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Nurden AT. Molecular basis of clot retraction and its role in wound healing. Thromb Res 2023; 231:159-169. [PMID: 36008192 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Clot retraction is important for the prevention of bleeding, in the manifestations of thrombosis and for tissue repair. The molecular mechanisms behind clot formation are complex. Platelet involvement begins with adhesion at sites of vessel injury followed by platelet aggregation, thrombin generation and fibrin production. Other blood cells incorporate into a fibrin mesh that is consolidated by FXIIIa-mediated crosslinking and platelet contractile activity. The latter results in the asymmetric redistribution of erythrocytes into a tighter central mass providing the clot with stability and resistance to fibrinolysis. Integrin αIIbβ3 on platelets is the key player in these events, bridging fibrin and the platelet cytoskeleton. Glycoprotein VI participates in thrombus formation but not in the retraction. Rheological and environmental factors influence clot construction with retraction driven by the platelet cytoskeleton with actomyosin acting as the motor. Activated platelets provide procoagulant activity stimulating thrombin generation together with the release of a plethora of biologically active proteins and substances from storage pools; many form chemotactic gradients within the fibrin or the underlying matrix. Also released are newly synthesized metabolites and lipid-rich vesicles that circulate within the vasculature and mimic platelet functions. Platelets and their released elements play key roles in wound healing. This includes promoting stem cell and mesenchymal stromal cell recruitment, fibroblast and endothelial cell migration, angiogenesis and matrix formation. These properties have led to the use of autologous clots in therapies designed to accelerate tissue repair while offering the potential for genetic manipulation in both inherited and acquired diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan T Nurden
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire LIRYC, Pessac, France.
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2
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Alenazy FO, Harbi MH, Kavanagh DP, Price J, Brady P, Hargreaves O, Harrison P, Slater A, Tiwari A, Nicolson PLR, Connolly DL, Kirchhof P, Kalia N, Jandrot-Perrus M, Mangin PH, Watson SP, Thomas MR. Amplified inhibition of atherosclerotic plaque-induced platelet activation by glenzocimab with dual antiplatelet therapy. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:3236-3251. [PMID: 37541591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspirin and platelet P2Y12 inhibitors, such as ticagrelor, suboptimally inhibit microvascular thrombosis during ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors may further inhibit this but cause excessive bleeding. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether combination of glenzocimab, a GPVI inhibitor, with aspirin and ticagrelor provides additional antithrombotic effects, as GPVI has a critical role in atherothrombosis but minimal involvement in hemostasis. METHODS We investigated the effects of glenzocimab (monoclonal antibody Fab fragment) using blood from healthy donors and patients with acute coronary syndrome treated with aspirin and ticagrelor. Platelets were stimulated with multiple agonists, including atherosclerotic plaque, from patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. RESULTS Aspirin and ticagrelor partially inhibited atherosclerotic plaque-induced platelet aggregation by 48% compared with control (34 ± 3 vs 65 ± 4 U; P < .001). Plaque-induced platelet aggregation, adhesion, secretion, and activation were critically dependent on GPVI activation. Glenzocimab alone reduced plaque-induced aggregation by 75% compared with control (16 ± 4 vs 65 ± 4 U; P < .001) and by >95% when combined with aspirin and ticagrelor (3 ± 1 vs 65 ± 4 U; P < .001). Glenzocimab reduced platelet aggregation, adhesion, and thrombin generation when added to blood of aspirin- and ticagrelor-treated patients with acute coronary syndrome. Glenzocimab shared several antithrombotic effects with the GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor eptifibatide with less effect on general hemostasis assessed by rotational thromboelastometry. In a murine intravital model of ST-elevation myocardial infarction, genetic depletion of GPVI reduced microvascular thrombosis. CONCLUSION Addition of glenzocimab to aspirin and ticagrelor enhances platelet inhibition via multiple mechanisms of atherothrombosis. Compared with a GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor, glenzocimab shares multiple antithrombotic effects, with less inhibition of mechanisms involved in general hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawaz O Alenazy
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maan H Harbi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dean P Kavanagh
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Price
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Brady
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Hargreaves
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Harrison
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre Slater
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alok Tiwari
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip L R Nicolson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Derek L Connolly
- Department of Cardiology, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paulus Kirchhof
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center (UKE) Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - Neena Kalia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Pierre H Mangin
- UMR_S1255, INSERM, Etablissement Francais du Sang-Alsace, Strasbourg, France
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), The Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Thomas
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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3
