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Koga M, Inada K, Yamada A, Maruoka K, Yamauchi A. Nalmefene, an opioid receptor modulator, aggravates atherosclerotic plaque formation in apolipoprotein E knockout mice by enhancing oxidized low-density lipoprotein uptake in macrophages. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 38:101688. [PMID: 38560051 PMCID: PMC10979050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Nalmefene, an antagonist of mu- and delta-opioid receptors and a partial agonist of kappa-opioid receptors, has shown promise in reducing alcohol consumption among patients with alcohol dependence. Opioid receptors play pivotal roles in various physiological processes, including those related to peripheral inflammatory diseases such as colitis and arthritis, as well as functions in the immune system and phagocytosis. Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease, progresses through the phagocytosis and uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) by macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques. Despite this knowledge, it remains unclear whether nalmefene influences the formation of atherosclerotic plaques and increases the risk of serious cardiovascular events. This study aims to elucidate the impact of nalmefene on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE KO) mice and peritoneal macrophages in vitro. In this experiment, 8-week-old male ApoE KO mice were fed a high-fat diet intraperitoneally administered either vehicle (saline) or nalmefene (1 mg and 3 mg kg-1 day-1) for 21 days. Oil red O-staining and immunohistochemistry with an anti-MOMA2 (monocyte/macrophage) antibody showed that a dose-dependent increase in atherosclerotic plaque formation and augmentation of macrophage-rich plaque formation in ApoE-KO mice. Further investigations focused on the effects of nalmefene on the expression of scavenger receptor CD36 in RAW264.7 cells, conducted through western blotting analysis. Nalmefene demonstrated a significant increase in CD36 protein expression in RAW264.7 cells. To explore the impact on oxidized LDL uptake in peritoneal macrophages, cells were treated with nalmefene (300 μg/mL) for 24 h, followed by the addition of DiI-labeled oxLDL (DiI-oxLDL) for 4 h. Nalmefene significantly enhanced DiI-oxLDL uptake in macrophages. Additionally, treatment with nalmefene (300 μg/mL) for 24 h decreased the mRNA expression of mu-, delta-, and kappa-opioid receptors in RAW264.7 cells. In conclusion, nalmefene may augment oxLDL uptake by macrophages through increased CD36 expression and decreased opioid receptor, thereby contributing to atherosclerotic plaque formation and vulnerability. Consequently, the use of nalmefene may be associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhisa Koga
- Department of Drug Delivery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Koshun Inada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Ayano Yamada
- Department of Drug Delivery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kana Maruoka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamauchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
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Dimitroglou Y, Aggeli C, Theofilis P, Tsioufis P, Oikonomou E, Chasikidis C, Tsioufis K, Tousoulis D. Novel Anti-Inflammatory Therapies in Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndromes. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1669. [PMID: 37629526 PMCID: PMC10455741 DOI: 10.3390/life13081669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that inflammation plays an important role in atherosclerosis and the consequent clinical presentation, including stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and acute coronary syndromes (ACS). The most essential elements are cytokines, proteins with hormone-like properties that are produced by the immune cells, endothelial cells, platelets, fibroblasts, and some stromal cells. Interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6), chemokines, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are the cytokines commonly associated with endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and atherosclerosis. These molecules can be targeted by commonly used therapeutic substances or selective molecules that exert targeted anti-inflammatory actions. The most significant anti-inflammatory therapies are aspirin, statins, colchicine, IL-1β inhibitors, and IL-6 inhibitors, along with novel therapies such as TNF-α inhibitors and IL-1 receptor antagonists. Aspirin and statins are well-established therapies for atherosclerosis and CAD and their pleiotropic and anti-inflammatory actions contribute to their efficacy and favorable profile. Colchicine may also be considered in high-risk patients if recurrent ACS episodes occur when on optimal medical therapy according to the most recent guidelines. Recent randomized studies have also shown that therapies specifically targeting inflammatory interleukins and inflammation can reduce the risk for cardiovascular events, but these therapies are yet to be fully implemented in clinical practice. Preclinical research is also intense, targeting various inflammatory mediators that are believed to be implicated in CAD, namely repeated transfers of the soluble mutant of IFN-γ receptors, NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors, IL-10 delivery by nanocarriers, chemokine modulatory treatments, and reacting oxygen species (ROS) targeting nanoparticles. Such approaches, although intriguing and promising, ought to be tested in clinical settings before safe conclusions can be drawn. Although the link between inflammation and atherosclerosis is significant, further studies are needed in order to elucidate this association and improve outcomes in patients with CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannis Dimitroglou
- First Department of Cardiology, “Hippokration” General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece; (Y.D.); (C.A.); (P.T.); (K.T.); (D.T.)
| | - Constantina Aggeli
- First Department of Cardiology, “Hippokration” General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece; (Y.D.); (C.A.); (P.T.); (K.T.); (D.T.)
| | - Panagiotis Theofilis
- First Department of Cardiology, “Hippokration” General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece; (Y.D.); (C.A.); (P.T.); (K.T.); (D.T.)
| | - Panagiotis Tsioufis
- First Department of Cardiology, “Hippokration” General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece; (Y.D.); (C.A.); (P.T.); (K.T.); (D.T.)
| | - Evangelos Oikonomou
- Third Department of Cardiology, Thoracic Diseases General Hospital “Sotiria”, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Christos Chasikidis
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Corinth, 20100 Corinth, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Tsioufis
- First Department of Cardiology, “Hippokration” General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece; (Y.D.); (C.A.); (P.T.); (K.T.); (D.T.)
| | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- First Department of Cardiology, “Hippokration” General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece; (Y.D.); (C.A.); (P.T.); (K.T.); (D.T.)
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Tsioufis P, Theofilis P, Tsioufis K, Tousoulis D. The Impact of Cytokines in Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque: Current Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415937. [PMID: 36555579 PMCID: PMC9788180 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic pathological process that involves inflammation together with endothelial dysfunction and lipoprotein dysregulation. Experimental studies during the past decades have established the role of inflammatory cytokines in coronary artery disease, namely interleukins (ILs), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon-γ, and chemokines. Moreover, their value as biomarkers in disease development and progression further enhance the validity of this interaction. Recently, cytokine-targeted treatment approaches have emerged as potential tools in the management of atherosclerotic disease. IL-1β, based on the results of the CANTOS trial, remains the most validated option in reducing the residual cardiovascular risk. Along the same line, colchicine was also proven efficacious in preventing major adverse cardiovascular events in large clinical trials of patients with acute and chronic coronary syndrome. Other commercially available agents targeting IL-6 (tocilizumab), TNF-α (etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab), or IL-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra) have mostly been assessed in the setting of other inflammatory diseases and further testing in atherosclerosis is required. In the future, potential targeting of the NLRP3 inflammasome, anti-inflammatory IL-10, or atherogenic chemokines could represent appealing options, provided that patient safety is proven to be of no concern.
