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Salerno N, Marino F, Scalise M, Salerno L, Molinaro C, Filardo A, Chiefalo A, Panuccio G, De Angelis A, Urbanek K, Torella D, Cianflone E. Pharmacological clearance of senescent cells improves cardiac remodeling and function after myocardial infarction in female aged mice. Mech Ageing Dev 2022; 208:111740. [PMID: 36150603 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2022.111740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are predominantly an aging disease. Important sex-specific differences exist and the mechanism(s) by which this sex-by-age interaction influences CVD development and progression remains elusive. Accordingly, it is still unknown whether cell senescence, a main feature of cardiac male aging, is a significant feature also of the female aged mouse heart and whether senolytics, senescence-clearing compounds, promote myocardial repair and regeneration after myocardial infarction (MI) in aged female mice. To this aim, the combination of two senolytics, dasatinib and quercetin (D+Q) or just their vehicle was administered to 22-24 months old C57BL/6 female mice after MI. D+Q improved global left ventricle function and myocardial performance after MI whereby female cardiac aging is characterized by accumulation of cardiac senescent cells that are further increased by MI. Despite their terminal differentiation nature, also cardiomyocytes acquire a senescent phenotype with age in females. D+Q removed senescent cardiac non-myocyte and myocyte cells ameliorating cardiac remodeling and regeneration. Senolytics removed aged dysfunctional cardiac stem/progenitor cells (CSCs), relieving healthy CSCs with normal proliferative and cardiomyogenic differentiation potential. In conclusions, cardiac senescent cells accumulate in the aged female hearts. Removing senescent cells is a key therapeutic target for efficient repair of the aged female heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Salerno
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Fabiola Marino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mariangela Scalise
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luca Salerno
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Claudia Molinaro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Filardo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Chiefalo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Panuccio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonella De Angelis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Konrad Urbanek
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, 88121, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniele Torella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Cianflone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
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Wagner KD, Wagner N. The Senescence Markers p16INK4A, p14ARF/p19ARF, and p21 in Organ Development and Homeostasis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121966. [PMID: 35741095 PMCID: PMC9221567 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that senescent cells accumulate with aging. They are characterized by replicative arrest and the release of a myriad of factors commonly called the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Despite the replicative cell cycle arrest, these cells are metabolically active and functional. The release of SASP factors is mostly thought to cause tissue dysfunction and to induce senescence in surrounding cells. As major markers for aging and senescence, p16INK4, p14ARF/p19ARF, and p21 are established. Importantly, senescence is also implicated in development, cancer, and tissue homeostasis. While many markers of senescence have been identified, none are able to unambiguously identify all senescent cells. However, increased levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p16INK4A and p21 are often used to identify cells with senescence-associated phenotypes. We review here the knowledge of senescence, p16INK4A, p14ARF/p19ARF, and p21 in embryonic and postnatal development and potential functions in pathophysiology and homeostasis. The establishment of senolytic therapies with the ultimate goal to improve healthy aging requires care and detailed knowledge about the involvement of senescence and senescence-associated proteins in developmental processes and homeostatic mechanism. The review contributes to these topics, summarizes open questions, and provides some directions for future research.
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3
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Prasad V, Millay DP. Skeletal muscle fibers count on nuclear numbers for growth. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 119:3-10. [PMID: 33972174 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle cells are noteworthy for their syncytial nature, with each myofiber accumulating hundreds or thousands of nuclei derived from resident muscle stem cells (MuSCs). These nuclei are accrued through cell fusion, which is controlled by the two essential fusogens Myomaker and Myomerger that are transiently expressed within the myogenic lineage. While the absolute requirement of fusion for muscle development has been known for decades, the underlying need for the magnitude of multinucleation in muscle remains mysterious. Possible advantages of multinucleation include the potential it affords for transcriptional diversity within these massive cells, and as a means of increasing DNA content to support optimal cell size and function. In this article, we review recent advances that elucidate the relationship between myonuclear numbers and establishment of myofiber size, and discuss how this new information refines our understanding of the concept of myonuclear domains (MND), the cytoplasmic volumes that each resident myonucleus can support. Finally, we explore the potential consequences and costs of multinucleation and its impacts on myonuclear transcriptional reserve capacity, growth potential, myofiber size regulation, and muscle adaptability. We anticipate this report will not only serve to highlight the latest advances in the basic biology of syncytial muscle cells but also provide information to help design the next generation of therapeutic strategies to maintain muscle mass and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Prasad
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Douglas P Millay