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Provenzale I, De Simone I, Gibbins JM, Heemskerk JWM, van der Meijden PEJ, Jones CI. Regulation of Glycoprotein VI-Dependent Platelet Activation and Thrombus Formation by Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Perlecan. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13352. [PMID: 37686158 PMCID: PMC10487520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans form a heterogeneous family of proteins with covalently bound sulfated glycosaminoglycans. The extracellular matrix proteoglycan perlecan has been proposed to bind to the platelet- and megakaryocyte-specific receptor G6bB, co-regulating platelet glycoprotein VI (GPVI) signaling. The derived non-sulfate proteoglycan endorepellin was previously shown to enhance platelet adhesion via the collagen receptor, integrin α2β1. Here, we compared the roles of perlecan and other matrix proteoglycans in platelet responses and thrombus formation. We used multi-color flow cytometry to measure the degranulation and integrin αIIbβ3 activation of washed platelets in response to various proteoglycans and collagen-related peptide (CRP), the GPVI agonist. Perlecan, but not endorepellin, enhanced the CRP-induced activation of platelets in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Similar to collagen, immobilized perlecan, but not other proteoglycans, supported static platelet adhesion and spreading. In-flowed whole-blood perlecan diminished shear-dependent platelet adhesion, while it enforced GPVI-dependent thrombus formation-to a larger extent than endorepellin-to induce more contracted aggregates of activated platelets. We concluded that the sulfated proteoglycan perlecan enhances GPVI-dependent platelet responses extending to thrombus formation, but it does so at the expense of reduced adhesion of platelets under flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Provenzale
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6EX, UK
| | - Ilaria De Simone
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6EX, UK
- Synapse Research Institute Maastricht, Kon. Emmaplein 7, 6217 KD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan M. Gibbins
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6EX, UK
| | - Johan W. M. Heemskerk
- Synapse Research Institute Maastricht, Kon. Emmaplein 7, 6217 KD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paola E. J. van der Meijden
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I. Jones
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6EX, UK
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4
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Mangin PH, Gardiner EE, Ariëns RAS, Jandrot-Perrus M. Glycoprotein VI interplay with fibrin(ogen) in thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:1703-1713. [PMID: 36990158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Platelets play a central role in the arrest of bleeding. The ability of platelets to engage with extracellular matrix proteins of the subendothelium has long been recognized as a pivotal platelet attribute, underpinning adequate hemostasis. The propensity of platelets to rapidly bind and functionally respond to collagen was one of the earliest documented events in platelet biology. The receptor primarily responsible for mediating platelet/collagen responses was identified as glycoprotein (GP) VI and successfully cloned in 1999. Since that time, this receptor has held the attention of many research groups, and through these efforts, we now have an excellent understanding of the roles of GPVI as a platelet- and megakaryocyte-specific adheso-signaling receptor in platelet biology. GPVI is considered a viable antithrombotic target, as data obtained from groups across the world is consistent with GPVI being less involved in physiological hemostatic processes but participating in arterial thrombosis. This review will highlight the key aspects of GPVI contributions to platelet biology and concentrate on the interaction with recently identified ligands, with a focus on fibrin and fibrinogen, discussing the role of these interactions in the growth and stability of thrombi. We will also discuss important therapeutic developments that target GPVI to modulate platelet function while minimizing bleeding outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre H Mangin
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Etablissement Français du Sang Grand-Est, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1255, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg F-67065 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Elizabeth E Gardiner
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Robert A S Ariëns
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Martine Jandrot-Perrus
- Université de Paris Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S1148, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
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5
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Billiald P, Slater A, Welin M, Clark JC, Loyau S, Pugnière M, Jiacomini IG, Rose N, Lebozec K, Toledano E, François D, Watson SP, Jandrot-Perrus M. Targeting platelet GPVI with glenzocimab: a novel mechanism for inhibition. Blood Adv 2023; 7:1258-1268. [PMID: 36375047 PMCID: PMC10119634 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022007863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet glycoprotein VI (GPVI) is attracting interest as a potential target for the development of new antiplatelet molecules with a low bleeding risk. GPVI binding to vascular collagen initiates thrombus formation and GPVI interactions with fibrin promote the growth and stability of the thrombus. In this study, we show that glenzocimab, a clinical stage humanized antibody fragment (Fab) with a high affinity for GPVI, blocks the binding of both ligands through a combination of steric hindrance and structural change. A cocrystal of glenzocimab with an extracellular domain of monomeric GPVI was obtained and its structure determined to a resolution of 1.9 Å. The data revealed that (1) glenzocimab binds to the D2 domain of GPVI, GPVI dimerization was not observed in the crystal structure because glenzocimab prevented D2 homotypic interactions and the formation of dimers that have a high affinity for collagen and fibrin; and (2) the light variable domain of the GPVI-bound Fab causes steric hindrance that is predicted to prevent the collagen-related peptide (CRP)/collagen fibers from extending out of their binding site and preclude GPVI clustering and downstream signaling. Glenzocimab did not bind to a truncated GPVI missing loop residues 129 to 136, thus validating the epitope identified in the crystal structure. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the binding of glenzocimab to the D2 domain of GPVI induces steric hindrance and structural modifications that drive the inhibition of GPVI interactions with its major ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Billiald
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, UMR_S1148 INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
- School of Pharmacy, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Alexandre Slater
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Welin
- SARomics Biostructures, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | - Joanne C. Clark
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphane Loyau
