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Gul MA, Tozcu D, Tekcan A, Capraz M, Demir HD. Serum adiponectin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-γ levels in obese patients with and without prediabetes. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2024; 70:e20231000. [PMID: 38655997 PMCID: PMC11045203 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20231000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is an increasingly prevalent global health problem, which is generally caused by the increase in body fat mass above normal and observed in all societies. If the blood glucose level is higher than normal but not high enough to diagnose diabetes, this condition is defined as prediabetes. Adiponectin increases fatty acid oxidation and insulin sensitivity and is closely associated with obesity. One of the nuclear receptor superfamily member peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors is shown to have an important role in various metabolic reactions. This study aimed to investigate the serum levels of adiponectin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-gamma parameters, which are closely related to adipose tissue, energy metabolism, and insulin sensitivity, in obese patients with and without prediabetes. METHODS For this purpose, 52 obese patients with prediabetes, 48 obese patients with non-prediabetes, and 76 healthy individuals were included in this study. Serum adiponectin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-γ levels were analyzed by ELISA. RESULTS Serum adiponectin levels were significantly higher in obese patients with prediabetes (18.15±15.99) compared with the control group (15.17±15.67; p=0.42). No significant difference was observed in both adiponectin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-γ levels in the obese patients with the non-prediabetes group compared with the control group. However, no significant difference was observed in the obese patients with prediabetes group and obese patients with non-prediabetes group. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that adiponectin may serve as an indicator of prediabetes. This implies that examining adiponectin levels in individuals diagnosed with prediabetes may enhance our understanding of the metabolic processes closely linked to prediabetes and related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Ali Gul
- Amasya University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical
Biochemistry – Amasya, Turkey
| | - Duygu Tozcu
- Amasya University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology
– Amasya, Turkey
| | - Akın Tekcan
- Amasya University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical
Biology – Amasya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Capraz
- Amasya University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal
Diseases – Amasya, Turkey
| | - Hatice Dortok Demir
- Amasya University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical
Biochemistry – Amasya, Turkey
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Ishida N, Yamada H, Hirose M. Euphausia pacifica (North Pacific Krill): Review of Chemical Features and Potential Benefits of 8-HEPE against Metabolic Syndrome, Dyslipidemia, NAFLD, and Atherosclerosis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113765. [PMID: 34836021 PMCID: PMC8618228 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine n-3 fatty acids are well known to have health benefits. Recently, krill oil, which contains phospholipids, has been in the spotlight as an n-3 PUFA-containing oil. Euphausia pacifica (E. pacifica), also called North Pacific krill, is a small, red crustacean similar to shrimp that flourishes in the North Pacific Ocean. E. pacifica oil contains 8-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (8-HEPE) at a level more than 10 times higher than Euphausia superba oil. 8-HEPE can activate the transcription of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), PPARγ, and PPARδ to levels 10, 5, and 3 times greater than eicosapentaenoic acid, respectively. 8-HEPE has beneficial effects against metabolic syndrome (reduction in body weight gain, visceral fat area, amount of gonadal white adipose tissue, and gonadal adipocyte cell size), dyslipidemia (reduction in serum triacylglycerol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and induction of serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), atherosclerosis, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (reduction in triglyceride accumulation and hepatic steatosis in the liver) in mice. Further studies should focus on the beneficial effects of North Pacific krill oil products and 8-HEPE on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanae Ishida
- Department of Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 028-3694, Japan;
| | - Hidetoshi Yamada
- Faculty of Life & Environmental Science, Teikyo University of Science, Tokyo 120-0045, Japan;
| | - Masamichi Hirose
- Department of Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 028-3694, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-19-651-5110
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Zhang Y, Ge X, Li Y, Zhang B, Wang P, Hao M, Gao P, Zhao Y, Sun T, Lu S, Ma W. TWIST2 and the PPAR signaling pathway are important in the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:39. [PMID: 33879188 PMCID: PMC8059034 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01458-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the roles of the transcription factors twist family bHLH transcription factor 1 (TWIST1), twist family bHLH transcription factor 2 (TWIST2), and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. METHODS The protein levels of TWIST1, TWIST2 and PPARγ were determined in the serum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients and healthy controls by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). An in vivo model for fatty liver was established by feeding C57BL/6 J mice a high-fat diet (HFD). An in vitro model of steatosis was established by treating LO-2 cells with oleic acid (OA). RNA sequencing was performed on untreated and OA-treated LO-2 cells followed by TWIST1, TWIST2 and PPARγ gene mRNA levels analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and pathway analysis. RESULTS The TWIST2 serum protein levels decreased significantly in all fatty liver groups (P < 0.05), while TWIST1 varied. TWIST2 tended to be lower in mice fed an HFD and was significantly lower at 3 months. Similarly, in the in vitro model, the TWIST2 protein level was downregulated significantly at 48 and 72 h after OA treatment. RNA sequencing of LO-2 cells showed an approximately 2.3-fold decrease in TWIST2, with no obvious change in TWIST1 and PPARγ. The PPAR signaling pathway was enriched, with 4 genes upregulated in OA-treated cells (P = 0.0018). The interleukin (IL)-17 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathways were enriched in OA-treated cells. CONCLUSIONS The results provide evidence that the TWIST2 and PPAR signaling pathways are important in NAFLD and shed light on a potential mechanism of steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, P. R. China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ge
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Yongqing Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Bingyang Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Peijun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Mingju Hao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, P. R. China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Peng Gao
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Yueyi Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, P. R. China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Sumei Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, P. R. China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Wanshan Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, P. R. China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, P. R. China.
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Sánchez V, Brandt A, Jin CJ, Rajcic D, Engstler AJ, Jung F, Nier A, Baumann A, Bergheim I. Fortifying Butterfat with Soybean Oil Attenuates the Onset of Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Glucose Intolerance. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030959. [PMID: 33809593 PMCID: PMC8001628 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of plant oils such as soybean oil (S) to a diet rich in saturated fatty acids is discussed as a possible route to prevent or diminish the development of metabolic disease. Here, we assessed whether a butterfat-rich diet fortified with S affects the development of early non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and glucose intolerance. Female C57BL/6J mice were fed a standard-control diet (C); a fat-, fructose-, and cholesterol-rich diet (FFC, 25E% butterfat, 50% (wt./wt.) fructose, 0.16% (wt./wt.) cholesterol); or FFC supplemented with S (FFC + S, 21E% butterfat + 4E% S) for 13 weeks. Indicators of liver damage, inflammation, intestinal barrier function, and glucose metabolism were measured. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged J774A.1 cells were incubated with linolenic and linoleic acids (ratio 1:7.1, equivalent to S). The development of early NASH and glucose intolerance was significantly attenuated in FFC + S–fed mice compared to FFC-fed mice associated with lower hepatic toll-like receptor-4 mRNA expression, while markers of intestinal barrier function were significantly higher than in C-fed mice. Linolenic and linoleic acid significantly attenuated LPS-induced formation of reactive nitrogen species and interleukin-1 beta mRNA expression in J774A.1 cells. Our results indicate that fortifying butterfat with S may attenuate the development of NASH and glucose intolerance in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sánchez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, R.F. Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14/UZAII, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.S.); (A.B.); (D.R.); (A.J.E.); (F.J.); (A.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Annette Brandt
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, R.F. Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14/UZAII, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.S.); (A.B.); (D.R.); (A.J.E.); (F.J.); (A.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Cheng Jun Jin
- Institute of Nutrition, SD Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Dornburger Straße 25-29, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Dragana Rajcic
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, R.F. Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14/UZAII, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.S.); (A.B.); (D.R.); (A.J.E.); (F.J.); (A.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Anna Janina Engstler
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, R.F. Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14/UZAII, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.S.); (A.B.); (D.R.); (A.J.E.); (F.J.); (A.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Finn Jung
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, R.F. Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14/UZAII, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.S.); (A.B.); (D.R.); (A.J.E.); (F.J.); (A.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Anika Nier
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, R.F. Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14/UZAII, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.S.); (A.B.); (D.R.); (A.J.E.); (F.J.); (A.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Anja Baumann
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, R.F. Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14/UZAII, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.S.); (A.B.); (D.R.); (A.J.E.); (F.J.); (A.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Ina Bergheim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, R.F. Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14/UZAII, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.S.); (A.B.); (D.R.); (A.J.E.); (F.J.); (A.N.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-(1)-4277-54981; Fax: +43-1-4277-95-49
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Papathanasiou AE, Spyropoulos F, Michael Z, Joung KE, Briana DD, Malamitsi-Puchner A, Mantzoros CS, Christou H. Adipokines and Metabolic Regulators in Human and Experimental Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031435. [PMID: 33535425 PMCID: PMC7867052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is associated with meta-inflammation related to obesity but the role of adipose tissue in PH pathogenesis is unknown. We hypothesized that adipose tissue-derived metabolic regulators are altered in human and experimental PH. We measured circulating levels of fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP-4), fibroblast growth factor -21 (FGF-21), adiponectin, and the mRNA levels of FABP-4, FGF-21, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in lung tissue of patients with idiopathic PH and healthy controls. We also evaluated lung and adipose tissue expression of these mediators in the three most commonly used experimental rodent models of pulmonary hypertension. Circulating levels of FABP-4, FGF-21, and adiponectin were significantly elevated in PH patients compared to controls and the mRNA levels of these regulators and PPARγ were also significantly increased in human PH lungs and in the lungs of rats with experimental PH compared to controls. These findings were coupled with increased levels of adipose tissue mRNA of genes related to glucose uptake, glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and fatty acid oxidation in experimental PH. Our results support that metabolic alterations in human PH are recapitulated in rodent models of the disease and suggest that adipose tissue may contribute to PH pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimilia Eirini Papathanasiou
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.E.P.); (F.S.); (K.E.J.)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 10679 Athens, Greece; (D.D.B.); (A.M.-P.)
| | - Fotios Spyropoulos
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.E.P.); (F.S.); (K.E.J.)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Zoe Michael
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kyoung E. Joung
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.E.P.); (F.S.); (K.E.J.)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Despina D. Briana
- Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 10679 Athens, Greece; (D.D.B.); (A.M.-P.)
| | - Ariadne Malamitsi-Puchner
- Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 10679 Athens, Greece; (D.D.B.); (A.M.-P.)
| | - Christos S. Mantzoros
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Section of Endocrinology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Correspondence: (C.S.M.); (H.C.)
| | - Helen Christou
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.E.P.); (F.S.); (K.E.J.)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
- Correspondence: (C.S.M.); (H.C.)
