Gibbins
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Harborne Building, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AS, Berkshire, UK
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9
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Mitchell JA, Kirkby NS. Eicosanoids, prostacyclin and cyclooxygenase in the cardiovascular system. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:1038-1050. [PMID: 29468666 PMCID: PMC6451069 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eicosanoids represent a diverse family of lipid mediators with fundamental roles in physiology and disease. Within the eicosanoid superfamily are prostanoids, which are specifically derived from arachidonic acid by the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). COX has two isoforms; COX-1 and COX-2. COX-2 is the therapeutic target for the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) class of pain medications. Of the prostanoids, prostacyclin, first discovered by Sir John Vane in 1976, remains amongst the best studied and retains an impressive pedigree as one of the fundamental cardiovascular protective pathways. Since this time, we have learnt much about how eicosanoids, COX enzymes and prostacyclin function in the cardiovascular system, knowledge that has allowed us, for example, to harness the power of prostacyclin as therapy to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension and peripheral vascular disease. However, there remain many unanswered questions in our basic understanding of the pathways, and how they can be used to improve human health. Perhaps, the most important and controversial outstanding question in the field remains; 'how do NSAIDs produce their much publicized cardiovascular side-effects?' This review summarizes the history, biology and cardiovascular function of key eicosanoids with particular focus on prostacyclin and other COX products and discusses how our knowledge of these pathways can applied in future drug discovery and be used to explain the cardiovascular side-effects of NSAIDs. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Eicosanoids 35 years from the 1982 Nobel: where are we now? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.8/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Mitchell
- Cardiothoracic PharmacologyNational Heart and Lung InstituteLondonUK
| | - Nicholas S Kirkby
- Cardiothoracic PharmacologyNational Heart and Lung InstituteLondonUK
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10
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Abstract
Platelet-derived microvesicles (pMVs) are small, heterogeneous vesicles released from platelet membranes as a result of activation. These microvesicles possess a wide range of properties, including prothrombotic, proatherogenic, proinflammatory, immunomodulatory, and even anticoagulant activity. The elevated release of these microvesicles has been observed in various metabolic, inflammatory, thrombotic, and vascular diseases, including ischemic heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, and connective tissue disease. Modulation of both pMV generation and the expression of their surface molecules may have beneficial clinical implications and could become a novel therapeutic target. However, mechanisms by which pharmacological agents can modify pMV formation are elusive. The purpose of this review is to discuss the effects of drugs routinely used in primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease on the release of pMV and expression of their surface procoagulant and proinflammatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Rosińska
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Maria Łukasik
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kozubski
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355, Poznan, Poland
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11
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Zhou H, Li D, Zhu P, Hu S, Hu N, Ma S, Zhang Y, Han T, Ren J, Cao F, Chen Y. Melatonin suppresses platelet activation and function against cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury via PPARγ/FUNDC1/mitophagy pathways. J Pineal Res 2017; 63. [PMID: 28749565 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Platelet activation is a major (patho-) physiological mechanism that underlies ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. In this study, we explored the molecular signals for platelet hyperactivity and investigated the beneficial effects of melatonin on platelet reactivity in response to I/R injury. After reperfusion, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) was progressively downregulated in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery and in mice with I/R injury model. Loss of PPARγ was closely associated with FUN14 domain containing 1 (FUNDC1) dephosphorylation and mitophagy activation, leading to increased mitochondrial electron transport chain complex (ETC.) activity, enhanced mitochondrial respiratory function, and elevated ATP production. The improved mitochondrial function strongly contributed to platelet aggregation, spreading, expression of P-selectin, and final formation of micro-thromboses, eventually resulting in myocardial dysfunction and microvascular structural destruction. However, melatonin powerfully suppressed platelet activation via restoration of the PPARγ content in platelets, which subsequently blocked FUNDC1-required mitophagy, mitochondrial energy production, platelet hyperactivity, and cardiac I/R injury. In contrast, genetic ablation of PPARγ in platelet abolished the beneficial effects of melatonin on mitophagy, mitochondrial ATP supply, and platelet activation. Our results lay the foundation for the molecular mechanism of platelet activation in response to I/R injury and highlight that the manipulation of the PPARγ/FUNDC1/mitophagy pathway by melatonin could be a novel strategy for cardioprotection in the setting of cardiac I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Pingjun Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shunying Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Sai Ma
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianwen Han
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Ren
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Feng Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yundai Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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12
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Muñoz-Gutiérrez C, Sepúlveda C, Caballero J, Palomo I, Fuentes E. Study of the interactions between Edaglitazone and Ciglitazone with PPARγ and their antiplatelet profile. Life Sci 2017; 186:59-65. [PMID: 28757415 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated transcription factor with an important role in lipid metabolism, inflammation and cardiovascular diseases. PPARγ ligands have inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation via the cAMP pathway, which may confer them a protective cardioprotective role. Edaglitazone and Ciglitazone are two chemically-similar thiazolidinedione (TZD) drugs that have been described as potent PPARγ agonists; however, Edaglitazone is over 100 times more potent than Ciglitazone. Here, we report a computational study to describe the ligand binding and the experimental antiplatelet profiles of Edaglitazone and Ciglitazone. Both ligands presented similar orientations within the PPARγ binding site. Their polar heads exhibit complex hydrogen bond networks with the residues at arm I pocket, while their hydrophobic tails are oriented inside arm II or the entrance pocket. The bulkier and longer tail of Edaglitazone exhibited additional hydrophobic interactions, explaining its stronger binding to PPARγ supported by binding affinity calculations. On the other hand, both Edaglitazone and Ciglitazone displayed an antiplatelet activity, but only Edaglitazone retained such effect at low concentrations. Furthermore, we evidenced that Edaglitazone increases intraplatelet cAMP levels and prevents PPARγ secretion, explaining its greater antiplatelet activity. Altogether, the more potent PPARγ agonist Edaglitazone seems to be a potent antiplatelet agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Muñoz-Gutiérrez
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular (CBSM), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Cesar Sepúlveda
- Platelet Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Julio Caballero
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular (CBSM), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.
| | - Iván Palomo
- Platelet Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Eduardo Fuentes
- Platelet Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile; Núcleo Científico Multidisciplinario, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.