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, UMR_S1148 INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Martine Pugnière
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, U1194, Université Montpellier, ICM Institut Régional du Cancer, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabella G. Jiacomini
- Departamento de Patologia Básica, Laboratório de Imunoquímica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Nadia Rose
- SARomics Biostructures, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Steve P. Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Martine Jandrot-Perrus
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, UMR_S1148 INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
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6
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Gauer JS, Duval C, Xu RG, Macrae FL, McPherson HR, Tiede C, Tomlinson D, Watson SP, Ariëns RAS. Fibrin-glycoprotein VI interaction increases platelet procoagulant activity and impacts clot structure. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:667-681. [PMID: 36696196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glycoprotein VI (GPVI) signaling pathway was previously reported to direct procoagulant platelet activity through collagen binding. However, the impact of GPVI-fibrin interaction on procoagulant platelet development and how it modulates the clot structure are unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of GPVI-fibrin interaction on the platelet phenotype and its impact on the clot structure. METHODS Procoagulant platelets in platelet-rich plasma clots were determined by scanning electron microscopy (wild-type and GPVI-deficient murine samples) and confocal microscopy. Procoagulant platelet number, clot density, clot porosity, and clot retraction were determined in platelet-rich plasma or whole blood clots of healthy volunteers in the presence of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (PRT-060318, ibrutinib, and dasatinib) and eptifibatide. RESULTS GPVI-deficient clots showed a higher nonprocoagulant vs procoagulant platelet ratio than wild-type clots. The fiber density and the procoagulant platelet number decreased in the presence of Affimer proteins, inhibiting GPVI-fibrin(ogen) interaction and the tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The effect of GPVI signaling inhibitors on the procoagulant platelet number was exacerbated by eptifibatide. The tyrosine kinase inhibitors led to an increase in clot porosity; however, no differences were observed in the final clot weight, following clot retraction with the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, except for ibrutinib. In the presence of eptifibatide, clot retraction was impaired. CONCLUSION Our findings showed that GPVI-fibrin interaction significantly contributes to the development of procoagulant platelets and that inhibition of GPVI signaling increases clot porosity. Clot contractibility was impaired by the integrin αIIbβ3 and Btk pathway inhibition. Thus, inhibition of GPVI-fibrin interactions can alleviate structural characteristics that contribute to a prothrombotic clot phenotype, having potential important implications for novel antithrombotic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Gauer
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Cédric Duval
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Rui-Gang Xu
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Fraser L Macrae
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Helen R McPherson
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Tiede
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Darren Tomlinson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A S Ariëns
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
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7
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Jooss NJ, Henskens YMC, Watson SP, Farndale RW, Gawaz MP, Jandrot-Perrus M, Poulter NS, Heemskerk JWM. Pharmacological Inhibition of Glycoprotein VI- and Integrin α2β1-Induced Thrombus Formation Modulated by the Collagen Type. Thromb Haemost 2023; 123:597-612. [PMID: 36807826 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1761463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In secondary cardiovascular disease prevention, treatments blocking platelet-derived secondary mediators pose a risk of bleeding. Pharmacological interference of the interaction of platelets with exposed vascular collagens is an attractive alternative, with clinical trials ongoing. Antagonists of the collagen receptors, glycoprotein VI (GPVI), and integrin α2β1, include recombinant GPVI-Fc dimer construct Revacept, 9O12 mAb based on the GPVI-blocking reagent Glenzocimab, Syk tyrosine-kinase inhibitor PRT-060318, and anti-α2β1 mAb 6F1. No direct comparison has been made of the antithrombic potential of these drugs. METHODS Using a multiparameter whole-blood microfluidic assay, we compared the effects of Revacept, 9O12-Fab, PRT-060318, or 6F1 mAb intervention with vascular collagens and collagen-related substrates with varying dependencies on GPVI and α2β1. To inform on Revacept binding to collagen, we used fluorescent-labelled anti-GPVI nanobody-28. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION In this first comparison of four inhibitors of platelet-collagen interactions with antithrombotic potential, we find that at arterial shear rate: (1) the thrombus-inhibiting effect of Revacept was restricted to highly GPVI-activating surfaces; (2) 9O12-Fab consistently but partly inhibited thrombus size on all surfaces; (3) effects of GPVI-directed interventions were surpassed by Syk inhibition; and (4) α2β1-directed intervention with 6F1 mAb was strongest for collagens where Revacept and 9O12-Fab were limitedly effective. Our data hence reveal a distinct pharmacological profile for GPVI-binding competition (Revacept), GPVI receptor blockage (9O12-Fab), GPVI signaling (PRT-060318), and α2β1 blockage (6F1 mAb) in flow-dependent thrombus formation, depending on the platelet-activating potential of the collagen substrate. This work thus points to additive antithrombotic action mechanisms of the investigated drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Jooss
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne M C Henskens
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Richard W Farndale
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,CambCol Laboratories, Ely, United Kingdom
| | - Meinrad P Gawaz
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martine Jandrot-Perrus
- UMR_S1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, INSERM, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Natalie S Poulter
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Johan W M Heemskerk