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Akadam-Teker AB, Teker E, Daglar-Aday A, Pekkoc-Uyanik KC, Aslan EI, Kucukhuseyin Ö, Ozkara G, Yılmaz-Aydoğan H. Interactive effects of interferon-gamma functional single nucleotid polymorphism (+874 T/A) with cardiovascular risk factors in coronary heart disease and early myocardial infarction risk. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:8397-8405. [PMID: 33104992 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05877-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease characterized by extensive lipid accumulation in the artery wall. Throughout the atherosclerotic process, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), which is an important pro-inflammatory cytokine, plays a central role in atherosclerotic plaque instability and the occurrence of myocardial infarction (MI). In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between IFN-γ +874 T/A (rs2430561) polymorphism and coronary heart disease (CHD) as well as its effects on MI and CHD. Three hundred and ninety patients with CHD (229 with MI, 161 without MI) and 233 healthy controls were screened by the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) PCR method for IFN-γ +874 T/A polymorphism. For MI risk, early adult age was important risk factors and the risk was increased with IFN-γ +874 T/A polymorphism. IFN-γ T allele was significantly increased in the CHD patients with age≤45 (p = 0.048) and patients with history of MI (p = 0.007). As IFN-γ is an inflammatory cytokine with an emerging role in the atherosclerotic process, it was suggested that inhibition of IFN-γ activity could be a therapeutic strategy to stabilize human atherosclerotic plaque. Our findings support the association between MI risk and IFN-γ +874 T/A polymorphism in the Turkish population, particularly by increasing the level of IFN-γ in young patients, thereby causing rupture of vulnerable plaques in atherosclerotic lesions. Identification of the IFN-γ +874 T/A gene variants as risk factors for early CHD and MI development may be a practical biomarker to guide the MI risk process and determine the ideal therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Basak Akadam-Teker
- Department of Medical Genetic, Giresun University Medical Faculty, Giresun, Turkey.
| | - Erhan Teker
- Department of Cardiology, Giresun A. İlhan Özdemir Education Research Hospital, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Aynur Daglar-Aday
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kubra Cigdem Pekkoc-Uyanik
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Haliç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Irmak Aslan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özlem Kucukhuseyin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulcin Ozkara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hulya Yılmaz-Aydoğan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Elyasi A, Voloshyna I, Ahmed S, Kasselman LJ, Behbodikhah J, De Leon J, Reiss AB. The role of interferon-γ in cardiovascular disease: an update. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:975-988. [PMID: 32699989 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death, globally, and its prevalence is only expected to rise due to the increasing incidence of co-morbidities such as obesity and diabetes. Medical treatment of CVD is directed primarily at slowing or reversing the underlying atherosclerotic process by managing circulating lipids with an emphasis on control of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. However, over the past several decades, there has been increasing recognition that chronic inflammation and immune system activation are important contributors to atherosclerosis. This shift in focus has led to the elucidation of the complex interplay between cholesterol and cellular secretion of cytokines involved in CVD pathogenesis. Of the vast array of cytokine promoting atherosclerosis, interferon (IFN)-γ is highly implicated and, therefore, of great interest. METHODS Literature review was performed to further understand the effect of IFN-γ on the development of atherosclerotic CVD. RESULTS IFN-γ, the sole member of the type II IFN family, is produced by T cells and macrophages, and has been found to induce production of other cytokines and to have multiple effects on all stages of atherogenesis. IFN-γ activates a variety of signaling pathways, most commonly the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, to induce oxidative stress, promote foam cell accumulation, stimulate smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration into the arterial intima, enhance platelet-derived growth factor expression, and destabilize plaque. These are just a few of the contributions of IFN-γ to the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic CVD. CONCLUSION Given the pivotal role of IFN-γ in the advancement of CVD, activation of its signaling pathways is being explored as a driver of atherosclerosis. Manipulation of this key cytokine may lead to novel therapeutic avenues for CVD prevention and treatment. A number of therapies are being explored with IFN-γ as the potential target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Elyasi
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
| | - Iryna Voloshyna
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
| | - Saba Ahmed
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
| | - Lora J Kasselman
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
| | - Jennifer Behbodikhah
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
| | - Joshua De Leon
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
| | - Allison B Reiss
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA.
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Targeted anti-inflammatory therapy is a new insight for reducing cardiovascular events: A review from physiology to the clinic. Life Sci 2020; 253:117720. [PMID: 32360620 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable progressions, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still one of the major causes of mortality around the world, indicates an important and unmet clinical need. Recently, extensive studies have been performed on the role of inflammatory factors as either a major or surrogate factor in the pathophysiology of CVD. Epidemiological observations suggest the theory of the role of inflammatory mediators in the development of cardiovascular events. This may support the idea that targeted anti-inflammatory therapies, on the background of traditional validated medical therapies, can play a significant role in prevention and even reduction of cardiovascular disorders. Many randomized controlled trials have shown that drugs commonly useful for primary and secondary prevention of CVD have an anti-inflammatory mechanism. Further, many anti-inflammatory drugs are being examined because of their potential to reduce the risk of cardiovascular problems. In this study, we review the process of inflammation in the development of cardiovascular events, both in vivo and clinical evidence in immunotherapy for CVD.
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Talepoor AG, Fouladseresht H, Khosropanah S, Doroudchi M. Immune-Inflammation in Atherosclerosis: A New Twist in an Old Tale. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 20:525-545. [DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666191016095725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective:Atherosclerosis, a chronic and progressive inflammatory disease, is triggered by the activation of endothelial cells followed by infiltration of innate and adaptive immune cells including monocytes and T cells in arterial walls. Major populations of T cells found in human atherosclerotic lesions are antigen-specific activated CD4+ effectors and/or memory T cells from Th1, Th17, Th2 and Treg subsets. In this review, we will discuss the significance of T cell orchestrated immune inflammation in the development and progression of atherosclerosis.Discussion:Pathogen/oxidative stress/lipid induced primary endothelial wound cannot develop to a full-blown atherosclerotic lesion in the absence of chronically induced inflammation. While the primary inflammatory response might be viewed as a lone innate response, the persistence of such a profound response over time must be (and is) associated with diverse local and systemic T cell responses. The interplay between T cells and innate cells contributes to a phenomenon called immuneinflammation and has an impact on the progression and outcome of the lesion. In recent years immuneinflammation, an old term, has had a comeback in connecting the puzzle pieces of chronic inflammatory diseases.Conclusion:Taking one-step back and looking from afar at the players of immune-inflammation may help us provide a broader perspective of these complicated interactions. This may lead to the identification of new drug targets and the development of new therapies as well as preventative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefe Ghamar Talepoor
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamed Fouladseresht
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shahdad Khosropanah
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Doroudchi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Koga M, Kanaoka Y, Inada K, Omine S, Kataoka Y, Yamauchi A. Hesperidin blocks varenicline-aggravated atherosclerotic plaque formation in apolipoprotein E knockout mice by downregulating net uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein in macrophages. J Pharmacol Sci 2020; 143:106-111. [PMID: 32173266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Varenicline is a widely used and effective drug for smoking cessation. We have previously reported experimental evidence suggesting that varenicline increases the risk of cardiovascular events. Varenicline progresses atherosclerotic plaque formation in apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE KO) mice. This adverse effect is likely due to enhanced net uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in macrophages as a result of increased scavenger receptors and decreased cholesterol efflux transporters. However, a regimen has not yet been presented for avoidance or amelioration of the risk for varenicline-induced cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of hesperidin, a citrus flavonoid, on varenicline-aggravated atherosclerotic plaque formation in apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE KO) mice. Hesperidin inhibited the aggravating effect of varenicline in the whole aorta, aortic arch, and aortic root of ApoE KO mice. In addition, hesperidin protected against varenicline-enhanced oxLDL net uptake by blocking the increased expression of CD36 and LOX-1 scavenger receptors and decreased expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 cholesterol efflux transporters in RAW 264.7 cells. Our findings suggest that hesperidin can avoid or ameliorate the risk for cardiovascular events induced by varenicline treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhisa Koga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Yuki Kanaoka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Koshun Inada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Sai Omine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Kataoka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamauchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
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Munjal A, Khandia R. Atherosclerosis: orchestrating cells and biomolecules involved in its activation and inhibition. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 120:85-122. [PMID: 32085889 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The term atherosclerosis refers to the condition of deposition of lipids and other substances in and on the artery walls, called as plaque that restricts the normal blood flow. The plaque may be stable or unstable in nature. Unstable plaque can burst and trigger clot formation adding further adversities. The process of plaque formation involves various stages including fatty streak, intermediate or fibro-fatty lesion and advanced lesion. The cells participating in the formation of atherosclerotic plaque include endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), monocytes, monocytes derived macrophages, macrophages and dendritic cells and regulatory T cells (TREG). The role of a variety of cytokines and chemokines have been studied which either help in progression of atherosclerotic plaque or vice versa. The cytokines involved in atherosclerotic plaque formation include IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, IL-20, IL-25, IL-27, IL-33, IL-37, TNF-α, TGF-β and IFN-γ; whereas amongst the chemokines (family of small cytokines) are CCL2, CCL3, CXCL4, CCL5, CXCL1, CX3CL1, CCL17, CXCL8, CXCL10, CCL20, CCL19 and CCL21 and macrophage migration-inhibitory factor. These are involved in the atherosclerosis advancements, whereas the chemokine CXCL12 is play atheroprotective roles. Apart this, contradictory functions have been documented for few other chemokines such as CXCL16. Since the cytokines and chemokines are amongst the key molecules involved in orchestrating the atherosclerosis advancements, targeting them might be an effective strategy to encumber the atherosclerotic progression. Blockage of cytokines and chemokines via the means of broad-spectrum inhibitors, neutralizing antibodies, usage of decoy receptors or RNA interference have been proved to be useful intervention against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Munjal