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13
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Unsworth AJ, Flora GD, Sasikumar P, Bye AP, Sage T, Kriek N, Crescente M, Gibbins JM. RXR Ligands Negatively Regulate Thrombosis and Hemostasis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:812-822. [PMID: 28254816 PMCID: PMC5405776 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective— Platelets have been found to express intracellular nuclear receptors including the retinoid X receptors (RXRα and RXRβ). Treatment of platelets with ligands of RXR has been shown to inhibit platelet responses to ADP and thromboxane A2; however, the effects on responses to other platelet agonists and the underlying mechanism have not been fully characterized. Approach and Results— The effect of 9-cis-retinoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and methoprene acid on collagen receptor (glycoprotein VI [GPVI]) agonists and thrombin-stimulated platelet function; including aggregation, granule secretion, integrin activation, calcium mobilization, integrin αIIbβ3 outside-in signaling and thrombus formation in vitro and in vivo were determined. Treatment of platelets with RXR ligands resulted in attenuation of platelet functional responses after stimulation by GPVI agonists or thrombin and inhibition of integrin αIIbβ3 outside-in signaling. Treatment with 9-cis-retinoic acid caused inhibition of thrombus formation in vitro and an impairment of thrombosis and hemostasis in vivo. Both RXR ligands stimulated protein kinase A activation, measured by VASP S157 phosphorylation, that was found to be dependent on both cAMP and nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell activity. Conclusions— This study identifies a widespread, negative regulatory role for RXR in the regulation of platelet functional responses and thrombus formation and describes novel events that lead to the upregulation of protein kinase A, a known negative regulator of many aspects of platelet function. This mechanism may offer a possible explanation for the cardioprotective effects described in vivo after treatment with RXR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Unsworth
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Gagan D Flora
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Parvathy Sasikumar
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander P Bye
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya Sage
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Neline Kriek
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Marilena Crescente
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M Gibbins
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom.
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Unsworth AJ, Bye AP, Gibbins JM. Platelet-Derived Inhibitors of Platelet Activation. PLATELETS IN THROMBOTIC AND NON-THROMBOTIC DISORDERS 2017. [PMCID: PMC7123044 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47462-5_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Hytönen J, Leppänen O, Braesen JH, Schunck WH, Mueller D, Jung F, Mrowietz C, Jastroch M, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Kappert K, Heuser A, Drenckhahn JD, Pieske B, Thierfelder L, Ylä-Herttuala S, Blaschke F. Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor-δ as Novel Therapeutic Strategy to Prevent In-Stent Restenosis and Stent Thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1534-48. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Drug-eluting coronary stents reduce restenosis rate and late lumen loss compared with bare-metal stents; however, drug-eluting coronary stents may delay vascular healing and increase late stent thrombosis. The peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-delta (PPARδ) exhibits actions that could favorably influence outcomes after drug-eluting coronary stents placement.
Approach and Results—
Here, we report that PPARδ ligand–coated stents strongly reduce the development of neointima and luminal narrowing in a rabbit model of experimental atherosclerosis. Inhibition of inflammatory gene expression and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration, prevention of thrombocyte activation and aggregation, and proproliferative effects on endothelial cells were identified as key mechanisms for the prevention of restenosis. Using normal and PPARδ-depleted VSMCs, we show that the observed effects of PPARδ ligand GW0742 on VSMCs and thrombocytes are PPARδ receptor dependent. PPARδ ligand treatment induces expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isozyme 4 and downregulates the glucose transporter 1 in VSMCs, thus impairing the ability of VSMCs to provide the increased energy demands required for growth factor–stimulated proliferation and migration.
