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Carvalho TP, Toledo FAO, Bautista DFA, Silva MF, Oliveira JBS, Lima PA, Costa FB, Ribeiro NQ, Lee JY, Birbrair A, Paixão TA, Tsolis RM, Santos RL. Pericytes modulate endothelial inflammatory response during bacterial infection. mBio 2024; 15:e0325223. [PMID: 38289074 PMCID: PMC10936204 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03252-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are located around blood vessels, in close contact with endothelial cells. We discovered that pericytes dampen pro-inflammatory endothelial cell responses. Endothelial cells co-cultured with pericytes had markedly reduced expression of adhesion molecules (PECAM-1 and ICAM-1) and proinflammatory cytokines (CCL-2 and IL-6) in response to bacterial stimuli (Brucella ovis, Listeria monocytogenes, or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide). Pericyte-depleted mice intraperitoneally inoculated with either B. ovis, a stealthy pathogen that does not trigger detectable inflammation, or Listeria monocytogenes, developed peritonitis. Further, during Citrobacter rodentium infection, pericyte-depleted mice developed severe intestinal inflammation, which was not evident in control mice. The anti-inflammatory effect of pericytes required connexin 43, as either chemical inhibition or silencing of connexin 43 abrogated pericyte-mediated suppression of endothelial inflammatory responses. Our results define a mechanism by which pericytes modulate inflammation during infection, which shifts our understanding of pericyte biology: from a structural cell to a pro-active player in modulating inflammation. IMPORTANCE A previously unknown mechanism by which pericytes modulate inflammation was discovered. The absence of pericytes or blocking interaction between pericytes and endothelium through connexin 43 results in stronger inflammation, which shifts our understanding of pericyte biology, from a structural cell to a player in controlling inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaynara P. Carvalho
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Frank A. O. Toledo
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diego F. A. Bautista
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Monique F. Silva
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jefferson B. S. Oliveira
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pâmela A. Lima
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabíola B. Costa
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Noelly Q. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jee-Yon Lee
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tatiane A. Paixão
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Reneé M. Tsolis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Renato L. Santos
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Li G, Gao J, Ding P, Gao Y. The role of endothelial cell-pericyte interactions in vascularization and diseases. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00029-8. [PMID: 38246244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial cells (ECs) and pericytes (PCs) are crucial components of the vascular system, with ECs lining the inner layer of blood vessels and PCs surrounding capillaries to regulate blood flow and angiogenesis. Intercellular communication between ECs and PCs is vital for the formation, stability, and function of blood vessels. Various signaling pathways, such as the vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor pathway and the platelet-derived growth factor-B/platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β pathway, play roles in communication between ECs and PCs. Dysfunctional communication between these cells is associated with various diseases, including vascular diseases, central nervous system disorders, and certain types of cancers. AIM OF REVIEW This review aimed to explore the diverse roles of ECs and PCs in the formation and reshaping of blood vessels. This review focused on the essential signaling pathways that facilitate communication between these cells and investigated how disruptions in these pathways may contribute to disease. Additionally, the review explored potential therapeutic targets, future research directions, and innovative approaches, such as investigating the impact of EC-PCs in novel systemic diseases, addressing resistance to antiangiogenic drugs, and developing novel antiangiogenic medications to enhance therapeutic efficacy. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Disordered EC-PC intercellular signaling plays a role in abnormal blood vessel formation, thus contributing to the progression of various diseases and the development of resistance to antiangiogenic drugs. Therefore, studies on EC-PC intercellular interactions have high clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China; Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Junjie Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China; Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China; Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Fujian, No. 16, Luoshan Section, Jinguang Road, Luoshan Street, Jinjiang City, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Peng Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China; Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Youshui Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China; Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China.