- Department of Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, MP, India
| | - Rekha Khandia
- Department of Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, MP, India
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Koga M, Kanaoka Y, Okamoto M, Nakao Y, Inada K, Takayama S, Kataoka Y, Yamauchi A. Varenicline aggravates atherosclerotic plaque formation in nicotine-pretreated ApoE knockout mice due to enhanced oxLDL uptake by macrophages through downregulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 142:9-15. [PMID: 31771811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Varenicline is a widely used and effective drug for smoking cessation. We previously reported that varenicline aggravates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE KO) mice. However, it remains unknown whether varenicline affects cardiovascular events in patients with nicotine addiction. Here, we examined the effect of varenicline on atherosclerotic plaque formation in nicotine-pretreated ApoE KO mice and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) uptake in nicotine-treated peritoneal macrophages. Varenicline caused significant progression of plaque formation in the whole aorta and aortic root and further accelerated the increased formation of a macrophage-rich plaque area in the aortic root in nicotine-pretreated ApoE KO mice. Varenicline (10 μM) enhanced oxLDL uptake in peritoneal macrophages. Furthermore, this treatment significantly further lowered the decreased protein levels of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter without affecting the expression of scavenger receptors LOX-1 and CD36 in RAW264.7 cells treated with 100 nM nicotine. Varenicline enhanced nicotine-induced oxLDL uptake in macrophages through decreased expression of cholesterol efflux transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 and thereby progressed atherosclerotic plaque formation. Taken together, we tentatively conclude that nicotine exposure before and/or during varenicline treatment can aggravate varenicline-increased atherosclerotic plaque formation and progression. Therefore, this enhanced risk requires special consideration when prescribing varenicline to smoker patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhisa Koga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Yuki Kanaoka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Mana Okamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Koshun Inada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Saki Takayama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Kataoka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamauchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
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van der Heijden T, Bot I, Kuiper J. The IL-12 cytokine family in cardiovascular diseases. Cytokine 2019; 122:154188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Colmorten KB, Nexoe AB, Sorensen GL. The Dual Role of Surfactant Protein-D in Vascular Inflammation and Development of Cardiovascular Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2264. [PMID: 31616435 PMCID: PMC6763600 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible for 31% of all global deaths. Atherosclerosis is the major cause of cardiovascular disease and is a chronic inflammatory disorder in the arteries. Atherosclerosis is characterized by the accumulation of cholesterol, extracellular matrix, and immune cells in the vascular wall. Recently, the collectin surfactant protein-D (SP-D), an important regulator of the pulmonary immune response, was found to be expressed in the vasculature. Several in vitro studies have examined the role of SP-D in the vascular inflammation leading to atherosclerosis. These studies show that SP-D plays a dual role in the development of atherosclerosis. In general, SP-D shows anti-inflammatory properties, and dampens local inflammation in the vessel, as well as systemic inflammation. However, SP-D can also exert a pro-inflammatory role, as it stimulates C-C chemokine receptor 2 inflammatory blood monocytes to secrete tumor necrosis-factor α and increases secretion of interferon-γ from natural killer cells. In vivo studies examining the role of SP-D in the development of atherosclerosis agree that SP-D plays a proatherogenic role, with SP-D knockout mice having smaller atherosclerotic plaque areas, which might be caused by a decreased systemic inflammation. Clinical studies examining the association between SP-D and cardiovascular disease have reported a positive association between circulatory SP-D level, carotid intima-media thickness, and coronary artery calcification. Other studies have found that circulatory SP-D is correlated with increased risk of both total and cardiovascular disease mortality. Both in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies examining the relationship between SP-D and CVDs will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmie B Colmorten
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Bathum Nexoe
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Grith L Sorensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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13
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Yuan L, Wang M, Liu T, Lei Y, Miao Q, Li Q, Wang H, Zhang G, Hou Y, Chang X. Carbonic Anhydrase 1-Mediated Calcification Is Associated With Atherosclerosis, and Methazolamide Alleviates Its Pathogenesis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:766. [PMID: 31354482 PMCID: PMC6635697 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is an important pathogenic process in atherosclerosis (AS); however, its immediate cause is unknown. Our previous study demonstrated that carbonic anhydrase 1 (CA1) stimulates ossification and calcification in ankylosing spondylitis and breast cancer. The current study investigated whether CA1 plays an important role in AS calcification and whether the CA inhibitor methazolamide (MTZ) has a therapeutic effect on AS. We successfully established an AS model by administration of a high-fat diet to apolipoprotein E (ApoE−/−) mice. The treated animals had significantly increased serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and nitric oxide (NO) and decreased serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), interleukin (IL-6), interferon (IFN)-γ, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1/keratinocyte-derived chemokine (CXCL1/KC), and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2)/monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1). The treated mice also had reduced AS plaque areas and fat accumulation, with no clear calcium deposition in the intima of the blood vessels. CA1 expression was significantly increased in the aortic lesions, particularly in calcified regions, but the expression was dramatically lower in the mice that received MTZ treatment or MTZ preventive treatment. CA1 was also highly expressed in human AS tissues and in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) with β-glycerophosphate (㒐β-GP)-induced calcification. Acetazolamide (AZ), a CA inhibitor with a chemical structure similar to MTZ, markedly suppressed calcification and reduced CA1, IL-6, IFN-γ, GM-CSF, and TNF-α expression in cultured VSMCs. Anti-CA1 small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) significantly suppressed calcification, cell proliferation, and migration, promoted apoptosis, and reduced IL-6, IFN-γ, GM-CSF, and TNF-α secretion in cultured VSMCs. These results demonstrated that CA1 expression and CA1-mediated calcification are significantly associated with AS progression. MTZ significantly alleviated AS and suppressed CA1 expression and proinflammatory cytokine secretion, indicating the potential use of this drug for AS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yuan
- Medical Research Center of Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Cardiac Surgery Department of Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tianqi Liu
- Cardiac Surgery Department of Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yinsheng Lei
- Cardiac Surgery Department of Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiang Miao
- Cardiac Surgery Department of Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Quan Li
- Cardiac Surgery Department of Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongxing Wang
- Medical Research Center of Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Medical Research Center of the Hospital Affiliated with Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yinglong Hou
- Cardiology Department of Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaotian Chang
- Medical Research Center of the Hospital Affiliated with Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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14
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Talbot H, Saada S, Naves T, Gallet PF, Fauchais AL, Jauberteau MO. Regulatory Roles of Sortilin and SorLA in Immune-Related Processes. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1507. [PMID: 30666202 PMCID: PMC6330335 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sortilin, also known as Neurotensin Receptor-3, and the sorting-related receptor with type-A repeats (SorLA) are both members of the Vps10p domain receptor family. Initially identified in CNS cells, they are expressed in various other cell types where they exert multiple functions. Although mostly studied for its involvement in Alzheimer’s disease, SorLA has recently been shown to be implicated in immune response by regulating IL-6-mediated signaling, as well as driving monocyte migration. Sortilin has been shown to act as a receptor, as a co-receptor and as an intra- and extracellular trafficking regulator. In the last two decades, deregulation of sortilin has been demonstrated to be involved in many human pathophysiologies, including neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases), type 2 diabetes and obesity, cancer, and cardiovascular pathologies such as atherosclerosis. Several studies highlighted different functions of sortilin in the immune system, notably in microglia, pro-inflammatory cytokine regulation, phagosome fusion and pathogen clearance. In this review, we will analyze the multiple roles of sortilin and SorLA in the human immune system and how their deregulation may be involved in disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Talbot
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Sofiane Saada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Thomas Naves
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | | | - Anne-Laure Fauchais
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France.,Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Limoges Dupuytren Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - Marie-Odile Jauberteau
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France.,Department of Immunology, University Hospital Limoges Dupuytren Hospital, Limoges, France
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15
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Association between Type I interferon and depletion and dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells in C57BL/6 mice deficient in both apolipoprotein E and Fas ligand. Curr Res Transl Med 2018; 66:71-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Systemic Inflammatory Response and Atherosclerosis: The Paradigm of Chronic Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071890. [PMID: 29954107 PMCID: PMC6073407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Rheumatic diseases (CIRD) are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), ascribed not only to classical risk factors, but also to the presence of chronic systemic inflammatory response. Αtherosclerosis, the cornerstone of CVD, is known to be accelerated in CIRD; rheumatoid arthritis promotes atheromatosis and associates with preclinical atherosclerosis equivalent to Diabetes Mellitus, which also seems to apply for systemic lupus erythematosus. Data on ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis, albeit more limited, also support an increased CV risk in these patients. The association between inflammation and atherosclerosis, has been thoroughly investigated in the last three decades and the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis and progression of atherogenesis has been well established. Endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress in vascular endothelial cells and macrophage accumulation, toll-like receptor signaling, NLPR-3 formation and subsequent pro-inflammatory cytokine production, such as TNFa, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-like cytokine 1A, are few of the mechanisms implicated in the atherogenic process. Moreover, there is evidence that anti-inflammatory biologic drugs, such as anti-TNF and anti-IL1β agents, can decelerate the atherogenic process, thus setting new therapeutic targets for early and effective disease control and suppression of inflammation, in addition to aggressive management of classical CV risk factors.