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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8
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Damaskinaki FN, Jooss NJ, Martin EM, Clark JC, Thomas MR, Poulter NS, Emsley J, Kellam B, Watson SP, Slater A. Characterizing the binding of glycoprotein VI with nanobody 35 reveals a novel monomeric structure of glycoprotein VI where the conformation of D1+D2 is independent of dimerization. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:317-328. [PMID: 36700508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The platelet-signaling receptor glycoprotein VI (GPVI) is a promising antithrombotic target. We have previously raised a series of high-affinity nanobodies (Nbs) against GPVI and identified Nb2, Nb21, and Nb35 as potent GPVI inhibitors. The Nb2 binding site has been mapped to the D1 domain, which is directly adjacent to the CRP binding site. Ligand-binding complementary determining region 3 has only 15% conservation between all 3 Nbs. OBJECTIVES To map the binding sites of Nb21 and Nb35 on GPVI. METHODS We determined the X-ray crystal structure of the D1 and D2 extracellular domains of the GPVI-Nb35 complex. We then looked at the effects of various GPVI mutations on the ability of Nbs to inhibit collagen binding and GPVI signaling using surface binding assays and transfected cell lines. RESULTS The crystal structure of GPVI bound to Nb35 was solved. GPVI was present as a monomer, and the D1+D2 conformation was comparable to that in the dimeric structure. Arg46, Tyr47, and Ala57 are common residues on GPVI targeted by both Nb2 and Nb35. Mutating Arg46 to an Ala abrogated the ability of Nb2, Nb21, and Nb35 to inhibit collagen-induced GPVI signaling and blocked the binding of all 3 Nbs. In addition, Arg60 was found to reduce Nb21 inhibition but not the inhibition Nb2 or Nb35. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal key residues involved in the high-affinity binding of GPVI inhibitors and negate the idea that GPVI dimerization induces a conformational change required for ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foteini-Nafsika Damaskinaki
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Level 1 IBR, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK; Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Natalie J Jooss
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Level 1 IBR, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eleyna M Martin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Level 1 IBR, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joanne C Clark
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Level 1 IBR, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Mark R Thomas
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Level 1 IBR, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Cardiology, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Natalie S Poulter
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Level 1 IBR, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Jonas Emsley
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK; Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Barrie Kellam
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK; Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Level 1 IBR, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Alexandre Slater
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Level 1 IBR, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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9
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Subtype-specific plasma signatures of platelet-related protein releasate in acute pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res 2022; 220:75-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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De Simone I, Baaten CCFMJ, Jandrot-Perrus M, Gibbins JM, ten Cate H, Heemskerk JWM, Jones CI, van der Meijden PEJ. Coagulation Factor XIIIa and Activated Protein C Activate Platelets via GPVI and PAR1. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810203. [PMID: 36142125 PMCID: PMC9499330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet and coagulation activation are highly reciprocal processes driven by multi-molecular interactions. Activated platelets secrete several coagulation factors and expose phosphatidylserine, which supports the activation of coagulation factor proteins. On the other hand, the coagulation cascade generates known ligands for platelet receptors, such as thrombin and fibrin. Coagulation factor (F)Xa, (F)XIIIa and activated protein C (APC) can also bind to platelets, but the functional consequences are unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of the activated (anti)coagulation factors on platelets, other than thrombin. Multicolor flow cytometry and aggregation experiments revealed that the ‘supernatant of (hirudin-treated) coagulated plasma’ (SCP) enhanced CRP-XL-induced platelet responses, i.e., integrin αIIbβ3 activation, P-selectin exposure and aggregate formation. We demonstrated that FXIIIa in combination with APC enhanced platelet activation in solution, and separately immobilized FXIIIa and APC resulted in platelet spreading. Platelet activation by FXIIIa was inhibited by molecular blockade of glycoprotein VI (GPVI) or Syk kinase. In contrast, platelet spreading on immobilized APC was inhibited by PAR1 blockade. Immobilized, but not soluble, FXIIIa and APC also enhanced in vitro adhesion and aggregation under flow. In conclusion, in coagulation, factors other than thrombin or fibrin can induce platelet activation via GPVI and PAR receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria De Simone
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Research, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AS, UK
| | - Constance C. F. M. J. Baaten
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martine Jandrot-Perrus
- UMR_S1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, INSERM, University Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Jonathan M. Gibbins
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Research, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AS, UK
| | - Hugo ten Cate
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Thrombosis Expertise Center, Heart and Vascular Center, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W. M. Heemskerk
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Synapse Research Institute, 6217 KD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I. Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Research, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AS, UK
- Correspondence: (C.I.J.); (P.E.J.v.d.M.); Tel.: +44-(0)-118-378-7047 (C.I.J.); +31-43-388-1684 (P.E.J.v.d.M.)