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Naeini Z, Toupchian O, Vatannejad A, Sotoudeh G, Teimouri M, Ghorbani M, Nasli-Esfahani E, Koohdani F. Effects of DHA-enriched fish oil on gene expression levels of p53 and NF-κB and PPAR-γ activity in PBMCs of patients with T2DM: A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:441-447. [PMID: 31831363 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are natural peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) ligands. Activated PPAR-γ protects the cardiovascular system against atherosclerotic lesion formation and exerts its anti-inflammatory role by suppressing cytokines induced by nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) in endothelial cells (ECs), and it is hypothesized that apoptosis and cell cycle arrest induced by PPAR-γ ligands may be mediated by the p53-dependent pathway. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-enriched fish oil supplement on PPAR-γ activity and mRNA expression levels of p53 and NF-κB. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifty patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) aged 30-70 years were randomly assigned to receive either 2400 mg/d DHA-rich fish oil or placebo for 8 weeks. Metabolic parameters were assessed at baseline and at the end of the intervention. PPAR-γ activity in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was measured using ELISA-based PPAR-γ Transcription Factor Assay Kit, and the gene expression levels of p53 and NF-κB were assessed using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). On the basis of our finding, 8 weeks of treatment with DHA-rich fish oil increased PPAR-γ activity in PBMCs of subjects with T2DM (p < 0.01) compared to that in placebo (p = 0.4). Between-group comparisons of mean PPAR-γ activity changes showed significant differences (p = 0.03), whereas mRNA expression levels of the p53 and NF-κB genes did not show significant differences between studied groups (p = 0.2 and p = 0.5, respectively). CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that short-term DHA-rich fish oil supplementation may modulate PPAR-γ activity in PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Naeini
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Toupchian
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, School of Health, North Khorasan University of Medical Science, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Akram Vatannejad
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Iran; Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gity Sotoudeh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Teimouri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghorbani
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ensieh Nasli-Esfahani
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Koohdani
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Bába LI, Kolcsár M, Kun IZ, Ulakcsai Z, Bagaméry F, Szökő É, Tábi T, Gáll Z. Effects of Cariprazine, Aripiprazole, and Olanzapine on Mouse Fibroblast Culture: Changes in Adiponectin Contents in Supernatants, Triglyceride Accumulation, and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55050160. [PMID: 31108997 PMCID: PMC6571602 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55050160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The use of the dopamine-partial agonist subclass (also termed dopamine stabilizers) of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of negative schizophrenia symptoms and some mood disorders has increased recently. Similar to other second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs), aripiprazole (ARI) and cariprazine (CAR) also influence food intake, but the peripheral effects of these drugs on adipose–tissue homeostasis, including adipokine secretion as well as lipo- and adipogenesis, are not fully elucidated. In this study, we explored the adipocyte-related mechanisms induced by second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs), leading to changes in peripheral signals involved in energy homeostasis. Materials and Methods: CAR, a new SGA, was compared with ARI and olanzapine (OLA), using cell cultures to study adipogenesis, and the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) was measured in adipocytes derived from mouse fibroblasts, by western blotting on days 7, 14, and 21 postinduction. The triglyceride (TG) content of the cells was also evaluated on day 15 using Oil Red O staining, and the adiponectin (AN) content in the cell culture supernatants was quantified on days 7 and 15 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cells were treated with two concentrations of ARI (0.5 and 20 µg/mL), OLA (1 and 20 µg/mL), and CAR (0.1 and 2 µg/mL). Results: Both concentrations of ARI and OLA, as well as the lower concentration of CAR, significantly increased the TG contents. The AN levels in the supernatants were significantly increased by the higher concentration of ARI on days 7 and 15 (p < 0.05). Although PPAR-γ levels were not significantly affected by ARI and OLA, the lower concentration of CAR induced a significant time-dependent decrease in PPAR-γ expression (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The in vitro adipogenesis considered from TG accumulation, AN secretion, and PPAR-γ expression was differently influenced by ARI, CAR, and OLA. Understanding the adipocyte-related mechanisms of antipsychotics could contribute to understanding their weight-influencing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- László-István Bába
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Tîrgu Mureș, 540139 Tîrgu Mureș, Romania.
| | - Melinda Kolcsár
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Tîrgu Mureș, 540139 Tîrgu Mureș, Romania.
| | - Imre Zoltán Kun
- Doctoral School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Tîrgu Mureș, 540139 Tîrgu Mureș, Romania.
| | - Zsófia Ulakcsai
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Fruzsina Bagaméry
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Éva Szökő
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Tábi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Gáll
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Tîrgu Mureș, 540139 Tîrgu Mureș, Romania.
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Edwards L, Watt J, Webster TF, Schlezinger JJ. Assessment of total, ligand-induced peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ ligand activity in serum. Environ Health 2019; 18:45. [PMID: 31072366 PMCID: PMC6506953 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-019-0486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humans are exposed to a complex mixture of environmental chemicals that impact bone and metabolic health, and traditional exposure assessments struggle to capture these exposure scenarios. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) is an essential regulator of metabolic and bone homeostasis, and its inappropriate activation by environmental chemicals can set the stage for adverse health effects. Here, we present the development of the Serum PPARγ Activity Assay (SPAA), a simple and cost-effective method to measure total ligand activity in small volumes of serum. METHODS First, we determined essential components of the bioassay. Cos-7 cells were transfected with combinations of expression vectors for human PPARγ and RXRα, the obligate DNA-binding partner of PPARγ, along with PPRE (DR1)-driven luciferase and control eGFP reporter constructs. Transfected cells were treated with rosiglitazone, a synthetic PPARγ ligand and/or LG100268, a synthetic RXR ligand, to characterize the dose response and determine the simplest and most efficacious format. Following optimization of the bioassay, we assessed the cumulative activation of PPARγ by ligands in serum from mice treated with a PPARγ ligand and commercial human serum samples. RESULTS Cos-7 cells endogenously express sufficient RXR to support efficacious activation of transfected PPARγ. Co-transfection of an RXR expression vector with the PPARγ expression vector did not increase PPRE transcriptional activity induced by rosiglitazone. Treatment with an RXR ligand marginally increased PPRE transcriptional activity in the presence of transfected PPARγ, and co-treatment with an RXR ligand reduced rosiglitazone-induced PPRE transcriptional activity. Therefore, the final bioassay protocol consists of transfecting Cos-7 cells with a PPARγ expression vector along with the reporter vectors, applying rosiglitazone standards and/or 10 μL of serum, and measuring luminescence and fluorescence after a 24 h incubation. Sera from mice dosed with rosiglitazone induced PPRE transcriptional activity in the SPAA in a dose-dependent and PPARγ-dependent manner. Additionally, human serum from commercial sources induced a range of PPRE transcriptional activities in a PPARγ-dependent manner, demonstrating the ability of the bioassay to detect potentially low levels of ligands. CONCLUSIONS The SPAA can reliably measure total PPRE transcriptional activity in small volumes of serum. This system provides a sensitive, straightforward assay that can be reproduced in any cell culture laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lariah Edwards
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, R-405, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - James Watt
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, R-405, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Thomas F Webster
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, R-405, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Jennifer J Schlezinger
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, R-405, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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Sánchez-Tapia M, Martínez-Medina J, Tovar AR, Torres N. Natural and Artificial Sweeteners and High Fat Diet Modify Differential Taste Receptors, Insulin, and TLR4-Mediated Inflammatory Pathways in Adipose Tissues of Rats. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040880. [PMID: 31010163 PMCID: PMC6520815 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is difficult to know if the cause for obesity is the type of sweetener, high fat (HF) content, or the combination of sweetener and fat. The purpose of the present work was to study different types of sweeteners; in particular, steviol glycosides (SG), glucose, fructose, sucrose, brown sugar, honey, SG + sucrose (SV), and sucralose on the functionality of the adipocyte. Male Wistar rats were fed for four months with different sweeteners or sweetener with HF added. Taste receptors T1R2 and T1R3 were differentially expressed in the tongue and intestine by sweeteners and HF. The combination of fat and sweetener showed an additive effect on circulating levels of GIP and GLP-1 except for honey, SG, and brown sugar. In adipose tissue, sucrose and sucralose stimulated TLR4, and c-Jun N-terminal (JNK). The combination of HF with sweeteners increased NFκB, with the exception of SG and honey. Honey kept the insulin signaling pathway active and the smallest adipocytes in white (WAT) and brown (BAT) adipose tissue and the highest expression of adiponectin, PPARγ, and UCP-1 in BAT. The addition of HF reduced mitochondrial branched-chain amino transferase (BCAT2) branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1 (BCKDH) and increased branched chain amino acids (BCAA) levels by sucrose and sucralose. Our data suggests that the consumption of particular honey maintained functional adipocytes despite the consumption of a HF diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Sánchez-Tapia
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Jonathan Martínez-Medina
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Armando R Tovar
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Nimbe Torres
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City 14080, Mexico.