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17
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Zhang X, Huang F, Li W, Dang JL, Yuan J, Wang J, Zeng DL, Sun CX, Liu YY, Ao Q, Tan H, Su W, Qian X, Olsen N, Zheng SG. Human Gingiva-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Modulate Monocytes/Macrophages and Alleviate Atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:878. [PMID: 29760701 PMCID: PMC5937358 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the major cause of cardiovascular diseases. Current evidences indicate that inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSC) have shown anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects on autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. However, the function of GMSC in controlling atherosclerosis is far from clear. The present study is aimed to elucidate the role of GMSC in atherosclerosis, examining the inhibition of GMSC on macrophage foam cell formation, and further determining whether GMSC could affect the polarization and activation of macrophages under different conditions. The results show that infusion of GMSC to AopE−/− mice significantly reduced the frequency of inflammatory monocytes/macrophages and decreased the plaque size and lipid deposition. Additionally, GMSC treatment markedly inhibited macrophage foam cell formation and reduced inflammatory macrophage activation, converting inflammatory macrophages to anti-inflammatory macrophages in vitro. Thus, our study has revealed a significant role of GMSC on modulating inflammatory monocytes/macrophages and alleviating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximei Zhang
- Center for Clinic Immunology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Division of Cardiology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Center for Clinic Immunology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixuan Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Long Dang
- Center for Clinic Immunology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Yuan
- Division of Stomatology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Julie Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Dong-Lan Zeng
- Center for Clinic Immunology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Can-Xing Sun
- Center for Clinic Immunology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ying Liu
- Division of Rheumatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Ao
- Department of Regeneration, Chinese Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongmei Tan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenru Su
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxian Qian
- Division of Cardiology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nancy Olsen
- Division of Rheumatology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, United States
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18
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Li B, Li W, Li X, Zhou H. Inflammation: A Novel Therapeutic Target/Direction in Atherosclerosis. Curr Pharm Des 2018; 23:1216-1227. [PMID: 28034355 PMCID: PMC6302344 DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666161230142931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the viewpoint of atherosclerosis has been replaced gradually by a lipid-driven, chronic, low-grade inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. Current treatment of atherosclerosis is focused on limiting its risk factors, such as hyperlipidemia or hypertension. However, treatment targeting the inflammatory nature of atherosclerosis is still very limited and deserves further attention to fight atherosclerosis successfully. Here, we review the current development of inflammation and atherosclerosis to discuss novel insights and potential targets in atherosclerosis, and to address drug discovery based on anti-inflammatory strategy in atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038. China
| | - Weihong Li
- Assisted Reproductive Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016. China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038. China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharamacy, The Third Military Medical University, P.O. Box: 400038, Chongqing. China
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19
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Zuo P, Zuo Z, Zheng Y, Wang X, Zhou Q, Chen L, Ma G. Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Deficiency Attenuates Atherosclerotic Lesion Progression and Instability in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:647. [PMID: 28959204 PMCID: PMC5603739 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory mechanisms are involved in the process of atherosclerotic plaque formation and rupture. Accumulating evidence suggests that protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 contributes to the pathophysiology of chronic inflammation on the vasculature. To directly examine the role of PAR-2 in atherosclerosis, we generated apolipoprotein E/PAR-2 double-deficient mice. Mice were fed with high-fat diet for 12 weeks starting at ages of 6 weeks. PAR-2 deficiency attenuated atherosclerotic lesion progression with reduced total lesion area, reduced percentage of stenosis and reduced total necrotic core area. PAR-2 deficiency increased fibrous cap thickness and collagen content of plaque. Moreover, PAR-2 deficiency decreased smooth muscle cell content, macrophage accumulation, matrix metallopeptidase-9 expression and neovascularization in plaque. Relative quantitative PCR assay using thoracic aorta revealed that PAR-2 deficiency reduced mRNA expression of inflammatory molecules, such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1. In vitro experiment, we found that PAR-2 deficiency reduced mRNA expression of interferon-γ, interleukin-6, TNF-α and MCP-1 in macrophage under unstimulated and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated conditions. These results suggest that PAR-2 deficiency attenuates the progression and instability of atherosclerotic plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Zhi Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yueyue Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Qianxing Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Genshan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
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20
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Takemoto Y, Horiba M, Harada M, Sakamoto K, Takeshita K, Murohara T, Kadomatsu K, Kamiya K. Midkine Promotes Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation Through Its Pro-Inflammatory, Angiogenic and Anti-Apoptotic Functions in Apolipoprotein E-Knockout Mice. Circ J 2017; 82:19-27. [PMID: 28781288 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-17-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent study suggested that midkine (MK), a heparin-binding growth factor, is associated with atherosclerosis progression in patients with artery disease. It has previously been reported that MK plays a critical role in neointima formation in a restenosis model, whereas the role of MK in the development of atherosclerosis has not been investigated. The present study assessed the effect of MK administration on the process of atherosclerotic plaque formation in apolipoprotein E-knockout (ApoE-/-) mice.Methods and Results:Using an osmotic pump, human recombinant MK protein was intraperitoneally administered for 12 weeks in C57BL/6 ApoE-/-(ApoE-/--MK) and ApoE+/+mice fed a high-fat diet. Saline was administered to the control groups of ApoE-/-(ApoE-/--saline) and ApoE+/+mice. The atherosclerotic lesion areas in longitudinal aortic sections were significantly larger in ApoE-/--MK mice than in ApoE-/--saline mice. The aortic mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory and angiogenic factors, and the percentage of macrophages in aortic root lesions, were significantly higher in ApoE-/--MK mice than in ApoE-/--saline mice, whereas the percentage of apoptotic cells was significantly lower in ApoE-/--MK mice than in ApoE-/--saline mice. CONCLUSIONS The systemic administration of MK in ApoE-/-mice promoted atherosclerotic plaque formation through pro-inflammatory, angiogenic, and anti-apoptotic effects. MK may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the prevention of atherosclerosis under atherogenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Takemoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gifu Prefectural Tajimi Hospital
| | - Mitsuru Horiba
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University.,Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine.,Suizawa Hospital
| | - Masahide Harada
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University.,Department of Cardiology, Fujita Health University
| | - Kazuma Sakamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kyosuke Takeshita
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kaichiro Kamiya
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University
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21
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Ryan PM, London LEE, Bjorndahl TC, Mandal R, Murphy K, Fitzgerald GF, Shanahan F, Ross RP, Wishart DS, Caplice NM, Stanton C. Microbiome and metabolome modifying effects of several cardiovascular disease interventions in apo-E -/- mice. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:30. [PMID: 28285599 PMCID: PMC5346842 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is strong evidence indicating that gut microbiota have the potential to modify, or be modified by the drugs and nutritional interventions that we rely upon. This study aims to characterize the compositional and functional effects of several nutritional, neutraceutical, and pharmaceutical cardiovascular disease interventions on the gut microbiome, through metagenomic and metabolomic approaches. Apolipoprotein-E-deficient mice were fed for 24 weeks either high-fat/cholesterol diet alone (control, HFC) or high-fat/cholesterol in conjunction with one of three dietary interventions, as follows: plant sterol ester (PSE), oat β-glucan (OBG) and bile salt hydrolase-active Lactobacillus reuteri APC 2587 (BSH), or the drug atorvastatin (STAT). The gut microbiome composition was then investigated, in addition to the host fecal and serum metabolome. RESULTS We observed major shifts in the composition of the gut microbiome of PSE mice, while OBG and BSH mice displayed more modest fluctuations, and STAT showed relatively few alterations. Interestingly, these compositional effects imparted by PSE were coupled with an increase in acetate and reduction in isovalerate (p < 0.05), while OBG promoted n-butyrate synthesis (p < 0.01). In addition, PSE significantly dampened the microbial production of the proatherogenic precursor compound, trimethylamine (p < 0.05), attenuated cholesterol accumulation, and nearly abolished atherogenesis in the model (p < 0.05). However, PSE supplementation produced the heaviest mice with the greatest degree of adiposity (p < 0.05). Finally, PSE, OBG, and STAT all appeared to have considerable impact on the host serum metabolome, including alterations in several acylcarnitines previously associated with a state of metabolic dysfunction (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We observed functional alterations in microbial and host-derived metabolites, which may have important implications for systemic metabolic health, suggesting that cardiovascular disease interventions may have a significant impact on the microbiome composition and functionality. This study indicates that the gut microbiome-modifying effects of novel therapeutics should be considered, in addition to the direct host effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Ryan