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3
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Simon-Chica A, Wülfers EM, Kohl P. Nonmyocytes as electrophysiological contributors to cardiac excitation and conduction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 325:H475-H491. [PMID: 37417876 PMCID: PMC10538996 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00184.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Although cardiac action potential (AP) generation and propagation have traditionally been attributed exclusively to cardiomyocytes (CM), other cell types in the heart are also capable of forming electrically conducting junctions. Interactions between CM and nonmyocytes (NM) enable and modulate each other's activity. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of heterocellular electrical communication in the heart. Although cardiac fibroblasts were initially thought to be electrical insulators, recent studies have demonstrated that they form functional electrical connections with CM in situ. Other NM, such as macrophages, have also been recognized as contributing to cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmogenesis. Novel experimental tools have enabled the investigation of cell-specific activity patterns in native cardiac tissue, which is expected to yield exciting new insights into the development of novel or improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Simon-Chica
- Novel Arrhythmogenic Mechanisms Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eike M Wülfers
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Peter Kohl
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Lother A, Kohl P. The heterocellular heart: identities, interactions, and implications for cardiology. Basic Res Cardiol 2023; 118:30. [PMID: 37495826 PMCID: PMC10371928 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-023-01000-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The heterocellular nature of the heart has been receiving increasing attention in recent years. In addition to cardiomyocytes as the prototypical cell type of the heart, non-myocytes such as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, or immune cells are coming more into focus. The rise of single-cell sequencing technologies enables identification of ever more subtle differences and has reignited the question of what defines a cell's identity. Here we provide an overview of the major cardiac cell types, describe their roles in homeostasis, and outline recent findings on non-canonical functions that may be of relevance for cardiology. We highlight modes of biochemical and biophysical interactions between different cardiac cell types and discuss the potential implications of the heterocellular nature of the heart for basic research and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Lother
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Medical Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Peter Kohl
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Heart Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Dong Y, Ma G, Hou X, Han Y, Ding Z, Tang W, Chen L, Chen Y, Zhou B, Rao F, Lv K, Du C, Cao H. Kindlin-2 controls angiogenesis through modulating Notch1 signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:223. [PMID: 37480504 PMCID: PMC11072286 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04866-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Kindlin-2 is critical for development and homeostasis of key organs, including skeleton, liver, islet, etc., yet its role in modulating angiogenesis is unknown. Here, we report that sufficient KINDLIN-2 is extremely important for NOTCH-mediated physiological angiogenesis. The expression of KINDLIN-2 in HUVECs is significantly modulated by angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor A or tumor necrosis factor α. A strong co-localization of CD31 and Kindlin-2 in tissue sections is demonstrated by immunofluorescence staining. Endothelial-cell-specific Kindlin-2 deletion embryos die on E10.5 due to hemorrhage caused by the impaired physiological angiogenesis. Experiments in vitro show that vascular endothelial growth factor A-induced multiple functions of endothelial cells, including migration, matrix proteolysis, morphogenesis and sprouting, are all strengthened by KINDLIN-2 overexpression and severely impaired in the absence of KINDLIN-2. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that KINDLIN-2 inhibits the release of Notch intracellular domain through binding to and maintaining the integrity of NOTCH1. The impaired angiogenesis and avascular retinas caused by KINDLIN-2 deficiency can be rescued by DAPT, an inhibitor of γ-secretase which releases the intracellular domain from NOTCH1. Moreover, we demonstrate that high glucose stimulated hyperactive angiogenesis by increasing KINDLIN-2 expression could be prevented by KINDLIN-2 knockdown, indicating Kindlin-2 as a potential therapeutic target in treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Our study for the first time demonstrates the significance of Kindlin-2 in determining Notch-mediated angiogenesis during development and highlights Kindlin-2 as the potential therapeutic target in angiogenic diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechao Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guixing Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Xiaoting Hou
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yingying Han
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhen Ding
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wanze Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Litong Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yangshan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Feng Rao
- Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kaosheng Lv
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Changzheng Du
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Huiling Cao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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6
