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Sakamuri SSVP, Sure VN, Oruganti L, Wisen W, Chandra PK, Liu N, Fonseca VA, Wang X, Klein J, Katakam PVG. Acute severe hypoglycemia alters mouse brain microvascular proteome. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:556-572. [PMID: 37944245 PMCID: PMC10981402 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231212961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypoglycemia increases the risk related to stroke and neurodegenerative diseases, however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. For the first time, we studied the effect of a single episode (acute) of severe (ASH) and mild (AMH) hypoglycemia on mouse brain microvascular proteome. After four-hour fasting, insulin was administered (i.p) to lower mean blood glucose in mice and induce ∼30 minutes of ASH (∼30 mg/dL) or AMH (∼75 mg/dL), whereas a similar volume of saline was given to control mice (∼130 mg/dL). Blood glucose was allowed to recover over 60 minutes either spontaneously or by 20% dextrose administration (i.p). Twenty-four hours later, the brain microvessels (BMVs) were isolated, and tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomics was performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). When compared to control, ASH significantly downregulated 13 proteins (p ≤ 0.05) whereas 23 proteins showed a strong trend toward decrease (p ≤ 0.10). When compared to AMH, ASH significantly induced the expression of 35 proteins with 13 proteins showing an increasing trend. AMH downregulated only 3 proteins. ASH-induced downregulated proteins are involved in actin cytoskeleton maintenance needed for cell shape and migration which are critical for blood-brain barrier maintenance and angiogenesis. In contrast, ASH-induced upregulated proteins are RNA-binding proteins involved in RNA splicing, transport, and stability. Thus, ASH alters BMV proteomics to impair cytoskeletal integrity and RNA processing which are critical for cerebrovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva SVP Sakamuri
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Venkata N Sure
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Lokanatha Oruganti
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - William Wisen
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Partha K Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ning Liu
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Vivian A Fonseca
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jennifer Klein
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Prasad VG Katakam
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Lu YW, Liang Z, Guo H, Fernandes T, Espinoza-Lewis RA, Wang T, Li K, Li X, Singh GB, Wang Y, Cowan D, Mably JD, Philpott CC, Chen H, Wang DZ. PCBP1 regulates alternative splicing of AARS2 in congenital cardiomyopathy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.18.540420. [PMID: 37293078 PMCID: PMC10245752 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.18.540420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alanyl-transfer RNA synthetase 2 (AARS2) is a nuclear encoded mitochondrial tRNA synthetase that is responsible for charging of tRNA-Ala with alanine during mitochondrial translation. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the Aars2 gene, including those affecting its splicing, are linked to infantile cardiomyopathy in humans. However, how Aars2 regulates heart development, and the underlying molecular mechanism of heart disease remains unknown. Here, we found that poly(rC) binding protein 1 (PCBP1) interacts with the Aars2 transcript to mediate its alternative splicing and is critical for the expression and function of Aars2. Cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of Pcbp1 in mice resulted in defects in heart development that are reminiscent of human congenital cardiac defects, including noncompaction cardiomyopathy and a disruption of the cardiomyocyte maturation trajectory. Loss of Pcbp1 led to an aberrant alternative splicing and a premature termination of Aars2 in cardiomyocytes. Additionally, Aars2 mutant mice with exon-16 skipping recapitulated heart developmental defects observed in Pcbp1 mutant mice. Mechanistically, we found dysregulated gene and protein expression of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway in both Pcbp1 and Aars2 mutant hearts; these date provide further evidence that the infantile hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with the disorder oxidative phosphorylation defect type 8 (COXPD8) is mediated by Aars2. Our study therefore identifies Pcbp1 and Aars2 as critical regulators of heart development and provides important molecular insights into the role of disruptions in metabolism on congenital heart defects.
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Lee SM, Lee JW, Kim I, Woo DC, Pack CG, Sung YH, Baek IJ, Jung CH, Kim YH, Ha CH. Angiogenic adipokine C1q-TNF-related protein 9 ameliorates myocardial infarction via histone deacetylase 7-mediated MEF2 activation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq0898. [PMID: 36459558 PMCID: PMC10936044 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq0898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein 9 (CTRP9) is an adipokine and has high potential as a therapeutic target. However, the role of CTRP9 in cardiovascular disease pathogenesis remains unclear. We found CTRP9 to induce HDAC7 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation via tight regulation of AMPK in vascular endothelial cells, leading to angiogenesis through increased MEF2 activity. The expression of CTRP9 and atheroprotective MEF2 was decreased in plaque tissue of atherosclerotic patients and the ventricle of post-infarction mice. CTRP9 treatment inhibited the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in ApoE KO and CTRP9 KO mice. In addition, CTRP9 induced significant ischemic injury prevention in the post-MI mice. Clinically, serum CTRP9 levels were reduced in patients with MI compared with healthy controls. In summary, CTRP9 induces a vasoprotective response via the AMPK/HDAC7/p38 MAPK pathway in vascular endothelial cells, whereas its absence can contribute to atherosclerosis and MI. Hence, CTRP9 may represent a valuable therapeutic target and biomarker in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Min Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inki Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Convergence Medicine Research Center (CREDIT), Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Cheol Woo
- Department of Convergence Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Convergence Medicine Research Center (CREDIT), Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Gi Pack
- Department of Convergence Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Convergence Medicine Research Center (CREDIT), Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Sung
- Department of Convergence Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Convergence Medicine Research Center (CREDIT), Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Jeoung Baek
- Department of Convergence Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Convergence Medicine Research Center (CREDIT), Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hee Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hak Kim
- Cardiology Division, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Ha
- Department of Convergence Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Liu X, Shao Y, Tu J, Sun J, Dong B, Wang Z, Zhou J, Chen L, Tao J, Chen J. TMAO-Activated Hepatocyte-Derived Exosomes Impair Angiogenesis via Repressing CXCR4. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:804049. [PMID: 35174166 PMCID: PMC8841965 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.804049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) was found to play crucial roles in vascular endothelial function. However, the exact molecular mechanisms are not yet entirely clear. Recently, we found that exosomes (Exos) isolated from TMAO-treated hepatocytes (TMAO-Exos) contained a distinctive profile of miRNAs compared to those from the TMAO-free group (Control-Exos). Furthermore, TMAO-Exos could notably promote inflammation, damage vascular endothelial cells (VECs), and impair endothelium-dependent vasodilation. This study aimed to further evaluate the effects of TMAO-Exos on VECs and explore the underlying mechanisms. Methods: Exos were isolated from the hepatocyte culture supernatant with or without TMAO, using differential centrifugation. Then, VECs were treated with these Exos for 48 h and subjected to RNA-sequencing for detecting the changes of alternative polyadenylation (APA) and mRNA. After validation by qPCR and western blotting, the recombinant viruses were used to mediate the overexpression of C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). The in vitro VEC function was evaluated by cell migration and tube formation, and in vivo angiogenesis was investigated in hindlimb ischemia models. Results: Exos released from hepatocytes were differentially regulated by TMAO; both could be taken up by VECs; and furthermore, TMAO-Exos significantly reduced cell migration and tube formation in vitro and impaired perfusion recovery and angiogenesis after hindlimb ischemia, by down-regulating the CXCR4 expression. However, TMAO-Exos failed to regulate the splicing events, at least in this experimental setting, which suggested that TMAO-Exos may affect CXCR4 expression via an APA-independent manner. Conclusions: Our findings revealed a novel indirect mechanism by which TMAO impaired endothelial function through stimulating hepatocytes to produce Exos that possessed distinctive activity. The crosstalk between the liver and vascular endothelial mediated by these Exos may offer a new target for restraining the harmful effects induced by TMAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijia Shao
- Department of Hypertension and Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiazichao Tu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiapan Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bing Dong
- Department of Hypertension and Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhichao Wang
- Department of Hypertension and Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianrong Zhou
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long Chen
- The International Medical Department of Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Tao
- Department of Hypertension and Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jimei Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Tong C, Cong P, Liu Y, Shi X, Shi L, Mao S, Zhao Y, Hou M, Liu Y. Tandem Mass Tag-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Pathways Involved in Brain Injury Induced by Chest Exposure to Shock Waves. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:688050. [PMID: 34630032 PMCID: PMC8496458 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.688050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent chest blast exposure can lead to brain inflammation, oxidative stress, and mental disorders in soldiers. However, the mechanism that underlies brain injury caused indirectly by chest blasts remains unclear. It is urgent to find additional reliable biomarkers to reveal the intimate details of the pathogenesis of this phenomenon. We used the term tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling combined with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to screen for differentially expressed proteins in rat brain at different time points after a chest blast. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD025204. Gene Ontology (GO), the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID), and Cytoscape analyses were used to analyze the proteomic profiles of blast-exposed rats. In addition, we performed Western blotting to verify protein levels. We identified 6,931 proteins, of which 255 were differentially expressed and 43, 84, 52, 97, and 49 were identified in brain tissues at 12, 24, 48, and 72 h and 1 week after chest blast exposure, respectively. In this study, the GO, KEGG, Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins, and Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) analyses indicated that brain damage caused by chest blast exposure involved many important biological processes and signaling pathways, such as inflammation, cell adhesion, phagocytosis, neuronal and synaptic damage, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Furthermore, Western blotting confirmed that these differentially expressed proteins and affected signaling pathways were associated with brain damage caused by chest blast exposure. This study identifies potential protein biomarkers of brain damage caused indirectly by chest blast and new targets for the treatment of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changci Tong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, The Veterans General Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.,Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Peifang Cong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, The Veterans General Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.,Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, The Veterans General Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.,Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiuyun Shi