- Department of Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Lis E. E. London
- Department of Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Trent C. Bjorndahl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Rupasri Mandal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Kiera Murphy
- Department of Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerald F. Fitzgerald
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Institute, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Fergus Shanahan
- Department of Medicine, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Institute, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - R. Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Institute, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
- College of Science, Engineering & Food Science, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - David S. Wishart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Noel M. Caplice
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Department of Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Institute, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
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22
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Fatkhullina AR, Peshkova IO, Koltsova EK. The Role of Cytokines in the Development of Atherosclerosis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:1358-1370. [PMID: 27914461 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916110134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis contributes to the development of many cardiovascular diseases, which remain the leading cause of death in developed countries. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of large and medium-sized arteries. It is caused by dyslipidemia and mediated by both innate and adaptive immune responses. Inflammation is a key factor at all stages of atherosclerosis progression. Cells involved in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis were shown to be activated by soluble factors, cytokines, that strongly influence the disease development. Pro-inflammatory cytokines accelerate atherosclerosis progression, while anti-inflammatory cytokines ameliorate the disease. In this review, we discuss the latest findings on the role of cytokines in the development and progression of atherosclerosis.
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23
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Cytokines: roles in atherosclerosis disease progression and potential therapeutic targets. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:1317-30. [PMID: 27357616 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the primary cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), is a chronic inflammatory disorder in the walls of medium and large arteries. CVD is currently responsible for about one in three global deaths and this is expected to rise in the future due to an increase in the prevalence of obesity and diabetes. Current therapies for atherosclerosis mainly modulate lipid homeostasis and while successful at reducing the risk of a CVD-related death, they are associated with considerable residual risk and various side effects. There is, therefore, a need for alternative therapies aimed at regulating inflammation in order to reduce atherogenesis. This review will highlight the key role cytokines play during disease progression as well as potential therapeutic strategies to target them.
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24
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is initiated by the retention and accumulation of cholesterol-containing lipoproteins, particularly low-density lipoprotein, in the artery wall. In the arterial intima, lipoprotein components that are generated through oxidative, lipolytic, and proteolytic activities lead to the formation of several danger-associated molecular patterns, which can activate innate immune cells as well as vascular cells. Moreover, self- and non-self-antigens, such as apolipoprotein B-100 and heat shock proteins, can contribute to vascular inflammation by triggering the response of T and B cells locally. This process can influence the initiation, progression, and stability of plaques. Substantial clinical and experimental data support that the modulation of adaptive immune system may be used for treating and preventing atherosclerosis. This may lead to the development of more selective and less harmful interventions, while keeping host defense mechanisms against infections and tumors intact. Approaches such as vaccination might become a realistic option for cardiovascular disease, especially if they can elicit regulatory T and B cells and the secretion of atheroprotective antibodies. Nevertheless, difficulties in translating certain experimental data into new clinical therapies remain a challenge. In this review, we discuss important studies on the function of T- and B-cell immunity in atherosclerosis and their manipulation to develop novel therapeutic strategies against cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- From the Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Göran K Hansson
- From the Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Boshuizen MCS, Neele AE, Gijbels MJJ, van der Velden S, Hoeksema MA, Forman RA, Muller W, Van den Bossche J, de Winther MPJ. Myeloid interferon-γ receptor deficiency does not affect atherosclerosis in LDLR(-/-) mice. Atherosclerosis 2016; 246:325-33. [PMID: 26828750 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Atherosclerosis is a chronic lipid-driven inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. Interferon gamma (IFNγ) is an important immunomodulatory cytokine and a known pro-atherosclerotic mediator. However, cell-specific targeting of IFNγ or its signaling in atherosclerosis development has not been studied yet. As macrophages are important IFNγ targets, we here addressed the involvement of myeloid IFNγ signaling in murine atherosclerosis. METHODS Bone marrow was isolated from interferon gamma receptor 2 chain (IFNγR2) wildtype and myeloid IFNγR2 deficient mice and injected into lethally irradiated LDLR(-/-) mice. After recovery mice were put on a high fat diet for 10 weeks after which atherosclerotic lesion analysis was performed. In addition, the accompanying liver inflammation was assessed. RESULTS Even though absence of myeloid IFNγ signaling attenuated the myeloid IFNγ response, no significant differences in atherosclerotic lesion size or phenotype were found. Also, when examining the liver inflammatory state no effects of IFNγR2 deficiency could be observed. CONCLUSION Overall, our data argue against a role for myeloid IFNγR2 in atherosclerosis development. Since myeloid IFNγ signaling seems to be nonessential throughout atherogenesis, it is important to understand the mechanisms by which IFNγ acts in atherogenesis. In the future new studies should be performed considering other cell-specific targets.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Cells, Cultured
- Diet, High-Fat
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Hepatitis/genetics
- Hepatitis/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke C S Boshuizen
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annette E Neele
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion J J Gijbels
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia van der Velden
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marten A Hoeksema
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth A Forman
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Werner Muller
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Van den Bossche
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Tian X, Guo R, Zhang Y, Xu L, Liu X, Hou Y. Effects of the Sympathetic Nervous System on Regulatory T Cell and T Helper 1 Chemokine Expression in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome. Neuroimmunomodulation 2016; 23:168-178. [PMID: 27764833 DOI: 10.1159/000448660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effects of sympathetic overactivity on the immune system involved in the imbalance of T helper (Th) lymphocytes, we investigated the correlation between autonomic dysregulation and the generation of regulatory T (Treg) and Th1 chemokines in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS Blood samples obtained from patients with coronary artery disease and controls were analyzed for levels of Th1 and Treg cells and their associated cytokines by flow cytometry. In addition, the activity of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), the levels of norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EPI) and serum cytokines, and the activity of protein kinase A (PKA) were analyzed by Western blot, radioimmunoassay, high-performance liquid chromatography and enzyme-linked immunoassay, respectively. All subjects were evaluated for heart rate variability (HRV). RESULTS Levels of Th1 cells and T-bet (a T-box transcription factor), NE, EPI, cAMP and PKA significantly increased (all p < 0.01) whereas HRV and levels of Treg cells and STAT5 decreased (all p < 0.01) in ACS patients compared to patients with stable angina and controls. The disorder of Th1 and Treg cells is closely related to the activation of cAMP-PKA induced by hyperactivity of the sympathetic system. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the abnormalities in specific subsets of CD4+ T cells are associated with sympathetic hyperactivity in ACS patients. It may provide surprising insights into the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis, involving the regulation of the sympathetic nervous system on immune inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqing Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Moss JWE, Ramji DP. Interferon-γ: Promising therapeutic target in atherosclerosis. World J Exp Med 2015; 5:154-159. [PMID: 26309816 PMCID: PMC4543809 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v5.i3.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the vasculature and is the primary cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD is currently the world’s leading cause of death and the numbers are predicted to rise further because of a global increase in risk factors such as diabetes and obesity. Current therapies such as statins have had a major impact in reducing mortality from CVD. However, there is a marked residual CVD risk in patients on statin therapy. It is therefore important to understand the molecular basis of this disease in detail and to develop alternative novel therapeutics. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is often regarded as a master regulator of atherosclerosis development. IFN-γ is able to influence several key steps during atherosclerosis development, including pro-inflammatory gene expression, the recruitment of monocytes from the blood to the activated arterial endothelium and plaque stability. This central role of IFN-γ makes it a promising therapeutic target. The purpose of this editorial is to describe the key role IFN-γ plays during atherosclerosis development, as well as discuss potential strategies to target it therapeutically.