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10
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Borzabadi S, Oryan S, Eidi A, Aghadavod E, Daneshvar Kakhaki R, Tamtaji OR, Taghizadeh M, Asemi Z. The Effects of Probiotic Supplementation on Gene Expression Related to Inflammation, Insulin and Lipid in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: A Randomized, Double-blind, PlaceboControlled Trial. Arch Iran Med 2018; 21:289-295. [PMID: 30041526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of probiotic supplementation on gene expression related to inflammation, insulin and lipid in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted in 50 patients with PD as a pilot study. Participants were randomly allocated into two groups to take either 8×109 CFU/day probiotic supplements or placebo (n = 25 each group, one capsule daily) for 12 weeks. Gene expression related to inflammation, insulin, and lipid was quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of PD patients, with RT-PCR method. RESULTS After the 12-week intervention, compared with the placebo, probiotic intake downregulated gene expression of interleukin-1 (IL-1) (P = 0.03), IL-8 (P < 0.001) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (P=0.04) in PBMC of subjects with PD. In addition, probiotic supplementation upregulated transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) (P = 0.02) and peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) (P = 0.03) in PBMC of subjects with PD compared with the placebo. We did not observe any significant effect of probiotic intake on gene expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in PBMC of patients with PD. CONCLUSION Overall, probiotics supplementation for 12 weeks in PD patients significantly improved gene expression of IL-1, IL-8, TNF-α, TGF-β and PPAR-γ, but did not affect gene expression of VEGF and LDLR, and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokoofeh Borzabadi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrbanoo Oryan
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kharazmy University, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Akram Eidi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmat Aghadavod
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Reza Daneshvar Kakhaki
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Taghizadeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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11
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Sadeghabadi ZA, Nourbakhsh M, Alaee M, Larijani B, Razzaghy-Azar M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and angiopoietin-like protein 4 levels in obese children and adolescents. J Endocrinol Invest 2018; 41:241-247. [PMID: 28733963 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is highly expressed in adipose tissue and functions as transcriptional regulator of metabolism and adipocyte differentiation. Angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4), a central player in various aspects of energy homoeostasis, is induced by PPARγ. The aim of this study was to evaluate ANGPTL4 plasma levels and PPARγ gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of children and adolescents with obesity and their association with metabolic parameters. METHODS Seventy children and adolescents (35 obese and 35 age- and gender-matched control subjects), were selected. PBMCs were separated and their total RNA was extracted. After cDNA synthesis, PPARG gene expression was analyzed by real-time PCR. Relative differences in gene expression were calculated by ΔCt method using β-actin as a normalizer. Serum ANGPTL4 and insulin were measured using ELISA, and insulin resistance (IR) was calculated by the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-C and HDL-C were also measured. RESULTS The expression of the PPARG gene as well as the plasma ANGPTL4 levels were significantly diminished in obese subjects as compared to control ones. However, they were not significantly different in obese children with IR compared to obese children without IR or in those with or without metabolic syndrome. A significant positive correlation was found between PPARγ and ANGPTL4 (r = 0.364, p = 0.002). PPARγ expression levels were also significantly correlated with FPG (r = -0.35, p = 0.003). CONCLUSION PPARγ is decreased in childhood obesity and may be responsible for diminished ANGPTL4 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z A Sadeghabadi
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Nourbakhsh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - M Alaee
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - B Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Razzaghy-Azar
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- H. Aliasghar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Heidari A, Hamidi G, Soleimani A, Aghadavod E, Asemi Z. Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Gene Expressions Related to Insulin, Lipid, and Inflammation Pathways in Patients With Diabetic Nephropathy. Iran J Kidney Dis 2018; 12:14-21. [PMID: 29421772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Data on the effects of coenzyme Q10 (CQ10) on gene expression related to insulin, lipid, and inflammation in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) are scarce. This study aimed to determine the effects of CQ10 supplementation on gene expression related to insulin, lipid, and inflammation pathways in patients with DN. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty patients with DN, aged 40 to 85 years old, were randomly assigned into 2 groups to receive either 100 mg/d of CQ10 supplements (n = 20) or placebo (n = 20), for 12 weeks. Gene expression related to signaling pathway of insulin, lipid, and inflammation were determined in blood samples using a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction method. RESULTS Quantitative results of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that compared with the placebo, CQ10 administration upregulated gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (P = .02) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the patients with DN. In addition, compared with the placebo, CQ10 supplementation downregulated gene expression of interleukin-1 (P = .003) and tumor necrosis factor-α (P = .02). No significant effects were observed on gene expression of oxidized low-density lipoprotein, lipoprotein(a), glucose transporter-1, transforming growth factor-β in the CQ10 group. CONCLUSIONS Overall, CQ10 supplementation for 12 weeks in DN patients significantly improved gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, interleukin-1, and tumor necrosis factor-α.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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13
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Rajaram S, Yip EL, Reghunathan R, Mohan S, Sabaté J. Effect of Altering Dietary n-6:n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Ratio with Plant and Marine-Based Supplement on Biomarkers of Bone Turnover in Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9101162. [PMID: 29064409 PMCID: PMC5691778 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is accumulating evidence for a protective role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) on bone health, there are limited studies that examine the effect of altering dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio with plant and marine sources of n-3 PUFA on bone health. Healthy adults (n = 24) were randomized into an eight-week crossover study with a four-week washout between treatments, with each subject consuming three of four diets. The four diets differed in the dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios and either had an algal oil supplement added or not: (Control diet (10:1); α-linolenic acid (ALA) diet (2:1); Eicosapentaenoic acid/Docosahexaenoic acid (EPA/DHA) diet (10:1 plus supplement (S) containing EPA/DHA; Combination diet (2:1 + S)). The supplement was microalgae oil that provided 1 g EPA + DHA/day. Flaxseed oil and walnuts provided 8.6 g of ALA/day in the 2:1 diets. Serum levels of c-telopeptide (CTX), procollagen Type I N-terminal peptide, and osteocalcin showed significant correlation with age but none of the bone markers or peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-γ mRNA expression was significantly different between the diets. Serum CTX was negatively associated with red blood cell membrane linoleic acid and ALA and positively associated with membrane DHA. Neither altering dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio from a 10:1 to a 2:1 ratio nor adding EPA/DHA supplement significantly changed bone turnover in the short term in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha Rajaram
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Ellen Lan Yip
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Rajneesh Reghunathan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Loma Linda VA Healthcare Systems, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA.
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Loma Linda VA Healthcare Systems, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Joan Sabaté
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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14
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Wan X, Wang S, Xu J, Zhuang L, Xing K, Zhang M, Zhu X, Wang L, Gao P, Xi Q, Sun J, Zhang Y, Li T, Shu G, Jiang Q. Dietary protein-induced hepatic IGF-1 secretion mediated by PPARγ activation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173174. [PMID: 28257428 PMCID: PMC5336265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein or amino acid (AA) is a crucial nutritional factor to regulate hepatic insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) expression and secretion. However, the underlying intracellular mechanism by which dietary protein or AA induces IGF-1 expression remains unknown. We compared the IGF-1 gene expression and plasma IGF-1 level of pigs fed with normal crude protein (CP, 20%) and low-protein levels (LP, 14%). RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed to detect transcript expression in the liver in response to dietary protein. The results showed that serum concentrations and mRNA levels of IGF-1 in the liver were higher in the CP group than in the LP group. RNA-seq analysis identified a total of 1319 differentially expressed transcripts (667 upregulated and 652 downregulated), among which the terms “oxidative phosphorylation”, “ribosome”, “gap junction”, “PPAR signaling pathway”, and “focal adhesion” were enriched. In addition, the porcine primary hepatocyte and HepG2 cell models also demonstrated that the mRNA and protein levels of IGF-1 and PPARγ increased with the increasing AA concentration in the culture. The PPARγ activator troglitazone increased IGF-1 gene expression and secretion in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, inhibition of PPARγ effectively reversed the effects of the high AA concentration on the mRNA expression of IGF-1 and IGFBP-1 in HepG2 cells. Moreover, the protein levels of IGF-1 and PPARγ, as well as the phosphorylation of mTOR, significantly increased in HepG2 cells under high AA concentrations. mTOR phosphorylation can be decreased by the mTOR antagonist, rapamycin. The immunoprecipitation results also showed that high AA concentrations significantly increased the interaction of mTOR and PPARγ. In summary, PPARγ plays an important role in the regulation of IGF-1 secretion and gene expression in response to dietary protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Wan
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songbo Wang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingren Xu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Zhuang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kongping Xing
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lina Wang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Gao
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianyun Xi
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajie Sun
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agro-ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Gang Shu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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15
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Ruffino JS, Davies NA, Morris K, Ludgate M, Zhang L, Webb R, Thomas AW. Moderate-intensity exercise alters markers of alternative activation in circulating monocytes in females: a putative role for PPARγ. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1671-82. [PMID: 27339155 PMCID: PMC4983283 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3414-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Monocytes may be primed towards differentiation into classically activated M1 macrophages or alternatively activated M2 macrophages. M1 macrophages greatly contribute to the inflammation which promotes insulin resistance, whereas M2 macrophages resolve inflammation. We have previously shown that exercise increases M2 marker expression in mixed mononuclear cells, possibly via activation of the nuclear transcription factor PPARγ. However, these effects have not been demonstrated specifically within monocytes. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether moderate-intensity exercise elicited similar effects on monocytic M1/M2 marker expression and PPARγ activity to those reported previously in mononuclear cells, so as to further elucidate the mechanisms by which exercise may alter inflammatory status and, accordingly, prevent insulin resistance. METHODS/RESULTS 19 sedentary females completed an 8 week moderate-intensity exercise programme (walking 45 min, thrice weekly). Monocytes were isolated from blood via immunomagnetic separation; monocyte expression of M2 markers (Dectin-1: 2.6 ± 1.9-fold; IL-10: 3.0 ± 2.8-fold) significantly increased, whilst the expression of the M1 marker MCP-1 significantly decreased (0.83 ± 0.2 cf. basal), over the duration of the programme. Serum PPARγ activity levels and PPARγ target-genes (CD36: 1.9 ± 1.5-fold; LXRα: 5.0 ± 4.7-fold) were significantly increased after the 8 week exercise programme. Associated with these effects were significant improvements in systemic insulin sensitivity (McAuley's ISI: Δ0.98 M/mU/L cf. basal). CONCLUSION Exercise participation suppressed M1 markers and induced M2 markers in monocytes, potentially via PPARγ-triggered signalling, and these effects may contribute (perhaps via priming of monocytes for differentiation into M2 tissue-macrophages) to improved systemic insulin sensitivity in exercising participants. These findings provide an alternative mechanism by which exercise may exert its anti-inflammatory effects in order to prevent insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Ruffino
- Centre for Biomedical Science, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF5 2YB, UK
| | - N A Davies
- College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - K Morris
- Centre for Endocrine & Diabetes Sciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4YU, UK
| | - M Ludgate
- Centre for Endocrine & Diabetes Sciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4YU, UK
| | - L Zhang
- Centre for Endocrine & Diabetes Sciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4YU, UK
| | - R Webb
- Centre for Biomedical Science, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF5 2YB, UK
| | - A W Thomas
- Centre for Biomedical Science, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF5 2YB, UK.