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Coelho-Santos V, Cruz AJN, Shih AY. Does Perinatal Intermittent Hypoxia Affect Cerebrovascular Network Development? Dev Neurosci 2023; 46:44-54. [PMID: 37231864 DOI: 10.1159/000530957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxia is an inadequate delivery of oxygen to the fetus in the period immediately before, during, or after the birth process. The most frequent form of hypoxia occurring in human development is chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) due to sleep-disordered breathing (apnea) or bradycardia events. CIH incidence is particularly high with premature infants. During CIH, repetitive cycles of hypoxia and reoxygenation initiate oxidative stress and inflammatory cascades in the brain. A dense microvascular network of arterioles, capillaries, and venules is required to support the constant metabolic demands of the adult brain. The development and refinement of this microvasculature is orchestrated throughout gestation and in the initial weeks after birth, at a critical juncture when CIH can occur. There is little knowledge on how CIH affects the development of the cerebrovasculature. However, since CIH (and its treatments) can cause profound abnormalities in tissue oxygen content and neural activity, there is reason to believe that it can induce lasting abnormalities in vascular structure and function at the microvascular level contributing to neurodevelopmental disorders. This mini-review discusses the hypothesis that CIH induces a positive feedback loop to perpetuate metabolic insufficiency through derailment of normal cerebrovascular development, leading to long-term deficiencies in cerebrovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Coelho-Santos
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anne-Jolene N Cruz
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andy Y Shih
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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7
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Payne LB, Abdelazim H, Hoque M, Barnes A, Mironovova Z, Willi CE, Darden J, Houk C, Sedovy MW, Johnstone SR, Chappell JC. A Soluble Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor-β Originates via Pre-mRNA Splicing in the Healthy Brain and Is Upregulated during Hypoxia and Aging. Biomolecules 2023; 13:711. [PMID: 37189457 PMCID: PMC10136073 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) pathway provides critical regulation of cerebrovascular pericytes, orchestrating their investment and retention within the brain microcirculation. Dysregulated PDGF Receptor-beta (PDGFRβ) signaling can lead to pericyte defects that compromise blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and cerebral perfusion, impairing neuronal activity and viability, which fuels cognitive and memory deficits. Receptor tyrosine kinases such as PDGF-BB and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) are often modulated by soluble isoforms of cognate receptors that establish signaling activity within a physiological range. Soluble PDGFRβ (sPDGFRβ) isoforms have been reported to form by enzymatic cleavage from cerebrovascular mural cells, and pericytes in particular, largely under pathological conditions. However, pre-mRNA alternative splicing has not been widely explored as a possible mechanism for generating sPDGFRβ variants, and specifically during tissue homeostasis. Here, we found sPDGFRβ protein in the murine brain and other tissues under normal, physiological conditions. Utilizing brain samples for follow-on analysis, we identified mRNA sequences corresponding to sPDGFRβ isoforms, which facilitated construction of predicted protein structures and related amino acid sequences. Human cell lines yielded comparable sequences and protein model predictions. Retention of ligand binding capacity was confirmed for sPDGFRβ by co-immunoprecipitation. Visualizing fluorescently labeled sPDGFRβ transcripts revealed a spatial distribution corresponding to murine brain pericytes alongside cerebrovascular endothelium. Soluble PDGFRβ protein was detected throughout the brain parenchyma in distinct regions, such as along the lateral ventricles, with signals also found more broadly adjacent to cerebral microvessels consistent with pericyte labeling. To better understand how sPDGFRβ variants might be regulated, we found elevated transcript and protein levels in the murine brain with age, and acute hypoxia increased sPDGFRβ variant transcripts in a cell-based model of intact vessels. Our findings indicate that soluble isoforms of PDGFRβ likely arise from pre-mRNA alternative splicing, in addition to enzymatic cleavage mechanisms, and these variants exist under normal physiological conditions. Follow-on studies will be needed to establish potential roles for sPDGFRβ in regulating PDGF-BB signaling to maintain pericyte quiescence, BBB integrity, and cerebral perfusion-critical processes underlying neuronal health and function, and in turn, memory and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Beth Payne
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- FBRI Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Hanaa Abdelazim
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- FBRI Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Maruf Hoque
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- FBRI Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Audra Barnes
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- FBRI Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Zuzana Mironovova
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- FBRI Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Caroline E. Willi
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- FBRI Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Jordan Darden
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- FBRI Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Clifton Houk
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Meghan W. Sedovy
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- FBRI Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Scott R. Johnstone
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- FBRI Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - John C. Chappell
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- FBRI Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
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8