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Lin Y, Chen Z, Kato S. Receptor-selective IL-4 mutein modulates inflammatory vascular cell phenotypes and attenuates atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:116-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Hypercholesterolemia Induced Immune Response and Inflammation on Progression of Atherosclerosis in Apob(tm2Sgy) Ldlr(tm1Her)/J Mice. Lipids 2015; 50:785-97. [PMID: 26178198 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The effect of hypercholesterolemia induced immune response and inflammation on progression of atherosclerosis in ApoB(tm25gy) LDLr(tm1Her) mice, expressing only ApoB100 and deficient in the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, thus closely resembling human cholesterol transport is not well defined. Atherosclerosis was induced by a high cholesterol diet and its progression was studied at 8, 14 and 20 weeks. Antibody response was determined by ELISA. Lymphocytes in spleen and aortic expression of inflammatory markers were studied by flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry respectively. A rapid increase in plasma LDL levels in the first 8 weeks was followed by the exponential development of atherosclerosis between 8 and 14 weeks. Progression of the disease was accompanied by an accumulation of macrophages and increased expression of IL17 and IFN-γ in the aorta. Hypercholesterolemia resulted in increased immune response to modified lipids and aortic inflammation, with an expansion of Th17 cells in the spleen. Progression of atherosclerosis showed a positive correlation (r = 0.84, P < 0.001) with Th17 cells and a negative correlation with Treg cells (r = 0.83, P < 0.001). IgM antibodies to Ox-LDL and Th17 cells in spleen showed greatest association with disease development. Our results suggest that anti Ox-LDL IgM antibodies, Th17 cells could be developed as a potential marker to study disease progression and to study the effect of therapeutic regulation of inflammation.
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30
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Cytokines in atherosclerosis: Key players in all stages of disease and promising therapeutic targets. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:673-85. [PMID: 26005197 PMCID: PMC4671520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disorder of the arteries, is responsible for most deaths in westernized societies with numbers increasing at a marked rate in developing countries. The disease is initiated by the activation of the endothelium by various risk factors leading to chemokine-mediated recruitment of immune cells. The uptake of modified lipoproteins by macrophages along with defective cholesterol efflux gives rise to foam cells associated with the fatty streak in the early phase of the disease. As the disease progresses, complex fibrotic plaques are produced as a result of lysis of foam cells, migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and continued inflammatory response. Such plaques are stabilized by the extracellular matrix produced by smooth muscle cells and destabilized by matrix metalloproteinase from macrophages. Rupture of unstable plaques and subsequent thrombosis leads to clinical complications such as myocardial infarction. Cytokines are involved in all stages of atherosclerosis and have a profound influence on the pathogenesis of this disease. This review will describe our current understanding of the roles of different cytokines in atherosclerosis together with therapeutic approaches aimed at manipulating their actions.
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Boshuizen MCS, de Winther MPJ. Interferons as Essential Modulators of Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1579-88. [PMID: 25953648 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are key regulators of both innate and adaptive immune responses. The family of IFN cytokines can be divided into 3 main subtypes of which type I and type II IFNs are most well-defined. IFNs are known to be important mediators in atherosclerosis. Evidence from both in vitro and in vivo studies shows that the IFNs are generally proatherosclerotic. However, their role in atherosclerosis is complex, with distinct roles for these cytokines throughout different stages of the disease. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge on the role of type I and type II IFNs in atherosclerosis development, specifically focusing on their role in endothelial activation, cell recruitment, foam cell formation, and regulation of apoptosis. Furthermore, we will discuss whether IFNs could be considered as new molecular targets for therapeutic intervention in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke C S Boshuizen
- From the Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- From the Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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32
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Buckley ML, Ramji DP. The influence of dysfunctional signaling and lipid homeostasis in mediating the inflammatory responses during atherosclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1498-510. [PMID: 25887161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of myocardial infarction and thrombotic cerebrovascular events, is responsible for the majority of deaths in westernized societies. Mortality from this disease is also increasing at a marked rate in developing countries due to the acquisition of a westernized lifestyle accompanied with elevated rates of obesity and diabetes. Atherosclerosis is recognized as a chronic inflammatory disorder associated with lipid accumulation and the development of fibrotic plaques within the walls of medium and large arteries. A range of immune cells, such as macrophages and T-lymphocytes, through the action of various cytokines, such as interleukins-1 and -33, transforming growth factor-β and interferon-γ, orchestrates the inflammatory response in this disease. The disease is also characterized by marked dysfunction in lipid homeostasis and signaling pathways that control the inflammatory response. This review will discuss the molecular basis of atherosclerosis with particular emphasis on the roles of the immune cells and cytokines along with the dysfunctional lipid homeostasis and cell signaling associated with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Buckley
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Dipak P Ramji
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.
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33
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Zarzycka B, Nicolaes GAF, Lutgens E. Targeting the adaptive immune system: new strategies in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2015; 8:297-313. [PMID: 25843158 DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2015.1025052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a lipid-driven chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. Current treatment of atherosclerosis is focused on limiting its risk factors, such as hyperlipidemia or hypertension. However, treatments that target the inflammatory nature of atherosclerosis are still under development. Discovery of novel targets involved in the inflammation of the arterial wall creates opportunities to design new therapeutics that successfully modulate atherosclerosis. Here, we review drug targets that have proven to play pivotal roles in the adaptive immune system in atherosclerosis, and we discuss their potential as novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Zarzycka
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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34
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Ketelhuth DFJ, Hansson GK. Modulation of autoimmunity and atherosclerosis - common targets and promising translational approaches against disease. Circ J 2015; 79:924-33. [PMID: 25766275 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-15-0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall that is influenced by several risk factors, including hyperlipidemia and hypertension. Autoimmune diseases substantially increase the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although atherosclerotic CVD, such as myocardial and stroke, is much more prevalent than classical autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, these types of pathology have many similarities, raising the possibility that therapies against autoimmune disease can have beneficial effects on CVD. Substantial clinical and experimental data support the potential for immunomodulatory approaches to combating both autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases, including classical immunosuppressants, anticytokine therapy, the targeting of T and B cells and their responses, and vaccination. In this review, we discuss experimental and clinical studies that have used immunomodulatory approaches to mitigate autoimmune reactions and examine their potential to prevent and treat atherosclerotic CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital
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35
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He B, Lu Z, Jiang H. Interferon regulatory factors: New targets for intervention of cardiovascular diseases. Int J Cardiol 2015; 181:355-6. [PMID: 25555278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo He
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, PR China
| | - Zhibing Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, PR China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, PR China.