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, The Veterans General Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.,Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Lin Shi
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, The Veterans General Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.,Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Shun Mao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, The Veterans General Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.,Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | | | - Mingxiao Hou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, The Veterans General Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.,Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunen Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, The Veterans General Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.,Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
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Hensel JA, Heineman BD, Kimble AL, Jellison ER, Reese B, Murphy PA. Identification of splice regulators of fibronectin-EIIIA and EIIIB by direct measurement of exon usage in a flow-cytometry based CRISPR screen. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19835. [PMID: 34615942 PMCID: PMC8494765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (FN) is alternatively spliced in a variety of inflammatory conditions, resulting in increased inclusion of alternative exons EIIIA and EIIIB. Inclusion of these exons affects fibril formation, fibrosis, and inflammation. To define upstream regulators of alternative splicing in FN, we have developed an in vitro flow-cytometry based assay, using RNA-binding probes to determine alternative exon inclusion level in aortic endothelial cells. This approach allows us to detect exon inclusion in the primary transcripts themselves, rather than in surrogate splicing reporters. We validated this assay in cells with and without FN-EIIIA and -EIIIB expression. In a small-scale CRISPR KO screen of candidate regulatory splice factors, we successfully detected known regulators of EIIIA and EIIIB splicing, and detected several novel regulators. Finally, we show the potential in this approach to broadly interrogate upstream signaling pathways in aortic endothelial cells with a genome-wide CRISPR-KO screen, implicating the TNFalpha and RIG-I-like signaling pathways and genes involved in the regulation of fibrotic responses. Thus, we provide a novel means to screen the regulation of splicing of endogenous transcripts, and predict novel pathways in the regulation of FN-EIIIA inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amy L Kimble
- Center for Vascular Biology, UCONN Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - Bo Reese
- Institute for Systems Genomics - Center for Genome Innovation, UCONN, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Patrick A Murphy
- Center for Vascular Biology, UCONN Health, Farmington, CT, USA. .,Center for Vascular Biology & Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut Medical School, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmingon, CT, 06030, USA.
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7
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Mechanisms of Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Induction by Extracellular Matrix Components in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Bull Exp Biol Med 2021; 171:523-531. [PMID: 34542758 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-021-05264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis can be caused by different factors, including accumulation of pathological extracellular matrix (ECM) with abnormal composition, stiffness, and architecture in the lung tissue. We studied the effect of ECM produced by lung fibroblasts of healthy mice or mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis on the process of endothelialto- mesenchymal transition, one of the main sources of effector myofibroblasts in fibrosis progression. Despite stimulation of spontaneous and TGFβ-1-induced differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts by fibrotic ECM, the appearance of α-SMA, the main marker of myofibroblasts, and its integration in stress fibrils in endotheliocytes were not observed under similar conditions. However, the expression of transcription factors SNAI1 and SNAI2/Slug and the production of components of fibrotic ECM (specific EDA-fibronectin splice form and collagen type I) were increased in endotheliocytes cultured on fibrotic ECM. Endothelium also demonstrated increased cell velocity in the models of directed cell migration. These data indicate activation of the intermediate state of the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in endotheliocytes upon contact with fibrotic, but not normal stromal matrix. In combination with the complex microenvironment that develops during fibrosis progression, it can lead to the replenishment of myofibroblasts pool from the resident endothelium.
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8
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Shrivastava A, Mishra R, Salazar LRM, Chouksey P, Raj S, Agrawal A. Enigma of what is Known about Intracranial Aneurysm Occlusion with Endovascular Devices. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 30:105737. [PMID: 33774553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid Hemorrhage is a major cause of neurological morbidity and mortality. Over the years vascular neurosurgery has witnessed technological advances aimed to reduce the morbidity and mortality. Several endovascular devices have been used in clinical practice to achieve this goal in the management of ruptured and unruptured cerebral aneurysms. Recurrence due to recanalization is encountered in all of these endovascular devices as well as illustrated by Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial. Histological and molecular characterization of the aneurysms treated with endovascular devices is an area of active animal and human research studies. Yet, the pathobiology illustrating the mechanisms of aneurysmal occlusion and healing lacks evidence. The enigma of aneurysmal healing following treatment with endovascular devices needs to be de-mystified to understand the biological interaction of endovascular device and aneurysm and thereby guide the future development of endovascular devices aimed at better aneurysm occlusion. We performed a comprehensive and detailed literature review to bring all the known facts of the pathobiology of intracranial aneurysm healing, the knowledge of which is of paramount importance to neurosurgeons, an interventional neuroradiologist, molecular biologist, geneticists, and experts in animal studies. This review serves as a benchmark of what is known and platform for future studies basic science research related to intracranial aneurysms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adesh Shrivastava
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Saket Nagar, Bhopal 462020, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Rakesh Mishra
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | | | - Pradeep Chouksey
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Saket Nagar, Bhopal 462020, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sumit Raj
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Saket Nagar, Bhopal 462020, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Saket Nagar, Bhopal 462020, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Lu YW, Martino N, Gerlach BD, Lamar JM, Vincent PA, Adam AP, Schwarz JJ. MEF2 (Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2) Is Essential for Endothelial Homeostasis and the Atheroprotective Gene Expression Program. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1105-1123. [PMID: 33406884 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis predominantly forms in regions of oscillatory shear stress while regions of laminar shear stress are protected. This protection is partly through the endothelium in laminar flow regions expressing an anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic gene expression program. Several molecular pathways transmitting these distinct flow patterns to the endothelium have been defined. Our objective is to define the role of the MEF2 (myocyte enhancer factor 2) family of transcription factors in promoting an atheroprotective endothelium. Approach and Results: Here, we show through endothelial-specific deletion of the 3 MEF2 factors in the endothelium, Mef2a, -c, and -d, that MEF2 is a critical regulator of vascular homeostasis. MEF2 deficiency results in systemic inflammation, hemorrhage, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, and rapid lethality. Transcriptome analysis reveals that MEF2 is required for normal regulation of 3 pathways implicated in determining the flow responsiveness of the endothelium. Specifically, MEF2 is required for expression of Klf2 and Klf4, 2 partially redundant factors essential for promoting an anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic endothelium. This critical requirement results in phenotypic similarities between endothelial-specific deletions of Mef2a/c/d and Klf2/4. In addition, MEF2 regulates the expression of Notch family genes, Notch1, Dll1, and Jag1, which also promote an atheroprotective endothelium. In contrast to these atheroprotective pathways, MEF2 deficiency upregulates an atherosclerosis promoting pathway through increasing the amount of TAZ (transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif). CONCLUSIONS Our results implicate MEF2 as a critical upstream regulator of several transcription factors responsible for gene expression programs that affect development of atherosclerosis and promote an anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic endothelium. Graphic Abstract: A graphic abstract is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wei Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (Y.W.L., N.M., B.D.G., J.M.L., P.A.V., A.P.A., J.J.S.), Albany Medical College, NY
| | - Nina Martino
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (Y.W.L., N.M., B.D.G., J.M.L., P.A.V., A.P.A., J.J.S.), Albany Medical College, NY
| | - Brennan D Gerlach
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (Y.W.L., N.M., B.D.G., J.M.L., P.A.V., A.P.A., J.J.S.), Albany Medical College, NY
| | - John M Lamar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (Y.W.L., N.M., B.D.G., J.M.L., P.A.V., A.P.A., J.J.S.), Albany Medical College, NY
| | - Peter A Vincent
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (Y.W.L., N.M., B.D.G., J.M.L., P.A.V., A.P.A., J.J.S.), Albany Medical College, NY
| | - Alejandro P Adam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (Y.W.L., N.M., B.D.G., J.M.L., P.A.V., A.P.A., J.J.S.), Albany Medical College, NY.,Department of Ophthalmology (A.P.A.), Albany Medical College, NY
| | - John J Schwarz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (Y.W.L., N.M., B.D.G., J.M.L., P.A.V., A.P.A., J.J.S.), Albany Medical College, NY
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10