Conclusions—
In contrast to commonly used drugs for stent coating, PPARδ ligands not only inhibit inflammatory response and proliferation of VSMCs but also prevent thrombocyte activation and support vessel re-endothelialization. Thus, pharmacological PPARδ activation could be a promising novel strategy to improve drug-eluting coronary stents outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarkko Hytönen
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (J.H., S.Y.-H.); Centre for R&D, Uppsala University/County Council of Gaevleborg, Gaevle, Sweden (O.L.); Institute for Pathology, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany (J.H.B.); Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (W.-H.S., D.M., A.H., J.-D.D., L.T., F.B.); Department of Cardiology (B.P., F.B.) and Center for Cardiovascular
| | - Olli Leppänen
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (J.H., S.Y.-H.); Centre for R&D, Uppsala University/County Council of Gaevleborg, Gaevle, Sweden (O.L.); Institute for Pathology, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany (J.H.B.); Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (W.-H.S., D.M., A.H., J.-D.D., L.T., F.B.); Department of Cardiology (B.P., F.B.) and Center for Cardiovascular
| | - Jan Hinrich Braesen
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (J.H., S.Y.-H.); Centre for R&D, Uppsala University/County Council of Gaevleborg, Gaevle, Sweden (O.L.); Institute for Pathology, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany (J.H.B.); Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (W.-H.S., D.M., A.H., J.-D.D., L.T., F.B.); Department of Cardiology (B.P., F.B.) and Center for Cardiovascular
| | - Wolf-Hagen Schunck
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (J.H., S.Y.-H.); Centre for R&D, Uppsala University/County Council of Gaevleborg, Gaevle, Sweden (O.L.); Institute for Pathology, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany (J.H.B.); Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (W.-H.S., D.M., A.H., J.-D.D., L.T., F.B.); Department of Cardiology (B.P., F.B.) and Center for Cardiovascular
| | - Dominik Mueller
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (J.H., S.Y.-H.); Centre for R&D, Uppsala University/County Council of Gaevleborg, Gaevle, Sweden (O.L.); Institute for Pathology, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany (J.H.B.); Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (W.-H.S., D.M., A.H., J.-D.D., L.T., F.B.); Department of Cardiology (B.P., F.B.) and Center for Cardiovascular
| | - Friedrich Jung
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (J.H., S.Y.-H.); Centre for R&D, Uppsala University/County Council of Gaevleborg, Gaevle, Sweden (O.L.); Institute for Pathology, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany (J.H.B.); Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (W.-H.S., D.M., A.H., J.-D.D., L.T., F.B.); Department of Cardiology (B.P., F.B.) and Center for Cardiovascular
| | - Christoph Mrowietz
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (J.H., S.Y.-H.); Centre for R&D, Uppsala University/County Council of Gaevleborg, Gaevle, Sweden (O.L.); Institute for Pathology, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany (J.H.B.); Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (W.-H.S., D.M., A.H., J.-D.D., L.T., F.B.); Department of Cardiology (B.P., F.B.) and Center for Cardiovascular
| | - Martin Jastroch
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (J.H., S.Y.-H.); Centre for R&D, Uppsala University/County Council of Gaevleborg, Gaevle, Sweden (O.L.); Institute for Pathology, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany (J.H.B.); Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (W.-H.S., D.M., A.H., J.-D.D., L.T., F.B.); Department of Cardiology (B.P., F.B.) and Center for Cardiovascular
| | - Michael von Bergwelt-Baildon
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (J.H., S.Y.-H.); Centre for R&D, Uppsala University/County Council of Gaevleborg, Gaevle, Sweden (O.L.); Institute for Pathology, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany (J.H.B.); Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (W.-H.S., D.M., A.H., J.-D.D., L.T., F.B.); Department of Cardiology (B.P., F.B.) and Center for Cardiovascular
| | - Kai Kappert
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (J.H., S.Y.-H.); Centre for R&D, Uppsala University/County Council of Gaevleborg, Gaevle, Sweden (O.L.); Institute for Pathology, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany (J.H.B.); Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (W.-H.S., D.M., A.H., J.-D.D., L.T., F.B.); Department of Cardiology (B.P., F.B.) and Center for Cardiovascular
| | - Arnd Heuser
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (J.H., S.Y.-H.); Centre for R&D, Uppsala University/County Council of Gaevleborg, Gaevle, Sweden (O.L.); Institute for Pathology, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany (J.H.B.); Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (W.-H.S., D.M., A.H., J.-D.D., L.T., F.B.); Department of Cardiology (B.P., F.B.) and Center for Cardiovascular
| | - Jörg-Detlef Drenckhahn
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (J.H., S.Y.-H.); Centre for R&D, Uppsala University/County Council of Gaevleborg, Gaevle, Sweden (O.L.); Institute for Pathology, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany (J.H.B.); Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (W.-H.S., D.M., A.H., J.-D.D., L.T., F.B.); Department of Cardiology (B.P., F.B.) and Center for Cardiovascular
| | - Burkert Pieske