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16
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Yang J, Liu C, Zhang L, Liu Y, Guo A, Shi H, Liu X, Cheng Y. Intensive Atorvastatin Therapy Attenuates the Inflammatory Responses in Monocytes of Patients with Unstable Angina Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention via Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Activation. Inflammation 2016; 38:1415-23. [PMID: 25604313 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Periprocedural myocardial injury is a prognostically important complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, it still remains unclear whether and how intensive atorvastatin therapy attenuates the unfavorable inflammatory responses of monocytes associated with PCI. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of intensive atorvastatin therapy on inflammatory responses of monocytes in Chinese patients with unstable angina who received PCI in order to explore the potential anti-inflammatory mechanism. Ninety-six patients with unstable angina were randomly assigned to atorvastatin 80 mg (intensive) or atorvastatin 20 mg (conventional) treatment at a 1:1 ratio. Creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), cTnI, hs-CRP, and IL-6 were assessed, and circulating CD14(+) monocytes were simultaneously obtained using CD14 MicroBeads 2 h before and 24 h after PCI. Plasma levels of CK-MB, cTnI, hs-CRP, and IL-6 were higher in the conventional dose group versus those in the intensive dose group following PCI. Furthermore, intensive atorvastatin treatment markedly reduced the expressions and responses of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4, and CCR2 of CD14(+) monocytes versus the conventional dose group and significantly increased the activated peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ in the CD14(+) monocytes post-PCI. Notably, the changes in responses of TLR2, TLR4, and CCR2 of CD14(+) monocytes between the two groups were all reversed by PPARγ antagonist and augmented by PPARγ agonist. In conclusion, a single high (80 mg) loading dose of atorvastatin reduced the inflammatory response in Chinese patients with unstable angina following PCI. The anti-inflammatory role of intensive atorvastatin was possibly due to attenuation of inflammatory response in monocytes via PPARγ activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, People's Republic of China
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Sharma M, Tuaine J, McLaren B, Waters DL, Black K, Jones LM, McCormick SPA. Chemotherapy Agents Alter Plasma Lipids in Breast Cancer Patients and Show Differential Effects on Lipid Metabolism Genes in Liver Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148049. [PMID: 26807857 PMCID: PMC4726544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications have emerged as a major concern for cancer patients. Many chemotherapy agents are cardiotoxic and some appear to also alter lipid profiles, although the mechanism for this is unknown. We studied plasma lipid levels in 12 breast cancer patients throughout their chemotherapy. Patients received either four cycles of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by weekly paclitaxel or three cycles of epirubicin, cyclophosphamide and 5’-fluorouracil followed by three cycles of docetaxel. Patients demonstrated a significant reduction (0.32 mmol/L) in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) levels (0.18 g/L) and an elevation in apolipoprotein B (apoB) levels (0.15 g/L) after treatment. Investigation of the individual chemotherapy agents for their effect on genes involved in lipoprotein metabolism in liver cells showed that doxorubicin decreased ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) via a downregulation of the peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and liver X receptor α (LXRα) transcription factors. In contrast, ABCA1 levels were not affected by cyclophosphamide or paclitaxel. Likewise, apoA1 levels were reduced by doxorubicin and remained unaffected by cyclophosphamide and paclitaxel. Doxorubicin and paclitaxel both increased apoB protein levels and paclitaxel also decreased low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) protein levels. These findings correlate with the observed reduction in HDL-C and apoA1 and increase in apoB levels seen in these patients. The unfavourable lipid profiles produced by some chemotherapy agents may be detrimental in the longer term to cancer patients, especially those already at risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This knowledge may be useful in tailoring effective follow-up care plans for cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jo Tuaine
- Southern Blood and Cancer Service, Dunedin Hospital, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Blair McLaren
- Southern Blood and Cancer Service, Dunedin Hospital, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Debra L. Waters
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Katherine Black
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lynnette M. Jones
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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18
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Mirzaei K, Hossein-nezhad A, Keshavarz SA, Koohdani F, Eshraghian MR, Saboor-Yaraghi AA, Hosseini S, Chamari M, Zareei M, Djalali M. Association of nesfatin-1 level with body composition, dietary intake and resting metabolic rate in obese and morbid obese subjects. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2015; 9:292-298. [PMID: 25470645 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Nesfatin-1 identified neuroendocrine peptide is involved in regulation of homeostasis via modulation of metabolism, energy homeostasis and food intake. We aimed to investigate the associations of circulating nesfatin-1 level with food intake, body composition and resting metabolic rate (RMR) and also examine the correlation between circulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and nesfatin-1 levels in obese and morbid obese subjects. METHODS A total of 96 obese subjects (including 18 morbid obese subjects) were participated in the current cross-sectional study. We assessed the body composition with the use of Body Composition Analyzer. RMR was measured by means of the MetaCheck™, an instrument designed to measure RMR using indirect calorimetry. All baseline blood samples were obtained following an overnight fasting. Plasma concentrations of nesfatin-1 and circulating PPARγ were measured with the use of an ELISA method. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS. RESULTS We found significant associations between fat percent and circulating nesfatin-1 in obese and morbid obese subjects. There was main association between circulating nesfatin-1 and PPARγ concentration in obese subjects and it was more strong association in morbid obese participants. There was marginally significant differences between percent predicted RMR between different categorized nesfatin-1 levels. There were also higher intakes of calorie, carbohydrate and protein in obese group who had lower concentration of nesfatin-1. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicated the fat percent as main determinant factor in circulating nesfatin-1 level. It appears nesfatin-1 and PPARγ might be concurrently involved in adipogenesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Mirzaei
- Cellular and Molecular Nutrition Department, School of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Hossein-nezhad
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Nutrition, and Diabetes, Vitamin D, Skin and Bone Research Laboratory, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Seyed Ali Keshavarz
- Clinical Nutrition Department, School of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Koohdani
- Cellular and Molecular Nutrition Department, School of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Eshraghian
- Department of Statistics, School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Saboor-Yaraghi
- Cellular and Molecular Nutrition Department, School of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Hosseini
- Clinical Nutrition Department, School of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Chamari
- Cellular and Molecular Nutrition Department, School of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Zareei
- Cellular and Molecular Nutrition Department, School of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Djalali
- Cellular and Molecular Nutrition Department, School of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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19
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Yates T, Davies MJ, Henson J, Edwardson C, Webb D, Bodicoat DH, Webb M, Howard P, Cooper JA, Humphries SE, Khunti K, Talmud P. Effect of the PPARG2 Pro12Ala Polymorphism on Associations of Physical Activity and Sedentary Time with Markers of Insulin Sensitivity in Those with an Elevated Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124062. [PMID: 25974167 PMCID: PMC4431874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is an important regulator of metabolic health and a common polymorphism in the PPAR-γ2 gene (PPARG2) may modify associations between lifestyle behaviour and health. Objective To investigate whether the PPARG2 Pro12Ala genotype modifies the associations of sedentary behaviour and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) with common measures of insulin sensitivity. Methods Participants with a high risk of impaired glucose regulation were recruited, United Kingdom, 2010-2011. Sedentary and MVPA time were objectively measured using accelerometers. Fasting and 2-hour post-challenge insulin and glucose were assessed; insulin sensitivity was calculated using Matsuda-ISI and HOMA-IS. DNA was extracted from whole blood. Linear regression examined associations of sedentary time and MVPA with insulin sensitivity and examined interactions by PPARG2 Pro12Ala genotype. Results 541 subjects were included (average age = 65 years, female = 33%); 18% carried the Ala12 allele. Both sedentary time and MVPA were strongly associated with HOMA-IS and Matsuda-ISI after adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, medication, smoking status and accelerometer wear time. After further adjustment for each other and BMI, only associations with Matsuda-ISI were maintained. Every 30 minute difference in sedentary time was inversely associated with a 4% (0, 8%; p = 0.043) difference in Matsuda-ISI, whereas every 30 minutes in MVPA was positively associated with a 13% (0, 26%; p = 0.048) difference. The association of MVPA with Matsuda-ISI was modified by genotype (p = 0.005) and only maintained in Ala12 allele carriers. Conversely, sedentary time was not modified by genotype and remained inversely associated with insulin sensitivity in Pro12 allele homozygotes. Conclusion The association of MVPA with Matsuda-ISI was modified by PPARG2 Pro12Ala genotype with significant associations only observed in the 18% of the population who carried the Ala12 allele, whereas associations with sedentary time were unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Yates
- Diabetes Research Centre, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle, and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit (BRU), Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie J. Davies
- Diabetes Research Centre, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle, and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit (BRU), Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Henson
- Diabetes Research Centre, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle, and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit (BRU), Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Edwardson
- Diabetes Research Centre, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle, and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit (BRU), Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - David Webb
- Diabetes Research Centre, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle, and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit (BRU), Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle H. Bodicoat
- Diabetes Research Centre, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle, and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit (BRU), Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - M’Balu Webb
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Howard
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, British Heart Foundation Laboratories, The Rayne Building, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jackie A. Cooper
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, British Heart Foundation Laboratories, The Rayne Building, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steve E. Humphries
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, British Heart Foundation Laboratories, The Rayne Building, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Diabetes Research Centre, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care—East Midlands (CLAHRC—EM), Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa Talmud
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, British Heart Foundation Laboratories, The Rayne Building, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Li M, Bai Y, Chen C, Cui J, Xu X, Dai Y. [Effects of exercise and conjugated linoleic acid on PPARγ in adolescent obese rats]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2015; 44:179-184. [PMID: 25997215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore effects of exercise and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on PPARy in adolescent obese male SD rats. METHODS obese rats were modeled with high fat feeding, 32 obese rats were selected and randomly divided into control group, static + CLA group, exercise-treated group, exercise + CLA treated group. Blood and adipose tissue. were collected after 8 weeks, and blood lipid was measured. PPARγ mRNA gene expression in adipose tissue was tested using qRT-PCR, PPARγ protein expression in adipose tissue by immunohistochemistry, concentration of PPARγ in plasma by ELISA. RESULTS (1) TC level of static + CLA group and exercise group were lower than the control group (P <0. 05). TG level of the exercise group and exercise group + CLA were lower than the control group, static + CLA group (P <0. 01). LDL-c level of exercise group and exercise + CLA group was higher than the control group (P <0. 05), HDL-c level have no difference in groups. (2) PPAR-γ concentration in plasma in exercise group, exercise + CLA group was higher than the control group and static + CLA group (P <0. 01). Expression of PPARy mRNA in adipose tissue in exercise group, exercise + CLA group was higher than the control group and static + CLA group (P <0. 01). PPARγ concentration in plasma and expression of PPARy mRNA in adipose tissue in static + CLA group were higher than control group but with no statistical significance. (3) The situation of PPARγ protein expression was the same with the expression of PPARγ mRNA. CONCLUSION 8 weeks of different intervention methods can reduce the concentration of TG and TC in blood lipid index in adolescent obese rats, TG of exercise and exercise + CLA is better decreasing than simply add CLA. Exercise and exercise + CLA can improve the expression of PPARy mRNA and protein in adipose tissue and plasma PPARγ concentration in rats.