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Murphy PA, Jailkhani N, Nicholas SA, Del Rosario AM, Balsbaugh JL, Begum S, Kimble A, Hynes RO. Alternative Splicing of FN (Fibronectin) Regulates the Composition of the Arterial Wall Under Low Flow. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:e18-e32. [PMID: 33207933 PMCID: PMC8428803 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure of the arterial endothelium to low and disturbed flow is a risk factor for the erosion and rupture of atherosclerotic plaques and aneurysms. Circulating and locally produced proteins are known to contribute to an altered composition of the extracellular matrix at the site of lesions, and to contribute to inflammatory processes within the lesions. We have previously shown that alternative splicing of FN (fibronectin) protects against flow-induced hemorrhage. However, the impact of alternative splicing of FN on extracellular matrix composition remains unknown. Approach and Results: Here, we perform quantitative proteomic analysis of the matrisome of murine carotid arteries in mice deficient in the production of FN splice isoforms containing alternative exons EIIIA and EIIIB (FN-EIIIAB null) after exposure to low and disturbed flow in vivo. We also examine serum-derived and endothelial-cell contributions to the matrisome in a simplified in vitro system. We found flow-induced differences in the carotid artery matrisome that were impaired in FN-EIIIAB null mice. One of the most interesting differences was reduced recruitment of FBLN1 (fibulin-1), abundant in blood and not locally produced in the intima. This defect was validated in our in vitro assay, where FBLN1 recruitment from serum was impaired by the absence of these alternatively spliced segments. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal the extent of the dynamic alterations in the matrisome in the acute response to low and disturbed flow and show how changes in the splicing of FN, a common response in vascular inflammation and remodeling, can affect matrix composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A. Murphy
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139
- UCONN Health, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Noor Jailkhani
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | | | | | | | - Shahinoor Begum
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| | | | - Richard O. Hynes
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
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11
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Wang L, Deng L, Yuan R, Liu J, Li Y, Liu M. Association of Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 and Cellular Fibronectin and Outcome in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Neurol 2020; 11:523506. [PMID: 33329294 PMCID: PMC7732454 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.523506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The role of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and cellular fibronectin (c-Fn) in acute ischemic stroke is controversial. We systematically reviewed the literature to investigate the association of circulating MMP-9 and c-Fn levels and MMP-9 rs3918242 polymorphism with the risk of three outcome measures after stroke. Methods: We searched English and Chinese databases to identify eligible studies. Outcomes included severe brain edema, hemorrhagic transformation, and poor outcome (modified Rankin scale score ≥3). We estimated standardized mean differences (SMDs) and pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Totally, 28 studies involving 7,239 patients were included in the analysis of circulating MMP-9 and c-Fn levels. Meta-analysis indicated higher levels of MMP-9 in patients with severe brain edema (SMD, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.18–1.35; four studies, 419 patients) and hemorrhagic transformation (SMD, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.41–1.59; 11 studies, 1,709 patients) but not poor outcome (SMD, 0.30; 95% CI, −0.12 to 0.72; four studies, 759 patients). Circulating c-Fn levels were also significantly higher in patients with severe brain edema (SMD, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.18–1.93; four studies, 419 patients), hemorrhagic transformation (SMD, 1.75; 95% CI, 0.72–2.78; four studies, 458 patients), and poor outcome (SMD, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.16–0.76; two studies, 210 patients). Meta-analysis of three studies indicated that the MMP-9 rs3918242 polymorphism may be associated with hemorrhagic transformation susceptibility under the dominant model (TT + CT vs. CC: OR, 0.621; 95% CI, 0.424–0.908; P = 0.014). No studies reported the association between MMP-9 rs3918242 polymorphism and brain edema or functional outcome after acute stroke. Conclusion: Our meta-analysis showed that higher MMP-9 levels were seen in stroke patients with severe brain edema and hemorrhagic transformation but not poor outcome. Circulating c-Fn levels appear to be associated with all three outcomes including severe brain edema, hemorrhagic transformation, and poor functional outcome. The C-to-T transition at the MMP-9 rs3918242 gene appears to reduce the risk of hemorrhagic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linghui Deng
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruozhen Yuan
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxiao Li
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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12
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Di Matteo A, Belloni E, Pradella D, Cappelletto A, Volf N, Zacchigna S, Ghigna C. Alternative splicing in endothelial cells: novel therapeutic opportunities in cancer angiogenesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:275. [PMID: 33287867 PMCID: PMC7720527 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01753-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a pervasive molecular process generating multiple protein isoforms, from a single gene. It plays fundamental roles during development, differentiation and maintenance of tissue homeostasis, while aberrant AS is considered a hallmark of multiple diseases, including cancer. Cancer-restricted AS isoforms represent either predictive biomarkers for diagnosis/prognosis or targets for anti-cancer therapies. Here, we discuss the contribution of AS regulation in cancer angiogenesis, a complex process supporting disease development and progression. We consider AS programs acting in a specific and non-redundant manner to influence morphological and functional changes involved in cancer angiogenesis. In particular, we describe relevant AS variants or splicing regulators controlling either secreted or membrane-bound angiogenic factors, which may represent attractive targets for therapeutic interventions in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Di Matteo
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Belloni
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Davide Pradella
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ambra Cappelletto
- Cardiovascular Biology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nina Volf
- Cardiovascular Biology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Serena Zacchigna
- Cardiovascular Biology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), 34149, Trieste, Italy. .,Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Claudia Ghigna
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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13
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Role of Extracellular Matrix in Pathophysiology of Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Emphasis on Vascular Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134761. [PMID: 32635482 PMCID: PMC7369762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ductus arteriosus (DA) is a shunt vessel between the aorta and the pulmonary artery during the fetal period that is essential for the normal development of the fetus. Complete closure usually occurs after birth but the vessel might remain open in certain infants, as patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), causing morbidity or mortality. The mechanism of DA closure is a complex process involving an orchestration of cell-matrix interaction between smooth muscle cells (SMC), endothelial cells, and extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM is defined as the noncellular component secreted by cells that consists of macromolecules such as elastin, collagens, proteoglycan, hyaluronan, and noncollagenous glycoproteins. In addition to its role as a physical scaffold, ECM mediates diverse signaling that is critical in development, maintenance, and repair in the cardiovascular system. In this review, we aim to outline the current understandings of ECM and its role in the pathophysiology of PDA, with emphasis on DA remodeling and highlight future outlooks. The molecular diversity and plasticity of ECM present a rich array of potential therapeutic targets for the management of PDA.
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14
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Al-Yafeai Z, Yurdagul A, Peretik JM, Alfaidi M, Murphy PA, Orr AW. Endothelial FN (Fibronectin) Deposition by α5β1 Integrins Drives Atherogenic Inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:2601-2614. [PMID: 30354234 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective- Alterations in extracellular matrix quantity and composition contribute to atherosclerosis, with remodeling of the subendothelial basement membrane to an FN (fibronectin)-rich matrix preceding lesion development. Endothelial cell interactions with FN prime inflammatory responses to a variety of atherogenic stimuli; however, the mechanisms regulating early atherogenic FN accumulation remain unknown. We previously demonstrated that oxLDL (oxidized low-density lipoprotein) promotes endothelial proinflammatory gene expression by activating the integrin α5β1, a classic mediator of FN fibrillogenesis. Approach and Results- We now show that oxLDL drives robust endothelial FN deposition and inhibiting α5β1 (blocking antibodies, α5 knockout cells) completely inhibits oxLDL-induced FN deposition. Consistent with this, inducible endothelial-specific α5 integrin deletion in ApoE knockout mice significantly reduces atherosclerotic plaque formation, associated with reduced early atherogenic inflammation. Unlike TGFβ (transforming growth factor β)-induced FN deposition, oxLDL does not induce FN expression (mRNA, protein) or the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition phenotype. In addition, we show that cell-derived and plasma-derived FN differentially affect endothelial function, with only cell-derived FN capable of supporting oxLDL-induced VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1) expression, despite plasma FN deposition by oxLDL. The inclusion of alternative exon EIIIA (EDA) of FN (EIIIA) and alternative exon EIIIB (EDB) of FN (EIIIB) domains in cell-derived FN mediates this effect, as EIIIA/EIIIB knockout endothelial cells show diminished oxLDL-induced inflammation. Furthermore, our data suggest that EIIIA/EIIIB-positive cellular FN is required for maximal α5β1 recruitment to focal adhesions and FN fibrillogenesis. Conclusions- Taken together, our data demonstrate that endothelial α5 integrins drive oxLDL-induced FN deposition and early atherogenic inflammation. Additionally, we show that α5β1-dependent endothelial FN deposition mediates oxLDL-dependent endothelial inflammation and FN fibrillogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaki Al-Yafeai
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology (Z.A.-Y., A.W.O.), LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Arif Yurdagul
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (A.Y., A.W.O.), LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Jonette M Peretik
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology (J.M.P., M.A., A.W.O.), LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Mabruka Alfaidi
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology (J.M.P., M.A., A.W.O.), LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Patrick A Murphy
- Center for Vascular Biology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT (P.A.M.)