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Payne LB, Abdelazim H, Hoque M, Barnes A, Mironovova Z, Willi CE, Darden J, Jenkins-Houk C, Sedovy MW, Johnstone SR, Chappell JC. A Soluble Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor-β Originates via Pre-mRNA Splicing in the Healthy Brain and is Differentially Regulated during Hypoxia and Aging. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.03.527005. [PMID: 36778261 PMCID: PMC9915746 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.03.527005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) pathway provides critical regulation of cerebrovascular pericytes, orchestrating their investment and retention within the brain microcirculation. Dysregulated PDGF Receptor-beta (PDGFRβ) signaling can lead to pericyte defects that compromise blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and cerebral perfusion, impairing neuronal activity and viability, which fuels cognitive and memory deficits. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) like PDGF-BB and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) are often modulated by soluble isoforms of cognate receptors that establish signaling activity within a physiological range. Soluble PDGFRβ (sPDGFRβ) isoforms have been reported to form by enzymatic cleavage from cerebrovascular mural cells, and pericytes in particular, largely under pathological conditions. However, pre-mRNA alternative splicing has not been widely explored as a possible mechanism for generating sPDGFRβ variants, and specifically during tissue homeostasis. Here, we found sPDGFRβ protein in the murine brain and other tissues under normal, physiological conditions. Utilizing brain samples for follow-on analysis, we identified mRNA sequences corresponding to sPDGFRβ isoforms, which facilitated construction of predicted protein structures and related amino acid sequences. Human cell lines yielded comparable sequences and protein model predictions. Retention of ligand binding capacity was confirmed for sPDGFRβ by co-immunoprecipitation. Visualizing fluorescently labeled sPDGFRβ transcripts revealed a spatial distribution corresponding to murine brain pericytes alongside cerebrovascular endothelium. Soluble PDGFRβ protein was detected throughout the brain parenchyma in distinct regions such as along the lateral ventricles, with signals also found more broadly adjacent to cerebral microvessels consistent with pericyte labeling. To better understand how sPDGFRβ variants might be regulated, we found elevated transcript and protein levels in the murine brain with age, and acute hypoxia increased sPDGFRβ variant transcripts in a cell-based model of intact vessels. Our findings indicate that soluble isoforms of PDGFRβ likely arise from pre-mRNA alternative splicing, in addition to enzymatic cleavage mechanisms, and these variants exist under normal physiological conditions. Follow-on studies will be needed to establish potential roles for sPDGFRβ in regulating PDGF-BB signaling to maintain pericyte quiescence, BBB integrity, and cerebral perfusion - critical processes underlying neuronal health and function, and in turn memory and cognition.
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Warren E, Gerecht S. BEYOND THE ENDOTHELIUM: THE ROLE OF MURAL CELLS IN VASCULAR BIOLOGY: In vitro systems to study endothelial/pericyte cell interactions. VASCULAR BIOLOGY (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2023; 5:e220021. [PMID: 36645735 PMCID: PMC9989888 DOI: 10.1530/vb-22-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The vasculature is crucial for tissue development and survival, and the stability of blood vessels to perform these functions relies on the interplay between endothelial cells (ECs) and mural cells. Pericytes are a subtype of mural cells found in the microvasculature that extend their processes to wrap around the endothelial monolayer. Pericytes are recruited during vessel growth through the excretion of soluble factors from ECs where they stabilize angiogenic sprouts and induce maturation of the resident cells. Alterations in these interactions between ECs and pericytes are associated with aberrant vessel growth and disrupted vasculature function characteristic of numerous diseases. Therefore, deeper understanding of the cross-talk between these cell types has numerous implications for understanding morphogenesis and elucidating disease mechanisms. In this review, we highlight recent advances and current trends studying the interactions between ECs and pericytes in vitro. We begin by analyzing three-dimensional hydrogel platforms that mimic the tissue extracellular matrix to investigate signaling pathways and altered vascular function in disease-specific cells. We next examine how microfluidic vasculature-on-a-chip platforms have elucidated the interplay of these vascular cells during angiogenesis and vascular network formation under controlled physiochemical cues and interstitial flow. Additionally, studies have utilized microvessels to measure the effect of shear stress on barrier function through the control of luminal flow and the impact of inflammation on these vascular cell interactions. Finally, we briefly highlight self-assembling human blood vessel organoids, an emerging high-throughput platform to study ECs and pericyte interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Warren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sharon Gerecht
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Kiełbowski K, Bakinowska E, Pawlik A. The Potential Role of Connexins in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032600. [PMID: 36768920 PMCID: PMC9916887 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Connexins (Cx) are members of a protein family which enable extracellular and intercellular communication through hemichannels and gap junctions (GJ), respectively. Cx take part in transporting important cell-cell messengers such as 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), among others. Therefore, they play a significant role in regulating cell homeostasis, proliferation, and differentiation. Alterations in Cx distribution, degradation, and post-translational modifications have been correlated with cancers, as well as cardiovascular and neurological diseases. Depending on the isoform, Cx have been shown either to promote or suppress the development of atherosclerosis, a progressive inflammatory disease affecting large and medium-sized arteries. Cx might contribute to the progression of the disease by enhancing endothelial dysfunction, monocyte recruitment, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) activation, or by inhibiting VSMC autophagy. Inhibition or modulation of the expression of specific isoforms could suppress atherosclerotic plaque formation and diminish pro-inflammatory conditions. A better understanding of the complexity of atherosclerosis pathophysiology linked with Cx could result in developing novel therapeutic strategies. This review aims to present the role of Cx in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and discusses whether they can become novel therapeutic targets.