| | - Paola E. J. van der Meijden
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Thrombosis Expertise Center, Heart and Vascular Center, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (C.I.J.); (P.E.J.v.d.M.); Tel.: +44-(0)-118-378-7047 (C.I.J.); +31-43-388-1684 (P.E.J.v.d.M.)
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11
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Roles of Focal Adhesion Kinase PTK2 and Integrin αIIbβ3 Signaling in Collagen- and GPVI-Dependent Thrombus Formation under Shear. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158688. [PMID: 35955827 PMCID: PMC9369275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein (GP)VI and integrin αIIbβ3 are key signaling receptors in collagen-dependent platelet aggregation and in arterial thrombus formation under shear. The multiple downstream signaling pathways are still poorly understood. Here, we focused on disclosing the integrin-dependent roles of focal adhesion kinase (protein tyrosine kinase 2, PTK2), the shear-dependent collagen receptor GPR56 (ADGRG1 gene), and calcium and integrin-binding protein 1 (CIB1). We designed and synthetized peptides that interfered with integrin αIIb binding (pCIB and pCIBm) or mimicked the activation of GPR56 (pGRP). The results show that the combination of pGRP with PTK2 inhibition or of pGRP with pCIB > pCIBm in additive ways suppressed collagen- and GPVI-dependent platelet activation, thrombus buildup, and contraction. Microscopic thrombus formation was assessed by eight parameters (with script descriptions enclosed). The suppressive rather than activating effects of pGRP were confined to blood flow at a high shear rate. Blockage of PTK2 or interference of CIB1 no more than slightly affected thrombus formation at a low shear rate. Peptides did not influence GPVI-induced aggregation and Ca2+ signaling in the absence of shear. Together, these data reveal a shear-dependent signaling axis of PTK2, integrin αIIbβ3, and CIB1 in collagen- and GPVI-dependent thrombus formation, which is modulated by GPR56 and exclusively at high shear. This work thereby supports the role of PTK2 in integrin αIIbβ3 activation and signaling.
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12
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Targeting of a Conserved Epitope in Mouse and Human GPVI Differently Affects Receptor Function. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158610. [PMID: 35955743 PMCID: PMC9369317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein (GP) VI is the major platelet collagen receptor and a promising anti-thrombotic target. This was first demonstrated in mice using the rat monoclonal antibody JAQ1, which completely blocks the Collagen-Related Peptide (CRP)-binding site on mouse GPVI and efficiently inhibits mouse platelet adhesion, activation and aggregation on collagen. Here, we show for the first time that JAQ1 cross-reacts with human GPVI (huGPVI), but not with GPVI in other tested species, including rat, rabbit, guinea pig, swine, and dog. We further demonstrate that JAQ1 differently modulates mouse and human GPVI function. Similar to its effects on mouse GPVI (mGPVI), JAQ1 inhibits CRP-induced activation in human platelets, whereas, in stark contrast to mouse GPVI, it does not inhibit the adhesion, activation or aggregate formation of human platelets on collagen, but causes instead an increased response. This effect was also seen with platelets from newly generated human GPVI knockin mice (hGP6tg/tg). These results indicate that the binding of JAQ1 to a structurally conserved epitope in GPVI differently affects its function in human and mouse platelets.