| | - A Wayne Orr
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology (Z.A.-Y., A.W.O.), LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (A.Y., A.W.O.), LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA.,Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology (J.M.P., M.A., A.W.O.), LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
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15
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Jailkhani N, Ingram JR, Rashidian M, Rickelt S, Tian C, Mak H, Jiang Z, Ploegh HL, Hynes RO. Noninvasive imaging of tumor progression, metastasis, and fibrosis using a nanobody targeting the extracellular matrix. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14181-14190. [PMID: 31068469 PMCID: PMC6628802 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817442116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition is a hallmark of many diseases, including cancer and fibroses. To exploit the ECM as an imaging and therapeutic target, we developed alpaca-derived libraries of "nanobodies" against disease-associated ECM proteins. We describe here one such nanobody, NJB2, specific for an alternatively spliced domain of fibronectin expressed in disease ECM and neovasculature. We showed by noninvasive in vivo immuno-PET/CT imaging that NJB2 detects primary tumors and metastatic sites with excellent specificity in multiple models of breast cancer, including human and mouse triple-negative breast cancer, and in melanoma. We also imaged mice with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in which NJB2 was able to detect not only PDAC tumors but also early pancreatic lesions called pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias, which are challenging to detect by any current imaging modalities, with excellent clarity and signal-to-noise ratios that outperformed conventional 2-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT imaging. NJB2 also detected pulmonary fibrosis in a bleomycin-induced fibrosis model. We propose NJB2 and similar anti-ECM nanobodies as powerful tools for noninvasive detection of tumors, metastatic lesions, and fibroses. Furthermore, the selective recognition of disease tissues makes NJB2 a promising candidate for nanobody-based therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Jailkhani
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Jessica R Ingram
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Mohammad Rashidian
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Steffen Rickelt
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Chenxi Tian
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Howard Mak
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Zhigang Jiang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Richard O Hynes
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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16
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Xu MM, Ménoret A, Nicholas SAE, Günther S, Sundberg EJ, Zhou B, Rodriguez A, Murphy PA, Vella AT. Direct CD137 costimulation of CD8 T cells promotes retention and innate-like function within nascent atherogenic foci. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H1480-H1494. [PMID: 30978132 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00088.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Effector CD8 T cells infiltrate atherosclerotic lesions and are correlated with cardiovascular events, but the mechanisms regulating their recruitment and retention are not well understood. CD137 (4-1BB) is a costimulatory receptor induced on immune cells and expressed at sites of human atherosclerotic plaque. Genetic variants associated with decreased CD137 expression correlate with carotid-intimal thickness and its deficiency in animal models attenuates atherosclerosis. These effects have been attributed in part to endothelial responses to low and disturbed flow (LDF), but CD137 also generates robust effector CD8 T cells as a costimulatory signal. Thus, we asked whether CD8 T cell-specific CD137 stimulation contributes to their infiltration, retention, and IFNγ production in early atherogenesis. We tested this through adoptive transfer of CD8 T cells into recipient C57BL/6J mice that were then antigen primed and CD137 costimulated. We analyzed atherogenic LDF vessels in normolipidemic and PCSK9-mediated hyperlipidemic models and utilized a digestion protocol that allowed for lesional T-cell characterization via flow cytometry and in vitro stimulation. We found that CD137 activation, specifically of effector CD8 T cells, triggers their intimal infiltration into LDF vessels and promotes a persistent innate-like proinflammatory program. Residence of CD137+ effector CD8 T cells further promoted infiltration of endogenous CD8 T cells with IFNγ-producing potential, whereas CD137-deficient CD8 T cells exhibited impaired vessel infiltration, minimal IFNγ production, and reduced infiltration of endogenous CD8 T cells. Our studies thus provide novel insight into how CD137 costimulation of effector T cells, independent of plaque-antigen recognition, instigates their retention and promotes innate-like responses from immune infiltrates within atherogenic foci. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our studies identify CD137 costimulation as a stimulus for effector CD8 T-cell infiltration and persistence within atherogenic foci, regardless of atherosclerotic-antigen recognition. These costimulated effector cells, which are generated in pathological states such as viral infection and autoimmunity, have innate-like proinflammatory programs in circulation and within the atherosclerotic microenvironment, providing mechanistic context for clinical correlations of cardiovascular morbidity with increased CD8 T-cell infiltration and markers of activation in the absence of established antigen specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Xu
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine , Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Antoine Ménoret
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine , Farmington, Connecticut.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine , Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Sarah-Anne E Nicholas
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine , Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Sebastian Günther
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eric J Sundberg
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Beiyan Zhou
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine , Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Annabelle Rodriguez
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine , Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Patrick A Murphy
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine , Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine , Farmington, Connecticut
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17
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Yu M, Ortega CA, Si K, Molinaro R, Schoen FJ, Leitao RFC, Xu X, Mahmoudi M, Ahn S, Liu J, Saw PE, Lee IH, Brayner MMB, Lotfi A, Shi J, Libby P, Jon S, Farokhzad OC. Nanoparticles targeting extra domain B of fibronectin-specific to the atherosclerotic lesion types III, IV, and V-enhance plaque detection and cargo delivery. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:6008-6024. [PMID: 30613278 PMCID: PMC6299428 DOI: 10.7150/thno.24365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extra domain B of fibronectin (FN-EDB) is upregulated in the extracellular matrix during tissue remodeling and has been postulated as a potential biomarker for atherosclerosis, yet no systematic test for FN-EDB in plaques has been reported. We hypothesized that FN-EDB expression would intensify in advanced plaques. Furthermore, engineering of FN-EDB-targeted nanoparticles (NPs) could enable imaging/diagnosis and local delivery of payloads to plaques. Methods: The amount of FN-EDB in human atherosclerotic and normal arteries (ages: 40 to 85 years) was assessed by histological staining and quantification using an FN-EDB-specific aptide (APTFN-EDB). FN-EDB-specific NPs that could serve as MRI beacons were constructed by immobilizing APTFN-EDB on the NP surface containing DTPA[Gd]. MRI visualized APTFN-EDB-[Gd]NPs administered to atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice in the brachiocephalic arteries. Analysis of the ascending-to-descending thoracic aortas and the aortic roots of the mice permitted quantitation of Gd, FN-EDB, and APTFN-EDB-[Gd]NPs. Cyanine, a model small molecule drug, was used to study the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of APTFN-EDB-NPs to evaluate their utility for drug delivery. Results: Atherosclerotic tissues had significantly greater FN-EDB-positive areas than normal arteries (P < 0.001). This signal pertained particularly to Type III (P < 0.01), IV (P < 0.01), and V lesions (P < 0.001) rather than Type I and II lesions (AHA classification). FN-EDB expression was positively correlated with macrophage accumulation and neoangiogenesis. Quantitative analysis of T1-weighted images of atherosclerotic mice revealed substantial APTFN-EDB-[Gd]NPs accumulation in plaques compared to control NPs, conventional MRI contrast agent (Gd-DTPA) or accumulation in wild-type C57BL/6J mice. Additionally, the APTFN-EDB-NPs significantly prolonged the blood-circulation time (t1/2: ~ 6 h) of a model drug and increased its accumulation in plaques (6.9-fold higher accumulation vs. free drug). Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate augmented FN-EDB expression in Type III, IV, and V atheromata and that APTFN-EDB-NPs could serve as a platform for identifying and/or delivering agents locally to a subset of atherosclerotic plaques.