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36
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Yu XH, Zhang J, Zheng XL, Yang YH, Tang CK. Interferon-γ in foam cell formation and progression of atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 441:33-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the vessel wall characterized by activation of the innate immune system, with macrophages as the main players, as well as the adaptive immune system, characterized by a Th1-dominant immune response. Cytokines play a major role in the initiation and regulation of inflammation. In recent years, many studies have investigated the role of these molecules in experimental models of atherosclerosis. While some cytokines such as TNF or IFNγ clearly had atherogenic effects, others such as IL-10 were found to be atheroprotective. However, studies investigating the different cytokines in experimental atherosclerosis revealed that the cytokine system is complex with both disease stage-dependent and site-specific effects. In this review, we strive to provide an overview of the main cytokines involved in atherosclerosis and to shed light on their individual role during atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal J H Kusters
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, L01-146.1, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany.
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London LEE, Kumar AHS, Wall R, Casey PG, O'Sullivan O, Shanahan F, Hill C, Cotter PD, Fitzgerald GF, Ross RP, Caplice NM, Stanton C. Exopolysaccharide-producing probiotic Lactobacilli reduce serum cholesterol and modify enteric microbiota in ApoE-deficient mice. J Nutr 2014; 144:1956-62. [PMID: 25320181 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.191627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotic bacteria have been associated with a reduction in cardiovascular disease risk, a leading cause of death and disability. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the impact of dietary administration of exopolysaccharide-producing probiotic Lactobacillus cultures on lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in apolipoprotein E (apoE)-deficient mice. METHODS First, we examined lipid metabolism in response to dietary supplementation with recombinant β-glucan-producing Lactobacillus paracasei National Food Biotechnology Centre (NFBC) 338 expressing the glycosyltransferase (Gtf) gene from Pediococcus parvulus 2.6 (GTF), and naturally exopolysaccharide-producing Lactobacillus mucosae Dairy Product Culture Collection (DPC) 6426 (DPC 6426) compared with the non-β-glucan-producing isogenic control strain Lactobacillus paracasei NFBC 338 (PNZ) and placebo (15% wt:vol trehalose). Second, we examined the effects on the gut microbiota of dietary administration of DPC 6426 compared with placebo. Probiotic Lactobacillus strains at 1 × 10(9) colony-forming units/d per animal were administered to apoE(-/-) mice fed a high-fat (60% fat)/high-cholesterol (2% wt:wt) diet for 12 wk. At the end of the study, aortic plaque development and serum, liver, and fecal variables involved in lipid metabolism were analyzed, and culture-independent microbial analyses of cecal content were performed. RESULTS Total cholesterol was reduced in serum (P < 0.001; ∼33-50%) and liver (P < 0.05; ∼30%) and serum triglyceride concentrations were reduced (P < 0.05; ∼15-25%) in mice supplemented with GTF or DPC 6426 compared with the PNZ or placebo group, respectively. In addition, dietary intervention with GTF led to increased amounts of fecal cholesterol excretion (P < 0.05) compared with all other groups. Compositional sequencing of the gut microbiota revealed a greater prevalence of Porphyromonadaceae (P = 0.001) and Prevotellaceae (P = 0.001) in the DPC 6426 group and lower proportions of Clostridiaceae (P < 0.05), Peptococcaceae (P < 0.001), and Staphylococcaceae (P < 0.01) compared with the placebo group. CONCLUSION Ingestion of exopolysaccharide-producing lactobacilli resulted in seemingly favorable improvements in lipid metabolism, which were associated with changes in the gut microbiota of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lis E E London
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Teagasc, Food Research Centre Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | - Pat G Casey
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and
| | - Orla O'Sullivan
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Colin Hill
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Teagasc, Food Research Centre Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerald F Fitzgerald
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and
| | - R Paul Ross
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and
| | | | - Catherine Stanton
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Teagasc, Food Research Centre Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
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Koga M, Kanaoka Y, Ohkido Y, Kubo N, Ohishi K, Sugiyama K, Yamauchi A, Kataoka Y. Varenicline aggravates plaque formation through α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in ApoE KO mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 455:194-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Mortensen MB, Kjolby M, Gunnersen S, Larsen JV, Palmfeldt J, Falk E, Nykjaer A, Bentzon JF. Targeting sortilin in immune cells reduces proinflammatory cytokines and atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:5317-22. [PMID: 25401472 DOI: 10.1172/jci76002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified a link between genetic variation at the human chromosomal locus 1p13.3 and coronary artery disease. The gene encoding sortilin (SORT1) has been implicated as the causative gene within the locus, as sortilin regulates hepatic lipoprotein metabolism. Here we demonstrated that sortilin also directly affects atherogenesis, independent of its regulatory role in lipoprotein metabolism. In a mouse model of atherosclerosis, deletion of Sort1 did not alter plasma cholesterol levels, but reduced the development of both early and late atherosclerotic lesions. We determined that sortilin is a high-affinity receptor for the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IFN-γ. Moreover, macrophages and Th1 cells (both of which mediate atherosclerotic plaque formation) lacking sortilin had reduced secretion of IL-6 and IFN-γ, but not of other measured cytokines. Transfer of sortilin-deficient BM into irradiated atherosclerotic mice reduced atherosclerosis and systemic markers of inflammation. Together, these data demonstrate that sortilin influences cytokine secretion and that targeting sortilin in immune cells attenuates inflammation and reduces atherosclerosis.
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Selathurai A, Deswaerte V, Kanellakis P, Tipping P, Toh BH, Bobik A, Kyaw T. Natural killer (NK) cells augment atherosclerosis by cytotoxic-dependent mechanisms. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 102:128-37. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
Understanding the pathophysiology of atherogenesis and the progression of atherosclerosis have been major goals of cardiovascular research during the previous decades. However, the complex molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying plaque destabilization remain largely obscure. Here, we review how lesional cells undergo cell death and how failed clearance exacerbates necrotic core formation. Advanced atherosclerotic lesions are further weakened by the pronounced local activity of matrix-degrading proteases as well as immature neovessels sprouting into the lesion. To stimulate translation of the current knowledge of molecular mechanisms of plaque destabilization into clinical studies, we further summarize available animal models of plaque destabilization. Based on the molecular mechanisms leading to plaque instability, we outline the current status of clinical and preclinical trials to induce plaque stability with a focus on induction of dead cell clearance, inhibition of protease activity, and dampening of inflammatory cell recruitment.