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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4
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Nalobin D, Alipkina S, Gaidamaka A, Glukhov A, Khuchua Z. Telomeres and Telomerase in Heart Ontogenesis, Aging and Regeneration. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020503. [PMID: 32098394 PMCID: PMC7072777 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of the review article is to assess the contributions of telomere length and telomerase activity to the cardiac function at different stages of development and clarify their role in cardiac disorders. It has been shown that the telomerase complex and telomeres are of great importance in many periods of ontogenesis due to the regulation of the proliferative capacity of heart cells. The review article also discusses the problems of heart regeneration and the identification of possible causes of dysfunction of telomeres and telomerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Nalobin
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-916-939-0990
| | - Svetlana Alipkina
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian
| | - Anna Gaidamaka
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian
| | - Alexander Glukhov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian
- Department of Biochemistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russian
| | - Zaza Khuchua
- Department of Biochemistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russian
- Institute of Chemical Biology Ilia State University, 0162 Tbilisi, Georgia
- Division of Molecular and Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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5
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Mitry MA, Laurent D, Keith BL, Sira E, Eisenberg CA, Eisenberg LM, Joshi S, Gupte S, Edwards JG. Accelerated cardiomyocyte senescence contributes to late-onset doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C380-C391. [PMID: 31913702 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00073.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Children surviving cancer and chemotherapy are at risk for adverse health events including heart failure that may be delayed by years. Although the early effects of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity may be attributed to a direct effect on the cardiomyocytes, the mechanisms underlying the delayed or late effects (8-20 yr) are unknown. The goal of this project was to develop a model of late-onset doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity to better delineate the underlying pathophysiology responsible. The underlying hypothesis was that doxorubicin-induced "late-onset cardiotoxicity" was the result of mitochondrial dysfunction leading to cell failure and death. Wistar rats, 3-4 wk of age, were randomly assigned to vehicle or doxorubicin injection groups (1-45 mg/kg). Cardiovascular function was unaltered at the lower dosages (1-15 kg/mg), but beginning at 6 mo after injection significant cardiac degradation was observed in the 45 mg/kg group. Doxorubicin significantly increased myocardial mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage. In contrast, in isolated c-kit left ventricular (LV) cells, doxorubicin treatment did not increase mtDNA damage. Biomarkers of senescence within the LV were significantly increased, suggesting accelerated aging of the LV. Doxorubicin also significantly increased LV histamine content suggestive of mast cell activation. With the use of flow cytometry, a significant expansion of the c-kit and stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 cell populations within the LV were concomitant with significant decreases in the circulating peripheral blood population of these cells. These results are consistent with the concept that doxorubicin induced significant damage to the cardiomyocyte population and that although the heart attempted to compensate it eventually succumbed to an inability for self-repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Mitry
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Dimitri Laurent
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Britny L Keith
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Elizabeth Sira
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Carol A Eisenberg
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | | | - Sachindra Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Sachin Gupte
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - John G Edwards
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
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6
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Borden A, Kurian J, Nickoloff E, Yang Y, Troupes CD, Ibetti J, Lucchese AM, Gao E, Mohsin S, Koch WJ, Houser SR, Kishore R, Khan M. Transient Introduction of miR-294 in the Heart Promotes Cardiomyocyte Cell Cycle Reentry After Injury. Circ Res 2019; 125:14-25. [PMID: 30964391 PMCID: PMC6586499 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.314223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Embryonic heart is characterized of rapidly dividing cardiomyocytes required to build a working myocardium. Cardiomyocytes retain some proliferative capacity in the neonates but lose it in adulthood. Consequently, a number of signaling hubs including microRNAs are altered during cardiac development that adversely impacts regenerative potential of cardiac tissue. Embryonic stem cell cycle miRs are a class of microRNAs exclusively expressed during developmental stages; however, their effect on cardiomyocyte proliferation and heart function in adult myocardium has not been studied previously. OBJECTIVE To determine whether transient reintroduction of embryonic stem cell cycle miR-294 promotes cardiomyocyte cell cycle reentry enhancing cardiac repair after myocardial injury. METHODS AND RESULTS miR-294 is expressed in the heart during development, prenatal stages, lost in the neonate, and adult heart confirmed by qRT-PCR and in situ hybridization. Neonatal ventricular myocytes treated with miR-294 showed elevated expression of Ki67, p-histone H3, and Aurora B confirmed by immunocytochemistry compared with control cells. miR-294 enhanced oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis in Neonatal ventricular myocytes measured by seahorse assay. Mechanistically, miR-294 represses Wee1 leading to increased activity of the cyclin B1/CDK1 complex confirmed by qRT-PCR and immunoblot analysis. Next, a doxycycline-inducible AAV9-miR-294 vector was delivered to mice for activating miR-294 in myocytes for 14 days continuously after myocardial infarction. miR-294-treated mice significantly improved left ventricular functions together with decreased infarct size and apoptosis 8 weeks after MI. Myocyte cell cycle reentry increased in miR-294 hearts analyzed by Ki67, pH3, and AurB (Aurora B kinase) expression parallel to increased small myocyte number in the heart. Isolated adult myocytes from miR-294 hearts showed increased 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine+ cells and upregulation of cell cycle markers and miR-294 targets 8 weeks after MI. CONCLUSIONS Ectopic transient expression of miR-294 recapitulates developmental signaling and phenotype in cardiomyocytes promoting cell cycle reentry that leads to augmented cardiac function in mice after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Borden