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21
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Wu C, Luan H, Zhang X, Wang S, Zhang X, Sun X, Guo P. Chlorogenic acid protects against atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice and promotes cholesterol efflux from RAW264.7 macrophages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95452. [PMID: 25187964 PMCID: PMC4154672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is one of the most abundant polyphenols in the human diet and is suggested to be a potential antiatherosclerotic agent due to its proposed hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of CGA on atherosclerosis development in ApoE(-/-) mice and its potential mechanism. ApoE(-/-) mice were fed a cholesterol-rich diet without (control) or with CGA (200 and 400 mg/kg) or atorvastatin (4 mg/kg) for 12 weeks. During the study plasma lipid and inflammatory parameters were determined. Treatment with CGA (400 mg/kg) reduced atherosclerotic lesion area and vascular dilatation in the aortic root, comparable to atorvastatin. CGA (400 mg/kg) also significantly decreased plasma levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol as well as inflammatory markers. Supplementation with CGA or CGA metabolites-containing serum suppressed oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced lipid accumulation and stimulated cholesterol efflux from RAW264.7 cells. CGA significantly increased the mRNA levels of PPARγ, LXRα, ABCA1 and ABCG1 as well as the transcriptional activity of PPARγ. Cholesterol efflux assay showed that three major metabolites, caffeic, ferulic and gallic acids, significantly stimulated cholesterol efflux from RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that CGA potently reduces atherosclerosis development in ApoE(-/-) mice and promotes cholesterol efflux from RAW264.7 macrophages. Caffeic, ferulic and gallic acids may be the potential active compounds accounting for the in vivo effect of CGA.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1/blood
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 1
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/blood
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- Animals
- Anticholesteremic Agents/pharmacology
- Aorta/drug effects
- Apolipoproteins E/deficiency
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/blood
- Atherosclerosis/drug therapy
- Atherosclerosis/etiology
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atorvastatin/pharmacology
- Biological Transport/drug effects
- Caffeic Acids/isolation & purification
- Cell Line
- Chlorogenic Acid/chemistry
- Chlorogenic Acid/pharmacology
- Cholesterol/adverse effects
- Cholesterol/blood
- Cholesterol, LDL/blood
- Coumaric Acids/isolation & purification
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Gallic Acid/isolation & purification
- Gene Expression
- Lipoproteins/blood
- Lipoproteins/genetics
- Lipoproteins, LDL/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lipoproteins, LDL/blood
- Liver X Receptors
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Orphan Nuclear Receptors/blood
- Orphan Nuclear Receptors/genetics
- PPAR gamma/blood
- PPAR gamma/genetics
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/blood
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/drug therapy
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/etiology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/pathology
- Triglycerides/blood
- Vasodilation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongming Wu
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Luan
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopo Zhang
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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22
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Li M, Bai Y, Jianfei C, Xiaodong X, Yuanyuan D, Jing Z. [Effects of different exercise intensity on PPARγ and relative index in adolescent obesity rats]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2014; 43:732-737. [PMID: 25438525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Discuss the effects of low, medium, high intensity exercise induced by PPAR gamma and related indexes of diet in obsess SD rats. METHODS Male SD rats are selected to establish experimental obesity model of SD rats, selecting 32 rats of model successfully and randomly divided into control group, low intensity group, moderate intensity group and high strength group. Each exercise group is trained by treadmill training for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, their blood and adipose tissue are collected and the body fat and blood lipid are measured. The qRT-PCR method is used to measure the expression of PPAR gamma mRNA in adipose tissue, and immunohistochemical staining method are used to measure the protein expression of PPAR gamma, and ELIASA is used to determine the plasma concentrations of PPARgamma. RESULTS After the exercise, the exponent of rats' weight and body fat have reduced (P <0. 01), and the exponent groups of lee' s index are indiscrimination(P > 0. 05) , TC expressed as moderate intensity and high intensity decreased compared with the control group (P <0. 05). TG levels in low, medium and high intensity group are lower than those in the control group (P. < 0.01), LDL levels in medium and high intensity groups are higher than the control group (P < 0.05).The concentrations of PPAR plasma in low, medium and high intensity group are higher than in the control group (P <0.05). PPARy mRNA expression in adipose tissue of low, medium and high intensity group are enhanced than the control group. Immunohistochemical results of PPARy is in consistent with the expression of PPARgamma CONCLUSION Method of different intensity of exercise for 8 weeks have play a significant effect on weight loss and body fat is significantly lower. Besides, it can also improve blood lipid effectively and significantly increases the expression of PPARy in plasma and adipose tissue.
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23
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Alligier M, Dewulf EM, Salazar N, Mairal A, Neyrinck AM, Cani PD, Langin D, Delzenne NM. Positive interaction between prebiotics and thiazolidinedione treatment on adiposity in diet-induced obese mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:1653-61. [PMID: 24585705 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether inulin-type fructan (ITF) prebiotics could counteract the thiazolidinedione (TZD, PPARγ activator) induced-fat mass gain, without affecting its beneficial effect on glucose homeostasis, in high-fat (HF) diet fed mice. METHODS Male C57bl6/J mice were fed a HF diet alone or supplemented with ITF prebiotics (0.2 g/day × mouse) or TZD (30 mg pioglitazone (PIO)/kg body weight × day) or both during 4 weeks. An insulin tolerance test was performed after 3 weeks of treatment. RESULTS As expected, PIO improved glucose homeostasis and increased adiponectinaemia. Furthermore, it induced an over-expression of several PPARγ target genes in white adipose tissues. ITF prebiotics modulated the PIO-induced PPARγ activation in a tissue-dependent manner. The co-treatment with ITF prebiotics and PIO maintained the beneficial impact of TZD on glucose homeostasis and adiponectinaemia. Moreover, the combination of both treatments reduced fat mass accumulation, circulating lipids and hepatic triglyceride content, suggesting an overall improvement of metabolism. Finally, the co-treatment favored induction of white-to-brown fat conversion in subcutaneous adipose tissue, thereby leading to the development of brite adipocytes that could increase the oxidative capacity of the tissue. CONCLUSIONS ITF prebiotics decrease adiposity and improve the metabolic response in HF fed mice treated with TZD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Alligier
- Nutrition and Metabolism Research Group, LDRI, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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24
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You JS, Lee YJ, Kim KS, Kim SH, Chang KJ. Anti-obesity and hypolipidaemic effects of Nelumbo nucifera seed ethanol extract in human pre-adipocytes and rats fed a high-fat diet. J Sci Food Agric 2014; 94:568-575. [PMID: 23824592 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We conducted this investigation in order to examine the anti-obesity and hypolipidaemic effects of Nelumbo nucifera seed ethanol extract (NSEE) in vitro and in vivo. METHODS To study the anti-obesity effect of NSEE in vitro and in vivo, human pre-adipocytes were treated with NSEE, and male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with a normal diet and a high-fat diet with or without NSEE, respectively. RESULTS In vitro treatment with NSEE resulted in inhibition of lipid accumulation and decreased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), and leptin in cultured human adipocytes, indicating that it inhibited the differentiation of pre-adipocytes into adipocytes. Administration of NSEE resulted in significantly reduced body weight gain and adipose tissue weights in rats. Serum triglyceride and leptin level of the high-fat diet + NSEE group was significantly lower, compared to the high-fat group. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate an inhibitory effect of NSEE on adipogenesis. In addition, NSEE had a beneficial effect, reducing adipose tissue weights, ameliorating blood lipid profile, and modulating serum leptin level in rats fed a high-fat diet. Therefore, we suggest that lotus seed has a potential to be developed as an effective agent against obesity-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Soon You
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon, 402-751, Republic of Korea
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25
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Vamvini MT, Aronis KN, Panagiotou G, Huh JY, Chamberland JP, Brinkoetter MT, Petrou M, Christophi CA, Kales SN, Christiani DC, Mantzoros CS. Irisin mRNA and circulating levels in relation to other myokines in healthy and morbidly obese humans. Eur J Endocrinol 2013; 169:829-34. [PMID: 24062354 PMCID: PMC3857961 DOI: 10.1530/eje-13-0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Skeletal muscle is considered to be an endocrine organ that secretes a number of myokines including follistatin (FST), myostatin (MSTN), activin A, and the newly identified irisin. Irisin's biology and function exhibit similarities with the functions of the FST-MSTN-activin A axis. It remains unknown whether there is any interplay among these molecules. The aim of this study is to examine potential associations of irisin with the FST, MSTN, and activin A axis. METHODS Two observational studies were performed to evaluate the associations of irisin with the other three peptides. Study A included 150 healthy males aged 18.48±0.16 years with BMI 23.18±3.75 kg/m(2). Fasting serum samples were used to measure the levels of the molecules of interest. Study B included 14 morbidly obese individuals, candidates for bariatric surgery, aged 53.14±8.93 years with BMI 50.18±10.63 kg/m(2). Blood samples were obtained after an overnight fast. Eight out of the 14 participants consented to an optional thigh biopsy during their bariatric surgery. Using the above blood and tissue samples, we measured circulating levels and muscle mRNA of irisin, FST, MSTN, and activin A. RESULTS We report that FNDC5 mRNA in muscle is positively correlated with FST mRNA expression in morbidly obese subjects (ρ=0.93, P<0.001). We also found that circulating irisin is positively correlated with FST circulating levels among lean subjects (ρ=0.17, P=0.05) while this association was suggestive among the obese (ρ=0.56, P=0.07). CONCLUSION The newly identified myokine irisin may be positively associated with FST at both the mRNA and circulating protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T. Vamvini
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Konstantinos N. Aronis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University, Boston, MA
- Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA
| | - Grigorios Panagiotou
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Joo Young Huh
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - John P. Chamberland
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mary T. Brinkoetter
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Costas A. Christophi
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Stefanos N. Kales
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David C. Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christos S. Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA
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Hossein-Nezhad A, Mirzaei K, Keshavarz SA, Ansar H, Saboori S, Tootee A. Evidences of dual role of vitamin D through cellular energy homeostasis and inflammation pathway in risk of cancer in obese subjects. Minerva Med 2013; 104:295-307. [PMID: 23748283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM The underlying molecular mechanisms of the role obesity plays in increasing the risk of cancer are not well illuminated. Several mechanisms are proposed for vitamin D as an anti-cancer agent in various malignancies which may be attributed to both its both its anti-inflammatory characteristics as well as its mediatory role in cellular energy homeostasis. This study evaluates the expression of PBMCs' genes which are involved in cellular energy homeostasis such as VDR, PPARγ, PGC1a and UCP2. Moreover, considering the possible role of vitamin D in the inflammation mechanisms, we also aimed at measurement of some inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL4, IL-6, IL10, IL13 and IL17 in inflammatory state in samples obtained from obese persons with and without positive family history of cancer. Moreover, to expand the study to a clinical context, we assessed the correlation of the resting metabolic rate with the evaluated gene. METHODS A total of 274 obese women were included in the current cross-sectional study. All of participants were class I obese. By constructing a pedigree that includes 3 generations, twenty-one subjects were at increased risk because of a positive family history of colorectal cancer. Accordingly, current study's analysis was based on positive and negative family history of colorectal cancer. RESULTS The concentration of Insulin and PTH were significantly high in group with positive history of cancer. 25 (OH) vitamin D, REE/kg and REE/FFM statuses in two groups; the level of mentioned terms were lower in group with positive history of cancer compared to group with negative history of cancer. We found significantly lower REE/kg in deficiency of vitamin D and higher REE/kg in sufficiency status. Our results demonstrated significant higher concentrations of IL1β, IL17, TNFα and IL6 in group with positive history of cancer compared to group with negative history of cancer. The concentrations of IL13, IL10 and IL4 were significantly lower in group with positive history of cancer compared to group with negative history of cancer. The relative expression of VDR, PGC1αand PPARγ gene was significantly lower in group with positive history of cancer. The relative expression of UCP2 was almost significantly lesser in group with positive history of cancer also. CONCLUSION The observed mutual alteration in the levels of inflammatory markers and relative expression of important gene in energy homeostasis may be caused by vitamin D deficiency among the obese subjects with positive history of colorectal cancer.