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18
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Novikova OA, Laktionov PP, Karpenko AA. The roles of mechanotransduction, vascular wall cells, and blood cells in atheroma induction. Vascular 2018; 27:98-109. [PMID: 30157718 DOI: 10.1177/1708538118796063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper describes and analyzes the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis development. In particular, the roles of monocytes/macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and vascular endothelium in the formation of stable/unstable atheromatous plaques, and the contributions of some processes to atheroma formation. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study we analyzed endothelium: function, dysfunction, and involvement into atherogenesis; cell proteins mediating mechanotransduction; proatherogenic role of monocytes; the role of macrophages in the development of unstable atheromatous plaques and smooth muscle cell origin in atherosclerosis. Smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching; their functioning; the ability to retain cholesterol and lipoproteins as well as secretion of pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules and extracellular matrix proteins, their response to extracellular stimuli secreted by other cells, and the effect of smooth muscle cells on the cells surrounding atheromatous plaques are fundamentally important for the insight into atherosclerosis molecular basis. CONCLUSION Atheromatous plaque transcriptome studies will be helpful in the identification of the key genes involved in atheroma transformation and development as well as discovery of the new targets for diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Novikova
- 1 Department of Vascular and Hybrid Surgery, National Medical Research Institute Academician E.N. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel P Laktionov
- 2 Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine; E.N. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,3 E.N. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A Karpenko
- 1 Department of Vascular and Hybrid Surgery, National Medical Research Institute Academician E.N. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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19
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Novikova OA, Laktionov PP, Karpenko AA. Mechanisms Underlying Atheroma Induction: The Roles of Mechanotransduction, Vascular Wall Cells, and Blood Cells. Ann Vasc Surg 2018; 53:224-233. [PMID: 30012457 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this article is to review cellular mechanism of atherosclerosis (AS) development. The pathogenesis of AS comprises a sequence of biological events leading to build up of a dense or loose atheromatous plaque (AP). METHODS In this review, we tried to attempt to analyze the cellular mechanisms underlying AS development, including the roles of monocytes/macrophages and smooth muscle cells in the formation of stable/unstable APs. RESULTS As a rule, APs are formed in the regions with irregular blood flow; both mechanical perturbations of the vascular wall and several biological events contribute to plaque formation. Blood lipid/lipoprotein deposition, recruitment of monocytes/macrophages, foam cell formation, migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells, secretion of extracellular matrix, and formation of the connective tissue in plaques are among the latter events. CONCLUSIONS The review briefs the contributions of different processes to atheroma formation and describes the molecular mechanisms involved in AS development. AP transcriptome studies will be helpful in the identification of the key genes involved in atheroma transformation and development as well as discovery of the new targets for diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Novikova
- E.N. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.
| | - Pavel P Laktionov
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, E.N. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A Karpenko
- E.N. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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20
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Chen YC, Huang AL, Kyaw TS, Bobik A, Peter K. Atherosclerotic Plaque Rupture: Identifying the Straw That Breaks the Camel's Back. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 36:e63-72. [PMID: 27466619 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chih Chen
- From the Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Y.-C.C., A.L.H., K.P.), and Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory (T.S.K., A.B.), Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.H., A.B., K.P.)
| | - Alex L Huang
- From the Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Y.-C.C., A.L.H., K.P.), and Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory (T.S.K., A.B.), Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.H., A.B., K.P.)
| | - Tin S Kyaw
- From the Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Y.-C.C., A.L.H., K.P.), and Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory (T.S.K., A.B.), Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.H., A.B., K.P.)
| | - Alex Bobik
- From the Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Y.-C.C., A.L.H., K.P.), and Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory (T.S.K., A.B.), Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.H., A.B., K.P.)
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- From the Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Y.-C.C., A.L.H., K.P.), and Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory (T.S.K., A.B.), Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.H., A.B., K.P.).
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21
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Kumra H, Sabatier L, Hassan A, Sakai T, Mosher DF, Brinckmann J, Reinhardt DP. Roles of fibronectin isoforms in neonatal vascular development and matrix integrity. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2004812. [PMID: 30036393 PMCID: PMC6072322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin (FN) exists in two forms—plasma FN (pFN) and cellular FN (cFN). Although the role of FN in embryonic blood vessel development is well established, its function and the contribution of individual isoforms in early postnatal vascular development are poorly understood. Here, we employed a tamoxifen-dependent cFN inducible knockout (cFN iKO) mouse model to study the consequences of postnatal cFN deletion in smooth muscle cells (SMCs), the major cell type in the vascular wall. Deletion of cFN influences collagen deposition but does not affect life span. Unexpectedly, pFN translocated to the aortic wall in the cFN iKO and in control mice, possibly rescuing the loss of cFN. Postnatal pFN deletion did not show a histological aortic phenotype. Double knockout (dKO) mice lacking both, cFN in SMCs and pFN, resulted in postnatal lethality. These data demonstrate a safeguard role of pFN in vascular stability and the dispensability of the individual FN isoforms in postnatal vascular development. Complete absence of FNs in the dKOs resulted in a disorganized tunica media of the aortic wall. Matrix analysis revealed common and differential roles of the FN isoforms in guiding the assembly/deposition of elastogenic extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the aortic wall. In addition, we determined with two cell culture models that that the two FN isoforms acted similarly in supporting matrix formation with a greater contribution from cFN. Together, these data show that pFN exerts a critical role in safeguarding vascular organization and health, and that the two FN isoforms function in an overlapping as well as distinct manner to maintain postnatal vascular matrix integrity. Fibronectin is a protein that exists in vertebrates in two distinct forms: one present in the blood and the other in blood vessel walls. In mammals, fibronectin is important for the development of blood vessels before birth, but whether it is continuously required for blood vessel homeostasis from birth to adulthood is unknown. We present important results from three genetically modified mouse models, which show that at least one form of fibronectin is required for the proper function and integrity of blood vessels during this period. We show that fibronectin can be transferred from the blood into the vessel wall, where it can rescue the integrity of blood vessels in the absence of the vessel form. This represents an important biological mechanism to maintain the health of blood vessels. Our data also highlight the importance of both fibronectin forms in producing and organizing the microenvironment of cells, with a higher contribution from the fibronectin form residing in the blood vessel walls. Together, our findings show that fibronectin from the blood acts as a safeguard to maintain the health of blood vessels, and both fibronectin forms play crucial roles in development and support of the blood vessel microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Kumra
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laetitia Sabatier
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amani Hassan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Takao Sakai
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Deane F. Mosher
- Departments of Biomolecular Chemistry and Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jürgen Brinckmann
- Department of Dermatology and Institute of Virology and Cell Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Dieter P. Reinhardt
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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22
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Murphy PA, Butty VL, Boutz PL, Begum S, Kimble AL, Sharp PA, Burge CB, Hynes RO. Alternative RNA splicing in the endothelium mediated in part by Rbfox2 regulates the arterial response to low flow. eLife 2018; 7:29494. [PMID: 29293084 PMCID: PMC5771670 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low and disturbed blood flow drives the progression of arterial diseases including atherosclerosis and aneurysms. The endothelial response to flow and its interactions with recruited platelets and leukocytes determine disease progression. Here, we report widespread changes in alternative splicing of pre-mRNA in the flow-activated murine arterial endothelium in vivo. Alternative splicing was suppressed by depletion of platelets and macrophages recruited to the arterial endothelium under low and disturbed flow. Binding motifs for the Rbfox-family are enriched adjacent to many of the regulated exons. Endothelial deletion of Rbfox2, the only family member expressed in arterial endothelium, suppresses a subset of the changes in transcription and RNA splicing induced by low flow. Our data reveal an alternative splicing program activated by Rbfox2 in the endothelium on recruitment of platelets and macrophages and demonstrate its relevance in transcriptional responses during flow-driven vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Murphy
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, United States
| | | | - Paul L Boutz
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, United States
| | - Shahinoor Begum
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, United States
| | - Amy L Kimble
- Center for Vascular Biology, UCONN Health, Farmington, United States
| | - Phillip A Sharp
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, United States
| | | | - Richard O Hynes
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, United States
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23
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Malara A, Gruppi C, Celesti G, Abbonante V, Viarengo G, Laghi L, De Marco L, Muro AF, Balduini A. Alternatively spliced fibronectin extra domain A is required for hemangiogenic recovery upon bone marrow chemotherapy. Haematologica 2017; 103:e42-e45. [PMID: 29146709 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.173070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Malara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy.,Laboratory of Biotechnology, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristian Gruppi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Celesti