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research (CMDR), Temple University
| | - Justin Kurian
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research (CMDR), Temple University
| | - Emily Nickoloff
- Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), LKSOM, LKSOM, Temple University
| | - Yijun Yang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRC), Temple University
| | | | - Jessica Ibetti
- Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), LKSOM, LKSOM, Temple University
| | | | - Erhe Gao
- Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), LKSOM, LKSOM, Temple University
| | - Sadia Mohsin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRC), Temple University
- Department of Pharmacology, LKSOM, Temple University, LKSOM, Temple University
| | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), LKSOM, LKSOM, Temple University
- Department of Pharmacology, LKSOM, Temple University, LKSOM, Temple University
| | - Steven R Houser
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRC), Temple University
- Department of Physiology, LKSOM, Temple University
| | - Raj Kishore
- Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), LKSOM, LKSOM, Temple University
- Department of Pharmacology, LKSOM, Temple University, LKSOM, Temple University
| | - Mohsin Khan
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research (CMDR), Temple University
- Department of Physiology, LKSOM, Temple University
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7
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Anderson R, Lagnado A, Maggiorani D, Walaszczyk A, Dookun E, Chapman J, Birch J, Salmonowicz H, Ogrodnik M, Jurk D, Proctor C, Correia-Melo C, Victorelli S, Fielder E, Berlinguer-Palmini R, Owens A, Greaves LC, Kolsky KL, Parini A, Douin-Echinard V, LeBrasseur NK, Arthur HM, Tual-Chalot S, Schafer MJ, Roos CM, Miller JD, Robertson N, Mann J, Adams PD, Tchkonia T, Kirkland JL, Mialet-Perez J, Richardson GD, Passos JF. Length-independent telomere damage drives post-mitotic cardiomyocyte senescence. EMBO J 2019; 38:embj.2018100492. [PMID: 30737259 PMCID: PMC6396144 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing is the biggest risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Cellular senescence, a process driven in part by telomere shortening, has been implicated in age‐related tissue dysfunction. Here, we address the question of how senescence is induced in rarely dividing/post‐mitotic cardiomyocytes and investigate whether clearance of senescent cells attenuates age‐related cardiac dysfunction. During ageing, human and murine cardiomyocytes acquire a senescent‐like phenotype characterised by persistent DNA damage at telomere regions that can be driven by mitochondrial dysfunction and crucially can occur independently of cell division and telomere length. Length‐independent telomere damage in cardiomyocytes activates the classical senescence‐inducing pathways, p21CIP and p16INK4a, and results in a non‐canonical senescence‐associated secretory phenotype, which is pro‐fibrotic and pro‐hypertrophic. Pharmacological or genetic clearance of senescent cells in mice alleviates detrimental features of cardiac ageing, including myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis. Our data describe a mechanism by which senescence can occur and contribute to age‐related myocardial dysfunction and in the wider setting to ageing in post‐mitotic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Anderson
- Ageing Research Laboratories, Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anthony Lagnado
- Ageing Research Laboratories, Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Damien Maggiorani
- INSERM Institute of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Anna Walaszczyk
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emily Dookun
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - James Chapman
- Ageing Research Laboratories, Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jodie Birch
- Ageing Research Laboratories, Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Hanna Salmonowicz
- Ageing Research Laboratories, Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mikolaj Ogrodnik
- Ageing Research Laboratories, Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Diana Jurk
- Ageing Research Laboratories, Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Carole Proctor
- Ageing Research Laboratories, Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Clara Correia-Melo
- Ageing Research Laboratories, Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Stella Victorelli
- Ageing Research Laboratories, Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Edward Fielder
- Ageing Research Laboratories, Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Andrew Owens
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Laura C Greaves
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Centre for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kathy L Kolsky
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Angelo Parini
- INSERM Institute of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Victorine Douin-Echinard
- INSERM Institute of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Helen M Arthur
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Simon Tual-Chalot
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Marissa J Schafer
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Carolyn M Roos
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jordan D Miller