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13
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Brouns SLN, Tullemans BME, Bulato C, Perrella G, Campello E, Spiezia L, Geffen J, Kuijpers MJE, Oerle R, Spronk HH, Meijden PEJ, Simioni P, Heemskerk JWM. Protein C or Protein S deficiency associates with paradoxically impaired platelet‐dependent thrombus and fibrin formation under flow. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2022; 6:e12678. [PMID: 35284776 PMCID: PMC8900581 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low plasma levels of protein C or protein S are associated with venous thromboembolism rather than myocardial infarction. The high coagulant activity in patients with thrombophilia with a (familial) defect in protein C or S is explained by defective protein C activation, involving thrombomodulin and protein S. This causes increased plasmatic thrombin generation. Objective Assess the role of platelets in the thrombus‐ and fibrin‐forming potential in patients with familial protein C or protein S deficiency under high‐shear flow conditions. Patients/Methods Whole blood from 23 patients and 15 control subjects was perfused over six glycoprotein VI–dependent microspot surfaces. By real‐time multicolor microscopic imaging, kinetics of platelet thrombus and fibrin formation were characterized in 49 parameters. Results and Conclusion Whole‐blood flow perfusion over collagen, collagen‐like peptide, and fibrin surfaces with low or high GPVI dependency indicated an unexpected impairment of platelet activation, thrombus phenotype, and fibrin formation but unchanged platelet adhesion, observed in patients with protein C deficiency and to a lesser extent protein S deficiency, when compared to controls. The defect extended from diminished phosphatidylserine exposure and thrombus contraction to delayed and suppressed fibrin formation. The mechanism was thrombomodulin independent, and may involve negative platelet priming by plasma components. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne L. N. Brouns
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine CARIM Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Bibian M. E. Tullemans
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine CARIM Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Cristiana Bulato
- Department of Medicine University of Padua Medical School Padova Italy
| | - Gina Perrella
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine CARIM Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht The Netherlands
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
| | - Elena Campello
- Department of Medicine University of Padua Medical School Padova Italy
| | - Luca Spiezia
- Department of Medicine University of Padua Medical School Padova Italy
| | - Johanna P. Geffen
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine CARIM Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Marijke J. E. Kuijpers
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine CARIM Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - René Oerle
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine CARIM Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Henri M. H. Spronk
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine CARIM Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Paola E. J. Meijden
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine CARIM Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Simioni
- Department of Medicine University of Padua Medical School Padova Italy
| | - Johan W. M. Heemskerk
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine CARIM Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht The Netherlands
- Synapse Research Institute Maastricht The Netherlands
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14
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Perrella G, Montague SJ, Brown HC, Garcia Quintanilla L, Slater A, Stegner D, Thomas M, Heemskerk JWM, Watson SP. Role of Tyrosine Kinase Syk in Thrombus Stabilisation at High Shear. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23010493. [PMID: 35008919 PMCID: PMC8745592 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the pathways involved in the formation and stability of the core and shell regions of a platelet-rich arterial thrombus may result in new ways to treat arterial thrombosis. The distinguishing feature between these two regions is the absence of fibrin in the shell which indicates that in vitro flow-based assays over thrombogenic surfaces, in the absence of coagulation, can be used to resemble this region. In this study, we have investigated the contribution of Syk tyrosine kinase in the stability of platelet aggregates (or thrombi) formed on collagen or atherosclerotic plaque homogenate at arterial shear (1000 s-1). We show that post-perfusion of the Syk inhibitor PRT-060318 over preformed thrombi on both surfaces enhances thrombus breakdown and platelet detachment. The resulting loss of thrombus stability led to a reduction in thrombus contractile score which could be detected as early as 3 min after perfusion of the Syk inhibitor. A similar loss of thrombus stability was observed with ticagrelor and indomethacin, inhibitors of platelet adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor and thromboxane A2 (TxA2), respectively, and in the presence of the Src inhibitor, dasatinib. In contrast, the Btk inhibitor, ibrutinib, causes only a minor decrease in thrombus contractile score. Weak thrombus breakdown is also seen with the blocking GPVI nanobody, Nb21, which indicates, at best, a minor contribution of collagen to the stability of the platelet aggregate. These results show that Syk regulates thrombus stability in the absence of fibrin in human platelets under flow and provide evidence that this involves pathways additional to activation of GPVI by collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Perrella
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (G.P.); (S.J.M.); (H.C.B.); (L.G.Q.); (A.S.); (M.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry, CARIM, Maastricht University, 6200 AC Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Samantha J. Montague
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (G.P.); (S.J.M.); (H.C.B.); (L.G.Q.); (A.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Helena C. Brown
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (G.P.); (S.J.M.); (H.C.B.); (L.G.Q.); (A.S.); (M.T.)
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Lourdes Garcia Quintanilla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (G.P.); (S.J.M.); (H.C.B.); (L.G.Q.); (A.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Alexandre Slater
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (G.P.); (S.J.M.); (H.C.B.); (L.G.Q.); (A.S.); (M.T.)
| | - David Stegner
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Mark Thomas
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (G.P.); (S.J.M.); (H.C.B.); (L.G.Q.); (A.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Johan W. M. Heemskerk
- Department of Biochemistry, CARIM, Maastricht University, 6200 AC Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Department Synapse Research Institute, 6214 AC Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Steve P. Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (G.P.); (S.J.M.); (H.C.B.); (L.G.Q.); (A.S.); (M.T.)