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Stern JS, Peerson J, Mishra AT, Sadasiva Rao MV, Rajeswari KP. Efficacy and tolerability of a novel herbal formulation for weight management. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:921-7. [PMID: 23784895 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of an herbal blend. DESIGN AND METHODS A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial in 60 subjects with body mass index (BMI) between 30 and 40 kg/m(2) . Participants were randomized into two groups receiving either 400 mg herbal capsules or 400 mg placebo capsules twice daily. The herbal blend comprises of extracts from Sphaeranthus indicus and Garcinia mangostana. Participants received a standard diet (2,000 kcal per day) and walked 30 min 5 days per week. RESULTS After 8 weeks, significant net reductions in body weight (3.74 kg; P < 0.0001), BMI (1.61 kg/m(2) ; P < 0.0001), and waist circumference (5.44 cm; P < 0.05) were observed in the herbal group compared with placebo. Additionally, a significant increase in serum adiponectin concentration was found in the herbal group versus placebo (P = 0.001). Adverse events were mild and were equally distributed between the two groups. In vitro studies in the 3T3-L1 adipocyte cell line showed that the herbal extract markedly downregulated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, adipocyte-differentiation related protein, and cluster of differentiation 36 but increased adiponectin expression. The herbal extract also reduced the expression and the recruitment of perilipin onto the membrane of lipid droplets. CONCLUSION Supplementation with the herbal blend resulted in a greater degree of weight loss than placebo over 8 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Stern
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA.
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Choi YK, Kim MK, Bae KH, Seo HA, Jeong JY, Lee WK, Kim JG, Lee IK, Park KG. Serum irisin levels in new-onset type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2013; 100:96-101. [PMID: 23369227 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Irisin has been identified as a novel myokine that drives brown-fat-like conversion of white adipose tissue. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated whether serum irisin levels are decreased in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared with control subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), and assessed the association between serum irisin levels and various metabolic parameters. METHODS The study population was selected from a population-based study and included 104 subjects with NGT and 104 subjects with new-onset T2D. Serum irisin and adiponectin levels and metabolic parameters were measured. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between irisin levels and newly diagnosed T2D. RESULTS Serum irisin levels were significantly decreased in the new-onset T2D group compared with the NGT control group (p=0.003). In a multivariable model adjusted for various metabolic parameters, increased irisin levels were associated with reduced odds (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.47-0.88, p=0.006) of prevalent newly diagnosed T2D. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis showed that 2 h plasma glucose was an independent variable influencing serum irisin levels (p=0.004). CONCLUSION In the present study, we found that serum irisin levels were decreased in T2D patients and inversely associated with newly diagnosed T2D, suggesting that irisin may play a crucial role in glucose intolerance and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Kyung Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
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Adi N, Adi J, Cesar L, Agatston A, Kurlansky P, Webster KA. Influence of diet on visceral adipose remodeling in NONcNZO10 mice with polygenic susceptibility for type 2 diabetes. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20:2142-6. [PMID: 22858798 PMCID: PMC3458149 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2012.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is a source of inflammatory cytokines that in obese subjects may contribute to low-level systemic inflammation and development of metabolic syndrome. Expansion of VAT involves adipocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy and requires breakdown of the extracellular matrix and increased vascular outgrowth. To investigate changes of gene expression associated with VAT expansion and the role of combined genetics and diet, we implemented gene microarray analyses of VAT in NONcNZO10 (NZ10) and control SWR/J mice subjected to control chow (CD) or a diet of high protein and fish oil (HPO). NZ10 mice on CD showed increased body weight, hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia at 25 weeks whereas those on HPO diet retained normal insulin levels and were normoglycemic. Two-way ANOVA revealed a significant interaction between diet and strain on blood glucose, serum insulin, and percent fat but not for body weight. Microarray heat maps revealed a remarkable combined effect of genetics and diet on genes that regulate extracellular matrix as well as angiogenic genes. Real time-PCR (RT-PCR) confirmed markedly increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2, 3, 11, and 12, vascular endothelial growth factor-A and C (VEGF-A and C), Von Willebrand Factor, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) selectively in the NZ10/CD group. MMP7 was significantly decreased. Protein levels of MMP2, 3, and 9 were significantly increased in the VA of NZ10 mice fed CD while those of MMP7 were downregulated. Microarrays also revealed diet-dependent two to fourfold increased expression of all four tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) isoforms in NZ10 mice. Two-way ANOVA confirmed strongly interactive roles of diet and genetics on fat deposition and progression of type 2 diabetes in this polygenic mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Adi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Vascular Biology Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Jennipher Adi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Vascular Biology Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Liliana Cesar
- Vascular Biology Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | | | | | - Keith A. Webster
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Vascular Biology Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
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Abstract
Obesity levels have increased significantly in the past five decades and are predicted to continue rising, resulting in important health implications. In particular, this has translated to an increase in the occurrence of type II diabetes mellitus (T2D). To alleviate associated problems, certain nutraceuticals have been considered as potential adjuncts or alternatives to conventional prescription drugs. Cinnamon, a commonly consumed spice originating from South East Asia, is currently being investigated as a potential preventative supplement and treatment for insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and T2D. Extensive in vitro evidence has shown that cinnamon may improve insulin resistance by preventing and reversing impairments in insulin signalling in skeletal muscle. In adipose tissue, it has been shown that cinnamon increases the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors including, PPARγ. This is comparable to the action of commonly used thiazolinediones, which are PPAR agonists. Studies have also shown that cinnamon has potent anti-inflammatory properties. However, numerous human clinical trials with cinnamon have been conducted with varying findings. While some studies have showed no beneficial effect, others have indicated improvements in cholesterol levels, systolic blood pressure, insulin sensitivity and postprandial glucose levels with cinnamon. However, the only measurement consistently improved by cinnamon consumption is fasting glucose levels. While it is still premature to suggest the use of cinnamon supplementation based on the evidence, further investigation into mechanisms of action is warranted. Apart from further characterization of genetic and epigenetic changes in model systems, systematic large-scale clinical trials are required. In this study, we discuss the mechanisms of action of cinnamon in the context of T2D and we highlight some of the associated controversies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rafehi
- Epigenomic Medicine Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Bassaganya-Riera J, Hontecillas R, Horne WT, Sandridge M, Herfarth HH, Bloomfeld R, Isaacs KL. Conjugated linoleic acid modulates immune responses in patients with mild to moderately active Crohn's disease. Clin Nutr 2012; 31:721-7. [PMID: 22521469 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has demonstrated efficacy as an immune modulator and anti-inflammatory compound in mouse and pig models of colitis. We investigated the immunoregulatory efficacy of CLA in patients with mild to moderate Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS Thirteen patients with mild to moderately active CD were enrolled in an open-label study of CLA (6 g/d orally) for 12 weeks. Peripheral blood was collected at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks after treatment initiation for isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells for functional analyses of lymphoproliferation and cytokine production. Disease activity was calculated using the CD activity index (CDAI) and quality of life was assessed using the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ). RESULTS CLA significantly suppressed the ability of peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets to produce IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-17 and lymphoproliferation at week 12. There was a statistically significant drop in CDAI from 245 to 187 (P = 0.013) and increase in IBDQ from 141 to 165 (P = 0.017) on week 12. CONCLUSION Oral CLA administration was well tolerated and suppressed the ability of peripheral blood T cells to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, decreased disease activity and increased the quality of life of patients with CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Bassaganya-Riera
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory and Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
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Rinaldi B, Di Filippo C, Capuano A, Donniacuo M, Sodano L, Ferraraccio F, Rossi F, D'Amico M. Adiponectin elevation by telmisartan ameliorates ischaemic myocardium in Zucker diabetic fatty rats with metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012; 14:320-8. [PMID: 22050607 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study investigated whether telmisartan, a selective angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist and gamma peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-γ) partial agonist, reduces myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in an experimental model of metabolic syndrome. METHODS Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats were treated for 3 weeks with telmisartan at doses of 2, 7 and 12 mg/kg/day. After treatment, rats were subjected to a 25-min occlusion of the left descending coronary artery followed by 2-h reperfusion (I/R). RESULTS Telmisartan reduced the extension of the infarct size in a dose-dependent fashion and decreased the levels of plasma troponin I, a specific marker of myocardial damage. Telmisartan also caused a dose-dependent increase in adiponectin both in plasma and cardiac tissue of infarcted ZDF rats. These levels were minimally increased (p < 0.05 vs. vehicle) by telmisartan 7 mg/kg/day and reached the maximum values with the highest dose of 12 mg/kg/day (p < 0.01 vs. vehicle). In contrast, within the infarcted tissue telmisartan decreased the expression of markers of inflammation such as the transcription factor NF-κB, the toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4 as well as TNF-α cytokine. Nitrosative stress was maximal in vehicle-treated infarcted hearts as evidenced by increased expression of iNOS, which was almost abolished after treatement with telmisartan. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of ZDF rats for 3 weeks with telmisartan, a dual angiotensin II receptor antagonist and partial PPAR-γ receptor agonist, resulted in a significant reduction of myocardial damage induced by I/R and was associated with increased adiponectin and a decrease in inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rinaldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, Via Costantinopoli 16, Naples, Italy