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Neil Robertson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, CR-UK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jelena Mann
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Peter D Adams
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, CR-UK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tamara Tchkonia
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James L Kirkland
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jeanne Mialet-Perez
- INSERM Institute of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Gavin D Richardson
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - João F Passos
- Ageing Research Laboratories, Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK .,Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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8
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Booth SA, Wadley GD, Marques FZ, Wlodek ME, Charchar FJ. Fetal growth restriction shortens cardiac telomere length, but this is attenuated by exercise in early life. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:956-963. [PMID: 30192712 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00042.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Fetal and postnatal growth restriction cause a predisposition to cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adulthood. Telomeres are repetitive DNA-protein structures that protect chromosome ends, and the loss of these repeats (a reduction in telomere length) is associated with CVD. As exercise preserves telomere length and cardiovascular health, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of growth restriction and exercise training on cardiac telomere length and telomeric genes. METHODS AND RESULTS Pregnant Wistar Kyoto rats underwent bilateral uterine vessel ligation to induce uteroplacental insufficiency and fetal growth restriction ("Restricted"). Sham-operated rats had either intact litters ("Control") or their litters reduced to five pups with slowed postnatal growth ("Reduced"). Control, Restricted, and Reduced male rats were assigned to Sedentary, Early exercise (5-9 wk of age), or Late exercise (20-24 wk of age) groups. Hearts were excised at 24 wk of age for telomere length and gene expression measurements by quantitative PCR. Growth restriction shortened cardiac telomere length ( P < 0.001), but this was rescued by early exercise ( P < 0.001). Early and Late exercise increased cardiac weight index ( P < 0.001), but neither this nor telomere length was associated with expression of the telomeric genes Tert, Terc, Trf2, Pnuts, or Sirt1. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Growth restriction shortens cardiac telomere length, reflecting the cardiac pathologies associated with low birth weight. Exercise in early life may offer long-term protective effects on cardiac telomere length, which could help prevent CVD in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Booth
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University Australia , Victoria , Australia
| | - G D Wadley
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University , Geelong, Victoria , Australia
| | - F Z Marques
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University Australia , Victoria , Australia.,Heart Failure Research Group, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne , Australia.,Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - M E Wlodek
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria , Australia
| | - F J Charchar
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University Australia , Victoria , Australia.,Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria , Australia.,Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester , Leicester , United Kingdom
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9
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Abstract
This study demonstrates that significantly shortened telomeres are a hallmark of cardiomyocytes (CMs) from individuals with end-stage hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) or dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) as a result of heritable defects in cardiac proteins critical to contractile function. Positioned at the ends of chromosomes, telomeres are DNA repeats that serve as protective caps that shorten with each cell division, a marker of aging. CMs are a known exception in which telomeres remain relatively stable throughout life in healthy individuals. We found that, relative to healthy controls, telomeres are significantly shorter in CMs of genetic HCM and DCM patient tissues harboring pathogenic mutations: TNNI3, MYBPC3, MYH7, DMD, TNNT2, and TTN Quantitative FISH (Q-FISH) of single cells revealed that telomeres were significantly reduced by 26% in HCM and 40% in DCM patient CMs in fixed tissue sections compared with CMs from age- and sex-matched healthy controls. In the cardiac tissues of the same patients, telomere shortening was not evident in vascular smooth muscle cells that do not express or require the contractile proteins, an important control. Telomere shortening was recapitulated in DCM and HCM CMs differentiated from patient-derived human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) measured by two independent assays. This study reveals telomere shortening as a hallmark of genetic HCM and DCM and demonstrates that this shortening can be modeled in vitro by using the hiPSC platform, enabling drug discovery.
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10
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Childs BG, Li H, van Deursen JM. Senescent cells: a therapeutic target for cardiovascular disease. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1217-1228. [PMID: 29608141 DOI: 10.1172/jci95146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence, a major tumor-suppressive cell fate, has emerged from humble beginnings as an in vitro phenomenon into recognition as a fundamental mechanism of aging. In the process, senescent cells have attracted attention as a therapeutic target for age-related diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Given the aging global population and the inadequacy of current medical management, attenuating the health care burden of CVD would be transformative to clinical practice. Here, we review the evidence that cellular senescence drives CVD in a bimodal fashion by both priming the aged cardiovascular system for disease and driving established disease forward. Hence, the growing field of senotherapy (neutralizing senescent cells for therapeutic benefit) is poised to contribute to both prevention and treatment of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and