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), The Universities of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), The Universities of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-0121-4146514
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15
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Navarro S, Stegner D, Nieswandt B, Heemskerk JWM, Kuijpers MJE. Temporal Roles of Platelet and Coagulation Pathways in Collagen- and Tissue Factor-Induced Thrombus Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010358. [PMID: 35008781 PMCID: PMC8745329 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In hemostasis and thrombosis, the complex process of thrombus formation involves different molecular pathways of platelet and coagulation activation. These pathways are considered as operating together at the same time, but this has not been investigated. The objective of our study was to elucidate the time-dependency of key pathways of thrombus and clot formation, initiated by collagen and tissue factor surfaces, where coagulation is triggered via the extrinsic route. Therefore, we adapted a microfluidics whole-blood assay with the Maastricht flow chamber to acutely block molecular pathways by pharmacological intervention at desired time points. Application of the technique revealed crucial roles of glycoprotein VI (GPVI)-induced platelet signaling via Syk kinase as well as factor VIIa-induced thrombin generation, which were confined to the first minutes of thrombus buildup. A novel anti-GPVI Fab EMF-1 was used for this purpose. In addition, platelet activation with the protease-activating receptors 1/4 (PAR1/4) and integrin αIIbβ3 appeared to be prolongedly active and extended to later stages of thrombus and clot formation. This work thereby revealed a more persistent contribution of thrombin receptor-induced platelet activation than of collagen receptor-induced platelet activation to the thrombotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Navarro
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080 Wurzburg, Germany; (S.N.); (D.S.); (B.N.)
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, 97080 Wurzburg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David Stegner
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080 Wurzburg, Germany; (S.N.); (D.S.); (B.N.)
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, 97080 Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080 Wurzburg, Germany; (S.N.); (D.S.); (B.N.)
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, 97080 Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Johan W. M. Heemskerk
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Synapse Research Institute, Kon. Emmaplein 7, 6214 KD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (J.W.M.H.); (M.J.E.K.); Tel.: +31-43-3881674 (M.J.E.K.)
| | - Marijke J. E. Kuijpers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Thrombosis Expertise Center, Heart and Vascular Center, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Professor Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (J.W.M.H.); (M.J.E.K.); Tel.: +31-43-3881674 (M.J.E.K.)
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16
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Platelet binding to polymerizing fibrin is avidity driven and requires activated αIIbβ3 but not fibrin cross-linking. Blood Adv 2021; 5:3986-4002. [PMID: 34647980 PMCID: PMC8945615 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet interaction with polymerizing fibrin is avidity driven and requires activated αIIbβ3 but not fibrin cross-linking. The mechanism by which αIIbβ3 interacts with polymerizing fibrin differs subtly from the interaction of αIIbβ3 with fibrinogen.
The molecular basis of platelet-fibrin interactions remains poorly understood despite the predominance of fibrin in thrombi. We have studied the interaction of platelets with polymerizing fibrin by adding thrombin to washed platelets in the presence of the peptide RGDW, which inhibits the initial platelet aggregation mediated by fibrinogen binding to αIIbβ3 but leaves intact a delayed increase in light transmission (delayed wave; DW) as platelets interact with the polymerizing fibrin. The DW was absent in platelets from a patient with Glanzmann thrombasthenia, indicating a requirement for αIIbβ3. The DW required αIIbb3 activation and it was inhibited by the αIIbβ3 antagonists eptifibatide and the monoclonal antibody (mAb) 7E3, but only at much higher concentrations than needed to inhibit platelet aggregation initiated by a thrombin receptor activating peptide (T6). Surface plasmon resonance and scanning electron microscopy studies both supported fibrin having greater avidity for αIIbβ3 than fibrinogen rather than greater affinity, consistent with fibrin’s multivalency. mAb 10E5, a potent inhibitor of T6-induced platelet aggregation, did not inhibit the DW, suggesting that fibrin differs from fibrinogen in its mechanism of binding. Inhibition of factor XIII–mediated fibrin cross-linking by >95% reduced the DW by only 32%. Clot retraction showed a pattern of inhibition similar to that of the DW. We conclude that activated αIIbβ3 is the primary mediator of platelet-fibrin interactions leading to clot retraction, and that the interaction is avidity driven, does not require fibrin cross-linking, and is mediated by a mechanism that differs subtly from that of the interaction of αIIbβ3 with fibrinogen.