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Wanga Z, Dou X, Gu D, Shen C, Yao T, Nguyen V, Braunschweig C, Song Z. 4-Hydroxynonenal differentially regulates adiponectin gene expression and secretion via activating PPARγ and accelerating ubiquitin-proteasome degradation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 349:222-31. [PMID: 22085560 PMCID: PMC3594100 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Although well-established, the underlying mechanisms involved in obesity-related plasma adiponectin decline remain elusive. Oxidative stress is associated with obesity and insulin resistance and considered to contribute to the progression toward obesity-related metabolic disorders. In this study, we investigated the effects of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), the most abundant lipid peroxidation end product, on adiponectin production and its potential implication in obesity-related adiponectin decrease. Long-term high-fat diet feeding led to obesity in mouse, accompanied by decreased plasma adiponectin and increased adipose tissue 4-HNE content. Exposure of adipocytes to exogenous 4-HNE resulted in decreased adiponectin secretion in a dose-dependent manner, which was consistent with significantly decreased intracellular adiponectin protein abundance. In contrast, adiponectin gene expression was significantly elevated by 4-HNE treatment, which was concomitant with increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) gene expression and transactivity. The effect was abolished by T0070907, a PPAR-γ antagonist, suggesting that PPAR-γ activation plays a critical role in this process. To gain insight into mechanisms involved in adiponectin protein decrease, we examined the effects of 4-HNE on adiponectin protein degradation. Cycloheximide (CHX)-chase assay revealed that 4-HNE exposure accelerated adiponectin protein degradation, which was prevented by MG132, a potent proteasome inhibitor. Immunoprecipitation assay showed that 4-HNE exposure increased ubiquitinated adiponectin protein levels. These data altogether indicated that 4-HNE enhanced adiponectin protein degradation via ubiquitin-proteasome system. Finally, we demonstrated that supplementation of HF diet with betaine, an antioxidant and methyl donor, alleviated high-fat-induced adipose tissue 4-HNE increase and attenuated plasma adiponectin decline. Taken together, our findings suggest that the lipid peroxidation product 4-HNE can differentially regulates adiponectin gene expression and protein abundance and may play a mechanistic role in obesity-related plasma adiponectin decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Wanga
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China
| | - Xiaobing Dou
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Dongfang Gu
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China
| | - Chen Shen
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Tong Yao
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Van Nguyen
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Carol Braunschweig
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Zhenyuan Song
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Pathology, Medical Center, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Corresponding author. Address: Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W Taylor Street, RM506G, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. Tel.: +1 312 996 7892; fax: +1 312 413 0319. (Z. Song)
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Proia P, Bianco A, Schiera G, Saladino P, Pomara F, Petrucci M, Traina M, Palma A. The effects of a 3-week training on basal biomarkers in professional soccer players during the preseason preparation period. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2012; 52:102-106. [PMID: 22327093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM The present study aimed at investigating the effect of a 3-week training on biomarkers in professional soccer players during the preseason preparation-period. METHODS Eight participants (age 22.5±2.2 yrs) were enrolled in the study. During the physical preparation period players have attended a training program (51.9 hours) formulated by coaches of "Equipe-Sicilia-2009". RESULTS At rest, the lipid profile, the creatine kinase (CK), the lactic-acid dehydrogenase (LDH) and the expression of nuclear receptors peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR α/γ) were analyzed before starting and after 3 weeks of training. The plasma level of CK in our samples showed great variability already in the baseline: value was on average nearly 500 IU/l showed that a large amount of these athletes were a high responders. This biomarker showed a reduction (P<0.01) after 3 weeks of training. No modifications were found in the LDH plasma level, in the lipid profile and in the expression of mRNA of PPAR α/γ and also no significant person's correlations were found among variables. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we retain that those basal biomarkers, except CK, are not able to assist coaches to better understand training adaptations and overreaching mechanisms during a 3-week of preseason preparation-period. More studies are necessary to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Proia
- Department of Sports and Exercise Science (DISMOT), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) isoforms (α, β/δ, and γ are present in human platelets, and activation of PPARs inhibits platelet aggregation. α-Lipoic acid (ALA), occurring naturally in human food, has been reported to exhibit an antiplatelet activity. However, the mechanisms underlying ALA-mediated inhibition of platelet aggregation remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the antiplatelet activity of ALA is mediated by PPARs. ALA itself significantly induced PPARα/γ activation in platelets and increased intracellular amounts of PPARα/γ by blocking PPARα/γ secretion from arachidonic acid (AA)-activated platelets. Moreover, ALA significantly inhibited AA-induced platelet aggregation, Ca(2+) mobilization, and cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) activity, but increased cyclic AMP production in rabbit washed platelets. Importantly, ALA also enhanced interaction of PPARα/γ with protein kinase Cα (PKCα) and COX-1 accompanied by an inhibition of PKCα activity in resting and AA-activated platelets. However, the above effects of ALA on platelets were markedly reversed by simultaneous addition of selective PPARα antagonist (GW6471) or PPARγ antagonist (GW9662). Taken together, the present study provides a novel mechanism by which ALA inhibition of platelet aggregation is mediated by PPARα/γ-dependent processes, which involve interaction with PKCα and COX-1, increase of cyclic AMP formation, and inhibition of intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tz-Chong Chou
- Department of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Kursawe R, Narayan D, Cali AM, Shaw M, Pierpont B, Shulman GI, Caprio S. Downregulation of ADIPOQ and PPARγ2 gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese adolescents with hepatic steatosis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18:1911-7. [PMID: 20168312 PMCID: PMC3898705 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis is associated with hypoadiponectinemia. The mechanism(s) resulting in lower serum adiponectin levels in obese adolescents with fatty liver is unknown. In two groups of equally obese adolescents, but discordant for hepatic fat content, we measured adiponectin, leptin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ 2 (PPARγ2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) gene expression in the abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Twenty six adolescents with similar degrees of obesity underwent a subcutaneous periumbilical adipose tissue biopsy, in addition to metabolic (oral glucose tolerance test, and hyperinsulinemic--euglycemic clamp), and imaging studies (magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), DEXA). Using quantitative real-time-PCR; adiponectin, PPARγ2, TNFα, and leptin mRNA were measured. Based on a hepatic fat content (hepatic fat fraction, HFF) >5.5%, measured by fast MRI, the subjects were divided into low and high HFF group. In addition to the hypoadiponectinemia in the high HFF group, we found that the expression of adiponectin as well as PPARγ2 in the SAT was significantly decreased in this group. No differences were noted for TNFα and leptin plasma or mRNA levels between the groups. An inverse relationship was observed between adiponectin or PPARγ2 expression and hepatic fat content, whereas, adiponectin expression was positively related to PPARγ2 expression. Independent of overall obesity, a reduced expression of adiponectin and PPARγ2 in the abdominal SAT is associated with high liver fat content, as well as with insulin resistance in obese adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Kursawe
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Deepak Narayan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anna M.G. Cali
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Melissa Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Bridget Pierpont
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gerald I. Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sonia Caprio
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Abstract
Estrogen regulates fat mass and distribution and glucose metabolism. We have previously found that estrogen sulfotransferase (EST), which inactivates estrogen through sulfoconjugation, was highly expressed in adipose tissue of male mice and induced by testosterone in female mice. To determine whether inhibition of estrogen in female adipose tissue affects adipose mass and metabolism, we generated transgenic mice expressing EST via the aP2 promoter. As expected, EST expression was increased in adipose tissue as well as macrophages. Parametrial and subcutaneous inguinal adipose mass and adipocyte size were significantly reduced in EST transgenic mice, but there was no change in retroperitoneal or brown adipose tissue. EST overexpression decreased the differentiation of primary adipocytes, and this was associated with reductions in the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, fatty acid synthase, hormone-sensitive lipase, lipoprotein lipase, and leptin. Serum leptin levels were significantly lower in EST transgenic mice, whereas total and high-molecular-weight adiponectin levels were not different in transgenic and wild-type mice. Glucose uptake was blunted in parametrial adipose tissue during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in EST transgenic mice. In contrast, hepatic insulin sensitivity was improved but muscle insulin sensitivity did not change in EST transgenic mice. These results reveal novel effects of EST on adipose tissue and glucose homeostasis in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor K Khor
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Moraes LA, Spyridon M, Kaiser WJ, Jones CI, Sage T, Atherton REL, Gibbins JM. Non-genomic effects of PPARgamma ligands: inhibition of GPVI-stimulated platelet activation. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:577-87. [PMID: 20040043 PMCID: PMC3298645 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03732.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-(gamma) (PPAR(gamma)) is expressed in human platelets although in the absence of genomic regulation in these cells, its functions are unclear. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we aimed to demonstrate the ability of PPAR(gamma) ligands to modulate collagen-stimulated platelet function and suppress activation of the glycoprotein VI (GPVI) signaling pathway. METHODS Washed platelets were stimulated with PPAR(gamma) ligands in the presence and absence of PPAR(gamma) antagonist GW9662 and collagen-induced aggregation was measured using optical aggregometry. Calcium levels were measured by spectrofluorimetry in Fura-2AM-loaded platelets and tyrosine phosphorylation levels of receptor-proximal components of the GPVI signaling pathway were measured using immunoblot analysis. The role of PPAR(gamma) agonists in thrombus formation was assessed using an in vitro model of thrombus formation under arterial flow conditions. RESULTS PPAR(gamma) ligands inhibited collagen-stimulated platelet aggregation that was accompanied by a reduction in intracellular calcium mobilization and P-selectin exposure. PPAR(gamma) ligands inhibited thrombus formation under arterial flow conditions. The incorporation of GW9662 reversed the inhibitory actions of PPAR(gamma) agonists, implicating PPAR(gamma) in the effects observed. Furthermore, PPAR(gamma) ligands were found to inhibit tyrosine phosphorylation levels of multiple components of the GPVI signaling pathway. PPAR(gamma) was found to associate with Syk and LAT after platelet activation. This association was prevented by PPAR(gamma) agonists, indicating a potential mechanism for PPAR(gamma) function in collagen-stimulated platelet activation. CONCLUSIONS PPAR(gamma) agonists inhibit the activation of collagen-stimulation of platelet function through modulation of early GPVI signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Moraes
- Institute for Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
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Weise A, Prause S, Eidens M, Weber MM, Kann PH, Forst T, Pfützner A. Prevalence of CYP450 gene variations in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Lab 2010; 56:311-318. [PMID: 20857895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug degradation in the human organism is driven by detoxification mechanisms that can be affected in their efficiency by genetic mutations. The purpose of this pilot investigation was to investigate whether Type 2 diabetes is associated with mutations in prominent members of the CYP 450 isoenzyme family. METHODS Genomic DNA was isolated from EDTA blood samples of 203 Caucasian subjects (101 patients with Type 2 diabetes and 102 non-diabetic subjects, age (mean +/- STD): 49 +/- 16 years) was analyzed. Genomic DNA was isolated from EDTA blood. Mutation analysis for CYP2C8 (*2/*3/*4), CYP2C9 (*2/*3), CYP2C19 (*2/*3), CYP2D6 (*3/*4/*5/*6) and PPARgamma (P12A) was performed by means of real-time PCR methods (Light-Cycler, Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA). RESULTS The genotyping revealed the following allele frequency distributions for the two investigated groups: CYP2C8: *2 (type 2 diabetes 3% vs. 1%, n.s.), *3 (16% vs. 3%, n.s.), *4 (15% vs. 2%, p < 0.05), CYP2C9: *2 (20% vs. 24%, n.s.), *3 (22% vs. 21%, n.s.), CYP2C19: *2 (23% s. 33%, n.s.), *3 (0% vs. 0%, n.s.), CYP2D6: *3 (3% vs. 4%, n.s.), *4 (40% vs. 37%, n.s.), *5 (3% vs. 2%, n.s.), *6 (0% vs. 0%, n.s.), PPARgamma P12A (15% vs. 21%, n.s.), i.e. all but one mutation (CYP2C8*4) were found with equal prevalence in the two cohorts. CONCLUSIONS In this pilot investigation, we found an increased prevalence of the CYP2C8*4 mutation in the Type 2 diabetic patient group. This may result in a modification of drug degradation and drug efficacy in these patients and may have an influence, e.g. on the choice of anti-diabetic drugs. However, further trials are necessary in order to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Weise
- IKFE--Institute for Clinical Research and Development, Mainz, Germany.