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Abdelazim H, Payne LB, Nolan K, Paralkar K, Bradley V, Kanodia R, Gude R, Ward R, Monavarfeshani A, Fox MA, Chappell JC. Pericyte heterogeneity identified by 3D ultrastructural analysis of the microvessel wall. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1016382. [PMID: 36589416 PMCID: PMC9800988 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1016382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Confident identification of pericytes (PCs) remains an obstacle in the field, as a single molecular marker for these unique perivascular cells remains elusive. Adding to this challenge is the recent appreciation that PC populations may be heterogeneous, displaying a range of morphologies within capillary networks. We found additional support on the ultrastructural level for the classification of these PC subtypes-"thin-strand" (TSP), mesh (MP), and ensheathing (EP)-based on distinct morphological characteristics. Interestingly, we also found several examples of another cell type, likely a vascular smooth muscle cell, in a medial layer between endothelial cells (ECs) and pericytes (PCs) harboring characteristics of the ensheathing type. A conserved feature across the different PC subtypes was the presence of extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding the vascular unit and distributed in between neighboring cells. The thickness of this vascular basement membrane was remarkably consistent depending on its location, but never strayed beyond a range of 150-300 nm unless thinned to facilitate closer proximity of neighboring cells (suggesting direct contact). The density of PC-EC contact points ("peg-and-socket" structures) was another distinguishing feature across the different PC subtypes, as were the apparent contact locations between vascular cells and brain parenchymal cells. In addition to this thinning, the extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding EPs displayed another unique configuration in the form of extensions that emitted out radially into the surrounding parenchyma. Knowledge of the origin and function of these structures is still emerging, but their appearance suggests the potential for being mechanical elements and/or perhaps signaling nodes via embedded molecular cues. Overall, this unique ultrastructural perspective provides new insights into PC heterogeneity and the presence of medial cells within the microvessel wall, the consideration of extracellular matrix (ECM) coverage as another PC identification criteria, and unique extracellular matrix (ECM) configurations (i.e., radial extensions) that may reveal additional aspects of PC heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa Abdelazim
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA, United States,FBRI Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Laura Beth Payne
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA, United States,FBRI Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Kyle Nolan
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Karan Paralkar
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Vanessa Bradley
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Ronak Kanodia
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Rosalie Gude
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Rachael Ward
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Aboozar Monavarfeshani
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Michael A. Fox
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA, United States,FBRI Center for Neurobiology, Roanoke, VA, United States,School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - John C. Chappell
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA, United States,FBRI Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Roanoke, VA, United States,Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, United States,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States,*Correspondence: John C. Chappell,
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Sedovy MW, Leng X, Leaf MR, Iqbal F, Payne LB, Chappell JC, Johnstone SR. Connexin 43 across the Vasculature: Gap Junctions and Beyond. J Vasc Res 2022; 60:101-113. [PMID: 36513042 PMCID: PMC11073551 DOI: 10.1159/000527469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexin 43 (Cx43) is essential to the function of the vasculature. Cx43 proteins form gap junctions that allow for the exchange of ions and molecules between vascular cells to facilitate cell-to-cell signaling and coordinate vasomotor activity. Cx43 also has intracellular signaling functions that influence vascular cell proliferation and migration. Cx43 is expressed in all vascular cell types, although its expression and function vary by vessel size and location. This includes expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMC), endothelial cells (EC), and pericytes. Cx43 is thought to coordinate homocellular signaling within EC and vSMC. Cx43 gap junctions also function as conduits between different cell types (heterocellular signaling), between EC and vSMC at the myoendothelial junction, and between pericyte and EC in capillaries. Alterations in Cx43 expression, localization, and post-translational modification have been identified in vascular disease states, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of Cx43 localization and function in healthy and diseased blood vessels across all vascular beds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan W. Sedovy