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (J.H., S.Y.-H.); Centre for R&D, Uppsala University/County Council of Gaevleborg, Gaevle, Sweden (O.L.); Institute for Pathology, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany (J.H.B.); Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (W.-H.S., D.M., A.H., J.-D.D., L.T., F.B.); Department of Cardiology (B.P., F.B.) and Center for Cardiovascular
| | - Ludwig Thierfelder
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (J.H., S.Y.-H.); Centre for R&D, Uppsala University/County Council of Gaevleborg, Gaevle, Sweden (O.L.); Institute for Pathology, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany (J.H.B.); Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (W.-H.S., D.M., A.H., J.-D.D., L.T., F.B.); Department of Cardiology (B.P., F.B.) and Center for Cardiovascular
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (J.H., S.Y.-H.); Centre for R&D, Uppsala University/County Council of Gaevleborg, Gaevle, Sweden (O.L.); Institute for Pathology, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany (J.H.B.); Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (W.-H.S., D.M., A.H., J.-D.D., L.T., F.B.); Department of Cardiology (B.P., F.B.) and Center for Cardiovascular
| | - Florian Blaschke
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (J.H., S.Y.-H.); Centre for R&D, Uppsala University/County Council of Gaevleborg, Gaevle, Sweden (O.L.); Institute for Pathology, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany (J.H.B.); Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (W.-H.S., D.M., A.H., J.-D.D., L.T., F.B.); Department of Cardiology (B.P., F.B.) and Center for Cardiovascular
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Bye AP, Unsworth AJ, Gibbins JM. Platelet signaling: a complex interplay between inhibitory and activatory networks. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:918-30. [PMID: 26929147 PMCID: PMC4879507 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The role of platelets in hemostasis and thrombosis is dependent on a complex balance of activatory and inhibitory signaling pathways. Inhibitory signals released from the healthy vasculature suppress platelet activation in the absence of platelet receptor agonists. Activatory signals present at a site of injury initiate platelet activation and thrombus formation; subsequently, endogenous negative signaling regulators dampen activatory signals to control thrombus growth. Understanding the complex interplay between activatory and inhibitory signaling networks is an emerging challenge in the study of platelet biology, and necessitates a systematic approach to utilize experimental data effectively. In this review, we will explore the key points of platelet regulation and signaling that maintain platelets in a resting state, mediate activation to elicit thrombus formation, or provide negative feedback. Platelet signaling will be described in terms of key signaling molecules that are common to the pathways activated by platelet agonists and can be described as regulatory nodes for both positive and negative regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Bye
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - A J Unsworth
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - J M Gibbins
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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Liu Y, Park JM, Chang KH, Huh HJ, Lee K, Lee MY. AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Mediates the Antiplatelet Effects of the Thiazolidinediones Rosiglitazone and Pioglitazone. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 89:313-21. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.102004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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18
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Zhang R, Wang Y, Li R, Chen G. Transcriptional Factors Mediating Retinoic Acid Signals in the Control of Energy Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:14210-44. [PMID: 26110391 PMCID: PMC4490549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160614210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), an active metabolite of vitamin A (VA), is important for many physiological processes including energy metabolism. This is mainly achieved through RA-regulated gene expression in metabolically active cells. RA regulates gene expression mainly through the activation of two subfamilies in the nuclear receptor superfamily, retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs). RAR/RXR heterodimers or RXR/RXR homodimers bind to RA response element in the promoters of RA target genes and regulate their expressions upon ligand binding. The development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes is often associated with profound changes in the expressions of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism in metabolically active cells. RA regulates some of these gene expressions. Recently, in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that status and metabolism of VA regulate macronutrient metabolism. Some studies have shown that, in addition to RARs and RXRs, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α, chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor II, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor β/δ may function as transcriptional factors mediating RA response. Herein, we summarize current progresses regarding the VA metabolism and the role of nuclear receptors in mediating RA signals, with an emphasis on their implication in energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- State Food and Drug Administration Hubei Center for Medical Equipment Quality Supervision and Testing, 666 High-Tech Avenue, Wuhan 430000, China.