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes has become a major burden to the health care systems worldwide. Among the drugs approved for this indication, glimepiride and rosiglitazone have gained substantial importance in routine use. While glimepiride stimulates β-cell secretion and leads to reduction of blood glucose values, rosiglitazone activates PPARγ and improves insulin resistance, at the vascular and metabolically active cells. Therefore, the combination of the two drugs may be an interesting approach to improve glycemic control and lower cardiovascular risk. A fixed combination of both drugs has been approved for clinical use in the US and EU. The combination of glimepiride and rosiglitazone is generally well tolerated and the use of a fixed combination may lead to improved adherence of the patients to their therapy. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the clinical data that have been published on this combination, appearing to represent a convenient way to obtain therapeutic targets in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Pfützner
- IKFE - Institute for Clinical Research and Development, Mainz, Germany.
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Rollins MD, Sudarshan S, Firpo MA, Etherington BH, Hart BJ, Jackson HH, Jackson JD, Emerson LL, Yang DT, Mulvihill SJ, Glasgow RE. Anti-inflammatory effects of PPAR-gamma agonists directly correlate with PPAR-gamma expression during acute pancreatitis. J Gastrointest Surg 2006; 10:1120-30. [PMID: 16966031 DOI: 10.1016/j.gassur.2006.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Revised: 04/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-inducible transcription factors that regulate cellular energy and lipid metabolism. PPAR-gamma agonists also have potent anti-inflammatory properties through down-regulation of early inflammatory response genes. The role of PPAR-gamma in acute pancreatitis has not been adequately examined. In this study, we determined the effect of PPAR-gamma agonists on the severity of pancreatitis and sought to correlate PPAR-gamma expression in pancreatic acinar cells and the severity of acute pancreatitis in vivo. Acute pancreatitis was induced in mice by hyperstimulation with the cholecystokinin analog, cerulein. PPAR-gamma agonists were administered by intraperitoneal injection 15-30 minutes before induction of pancreatitis (pretreatment) or at various times after induction of pancreatitis (treatment). Pancreata and serum were harvested over the course of 24 hours. Serum amylase activity and glucose levels were measured. Pancreata were used for histological evaluation as well as protein and mRNA analysis. Pretreatment of mice with the PPAR-gamma agonists 15-deoxy-Delta12, 14-prostaglandin J(2), or troglitazone significantly reduced the severity of pancreatitis in a dose-dependent manner. This reduction was indicated by reduced serum amylase activity and histological damage (leukocyte infiltration, vacuolization, and necrosis). Although cerulein decreased PPAR-gamma expression in the pancreas, pretreatment with agonists maintained PPAR-gamma expression early in acute pancreatitis. The expression of PPAR-gamma inversely correlated with pancreatitis severity and expression of the proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Treatment with troglitazone after the induction of pancreatitis reduced serum amylase activity. The results suggest that PPAR-gamma plays a direct role in the inflammatory cascade during the early events of acute pancreatitis. Our data are the first to demonstrate that PPAR-gamma agonists represent a promising therapeutic strategy for acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Rollins
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
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Abstract
Keeping in view the fact that peroxisome-proliferators activated receptors-PPARs (alpha,gamma) play a crucial role in atherogenic inflammation, the present study was addressed to explore as to how selective and specific PPAR-gamma gene silencing within human mononuclear cells affects genes involved in lipid metabolism and innate immune process. Such a study revealed that with respect to control cells, the PPAR-gamma knock-out cells exhibited significant reduction in the expression of genes coding for PPAR- alpha, CD-36, LDL-R as well as significant increase in the expression of genes coding for IL-4, IL-8, IFN-gamma, CX3CR1, hTERT. However, the expression of genes coding for LXR-alpha and Receptor-C( k ) could not be detected in PPAR-gamma knock-out cells. Based on these results, we propose that PPAR-gamma gene has the inherent capacity to influence the lipid mediated inflammation process in atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kaul
- Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
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Mychka VB, Duishvili DE, Mamyrbaeva KM, Masenko VP, Chazova IE. [The role of telmisartan in the treatment of metabolic syndrome]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2006; 78:63-6. [PMID: 17078220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate telmisartan effects on 24-h blood pressure profile, sensitivity to insulin, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) and arterial hypertension (AH). MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty patients with MS and AH of the degree I-II received telmisartan in a dose 80 mg/day. 24-h BP monitoring, tests for total cholesterol, HDLP, LDLP cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, glucose tolerance test were made before and 24 weeks after the treatment. RESULTS Telmisartan reduced all the study parameters of blood pressure, body mass, fasting and post-prandial hyperglycemia, postprandial hyperinsulinemia. Telmisartan raised peripheral tissue sensitivity to insulin, normalized phases of insulin secretion. Total cholesterol, LDLP cholesterol diminished while HDLP went up. CONCLUSION Telmisartan has a specific ability to partially activate receptors stimulating proliferation of peroxisomes and improve regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, to reduce body mass.
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Soller M, Tautenhahn A, Brüne B, Zacharowski K, John S, Link H, von Knethen A. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ contributes to T lymphocyte apoptosis during sepsis. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 79:235-43. [PMID: 16380602 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0205058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, extensive research failed to significantly improve the outcome of patients with sepsis. In part, this drawback is based on a gap in our knowledge about molecular mechanisms understanding the pathogenesis of sepsis. During sepsis, T cells are usually depleted. Recent studies in mice and human cells suggested a role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) in provoking apoptosis in activated T lymphocytes. Therefore, we studied whether expression/activation of PPARgamma might contribute to T cell death during sepsis. We observed PPARgamma up-regulation in T cells of septic patients. In contrast to controls, PPARgamma expressing cells from septic patients responded with apoptosis when exposed to PPARgamma agonists. Cell demise was attenuated by SR-202, a synthetic PPARgamma antagonist, and specificity was further verified by excluding a proapoptotic response to a PPARalpha agonist. We propose that up-regulation of PPARgamma sensitizes T cells of septic patients to undergo apoptosis. PPARgamma activation in T cells requires an exogenous PPARgamma agonist, which we identified in sera of septic patients. Septic sera were used to study reporter gene expression containing a PPAR-responsive element. We conclude that PPARgamma plays a significant role in T cell apoptosis, contributing to lymphocyte loss in sepsis. Thus, inhibition of PPARgamma may turn out to be beneficial for patients suffering from lymphopenia during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Soller
- Department of Biochemistry I, University Hospital, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
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Kobalava ZD, Tolkacheva VV, Ignat'ev IV, Glezer MG, Kuzin AI, Karpov IA, Konradi AO, Zheleznykh EA. [Clinicogenetic aspects of carbohydrate metabolism disorders and efficacy of their correction with moxonidine and metformine in patients with arterial hypertension]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2005; 77:46-51. [PMID: 15759454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM To study effects of monotherapy with moxonidine and metformine on metabolic parameters in hypertensive patients with carbohydrate dysbolism (CD) regarding polymorphic markers of genes PPARalpha, PPARgamma and IRS type 1 and 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 83 patients (31 male and 52 female patients aged 40-75 years) with untreated arterial hypertension stage I, obesity and CD (by glucose tolerance test) entered the trial. The patients were randomized into two groups. Patients of group I (n=42) received moxonidin in a dose 0.4 mg/day, of group 2 (n=41)--metformin in a dose 1000 mg/day. Measurement of arterial pressure, blood count and biochemistry, oral test for glucose tolerance with glucose and insulin measurement before meal and 1, 2 and 3 hours later was made initially and on the treatment week 16 Genotypes of polymorphic markers of genes PPARA, PPARG2, IRS1 and IRS2 were defined in all the patients. RESULTS Changes in basic hemodynamic and metabolic indices in therapy with moxonidine depending on polymorphic markers of genes PPARA, PPARG2, IRS1 and IRS2 in patients with AH and CD showed that G allele PPARG2 is associated with greater weight loss, G allele PPARA--with weight loss, C allele PPARA--with maximal fall of diastolic blood pressure. CONCLUSION Genetic factors participate in development of metabolic disturbances in hypertensive patients, obesity and CD and determine treatment efficacy in each individual patient.
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