| | - Jan M van Deursen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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11
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Wang J, Cui C, Nan H, Yu Y, Xiao Y, Poon E, Yang G, Wang X, Wang C, Li L, Boheler KR, Ma X, Cheng X, Ni Z, Chen M. Graphene Sheet-Induced Global Maturation of Cardiomyocytes Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:25929-25940. [PMID: 28718622 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can proliferate infinitely. Their ability to differentiate into cardiomyocytes provides abundant sources for disease modeling, drug screening and regenerative medicine. However, hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) display a low degree of maturation and fetal-like properties. Current in vitro differentiation methods do not mimic the structural, mechanical, or physiological properties of the cardiogenesis niche. Recently, we present an efficient cardiac maturation platform that combines hiPSCs monolayer cardiac differentiation with graphene substrate, which is a biocompatible and superconductive material. The hiPSCs lines were successfully maintained on the graphene sheets and were able to differentiate into functional cardiomyocytes. This strategy markedly increased the myofibril ultrastructural organization, elevated the conduction velocity, and enhanced both the Ca2+ handling and electrophysiological properties in the absence of electrical stimulation. On the graphene substrate, the expression of connexin 43 increased along with the conduction velocity. Interestingly, the bone morphogenetic proteins signaling was also significantly activated during early cardiogenesis, confirmed by RNA sequencing analysis. Here, we reasoned that graphene substrate as a conductive biomimetic surface could facilitate the intrinsic electrical propagation, mimicking the microenvironment of the native heart, to further promote the global maturation of hiPSC-CMs. Our findings highlight the capability of electrically active substrates to influence cardiomyocyte development. We believe that application of graphene sheets will be useful for simple, fast, and scalable maturation of regenerated cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxian Wang
- National Center for Human Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chang Cui
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Haiyan Nan
- Department of Physics, Southeast University , Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yuanfang Yu
- Department of Physics, Southeast University , Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yini Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academic of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ellen Poon
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Gang Yang
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xijie Wang
- National Shanghai Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research , Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- SARI Center for Stem Cell and Nanomedicine, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Lingsong Li
- SARI Center for Stem Cell and Nanomedicine, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Kenneth Richard Boheler
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Xu Ma
- National Center for Human Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academic of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhenhua Ni
- Department of Physics, Southeast University , Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Minglong Chen
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing 210029, China
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12
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Novel large-particle FACS purification of adult ventricular myocytes reveals accumulation of myosin and actin disproportionate to cell size and proteome in normal post-weaning development. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 111:114-122. [PMID: 28780067 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Quantifying cellular proteins in ventricular myocytes (MCs) is challenging due to tissue heterogeneity and the variety of cell sizes in the heart. In post-weaning cardiac ontogeny, rod-shaped MCs make up the majority of the cardiac mass while remaining a minority of cardiac cells in number. Current biochemical analyses of cardiac proteins do not correlate well the content of MC-specific proteins to cell type or size in normally developing tissue. OBJECTIVE To develop a new large-particle fluorescent-activated cell sorting (LP-FACS) strategy for the purification of adult rod-shaped MCs. This approach is developed to enable growth-scaled measurements per-cell of the MC proteome and sarcomeric proteins (i.e. myosin heavy chain (MyHC) and alpha-actin (α-actin)) content. METHODS AND RESULTS Individual cardiac cells were isolated from 21 to 94days old mice. An LP-FACS jet-in-air system with a 200-μm nozzle was defined for the first time to purify adult MCs. Cell-type specific immunophenotyping and sorting yielded ≥95% purity of adult MCs independently of cell morphology and size. This approach excluded other cell types and tissue contaminants from further analysis. MC proteome, MyHC and α-actin proteins were measured in linear biochemical assays normalized to cell numbers. Using the allometric coefficient α, we scaled the MC-specific rate of protein accumulation to growth post-weaning. MC-specific volumes (α=1.02) and global protein accumulation (α=0.94) were proportional (i.e. isometric) to body mass. In contrast, MyHC and α-actin accumulated at a much greater rate (i.e. hyperallometric) than body mass (α=1.79 and 2.19 respectively) and MC volumes (α=1.76 and 1.45 respectively). CONCLUSION Changes in MC proteome and cell volumes measured in LP-FACS purified MCs are proportional to body mass post-weaning. Oppositely, MyHC and α-actin are concentrated more rapidly than what would be expected from MC proteome accumulation, cell enlargement, or animal growth alone. LP-FACS provides a new standard for adult MC purification and an approach to scale the biochemical content of specific proteins or group of proteins per cell in enlarging MCs.