| | - Yueqiao Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Wuhan University, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Wuhan University, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Guoxun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, 1215 West Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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19
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Chen C, Yang FQ, Zhang Q, Wang FQ, Hu YJ, Xia ZN. Natural Products for Antithrombosis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:876426. [PMID: 26075003 PMCID: PMC4449941 DOI: 10.1155/2015/876426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Thrombosis is considered to be closely related to several diseases such as atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease and stroke, as well as rheumatoid arthritis, hyperuricemia, and various inflammatory conditions. More and more studies have been focused on understanding the mechanism of molecular and cellular basis of thrombus formation as well as preventing thrombosis for the treatment of thrombotic diseases. In reality, there is considerable interest in the role of natural products and their bioactive components in the prevention and treatment of thrombosis related disorders. This paper briefly describes the mechanisms of thrombus formation on three aspects, including coagulation system, platelet activation, and aggregation, and change of blood flow conditions. Furthermore, the natural products for antithrombosis by anticoagulation, antiplatelet aggregation, and fibrinolysis were summarized, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Feng-Qing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Feng-Qin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yuan-Jia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Zhi-Ning Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
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Lannan KL, Sahler J, Kim N, Spinelli SL, Maggirwar SB, Garraud O, Cognasse F, Blumberg N, Phipps RP. Breaking the mold: transcription factors in the anucleate platelet and platelet-derived microparticles. Front Immunol 2015; 6:48. [PMID: 25762994 PMCID: PMC4327621 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are small anucleate blood cells derived from megakaryocytes. In addition to their pivotal roles in hemostasis, platelets are the smallest, yet most abundant, immune cells and regulate inflammation, immunity, and disease progression. Although platelets lack DNA, and thus no functional transcriptional activities, they are nonetheless rich sources of RNAs, possess an intact spliceosome, and are thus capable of synthesizing proteins. Previously, it was thought that platelet RNAs and translational machinery were remnants from the megakaryocyte. We now know that the initial description of platelets as "cellular fragments" is an antiquated notion, as mounting evidence suggests otherwise. Therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that platelet transcription factors are not vestigial remnants from megakaryocytes, but have important, if only partly understood functions. Proteins play multiple cellular roles to minimize energy expenditure for maximum cellular function; thus, the same can be expected for transcription factors. In fact, numerous transcription factors have non-genomic roles, both in platelets and in nucleated cells. Our lab and others have discovered the presence and non-genomic roles of transcription factors in platelets, such as the nuclear factor kappa β (NFκB) family of proteins and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). In addition to numerous roles in regulating platelet activation, functional transcription factors can be transferred to vascular and immune cells through platelet microparticles. This method of transcellular delivery of key immune molecules may be a vital mechanism by which platelet transcription factors regulate inflammation and immunity. At the very least, platelets are an ideal model cell to dissect out the non-genomic roles of transcription factors in nucleated cells. There is abundant evidence to suggest that transcription factors in platelets play key roles in regulating inflammatory and hemostatic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Lannan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, NY , USA
| | - Julie Sahler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, NY , USA ; Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY , USA
| | - Nina Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, NY , USA
| | - Sherry L Spinelli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, NY , USA
| | - Sanjay B Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, NY , USA
| | - Olivier Garraud
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lyon , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Fabrice Cognasse
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lyon , Saint-Etienne , France ; Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Loire , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Neil Blumberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, NY , USA
| | - Richard P Phipps
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, NY , USA ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, NY , USA ; Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, NY , USA
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Fuentes E, Palomo I. Mechanism of antiplatelet action of hypolipidemic, antidiabetic and antihypertensive drugs by PPAR activation. Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 62:162-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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22
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Kojonazarov B, Luitel H, Sydykov A, Dahal BK, Paul-Clark MJ, Bonvini S, Reed A, Schermuly RT, Mitchell JA. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ agonist GW0742 has direct protective effects on right heart hypertrophy. Pulm Circ 2014; 3:926-35. [PMID: 25006409 DOI: 10.1086/674755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a debilitating disease with no cure. We have previously shown that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ agonists protect the right heart in hypoxia-driven pulmonary hypertension without affecting vascular remodeling. PPARβ/δ is an important receptor in lipid metabolism, athletic performance, and the sensing of prostacyclin. Treatment of right heart hypertrophy and failure in pulmonary hypertension is an emerging target for future therapy. Here we have investigated the potential of GW0742, a PPARβ agonist, to act directly on the right heart in vivo and what transcriptomic signatures are associated with its actions. Right heart hypertrophy and failure was induced in mice using a pulmonary artery banding (PAB) model. GW0742 was administered throughout the study. Cardiovascular parameters were measured using echocardiography and pressure monitoring. Fibrosis and cellular changes were measured using immunohistochemistry. Transcriptomics were measured using the Illumina MouseRef-8v3 BeadChip array and analyzed using GeneSpring GX (ver. 11.0). PAB resulted in right heart hypertrophy and failure and in increased fibrosis. GW0742 reduced or prevented the effects of PAB on all parameters measured. GW0742 altered a number of genes in the transcriptome, with Angptl4 emerging as the top gene altered (increased) in animals with PAB. In conclusion, the PPARβ/δ agonist GW0742 has direct protective effects on the right heart in vivo. These observations identify PPARβ/δ as a viable therapeutic target to treat pulmonary hypertension that may complement current and future vasodilator drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Himal Luitel
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Akylbek Sydykov
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bhola K Dahal
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mark J Paul-Clark
- Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Bonvini
- Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Reed
- Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jane A Mitchell
- Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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Du H, Hu H, Zheng H, Hao J, Yang J, Cui W. Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in simvastatin antiplatelet activity: influences on cAMP and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Thromb Res 2014; 134:111-20. [PMID: 24856644 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Statins are widely used as hypolipidemic drugs, and have beneficial effects in reducing cardiovascular events. In addition, recent studies on the pleiotropic effects of statins (i.e., simvastatin) reveal that these drugs have many additional anti-atherogenic effects, including antiplatelet activity. The mechanisms may be partly related to activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), which are present in human platelets, and whose activation inhibits platelet aggregation. However, the details of the signaling pathway by which simvastatin inhibits platelet activation via PPARs have not yet been completely established. The aim of this study was to examine the mechanisms by which the PPAR-mediated pathways contribute to the antiplatelet activity of simvastatin. Simvastatin (3-50 μM) induced PPARα and PPARγ activation in a dose-dependent manner in washed platelets. Additionally, simvastatin inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation, expression of CD62 and PAC-1, and Ca(2+) mobilization. These effects of simvastatin on platelet responses were strongly reduced by adding a selective PPARγ antagonist (GW9662), but not PPARα antagonist (GW6471). Moreover, in the presence of GW9662, simvastatin-mediated increase of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production, vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) Ser(157) phosphorylation and inhibition of Akt phosphorylation were markedly reversed. Furthermore, simvastatin was found to inhibit phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs, i.e., p38 MAPK, ERK) by increasing the association between PPARγ and the components of MAPKs after platelet activation. Taken together, the present results confirm that simvastatin inhibition of platelet activation is mediated by PPARγ-dependent processes, which involves mediating MAPKs signaling, increase of cAMP formation and VASP Ser(157) phosphorylation, inhibition of Akt phosphorylation and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Du
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei
| | - Haijuan Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei
| | - Hongmei Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei
| | - Jie Hao
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei
| | - Jingci Yang
- Department of Hematology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei.
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Fuentes E, Palomo I. Regulatory mechanisms of cAMP levels as a multiple target for antiplatelet activity and less bleeding risk. Thromb Res 2014; 134:221-6. [PMID: 24830902 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Platelet activation is a critical component of atherothrombosis. The multiple pathways of platelet activation limit the effect of specific receptor/pathway inhibitors, resulting in limited clinical efficacy. Recent research has confirmed that combination therapy results in enhanced antithrombotic efficacy without increasing bleeding risk. In this way, the best-known inhibitor and turn off signaling in platelet activation is cAMP. In this article we discuss the mechanisms of regulation of intraplatelet cAMP levels, a) platelet-dependent pathway: Gi/Gs protein-coupled receptors, phosphodiesterase inhibition and activation of PPARs and b) platelet-independent pathway: inhibition of adenosine uptake by erythrocytes. With respect to the association between intraplatelet cAMP levels and bleeding risk it is possible to establish that compounds/drugs with pleitropic effect for increased intraplatelet cAMP level could have an antithrombotic activity with less risk of bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fuentes
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohaematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile; Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), CONICYT-Regional, Gore Maule, R09I2001, Chile.
| | - Iván Palomo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohaematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile; Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), CONICYT-Regional, Gore Maule, R09I2001, Chile.