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Vittorio Abbonante
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy.,Laboratory of Biotechnology, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gianluca Viarengo
- Immunohaematology and Transfusion Service, Apheresis and Cell Therapy Unit, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luigi Laghi
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi De Marco
- Department of Translational Research, National Cancer Center (IRCCS CRO), Aviano, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrés F Muro
- The International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandra Balduini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy .,Laboratory of Biotechnology, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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24
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Turner CJ, Badu-Nkansah K, Hynes RO. Endothelium-derived fibronectin regulates neonatal vascular morphogenesis in an autocrine fashion. Angiogenesis 2017; 20:519-531. [PMID: 28667352 PMCID: PMC5660148 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-017-9563-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Fibronectin containing alternatively spliced EIIIA and EIIIB domains is largely absent from mature quiescent vessels in adults, but is highly expressed around blood vessels during developmental and pathological angiogenesis. The precise functions of fibronectin and its splice variants during developmental angiogenesis however remain unclear due to the presence of cardiac, somitic, mesodermal and neural defects in existing global fibronectin KO mouse models. Using a rare family of surviving EIIIA EIIIB double KO mice, as well as inducible endothelial-specific fibronectin-deficient mutant mice, we show that vascular development in the neonatal retina is regulated in an autocrine manner by endothelium-derived fibronectin, and requires both EIIIA and EIIIB domains and the RGD-binding α5 and αv integrins for its function. Exogenous sources of fibronectin do not fully substitute for the autocrine function of endothelial fibronectin, demonstrating that fibronectins from different sources contribute differentially to specific aspects of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Turner
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, 76-361, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- University of Suffolk, James Hehir Building, University Avenue, Ipswich, Suffolk, IP3 0FS, UK
| | - Kwabena Badu-Nkansah
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, 76-361, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Duke University Medical Center, 307 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Richard O Hynes
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, 76-361, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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25
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Counterbalancing anti-adhesive effects of Tenascin-C through fibronectin expression in endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12762. [PMID: 28986537 PMCID: PMC5630602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular fibronectin (FN) and tenascin-C (TNC) are prominent development- and disease-associated matrix components with pro- and anti-adhesive activity, respectively. Whereas both are present in the tumour vasculature, their functional interplay on vascular endothelial cells remains unclear. We have previously shown that basally-oriented deposition of a FN matrix restricts motility and promotes junctional stability in cultured endothelial cells and that this effect is tightly coupled to expression of FN. Here we report that TNC induces FN expression in endothelial cells. This effect counteracts the potent anti-adhesive activity of TNC and leads to the assembly of a dense highly-branched subendothelial matrix that enhances tubulogenic activity. These findings suggest that pro-angiogenic remodelling of the perivascular matrix may involve TNC-induced upregulation of FN in endothelial cells.
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26
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Monocyte adhesion to atherosclerotic matrix proteins is enhanced by Asn-Gly-Arg deamidation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5765. [PMID: 28720870 PMCID: PMC5515959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis arises from leukocyte infiltration and thickening of the artery walls and constitutes a major component of vascular disease pathology, but the molecular events underpinning this process are not fully understood. Proteins containing an Asn-Gly-Arg (NGR) motif readily undergo deamidation of asparagine to generate isoDGR structures that bind to integrin αvβ3 on circulating leukocytes. Here we report the identification of isoDGR motifs in human atherosclerotic plaque components including extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins fibronectin and tenascin C, which have been strongly implicated in human atherosclerosis. We further demonstrate that deamidation of NGR motifs in fibronectin and tenascin C leads to increased adhesion of the monocytic cell line U937 and enhanced binding of primary human monocytes, except in the presence of a αvβ3-blocking antibody or the αv-selective inhibitor cilengitide. In contrast, under the same deamidating conditions monocyte-macrophages displayed only weak binding to the alternative ECM component vitronectin which lacks NGR motifs. Together, these findings confirm a critical role for isoDGR motifs in mediating leukocyte adhesion to the ECM via integrin αvβ3 and suggest that protein deamidation may promote the pathological progression of human atherosclerosis by enhancing monocyte recruitment to developing plaques.
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27
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The Therapeutic Potential of Anti-Inflammatory Exerkines in the Treatment of Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061260. [PMID: 28608819 PMCID: PMC5486082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many cardiovascular (CVD) medications, such as antithrombotics, statins, and antihypertensives, have been identified to treat atherosclerosis, at most, many of these therapeutic agents only delay its progression. A growing body of evidence suggests physical exercise could be implemented as a non-pharmacologic treatment due to its pro-metabolic, multisystemic, and anti-inflammatory benefits. Specifically, it has been discovered that certain anti-inflammatory peptides, metabolites, and RNA species (collectively termed “exerkines”) are released in response to exercise that could facilitate these benefits and could serve as potential therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis. However, much of the relationship between exercise and these exerkines remains unanswered, and there are several challenges in the discovery and validation of these exerkines. This review primarily highlights major anti-inflammatory exerkines that could serve as potential therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis. To provide some context and comparison for the therapeutic potential of exerkines, the anti-inflammatory, multisystemic benefits of exercise, the basic mechanisms of atherosclerosis, and the limited efficacies of current anti-inflammatory therapeutics for atherosclerosis are briefly summarized. Finally, key challenges and future directions for exploiting these exerkines in the treatment of atherosclerosis are discussed.
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28
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Lu YW, Lowery AM, Sun LY, Singer HA, Dai G, Adam AP, Vincent PA, Schwarz JJ. Endothelial Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2c Inhibits Migration of Smooth Muscle Cells Through Fenestrations in the Internal Elastic Lamina. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1380-1390. [PMID: 28473437 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Laminar flow activates myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) transcription factors in vitro to induce expression of atheroprotective genes in the endothelium. Here we sought to establish the role of Mef2c in the vascular endothelium in vivo. APPROACH AND RESULTS To study endothelial Mef2c, we generated endothelial-specific deletion of Mef2c using Tie2-Cre or Cdh5-Cre-ERT2 and examined aortas and carotid arteries by en face immunofluorescence. We observed enhanced actin stress fiber formation in the Mef2c-deleted thoracic aortic endothelium (laminar flow region), similar to those observed in normal aortic inner curvature (disturbed flow region). Furthermore, Mef2c deletion resulted in the de novo formation of subendothelial intimal cells expressing markers of differentiated smooth muscle in the thoracic aortas and carotids. Lineage tracing showed that these cells were not of endothelial origin. To define early events in intimal development, we induced endothelial deletion of Mef2c and examined aortas at 4 and 12 weeks postinduction. The number of intimal cell clusters increased from 4 to 12 weeks, but the number of cells within a cluster peaked at 2 cells in both cases, suggesting ongoing migration but minimal proliferation. Moreover, we identified cells extending from the media through fenestrations in the internal elastic lamina into the intima, indicating transfenestral smooth muscle migration. Similar transfenestral migration was observed in wild-type carotid arteries ligated to induce neointimal formation. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that endothelial Mef2c regulates the endothelial actin cytoskeleton and inhibits smooth muscle cell migration into the intima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wei Lu
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (Y.W.L., A.M.L., L.-Y.S., H.A.S., A.P.A., P.A.V., J.J.S.), and Department of Ophthalmology (A.P.A.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (G.D.); and Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA (G.D.)
| | - Anthony M Lowery
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (Y.W.L., A.M.L., L.-Y.S., H.A.S., A.P.A., P.A.V., J.J.S.), and Department of Ophthalmology (A.P.A.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (G.D.); and Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA (G.D.)
| | - Li-Yan Sun
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (Y.W.L., A.M.L., L.-Y.S., H.A.S., A.P.A., P.A.V., J.J.S.), and Department of Ophthalmology (A.P.A.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (G.D.); and Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA (G.D.)
| | - Harold A Singer
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (Y.W.L., A.M.L., L.-Y.S., H.A.S., A.P.A., P.A.V., J.J.S.), and Department of Ophthalmology (A.P.A.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (G.D.); and Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA (G.D.)
| | - Guohao Dai
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (Y.W.L., A.M.L., L.-Y.S., H.A.S., A.P.A., P.A.V., J.J.S.), and Department of Ophthalmology (A.P.A.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (G.D.); and Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA (G.D.)
| | - Alejandro P Adam
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (Y.W.L., A.M.L., L.-Y.S., H.A.S., A.P.A., P.A.V., J.J.S.), and Department of Ophthalmology (A.P.A.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (G.D.); and Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA (G.D.)
| | - Peter A Vincent
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (Y.W.L., A.M.L., L.-Y.S., H.A.S., A.P.A., P.A.V., J.J.S.), and Department of Ophthalmology (A.P.A.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (G.D.); and Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA (G.D.)
| | - John J Schwarz
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (Y.W.L., A.M.L., L.-Y.S., H.A.S., A.P.A., P.A.V., J.J.S.), and Department of Ophthalmology (A.P.A.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (G.D.); and Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA (G.D.).