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43
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Zhang L, Wang T, Wang XQ, Du RZ, Zhang KN, Liu XG, Ma DX, Yu S, Su GH, Li ZH, Guan YQ, Du NL. Elevated frequencies of circulating Th22 cell in addition to Th17 cell and Th17/Th1 cell in patients with acute coronary syndrome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71466. [PMID: 24312440 PMCID: PMC3849482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease mediated by immune cells. Th22 cells are CD4(+) T cells that secret IL-22 but not IL-17 or IFN-γ and are implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disease. The roles of Th22 cells in the pathophysiologic procedures of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) remain unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the profile of Th22, Th17 and Th17/Th1 cells in ACS patients, including unstable angina (UA) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients. DESIGN AND METHODS In this study, 26 AMI patients, 16 UA patients, 16 stable angina (SA) patients and 16 healthy controls were included. The frequencies of Th22, Th17 and Th17/Th1 cells in AMI, UA, SA patients and healthy controls were examined by flow cytometry. Plasma levels of IL-22, IL-17 and IFN-γ were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Th22, Th17 and Th17/Th1 cells were significantly increased in AMI and UA patients compared with SA patients and healthy controls. Moreover, plasma IL-22 level was significantly elevated in AMI and UA patients. In addition, Th22 cells correlated positively with IL-22 as well as Th17 cells in AMI and UA patients. CONCLUSION Our findings showed increased frequencies of both Th22 and Th17 cells in ACS patients, which suggest that Th22 and Th17 cells may play a potential role in plaque destabilization and the development of ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-qi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Rui-zhi Du
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery,Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kai-ning Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xin-guang Liu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dao-xin Ma
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuang Yu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guo-hai Su
- Department of Cardiology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhen-hua Li
- Department of Cardiology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu-qing Guan
- Department of Cardiology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Nai-li Du
- Department of Cardiology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Koga M, Yamauchi A, Kanaoka Y, Jige R, Tsukamoto A, Teshima N, Nishioku T, Kataoka Y. BMP4 is increased in the aortas of diabetic ApoE knockout mice and enhances uptake of oxidized low density lipoprotein into peritoneal macrophages. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2013; 10:32. [PMID: 24107300 PMCID: PMC3852969 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-10-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background BMP4, a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, is upregulated in the aortas of diabetic db/db mice. However, little is known about its role in diabetic atherosclerosis. Therefore, we examined the roles of BMP4 in the formation of diabetic atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE KO) mice and in the uptake of oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in peritoneal macrophages of wild-type mice. Methods To induce diabetes, ApoE KO mice were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin. Diabetic and non-diabetic ApoE KO mice were then fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks. Next, to investigate a role of BMP4 in the peritoneal macrophages, we examined the uptake of oxLDL in BMP4-treated macrophages. Results Diabetic ApoE KO mice showed accelerated progression of aortic plaques accompanied by increased luminal plaque area. Western blot analysis showed that BMP4 expression in the whole aorta was greatly increased in diabetic ApoE KO mice, than non-diabetic mice. Western blot analysis showed that the BMP4/SMAD1/5/8 signaling pathway was strongly activated in the aorta from diabetic ApoE KO mice, compared with control ApoE KO mice. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that BMP4 was expressed in MOMA2-labeled macrophage in the aortic lesions of ApoE KO mice. BMP4 significantly increased the uptake of oxLDL into peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Conclusion We show that in the aorta of diabetic ApoE KO mice, BMP4 is increased and activates SMAD1/5/8. Our in vitro findings indicate that BMP4 enhances oxLDL uptake in mouse peritoneal macrophages, suggesting BMP4 may be involved in aortic plaque formation in diabetic ApoE KO mice. Targeting BMP4 may offer a new strategy for inhibition of plaque progression and stabilization of atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhisa Koga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
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Profumo E, Buttari B, Saso L, Capoano R, Salvati B, Riganò R. T lymphocyte autoreactivity in inflammatory mechanisms regulating atherosclerosis. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:157534. [PMID: 23304078 PMCID: PMC3529860 DOI: 10.1100/2012/157534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis has been clearly demonstrated to be a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. Both cells of the innate and the acquired immune system, particularly monocytes and T lymphocytes, are implicated in the atherogenic process, producing different cytokines with pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. The majority of pathogenic T cells involved in atherosclerosis are of the Th1 profile, that has been correlated positively with coronary artery disease. Many studies conducted to evaluate the molecular factors responsible for the activation of T cells have demonstrated that the main antigenic targets in atherosclerosis are modified endogenous structures. These self-molecules activate autoimmune reactions mainly characterized by the production of Th1 cytokines, thus sustaining the inflammatory mechanisms involved in endothelial dysfunction and plaque development. In this paper we will summarize the different T-cell subsets involved in atherosclerosis and the best characterized autoantigens involved in cardiovascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Profumo
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie ed Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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De Meyer I, Martinet W, De Meyer GRY. Therapeutic strategies to deplete macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 74:246-63. [PMID: 22309283 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages can be found in all stages of atherosclerosis and are major contributors of atherosclerotic plaque development, progression and destabilization. Continuous recruitment of monocytes drives this chronic inflammatory disease, which can be intervened by several strategies: reducing the inflammatory stimulus by lowering circulating lipids and promoting cholesterol efflux from plaque, direct and indirect targeting of adhesion molecules and chemokines involved in monocyte adhesion and transmigration and inducing macrophage death in atherosclerotic plaques in combination with anti-inflammatory drugs. This review discusses the outlined strategies to deplete macrophages from atherosclerotic plaques to promote plaque stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge De Meyer
- Division of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Selective gene expression analysis of muscular and vascular components in hearts using laser microdissection method. Int J Vasc Med 2012; 2012:863410. [PMID: 22778964 PMCID: PMC3384972 DOI: 10.1155/2012/863410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. The heart consists of various kinds of cell components. However, it has not been feasible to separately analyze the gene expression of individual components. The laser microdissection (LMD) method, a new technology to collect target cells from the microscopic regions, has been used for malignancies. We sought to establish a method to selectively collect the muscular and vascular regions from the heart sections and to compare the marker gene expressions with this method. Methods and Results. Frozen left ventricle sections were obtained from Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-SP) at 24 weeks of age. Using the LMD method, the muscular and vascular regions were selectively collected under microscopic guidance. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that brain-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), a marker of cardiac myocytes, was expressed in the muscular samples, but not in the vascular samples, whereas α-smooth muscle actin, a marker of smooth muscle cells, was detected only in the vascular samples. Moreover, SHR-SP had significantly greater BNP upregulation than WKY (P < 0.05) in the muscular samples. Conclusions. The LMD method enabled us to separately collect the muscular and vascular samples from myocardial sections and to selectively evaluate mRNA expressions of the individual tissue component.
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Wouters K, Cudejko C, Gijbels MJJ, Fuentes L, Bantubungi K, Vanhoutte J, Dièvart R, Paquet C, Bouchaert E, Hannou SA, Gizard F, Tailleux A, de Winther MPJ, Staels B, Paumelle R. Bone marrow p16INK4a-deficiency does not modulate obesity, glucose homeostasis or atherosclerosis development. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32440. [PMID: 22403661 PMCID: PMC3293804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective A genomic region near the CDKN2A locus, encoding p16INK4a, has been associated to type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic vascular disease, conditions in which inflammation plays an important role. Recently, we found that deficiency of p16INK4a results in decreased inflammatory signaling in murine macrophages and that p16INK4a influences the phenotype of human adipose tissue macrophages. Therefore, we investigated the influence of immune cell p16INK4a on glucose tolerance and atherosclerosis in mice. Methods and Results Bone marrow p16INK4a-deficiency in C57Bl6 mice did not influence high fat diet-induced obesity nor plasma glucose and lipid levels. Glucose tolerance tests showed no alterations in high fat diet-induced glucose intolerance. While bone marrow p16INK4a-deficiency did not affect the gene expression profile of adipose tissue, hepatic expression of the alternative markers Chi3l3, Mgl2 and IL10 was increased and the induction of pro-inflammatory Nos2 was restrained on the high fat diet. Bone marrow p16INK4a-deficiency in low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice did not affect western diet-induced atherosclerotic plaque size or morphology. In line, plasma lipid levels remained unaffected and p16INK4a-deficient macrophages displayed equal cholesterol uptake and efflux compared to wild type macrophages. Conclusion Bone marrow p16INK4a-deficiency does not affect plasma lipids, obesity, glucose tolerance or atherosclerosis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiaan Wouters
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Céline Cudejko
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Marion J. J. Gijbels
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lucia Fuentes
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Kadiombo Bantubungi
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jonathan Vanhoutte
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Rebecca Dièvart
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Charlotte Paquet
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Emmanuel Bouchaert
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Sarah Anissa Hannou
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Florence Gizard
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Anne Tailleux
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Menno P. J. de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Staels
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Réjane Paumelle
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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Gene therapy in interventional pulmonology: Interferon gene delivery with focus on thoracic malignancies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13665-011-0008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Martinet W, Schrijvers DM, De Meyer GRY. Pharmacological modulation of cell death in atherosclerosis: a promising approach towards plaque stabilization? Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1-13. [PMID: 21418184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite tremendous advances over the last 15 years in identifying vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, the incidence of death and disability caused by such lesions still remains the number one health threat in developed countries. Therefore, new systemic or focal therapies aimed at decreasing the overall burden of disease, and a change to a more benign phenotype, are needed. Because cell death is a prominent feature of advanced atherosclerotic plaques with a major impact on plaque destabilization, an increasing number of compounds targeting the apoptotic or autophagic machinery in atherosclerosis are being explored, predominantly at the preclinical level. This review will provide an overview of these compounds, with a focus on both inhibition and stimulation of cell death, to prevent acute coronary syndromes and sudden cardiac death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Martinet
- Division of Pharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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