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Booth SA, Charchar FJ. Cardiac telomere length in heart development, function, and disease. Physiol Genomics 2017; 49:368-384. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00024.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are repetitive nucleoprotein structures at chromosome ends, and a decrease in the number of these repeats, known as a reduction in telomere length (TL), triggers cellular senescence and apoptosis. Heart disease, the worldwide leading cause of death, often results from the loss of cardiac cells, which could be explained by decreases in TL. Due to the cell-specific regulation of TL, this review focuses on studies that have measured telomeres in heart cells and critically assesses the relationship between cardiac TL and heart function. There are several lines of evidence that have identified rapid changes in cardiac TL during the onset and progression of heart disease as well as at critical stages of development. There are also many factors, such as the loss of telomeric proteins, oxidative stress, and hypoxia, that decrease cardiac TL and heart function. In contrast, antioxidants, calorie restriction, and exercise can prevent both cardiac telomere attrition and the progression of heart disease. TL in the heart is also indicative of proliferative potential and could facilitate the identification of cells suitable for cardiac rejuvenation. Although these findings highlight the involvement of TL in heart function, there are important questions regarding the validity of animal models, as well as several confounding factors, that need to be considered when interpreting results and planning future research. With these in mind, elucidating the telomeric mechanisms involved in heart development and the transition to disease holds promise to prevent cardiac dysfunction and potentiate regeneration after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Booth
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University Australia, Balllarat, Australia
| | - F. J. Charchar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University Australia, Balllarat, Australia
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; and
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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14
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Meo M, Meste O, Signore S, Sorrentino A, Cannata A, Zhou Y, Matsuda A, Luciani M, Kannappan R, Goichberg P, Leri A, Anversa P, Rota M. Reduction in Kv Current Enhances the Temporal Dispersion of the Action Potential in Diabetic Myocytes: Insights From a Novel Repolarization Algorithm. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:e003078. [PMID: 26896476 PMCID: PMC4802457 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.003078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is associated with prolongation of the QT interval of the electrocardiogram and enhanced dispersion of ventricular repolarization, factors that, together with atherosclerosis and myocardial ischemia, may promote the occurrence of electrical disorders. Thus, we tested the possibility that alterations in transmembrane ionic currents reduce the repolarization reserve of myocytes, leading to action potential (AP) prolongation and enhanced beat-to-beat variability of repolarization. METHODS AND RESULTS Diabetes was induced in mice with streptozotocin (STZ), and effects of hyperglycemia on electrical properties of whole heart and myocytes were studied with respect to an untreated control group (Ctrl) using electrocardiographic recordings in vivo, ex vivo perfused hearts, and single-cell patch-clamp analysis. Additionally, a newly developed algorithm was introduced to obtain detailed information of the impact of high glucose on AP profile. Compared to Ctrl, hyperglycemia in STZ-treated animals was coupled with prolongation of the QT interval, enhanced temporal dispersion of electrical recovery, and susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias, defects observed, in part, in the Akita mutant mouse model of type I diabetes. AP was prolonged and beat-to-beat variability of repolarization was enhanced in diabetic myocytes, with respect to Ctrl cells. Density of Kv K(+) and L-type Ca(2+) currents were decreased in STZ myocytes, in comparison to cells from normoglycemic mice. Pharmacological reduction of Kv currents in Ctrl cells lengthened AP duration and increased temporal dispersion of repolarization, reiterating features identified in diabetic myocytes. CONCLUSIONS Reductions in the repolarizing K(+) currents may contribute to electrical disturbances of the diabetic heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Meo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Olivier Meste
- Laboratoire d'Informatique, Signaux et Systèmes de Sophia Antipolis (I3S), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Nice, France
| | - Sergio Signore
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrea Sorrentino
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Antonio Cannata
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alex Matsuda
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Fondazione Cardiocentro Ticino, University of Zurich, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Marco Luciani
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ramaswamy Kannappan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Polina Goichberg
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Annarosa Leri
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Fondazione Cardiocentro Ticino, University of Zurich, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Piero Anversa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Fondazione Cardiocentro Ticino, University of Zurich, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Marcello Rota
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
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15
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Sorrentino A, Signore S, Qanud K, Borghetti G, Meo M, Cannata A, Zhou Y, Wybieralska E, Luciani M, Kannappan R, Zhang E, Matsuda A, Webster A, Cimini M, Kertowidjojo E, D'Alessandro DA, Wunimenghe O, Michler RE, Royer C, Goichberg P, Leri A, Barrett EG, Anversa P, Hintze TH, Rota M. Myocyte repolarization modulates myocardial function in aging dogs. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H873-90. [PMID: 26801307 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00682.