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25
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Antiplatelet effects of natural bioactive compounds by multiple targets: Food and drug interactions. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Rivadeneyra L, Carestia A, Etulain J, Pozner RG, Fondevila C, Negrotto S, Schattner M. Regulation of platelet responses triggered by Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 ligands is another non-genomic role of nuclear factor-kappaB. Thromb Res 2013; 133:235-43. [PMID: 24331207 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Platelets express Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that recognise molecular components of pathogens and, in nucleated cells, elicit immune responses through nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activation. We have shown that NF-κB mediates platelet activation in response to classical agonists, suggesting that this transcription factor exerts non-genomic functions in platelets. The aim of this study was to determine whether NF-κB activation is a downstream signal involved in TLR2 and 4-mediated platelet responses. MATERIAL AND METHODS Aggregation and ATP release were measured with a Lumi-aggregometer. Fibrinogen binding, P-selectin and CD40 ligand (CD40L) levels and platelet-neutrophil aggregates were measured by cytometry. I kappa B alpha (IκBα) degradation and p65 phosphorylation were determined by Western blot and von Willebrand factor (vWF) by ELISA. RESULTS Platelet stimulation with Pam3CSK4 or LPS resulted in IκBα degradation and p65 phosphorylation. These responses were suppressed by TLR2 and 4 blocking and synergised by thrombin. Aggregation, fibrinogen binding and ATP and vWF release were triggered by Pam3CSK4. LPS did not induce platelet responses per se, except for vWF release, but it did potentiate thrombin-induced aggregation, fibrinogen binding and ATP secretion. Pam3CSK4, but not LPS, induced P-selectin and CD40L expression and mixed aggregate formation. All of these responses, except for CD40L expression, were inhibited in platelets treated with the NF-κB inhibitors BAY 11-7082 or Ro 106-9920. CONCLUSION TLR2 and 4 agonists trigger platelet activation responses through NF-κB. These data show another non-genomic function of NF-κB in platelets and highlight this molecule as a potential target to prevent platelet activation in inflammatory or infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Rivadeneyra
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis, Institute of Experimental Medicine (CONICET), National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agostina Carestia
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis, Institute of Experimental Medicine (CONICET), National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julia Etulain
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis, Institute of Experimental Medicine (CONICET), National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roberto G Pozner
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis, Institute of Experimental Medicine (CONICET), National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Fondevila
- Service of Hematology, Bazterrica Clinic, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Soledad Negrotto
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis, Institute of Experimental Medicine (CONICET), National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirta Schattner
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis, Institute of Experimental Medicine (CONICET), National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Mackenzie LS, Lione L. Harnessing the benefits of PPARβ/δ agonists. Life Sci 2013; 93:963-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Fuentes E, Fuentes F, Palomo I. Mechanism of the anti-platelet effect of natural bioactive compounds: Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors activation. Platelets 2013; 25:471-9. [DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2013.849334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Relationship between Platelet PPARs, cAMP Levels, and P-Selectin Expression: Antiplatelet Activity of Natural Products. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:861786. [PMID: 24324520 PMCID: PMC3845334 DOI: 10.1155/2013/861786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are no longer considered simply as cells participating in thrombosis. In atherosclerosis, platelets are regulators of multiple processes, with the recruitment of inflammatory cells towards the lesion sites, inflammatory mediators release, and regulation of endothelial function. The antiplatelet therapy has been used for a long time in an effort to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases. However, limited efficacy in some patients, drug resistance, and side effects are limitations of current antiplatelet therapy. In this context, a large number of natural products (polyphenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, and fatty acids) have been reported with antiplatelet activity. In this sense, the present paper describes mechanisms of antiplatelet action of natural products on platelet P-selectin expression through cAMP levels and its role as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors agonists.
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Ferroni P, Vazzana N, Riondino S, Cuccurullo C, Guadagni F, Davì G. Platelet function in health and disease: from molecular mechanisms, redox considerations to novel therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:1447-85. [PMID: 22458931 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress appears to be of fundamental importance in the pathogenesis and development of several disease processes. Indeed, it is well known that reactive oxygen species (ROS) exert critical regulatory functions within the vascular wall, and it is, therefore, plausible that platelets represent a relevant target for their action. Platelet activation cascade (including receptor-mediated tethering to the endothelium, rolling, firm adhesion, aggregation, and thrombus formation) is tightly regulated. In addition to already well-defined platelet regulatory factors, ROS may participate in the regulation of platelet activation. It is already established that enhanced ROS release from the vascular wall can indirectly affect platelet activity by scavenging nitric oxide (NO), thereby decreasing the antiplatelet properties of endothelium. On the other hand, recent data suggest that platelets themselves generate ROS, which may evoke pro-thrombotic responses, triggering many biological processes participating in atherosclerosis initiation, progression, and complication. That oxidative stress may alter platelet function is conceivable when considering that antioxidants play a role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, although the precise mechanism accounting for changes attributable to antioxidants in atherosclerosis remains unknown. It is possible that the effects of antioxidants may be a consequence of their enhancing or promoting the antiplatelet effects of NO derived from both endothelial cells and platelets. This review focuses on current knowledge regarding ROS-dependent regulation of platelet function in health and disease, and summarizes in vitro and in vivo evidence for their physiological and potential therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Ferroni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
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The antiplatelet activity of magnolol is mediated by PPAR-β/γ. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:793-803. [PMID: 22750553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isoforms (α, β/δ, and γ) is known to inhibit platelet aggregation. In the present study, we examined whether PPARs-mediated pathways contribute to the antiplatelet activity of magnolol, a compound purified from Magnolia officinalis. Magnolol (20-60 μM) dose-dependently enhanced the activity and intracellular level of PPAR-β/γ in platelets. In the presence of selective PPAR-β antagonist (GSK0660) or PPAR-γ antagonist (GW9662), the inhibition of magnolol on collagen-induced platelet aggregation and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization was significantly reversed. Moreover, magnolol-mediated up-regulation of NO/cyclic GMP/PKG pathway and Akt phosphorylation leading to increase of eNOS activity were markedly abolished by blocking PPAR-β/γ activity. Additionally, magnolol significantly inhibited collagen-induced PKCα activation through a PPAR-β/γ and PKCα interaction manner. The arachidonic acid (AA) or collagen-induced thromboxane B(2) formation and elevation of COX-1 activity caused by AA were also markedly attenuated by magnolol. However, these above effects of magnolol on platelet responses were strongly reduced by simultaneous addition of GSK0660 or GW9662, suggesting that PPAR-β/γ-mediated processes may account for magnolol-regulated antiplatelet mechanisms. Similarly, administration of PPAR-β/γ antagonists remarkably abolished the actions of magnolol in preventing platelet plug formation and prolonging bleeding time in mice. Taken together, we demonstrate for the first time that the antiplatelet and anti-thrombotic activities of magnolol are modulated by up-regulation of PPAR-β/γ-dependent pathways.