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29
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Integrin signaling in atherosclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2263-2282. [PMID: 28246700 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2490-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic lipid-driven inflammatory disease affecting large arteries, represents the primary cause of cardiovascular disease in the world. The local remodeling of the vessel intima during atherosclerosis involves the modulation of vascular cell phenotype, alteration of cell migration and proliferation, and propagation of local extracellular matrix remodeling. All of these responses represent targets of the integrin family of cell adhesion receptors. As such, alterations in integrin signaling affect multiple aspects of atherosclerosis, from the earliest induction of inflammation to the development of advanced fibrotic plaques. Integrin signaling has been shown to regulate endothelial phenotype, facilitate leukocyte homing, affect leukocyte function, and drive smooth muscle fibroproliferative remodeling. In addition, integrin signaling in platelets contributes to the thrombotic complications that typically drive the clinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease. In this review, we examine the current literature on integrin regulation of atherosclerotic plaque development and the suitability of integrins as potential therapeutic targets to limit cardiovascular disease and its complications.
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30
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Gortan Cappellari G, Barazzoni R, Cattin L, Muro AF, Zanetti M. Lack of Fibronectin Extra Domain A Alternative Splicing Exacerbates Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37965. [PMID: 27897258 PMCID: PMC5126581 DOI: 10.1038/srep37965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose-induced changes of artery anatomy and function account for diabetic vascular complications, which heavily impact disease morbidity and mortality. Since fibronectin containing extra domain A (EDA + FN) is increased in diabetic vessels and participates to vascular remodeling, we wanted to elucidate whether and how EDA + FN is implicated in diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction using isometric-tension recording in a murine model of diabetes. In thoracic aortas of EDA−/−, EDA+/+ (constitutively lacking and expressing EDA + FN respectively), and of wild-type mice (EDAwt/wt), streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes impaired endothelial vasodilation to acetylcholine, irrespective of genotype. However STZ + EDA−/− mice exhibited increased endothelial dysfunction compared with STZ + EDA+/+ and with STZ + EDAwt/wt. Analysis of the underlying mechanisms revealed that STZ + EDA−/− mice show increased oxidative stress as demonstrated by enhanced aortic superoxide anion, nitrotyrosine levels and expression of NADPH oxidase NOX4 and TGF-β1, the last two being reverted by treatment with the antioxidant n-acetylcysteine. In contrast, NOX1 expression and antioxidant potential were similar in aortas from the three genotypes. Interestingly, reduced eNOS expression in STZ + EDA+/+ vessels is counteracted by increased eNOS coupling and function. Although EDA + FN participates to vascular remodelling, these findings show that it plays a crucial role in limiting diabetic endothelial dysfunction by preventing vascular oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rocco Barazzoni
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luigi Cattin
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrés F Muro
- Mouse Molecular Genetics Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michela Zanetti
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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31
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Yurdagul A, Orr AW. Blood Brothers: Hemodynamics and Cell-Matrix Interactions in Endothelial Function. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 25:415-34. [PMID: 26715135 PMCID: PMC5011636 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Alterations in endothelial function contribute to a variety of vascular diseases. In pathological conditions, the endothelium shows a reduced ability to regulate vasodilation (endothelial dysfunction) and a conversion toward a proinflammatory and leaky phenotype (endothelial activation). At the interface between the vessel wall and blood, the endothelium exists in a complex microenvironment and must translate changes in these environmental signals to alterations in vessel function. Mechanical stimulation and endothelial cell interactions with the vascular matrix, as well as a host of soluble factors, coordinately contribute to this dynamic regulation. RECENT ADVANCES Blood hemodynamics play an established role in the regulation of endothelial function. However, a growing body of work suggests that subendothelial matrix composition similarly and coordinately regulates endothelial cell phenotype such that blood flow affects matrix remodeling, which affects the endothelial response to flow. CRITICAL ISSUES Hemodynamics and soluble factors likely affect endothelial matrix remodeling through multiple mechanisms, including transforming growth factor β signaling and alterations in cell-matrix receptors, such as the integrins. Likewise, differential integrin signaling following matrix remodeling appears to regulate several key flow-induced responses, including nitric oxide production, regulation of oxidant stress, and activation of proinflammatory signaling and gene expression. Microvascular remodeling responses, such as angiogenesis and arteriogenesis, may also show coordinated regulation by flow and matrix. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Identifying the mechanisms regulating the dynamic interplay between hemodynamics and matrix remodeling and their contribution to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease remains an important research area with therapeutic implications across a variety of conditions. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 415-434.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Yurdagul
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center–Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - A. Wayne Orr
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center–Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center–Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal M. Boulanger
- From the INSERM, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center–PARCC, and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S970, Paris, France
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33
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Azevedo AS, Follain G, Patthabhiraman S, Harlepp S, Goetz JG. Metastasis of circulating tumor cells: favorable soil or suitable biomechanics, or both? Cell Adh Migr 2015; 9:345-56. [PMID: 26312653 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2015.1059563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the end product of a multistep process where cancer cells disseminate and home themselves in distant organs. Tumor cell extravasation is a rare, inefficient and transient event in nature and makes its studies very difficult. Noteworthy, little is known about how cancer cells arrest, adhere and pass through the endothelium of capillaries. Moreover, the key events driving metastatic growth in specific organs are not well understood. Thus, although metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related death, how cancer cells acquire their abilities to colonize distant organs and why they do so in specific locations remain central questions in the understanding of this deadly disease. In this review, we would like to confront 2 concepts explaining the efficiency and location of metastatic secondary tumors. While the "seed and soil" hypothesis states that metastasis occurs at sites where the local microenvironment is favorable, the "mechanical" concept argues that metastatic seeding occurs at sites of optimal flow patterns. In addition, recent evidence suggests that the primary event driving tumor cell arrest before extravasation is mostly controlled by blood circulation patterns as well as mechanical cues during the process of extravasation. In conclusion, the organ tropism displayed by cancer cells during metastatic colonization is a multi-step process, which is regulated by the delivery and survival of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) through blood circulation, the ability of these CTCs to adhere and cross the physical barrier imposed by the endothelium and finally by the suitability of the soil to favor growth of secondary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Azevedo
- a Inserm U1109; MN3T ; Strasbourg , France.,b Université de Strasbourg ; Strasbourg , France.,c LabEx Medalis; Université de Strasbourg ; Strasbourg , France.,d Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) ; Strasbourg , France
| | - Gautier Follain
- a Inserm U1109; MN3T ; Strasbourg , France.,b Université de Strasbourg ; Strasbourg , France.,c LabEx Medalis; Université de Strasbourg ; Strasbourg , France.,d Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) ; Strasbourg , France
| | - Shankar Patthabhiraman
- a Inserm U1109; MN3T ; Strasbourg , France.,b Université de Strasbourg ; Strasbourg , France.,c LabEx Medalis; Université de Strasbourg ; Strasbourg , France.,d Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) ; Strasbourg , France
| | - Sébastien Harlepp
- b Université de Strasbourg ; Strasbourg , France.,e IPCMS UMR7504 ; Strasbourg , France.,f LabEx NIE; Université de Strasbourg ; Strasbourg , France
| | - Jacky G Goetz
- a Inserm U1109; MN3T ; Strasbourg , France.,b Université de Strasbourg ; Strasbourg , France.,c LabEx Medalis; Université de Strasbourg ; Strasbourg , France.,d Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) ; Strasbourg , France
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34
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Tabas I, García-Cardeña G, Owens GK. Recent insights into the cellular biology of atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 209:13-22. [PMID: 25869663 PMCID: PMC4395483 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201412052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 691] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis occurs in the subendothelial space (intima) of medium-sized arteries at regions of disturbed blood flow and is triggered by an interplay between endothelial dysfunction and subendothelial lipoprotein retention. Over time, this process stimulates a nonresolving inflammatory response that can cause intimal destruction, arterial thrombosis, and end-organ ischemia. Recent advances highlight important cell biological atherogenic processes, including mechanotransduction and inflammatory processes in endothelial cells, origins and contributions of lesional macrophages, and origins and phenotypic switching of lesional smooth muscle cells. These advances illustrate how in-depth mechanistic knowledge of the cellular pathobiology of atherosclerosis can lead to new ideas for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Department of Physiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Department of Physiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Department of Physiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Guillermo García-Cardeña
- Program in Human Biology and Translational Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Gary K Owens