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies of myocardial aging are complex and the mechanisms involved in the deterioration of ventricular performance and decreased functional reserve of the old heart remain to be properly defined. We have studied a colony of beagle dogs from 3 to 14 yr of age kept under a highly regulated environment to define the effects of aging on the myocardium. Ventricular, myocardial, and myocyte function, together with anatomical and structural properties of the organ and cardiomyocytes, were evaluated. Ventricular hypertrophy was not observed with aging and the structural composition of the myocardium was modestly affected. Alterations in the myocyte compartment were identified in aged dogs, and these factors negatively interfere with the contractile reserve typical of the young heart. The duration of the action potential is prolonged in old cardiomyocytes contributing to the slower electrical recovery of the myocardium. Also, the remodeled repolarization of cardiomyocytes with aging provides inotropic support to the senescent muscle but compromises its contractile reserve, rendering the old heart ineffective under conditions of high hemodynamic demand. The defects in the electrical and mechanical properties of cardiomyocytes with aging suggest that this cell population is an important determinant of the cardiac senescent phenotype. Collectively, the delayed electrical repolarization of aging cardiomyocytes may be viewed as a critical variable of the aging myopathy and its propensity to evolve into ventricular decompensation under stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sorrentino
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sergio Signore
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Khaled Qanud
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Giulia Borghetti
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marianna Meo
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Antonio Cannata
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yu Zhou
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ewa Wybieralska
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marco Luciani
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ramaswamy Kannappan
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eric Zhang
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alex Matsuda
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew Webster
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maria Cimini
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Oriyanhan Wunimenghe
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York; and
| | - Robert E Michler
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York; and
| | | | - Polina Goichberg
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Annarosa Leri
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edward G Barrett
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Piero Anversa
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas H Hintze
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Marcello Rota
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York;
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16
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Marques FZ, Booth SA, Prestes PR, Curl CL, Delbridge LMD, Lewandowski P, Harrap SB, Charchar FJ. Telomere dynamics during aging in polygenic left ventricular hypertrophy. Physiol Genomics 2016; 48:42-9. [PMID: 26508703 PMCID: PMC4868381 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00083.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Short telomeres are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Here we studied cardiomyocyte telomere length at key ages during the ontogeny of cardiac hypertrophy and failure in the hypertrophic heart rat (HHR) and compared these with the normal heart rat (NHR) control strain. Key ages corresponded with the pathophysiological sequence beginning with fewer cardiomyocytes (2 days), leading to left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) (13 wk) and subsequently progression to heart failure (38 wk). We measured telomere length, tissue activity of telomerase, mRNA levels of telomerase reverse transcriptase (Tert) and telomerase RNA component (Terc), and expression of the telomeric regulator microRNA miR-34a. Cardiac telomere length was longer in the HHR compared with the control strain at 2 days and 38 wk, but shorter at 13 wk. Neonatal HHR had higher cardiac telomerase activity and expression of Tert and miR-34a. Telomerase activity was not different at 13 or 38 wk. Tert mRNA and Terc RNA were overexpressed at 38 wk, while miR-34a was overexpressed at 13 wk but downregulated at 38 wk. Circulating leukocytes were strongly correlated with cardiac telomere length in the HHR only. The longer neonatal telomeres in HHR are likely to reflect fewer fetal and early postnatal cardiomyocyte cell divisions and explain the reduced total cardiomyocyte complement that predisposes to later hypertrophy and failure. Although shorter telomeres were a feature of cardiac hypertrophy at 13 wk, they were not present at the progression to heart failure at 38 wk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Z Marques
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University Australia, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott A Booth
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University Australia, Victoria, Australia
| | - Priscilla R Prestes
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University Australia, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claire L Curl
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Lea M D Delbridge
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and
| | | | - Stephen B Harrap
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Fadi J Charchar
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University Australia, Victoria, Australia;
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17
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Signore S, Sorrentino A, Borghetti G, Cannata A, Meo M, Zhou Y, Kannappan R, Pasqualini F, O'Malley H, Sundman M, Tsigkas N, Zhang E, Arranto C, Mangiaracina C, Isobe K, Sena BF, Kim J, Goichberg P, Nahrendorf M, Isom LL, Leri A, Anversa P, Rota M. Late Na(+) current and protracted electrical recovery are critical determinants of the aging myopathy. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8803. [PMID: 26541940 PMCID: PMC4638135 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging myopathy manifests itself with diastolic dysfunction and preserved ejection fraction. We raised the possibility that, in a mouse model of physiological aging, defects in electromechanical properties of cardiomyocytes are important determinants of the diastolic characteristics of the myocardium, independently from changes in structural composition of the muscle and collagen framework. Here we show that an increase in the late Na(+) current (INaL) in aging cardiomyocytes prolongs the action potential (AP) and influences temporal kinetics of Ca(2+) cycling and contractility. These alterations increase force development and passive tension. Inhibition of INaL shortens the AP and corrects dynamics of Ca(2+) transient, cell contraction and relaxation. Similarly, repolarization and diastolic tension of the senescent myocardium are partly restored. Thus, INaL offers inotropic support, but negatively interferes with cellular and ventricular compliance, providing a new perspective of the biology of myocardial aging and the aetiology of the defective cardiac performance in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Signore