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Schnegg CI, Kooshki M, Hsu FC, Sui G, Robbins ME. PPARδ prevents radiation-induced proinflammatory responses in microglia via transrepression of NF-κB and inhibition of the PKCα/MEK1/2/ERK1/2/AP-1 pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1734-43. [PMID: 22387176 PMCID: PMC3341532 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Partial or whole-brain irradiation is often required to treat both primary and metastatic brain cancer. Radiation-induced normal tissue injury, including progressive cognitive impairment, however, can significantly affect the well-being of the approximately 200,000 patients who receive these treatments each year in the United States. Although the exact mechanisms underlying radiation-induced late effects remain unclear, oxidative stress and inflammation are thought to play a critical role. Microglia are key mediators of neuroinflammation. Peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) δ has been shown to be a potent regulator of anti-inflammatory responses. Thus, we hypothesized that PPARδ activation would modulate the radiation-induced inflammatory response in microglia. Incubating BV-2 murine microglial cells with the PPARδ agonist L-165041 prevented the radiation-induced increase in: (i) intracellular reactive oxygen species generation, (ii) Cox-2 and MCP-1 expression, and (iii) IL-1β and TNF-α message levels. This occurred, in part, through PPARδ-mediated modulation of stress-activated kinases and proinflammatory transcription factors. PPARδ inhibited NF-κB via transrepression by physically interacting with the p65 subunit and prevented activation of the PKCα/MEK1/2/ERK1/2/AP-1 pathway by inhibiting the radiation-induced increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species generation. These data support the hypothesis that PPARδ activation can modulate radiation-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline I. Schnegg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Mitra Kooshki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Fang-Chi Hsu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Guangchao Sui
- Department of Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Mike E. Robbins
- Department of Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Chan MV, Armstrong PCJ, Papalia F, Kirkby NS, Warner TD. Optical multichannel (optimul) platelet aggregometry in 96-well plates as an additional method of platelet reactivity testing. Platelets 2011; 22:485-94. [PMID: 21806492 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2011.592958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Platelet reactivity testing is important for the diagnosis of bleeding disorders, and increasingly to optimise anti-platelet therapy. Traditional light transmission aggregometry is considered the gold standard, whilst 96-well plate aggregometry, founded on similar principles, provides a higher throughput screening method. Despite the widespread use of both, methodologies and outputs vary widely between laboratories. We report a methodological approach towards providing a standardised optical detection of platelet aggregation (optimul method) based upon 96-well plate aggregometry. Individual wells of half-area 96-well plates were coated with gelatine and one of seven concentrations of arachidonic acid (AA), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), collagen, epinephrine (EPI), ristocetin, TRAP-6 amide or U46619, before being lyophilised, vacuum-sealed, foil-packed and stored at room temperature for up to 24 weeks. For platelet testing, 40 µl of platelet-rich plasma was added to each well. Platelet aggregation was determined by changes in light absorbance, release of ATP/ADP by luminescence and release of thromboxane (TX) A(2) by ELISA. Some experiments were conducted in the presence of aspirin (30 µM) or prasugrel active metabolite (PAM; 3 µM). Optimul plates stored for up to 12 weeks permitted reliable detection of concentration-dependent platelet aggregation, ATP/ADP release and TXA₂ production. PAM caused reductions in platelet responses to AA, ADP, collagen, EPI, TRAP-6 and U46619, whilst aspirin inhibited responses to AA, collagen and EPI. We conclude that the optimul method offers a viable, standardised approach, allowing platelet reactivity testing and could provide a broad platelet function analysis without the need for dedicated equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa V Chan
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M6BQ, UK
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Chou TC, Shih CY, Chen YT. Inhibitory effect of α-lipoic acid on platelet aggregation is mediated by PPARs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:3050-3059. [PMID: 21391669 DOI: 10.1021/jf103940u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) isoforms (α, β/δ, and γ are present in human platelets, and activation of PPARs inhibits platelet aggregation. α-Lipoic acid (ALA), occurring naturally in human food, has been reported to exhibit an antiplatelet activity. However, the mechanisms underlying ALA-mediated inhibition of platelet aggregation remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the antiplatelet activity of ALA is mediated by PPARs. ALA itself significantly induced PPARα/γ activation in platelets and increased intracellular amounts of PPARα/γ by blocking PPARα/γ secretion from arachidonic acid (AA)-activated platelets. Moreover, ALA significantly inhibited AA-induced platelet aggregation, Ca(2+) mobilization, and cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) activity, but increased cyclic AMP production in rabbit washed platelets. Importantly, ALA also enhanced interaction of PPARα/γ with protein kinase Cα (PKCα) and COX-1 accompanied by an inhibition of PKCα activity in resting and AA-activated platelets. However, the above effects of ALA on platelets were markedly reversed by simultaneous addition of selective PPARα antagonist (GW6471) or PPARγ antagonist (GW9662). Taken together, the present study provides a novel mechanism by which ALA inhibition of platelet aggregation is mediated by PPARα/γ-dependent processes, which involve interaction with PKCα and COX-1, increase of cyclic AMP formation, and inhibition of intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tz-Chong Chou
- Department of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is required for modulating endothelial inflammatory response through a nongenomic mechanism. Eur J Cell Biol 2010; 89:645-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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Luconi M, Cantini G, Serio M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma): Is the genomic activity the only answer? Steroids 2010; 75:585-94. [PMID: 19900469 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2009.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of transcription factors, widely expressed in the organism, including adipose, vascular and immune cells. Besides the well-known role in lipid/glycidic homeostasis, PPARgamma has also recently emerged as a key regulator of inflammatory and immune responses. Besides the natural ligands, more potent synthetic agonists of PPARgamma have been developed, including thiazolidinediones (TZDs), currently used in type 2 diabetes treatment, which also exert anti-inflammatory and anti-neoplastic effects. PPARgamma mechanism of action has focused considerable attention over the years. This receptor was initially shown to act on gene expression through a direct transcription and an indirect transrepression activity, mainly associated with metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects. Different post-translational modifications of the receptor can modulate PPARgamma activity. More recently, rapid nongenomic activity of TZDs affecting post-translation modifications of extranuclear proteins involved in cell signaling, has been reported. In particular, PPARgamma can physically interact with protein kinases resulting in a compartment specific recruitment and activity modulation of these enzymes. Among them, ERK can be positively/negatively regulated by PPARgamma ligands, as in endothelial cells, where TZDs exert anti-inflammatory effects through a novel mechanism involving a rapid inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation/activation. Finally, some of the TZD anti-tumor effects seem to be PPARgamma-independent, raising the possibility that alternative receptors can act through extranuclear nongenomic pathways. In conclusion, different mechanisms of action of PPARgamma seem to coexist in an interacting functional network in the cell, concurring in mediating both pharmacological and natural ligand effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Luconi
- DENOthe Center of Excellence for Research, Transfer and High Education: Endocrinology Unit, Dept. Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence 50139, Italy.