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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Turner CJ, Badu-Nkansah K, Crowley D, van der Flier A, Hynes RO. α5 and αv integrins cooperate to regulate vascular smooth muscle and neural crest functions in vivo. Development 2015; 142:797-808. [PMID: 25670798 DOI: 10.1242/dev.117572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The RGD-binding α5 and αv integrins have been shown to be key regulators of vascular smooth muscle cell (vSMC) function in vitro. However, their role on vSMCs during vascular development in vivo remains unclear. To address this issue, we have generated mice that lack α5, αv or both α5 and αv integrins on their vSMCs, using the SM22α-Cre transgenic mouse line. To our surprise, neither α5 nor αv mutants displayed any obvious vascular defects during embryonic development. By contrast, mice lacking both α5 and αv integrins developed interrupted aortic arches, large brachiocephalic/carotid artery aneurysms and cardiac septation defects, but developed extensive and apparently normal vasculature in the skin. Cardiovascular defects were also found, along with cleft palates and ectopically located thymi, in Wnt1-Cre α5/αv mutants, suggesting that α5 and αv cooperate on neural crest-derived cells to control the remodelling of the pharyngeal arches and the septation of the heart and outflow tract. Analysis of cultured α5/αv-deficient vSMCs suggests that this is achieved, at least in part, through proper assembly of RGD-containing extracellular matrix proteins and the correct incorporation and activation of latent TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Turner
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kwabena Badu-Nkansah
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Denise Crowley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Arjan van der Flier
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Richard O Hynes
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Murphy PA, Begum S, Hynes RO. Tumor angiogenesis in the absence of fibronectin or its cognate integrin receptors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120872. [PMID: 25807551 PMCID: PMC4373772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of α5β1 and αvβ3/β5 integrin receptors on the endothelium to their fibronectin substrate in the extracellular matrix has been targeted as a possible means of blocking tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth. However, clinical trials of blocking antibodies and peptides have been disappointing despite promising preclinical results, leading to questions about the mechanism of the inhibitors and the reasons for their failure. Here, using tissue-specific and inducible genetics to delete the α5 and αv receptors in the endothelium or their fibronectin substrate, either in the endothelium or globally, we show that both are dispensable for tumor growth, in transplanted tumors as well as spontaneous and angiogenesis-dependent RIP-Tag-driven pancreatic adenocarcinomas. In the nearly complete absence of fibronectin, no differences in vascular density or the deposition of basement membrane laminins, ColIV, Nid1, Nid2, or the TGFβ binding matrix proteins, fibrillin-1 and -2, could be observed. Our results reveal that fibronectin and the endothelial fibronectin receptor subunits, α5 and αv, are dispensable for tumor angiogenesis, suggesting that the inhibition of angiogenesis induced by antibodies or small molecules may occur through a dominant negative effect, rather than a simple functional block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A. Murphy
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Shahinoor Begum
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Richard O. Hynes
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Paloschi V, Gådin JR, Khan S, Björck HM, Du L, Maleki S, Roy J, Lindeman JHM, Mohamed SA, Tsuda T, Franco-Cereceda A, Eriksson P. Aneurysm development in patients with a bicuspid aortic valve is not associated with transforming growth factor-β activation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:973-80. [PMID: 25745062 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) have an increased risk of developing ascending aortic aneurysms. Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is a crucial factor of vascular remodeling, the impaired signaling of which can alter the structure and composition of the extracellular matrix. In this study, we analyzed the activity of TGFβ in aneurysmal and nonaneurysmal ascending aorta from BAV patients, using tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) patients as a reference group. APPROACH AND RESULTS The response to exogenous TGFβ was analyzed with regard to gene expression in primary aortic smooth muscle cells that were isolated from 7 BAV and 5 TAV patients and in valve fibroblasts from 7 BAV and 8 TAV patients. The set of genes that were significantly changed by TGFβ (217 genes) was compared with gene expression profiles of the ascending aorta from BAV and TAV patients (139 arrays). By principle component analysis, based on the 217 genes, gene expression differed significantly in the intima/media region between aneurysmal BAV and TAV aortas, driven by the response in TAV patients. During aneurysm development the levels of phosphorylated SMADs and the availability of free TGFβ were lower in BAV patients compared with TAV. Confocal microscopy analysis showed a higher colocalization of latency associated peptide and latent TGFβ binding protein 3 in BAV aortas. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that TGFβ activation during aneurysm formation is muted in patients with BAV, possibly as a result of an increased TGFβ sequestration in the extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Paloschi
- From the Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine (V.P., J.R.G., H.M.B., L.D., S.M., P.E.), Vascular Surgery Section, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (J.R.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (A.F.-C.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Cardiac Research, Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE (S.K., T.T.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (J.H.M.L.); and Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany (S.A.M.).
| | - Jesper R Gådin
- From the Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine (V.P., J.R.G., H.M.B., L.D., S.M., P.E.), Vascular Surgery Section, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (J.R.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (A.F.-C.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Cardiac Research, Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE (S.K., T.T.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (J.H.M.L.); and Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany (S.A.M.)
| | - Shaukat Khan
- From the Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine (V.P., J.R.G., H.M.B., L.D., S.M., P.E.), Vascular Surgery Section, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (J.R.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (A.F.-C.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Cardiac Research, Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE (S.K., T.T.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (J.H.M.L.); and Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany (S.A.M.)
| | - Hanna M Björck
- From the Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine (V.P., J.R.G., H.M.B., L.D., S.M., P.E.), Vascular Surgery Section, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (J.R.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (A.F.-C.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Cardiac Research, Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE (S.K., T.T.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (J.H.M.L.); and Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany (S.A.M.)
| | - Lei Du
- From the Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine (V.P., J.R.G., H.M.B., L.D., S.M., P.E.), Vascular Surgery Section, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (J.R.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (A.F.-C.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Cardiac Research, Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE (S.K., T.T.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (J.H.M.L.); and Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany (S.A.M.)
| | - Shohreh Maleki
- From the Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine (V.P., J.R.G., H.M.B., L.D., S.M., P.E.), Vascular Surgery Section, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (J.R.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (A.F.-C.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Cardiac Research, Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE (S.K., T.T.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (J.H.M.L.); and Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany (S.A.M.)
| | - Joy Roy
- From the Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine (V.P., J.R.G., H.M.B., L.D., S.M., P.E.), Vascular Surgery Section, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (J.R.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (A.F.-C.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Cardiac Research, Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE (S.K., T.T.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (J.H.M.L.); and Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany (S.A.M.)
| | - Jan H M Lindeman
- From the Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine (V.P., J.R.G., H.M.B., L.D., S.M., P.E.), Vascular Surgery Section, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (J.R.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (A.F.-C.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Cardiac Research, Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE (S.K., T.T.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (J.H.M.L.); and Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany (S.A.M.)
| | - Salah A Mohamed
- From the Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine (V.P., J.R.G., H.M.B., L.D., S.M., P.E.), Vascular Surgery Section, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (J.R.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (A.F.-C.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Cardiac Research, Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE (S.K., T.T.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (J.H.M.L.); and Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany (S.A.M.)
| | - Takeshi Tsuda
- From the Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine (V.P., J.R.G., H.M.B., L.D., S.M., P.E.), Vascular Surgery Section, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (J.R.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (A.F.-C.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Cardiac Research, Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE (S.K., T.T.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (J.H.M.L.); and Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany (S.A.M.)
| | - Anders Franco-Cereceda
- From the Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine (V.P., J.R.G., H.M.B., L.D., S.M., P.E.), Vascular Surgery Section, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (J.R.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (A.F.-C.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Cardiac Research, Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE (S.K., T.T.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (J.H.M.L.); and Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany (S.A.M.)
| | - Per Eriksson
- From the Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine (V.P., J.R.G., H.M.B., L.D., S.M., P.E.), Vascular Surgery Section, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (J.R.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (A.F.-C.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Cardiac Research, Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE (S.K., T.T.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (J.H.M.L.); and Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany (S.A.M.)
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Cybulsky MI, Marsden PA. Effect of Disturbed Blood Flow on Endothelial Cell Gene Expression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1806-8. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myron I. Cybulsky
- From the Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto (M.I.C.), and St Michael’s Hospital, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto (P.A.M.), Toronto, Canada
| | - Philip A. Marsden
- From the Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto (M.I.C.), and St Michael’s Hospital, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto (P.A.M.), Toronto, Canada
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