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17
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Molecular Proteomics and Signalling of Human Platelets in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189860. [PMID: 34576024 PMCID: PMC8468031 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are small anucleate blood cells that play vital roles in haemostasis and thrombosis, besides other physiological and pathophysiological processes. These roles are tightly regulated by a complex network of signalling pathways. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic techniques are contributing not only to the identification and quantification of new platelet proteins, but also reveal post-translational modifications of these molecules, such as acetylation, glycosylation and phosphorylation. Moreover, target proteomic analysis of platelets can provide molecular biomarkers for genetic aberrations with established or non-established links to platelet dysfunctions. In this report, we review 67 reports regarding platelet proteomic analysis and signalling on a molecular base. Collectively, these provide detailed insight into the: (i) technical developments and limitations of the assessment of platelet (sub)proteomes; (ii) molecular protein changes upon ageing of platelets; (iii) complexity of platelet signalling pathways and functions in response to collagen, rhodocytin, thrombin, thromboxane A2 and ADP; (iv) proteomic effects of endothelial-derived mediators such as prostacyclin and the anti-platelet drug aspirin; and (v) molecular protein changes in platelets from patients with congenital disorders or cardiovascular disease. However, sample sizes are still low and the roles of differentially expressed proteins are often unknown. Based on the practical and technical possibilities and limitations, we provide a perspective for further improvements of the platelet proteomic field.
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18
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Perrella G, Nagy M, Watson SP, Heemskerk JWM. Platelet GPVI (Glycoprotein VI) and Thrombotic Complications in the Venous System. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:2681-2692. [PMID: 34496636 PMCID: PMC9653110 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.316108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The immunoglobulin receptor GPVI (glycoprotein VI) is selectively expressed on megakaryocytes and platelets and is currently recognized as a receptor for not only collagen but also a variety of plasma and vascular proteins, including fibrin, fibrinogen, laminin, fibronectin, and galectin-3. Deficiency of GPVI is protective in mouse models of experimental thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism as well as in thromboinflammation, suggesting a role of GPVI in arterial and venous thrombus formation. In humans, platelet GPVI deficiency is associated with a mild bleeding phenotype, whereas a common variant rs1613662 in the GP6 gene is considered a risk factor for venous thromboembolism. However, preclinical studies on the inhibition of GPVI-ligand interactions are focused on arterial thrombotic complications. In this review we discuss the emerging evidence for GPVI in venous thrombus formation and leukocyte-dependent thromboinflammation, extending to venous thromboembolism, pulmonary thromboembolism, and cancer metastasis. We also recapitulate indications for circulating soluble GPVI as a biomarker of thrombosis-related complications. Collectively, we conclude that the current evidence suggests that platelet GPVI is also a suitable cotarget in the prevention of venous thrombosis due to its role in thrombus consolidation and platelet-leukocyte complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Perrella
- Department of Biochemistry, CARIM, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (G.P., M.N., J.W.M.H.).,Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (G.P., S.P.W.)
| | - Magdolna Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry, CARIM, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (G.P., M.N., J.W.M.H.)
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (G.P., S.P.W.).,COMPARE, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, United Kingdom (S.P.W.)
| | - Johan W M Heemskerk
- Department of Biochemistry, CARIM, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (G.P., M.N., J.W.M.H.).,Now with Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, the Netherlands (J.W.M.H.)
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19
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Nurden A. Profiling the Genetic and Molecular Characteristics of Glanzmann Thrombasthenia: Can It Guide Current and Future Therapies? J Blood Med 2021; 12:581-599. [PMID: 34267570 PMCID: PMC8275161 DOI: 10.2147/jbm.s273053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) is the most widely studied inherited disease of platelet function. Platelets fail to aggregate due to a defect in platelet-to-platelet attachment. The hemostatic plug fails to form and a moderate to severe bleeding diathesis results. Classically of autosomal recessive inheritance, GT is caused by defects within the ITGA2B and ITGB3 genes that encode the αIIbβ3 integrin expressed at high density on the platelet surface and also in intracellular pools. Activated αIIbβ3 acts as a receptor for fibrinogen and other adhesive proteins that hold platelets together in a thrombus. Over 50 years of careful clinical and biological investigation have provided important advances that have improved not only the quality of life of the patients but which have also contributed to an understanding of how αIIbβ3 functions. Despite major improvements in our knowledge of GT and its genetic causes, extensive biological and clinical variability with respect to the severity and intensity of bleeding remains poorly understood. I now scan the repertoire of ITGA2B and ITGB3 gene defects and highlight the wide genetic and biological heterogeneity within the type II and variant subgroups especially with regard to bleeding, clot retraction, the internal platelet Fg storage pool and the nature of the mutations causing the disease. I underline the continued importance of gene profiling and biological studies and emphasize the multifactorial etiology of the clinical expression of the disease. This is done in a manner to provide guidelines for future studies and future treatments of a disease that has not only aided research on rare diseases but also contributed to advances in antithrombotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Nurden
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire LIRYC, Pessac, France
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