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Grimaldi PA. Metabolic and nonmetabolic regulatory functions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta. Curr Opin Lipidol 2010; 21:186-91. [PMID: 20480546 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32833884a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on the emerging knowledge about peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta regulatory functions on metabolism, inflammation, and cellular stress. RECENT FINDINGS Recent publications have confirmed the important roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta in adaptive metabolic responses of skeletal muscle and have also implicated the nuclear receptor in the regulation of inflammation and oxidative stress in various tissues. The mechanisms implicated in these effects have been partially elucidated. SUMMARY Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors mediate the transcriptional effects of fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives and regulate many physiological functions, including metabolism and development. Use of potent and specific agonists revealed that activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta efficiently reverses some metabolic syndrome-associated abnormalities by affecting metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress responses in several tissues through both genomic and nongenomic modes of action.
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Harrington LS, Moreno L, Reed A, Wort SJ, Desvergne B, Garland C, Zhao L, Mitchell JA. The PPARbeta/delta agonist GW0742 relaxes pulmonary vessels and limits right heart hypertrophy in rats with hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9526. [PMID: 20209098 PMCID: PMC2831997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary vascular diseases are increasingly recognised as important clinical conditions. Pulmonary hypertension associated with a range of aetiologies is difficult to treat and associated with progressive morbidity and mortality. Current therapies for pulmonary hypertension include phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, endothelin receptor antagonists, or prostacyclin mimetics. However, none of these provide a cure and the clinical benefits of these drugs individually decline over time. There is, therefore, an urgent need to identify new treatment strategies for pulmonary hypertension. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we show that the PPARβ/δ agonist GW0742 induces vasorelaxation in systemic and pulmonary vessels. Using tissue from genetically modified mice, we show that the dilator effects of GW0742 are independent of the target receptor PPARβ/δ or cell surface prostacyclin (IP) receptors. In aortic tissue, vascular relaxant effects of GW0742 were not associated with increases in cGMP, cAMP or hyperpolarisation, but were attributed to inhibition of RhoA activity. In a rat model of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension, daily oral dosing of animals with GW0742 (30 mg/kg) for 3 weeks significantly reduced the associated right heart hypertrophy and right ventricular systolic pressure. GW0742 had no effect on vascular remodelling induced by hypoxia in this model. Conclusions/Significance These observations are the first to show a therapeutic benefit of ‘PPARβ/δ’ agonists in experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension and provide pre-clinical evidence to favour clinical trials in man.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Moreno
- Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, NHLI, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Reed
- Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, NHLI, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Wort
- Critical Care Medicine, NHLI, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Béatrice Desvergne
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Lan Zhao
- Experimental Medicine and Toxicology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane A. Mitchell
- Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, NHLI, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Wagner KD, Wagner N. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARbeta/delta) acts as regulator of metabolism linked to multiple cellular functions. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 125:423-35. [PMID: 20026355 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors. They function as ligand activated transcription factors. They exist in three isoforms, PPARalpha, PPARbeta (formerly PPARdelta), and PPARgamma. For all PPARs lipids are endogenous ligands, linking them directly to metabolism. PPARs form heterodimers with retinoic X receptors, and, upon ligand binding, modulate gene expression of downstream target genes dependent on the presence of co-repressors or co-activators. This results in cell-type specific complex regulations of proliferation, differentiation and cell survival. Specific synthetic agonists for all PPARs are available. PPARalpha and PPARgamma agonists are already in clinical use for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and type 2 diabetes, respectively. More recently, PPARbeta activation came into focus as an interesting novel approach for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and associated cardiovascular diseases. Although the initial notion was that PPARbeta is expressed ubiquitously, more recently extensive investigations have been performed demonstrating high PPARbeta expression in a variety of tissues, e.g. skin, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, inflammatory cells, heart, and various types of cancer. In addition, in vitro and in vivo studies using specific PPARbeta agonists, tissue-specific over-expression or knockout mouse models have demonstrated a variety of functions of PPARbeta in adipose tissue, muscle, skin, inflammation, and cancer. We will focus here on functions of PPARbeta in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, heart, angiogenesis and cancer related to modifications in metabolism and the identified underlying molecular mechanisms.
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