- The Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Vascular and Heart Research, 4 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Translational Biology, Medicine, And Health Graduate Program, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Xinyan Leng
- The Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Vascular and Heart Research, 4 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Melissa R. Leaf
- The Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Vascular and Heart Research, 4 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Farwah Iqbal
- The Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Vascular and Heart Research, 4 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Laura Beth Payne
- The Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Vascular and Heart Research, 4 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - John C. Chappell
- The Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Vascular and Heart Research, 4 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Scott R. Johnstone
- The Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Vascular and Heart Research, 4 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Hattori Y. The Multiple Roles of Pericytes in Vascular Formation and Microglial Functions in the Brain. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1835. [PMID: 36362989 PMCID: PMC9699346 DOI: 10.3390/life12111835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the capillary walls, vascular endothelial cells are covered with mural cells, such as smooth muscle cells and pericytes. Although pericytes had been thought to play simply a structural role, emerging evidence has highlighted their multiple functions in the embryonic, postnatal, and adult brain. As the central nervous system (CNS) develops, the brain's vascular structure gradually matures into a hierarchical network, which is crucial for the proper development of neural lineage cells by providing oxygen and nutrients. Pericytes play an essential role in vascular formation and regulate blood‒brain barrier (BBB) integrity as a component of the neurovascular unit (NVU), in collaboration with other cells, such as vascular endothelial cells, astrocytes, neurons, and microglia. Microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS, colonize the brain at embryonic day (E) 9.5 in mice. These cells not only support the development and maturation of neural lineage cells but also help in vascular formation through their extensive migration. Recent studies have demonstrated that pericytes directly contact microglia in the CNS, and their interactions have a profound effect on physiological and pathological aspects. This review summarizes the function of pericytes, focusing on the interplay between pericytes and microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hattori
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Pathological and Therapeutic Roles of Pericytes in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911663. [PMID: 36232962 PMCID: PMC9570222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells playing an active role in angiogenesis, vessel stabilisation, maturation, remodelling, blood flow regulation and are able to trans-differentiate into other cells of the mesenchymal lineage. In this review, we summarised recent data demonstrating that pericytes play a key role in the pathogenesis and development of atherosclerosis (AS). Pericytes are involved in lipid accumulation, inflammation, growth, and vascularization of the atherosclerotic plaque. Decreased pericyte coverage, endothelial and pericyte dysfunction is associated with intraplaque angiogenesis and haemorrhage, calcification and cholesterol clefts deposition. At the same time, pericytes can be used as a novel therapeutic target to promote vessel maturity and stability, thus reducing plaque vulnerability. Finally, we discuss recent studies exploring effective AS treatments with pericyte-mediated anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects.
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Connexins Signatures of the Neurovascular Unit and Their Physio-Pathological Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179510. [PMID: 36076908 PMCID: PMC9455936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis is closely linked to the delicate balance of the microenvironment in which different cellular components of the neurovascular unit (NVU) coexist. Intercellular communication plays a pivotal role in exchanges of signaling molecules and mediators essential for survival functions, as well as in the removal of disturbing elements that can lead to related pathologies. The specific signatures of connexins (Cxs), proteins which form either gap junctions (GJs) or hemichannels (HCs), represent the biological substrate of the pathophysiological balance. Connexin 43 (Cx43) is undoubtedly one of the most important factors in glia–neuro–vascular crosstalk. Herein, Cxs signatures of every NVU component are highlighted and their critical influence on functional processes in healthy and pathological conditions of nervous microenvironment is reviewed.
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