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Andrea Sorrentino
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Giulia Borghetti
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Antonio Cannata
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Marianna Meo
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ramaswamy Kannappan
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Francesco Pasqualini
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Heather O'Malley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Mark Sundman
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Nikolaos Tsigkas
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Eric Zhang
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Christian Arranto
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Chiara Mangiaracina
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kazuya Isobe
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Brena F Sena
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Junghyun Kim
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Polina Goichberg
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Lori L Isom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Annarosa Leri
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Piero Anversa
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Marcello Rota
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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19
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Bergmann O, Jovinge S. Cardiac regeneration in vivo: Mending the heart from within? Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:523-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Leri A, Rota M, Hosoda T, Goichberg P, Anversa P. Cardiac stem cell niches. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:631-46. [PMID: 25267073 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The critical role that stem cell niches have in cardiac homeostasis and myocardial repair following injury is the focus of this review. Cardiac niches represent specialized microdomains where the quiescent and activated state of resident stem cells is regulated. Alterations in niche function with aging and cardiac diseases result in abnormal sites of cardiomyogenesis and inadequate myocyte formation. The relevance of Notch1 signaling, gap-junction formation, HIF-1α and metabolic state in the regulation of stem cell growth and differentiation within the cardiac niches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarosa Leri
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Marcello Rota
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Toru Hosoda
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Polina Goichberg
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Piero Anversa
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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21
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Sanada F, Kim J, Czarna A, Chan NYK, Signore S, Ogórek B, Isobe K, Wybieralska E, Borghetti G, Pesapane A, Sorrentino A, Mangano E, Cappetta D, Mangiaracina C, Ricciardi M, Cimini M, Ifedigbo E, Perrella MA, Goichberg P, Choi AM, Kajstura J, Hosoda T, Rota M, Anversa P, Leri A. c-Kit-positive cardiac stem cells nested in hypoxic niches are activated by stem cell factor reversing the aging myopathy. Circ Res 2013; 114:41-55. [PMID: 24170267 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.302500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Hypoxia favors stem cell quiescence, whereas normoxia is required for stem cell activation, but whether cardiac stem cell (CSC) function is regulated by the hypoxic/normoxic state of the cell is currently unknown. OBJECTIVE A balance between hypoxic and normoxic CSCs may be present in the young heart, although this homeostatic control may be disrupted with aging. Defects in tissue oxygenation occur in the old myocardium, and this phenomenon may expand the pool of hypoxic CSCs, which are no longer involved in myocyte renewal. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we show that the senescent heart is characterized by an increased number of quiescent CSCs with intact telomeres that cannot re-enter the cell cycle and form a differentiated progeny. Conversely, myocyte replacement is controlled only by frequently dividing CSCs with shortened telomeres; these CSCs generate a myocyte population that is chronologically young but phenotypically old. Telomere dysfunction dictates their actual age and mechanical behavior. However, the residual subset of quiescent young CSCs can be stimulated in situ by stem cell factor reversing the aging myopathy. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the notion that strategies targeting CSC activation and growth interfere with the manifestations of myocardial aging in an animal model. Although caution has to be exercised in the translation of animal studies to human beings, our data strongly suggest that a pool of functionally competent CSCs persists in the senescent heart and that this stem cell compartment can promote myocyte regeneration effectively, partly correcting the aging myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Sanada
- From the Departments of Anesthesia (F.S., J.K., A.M.C., N.Y.-.K.C., S.S., B.O., K.I., E.W., G.B., A.P., A.S., E.M., D.C., C.M., M. Ricciardi, M.C., P.G., J.K., T.H., M. Rota, P.A., A.L.) and Medicine (F.S., J.K., A.M.C., N.Y.-.K.C., S.S., B.O., K.I., E.W., G.B., A.P., A.S., E.M., D.C., C.M., M. Ricciardi, M.C., E.I., M.A.P., P.G., J.K., T.H., M. Rota, P.A., A.L.), and Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., J.K., A.M.C., N.Y.-.K.C., S.S., B.O., K.I., E.W., G.B., A.P., A.S., E.M., D.C., C.M., M. Ricciardi, M.C., P.G., J.K., T.H., M. Rota, P.A., A.L.), Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (E.I., M.A.P., A.M.C.), and Newborn Medicine (M.A.P.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Bertagnolli M, Huyard F, Cloutier A, Anstey Z, Huot-Marchand JÉ, Fallaha C, Paradis P, Schiffrin EL, Deblois D, Nuyt AM. Transient neonatal high oxygen exposure leads to early adult cardiac dysfunction, remodeling, and activation of the renin-angiotensin system. Hypertension 2013; 63:143-50. [PMID: 24166752 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.01760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal conditions (such as preterm birth) can affect adult health and disease, particularly the cardiovascular system. Transient neonatal high O(2) exposure in rat in adulthood (a model of preterm birth-related complications) leads to elevated blood pressure, vascular rigidity, and dysfunction with renin-angiotensin system activation. We postulate that neonatal hyperoxic stress also affects myocardial structure, function, and expression of renin-angiotensin system components. Sprague-Dawley pups were kept with their mother in 80% O(2) or in room air (control) from days 3 to 10 of life. Left ventricular function was assessed in 4-, 7-, 12-week-old (echocardiography) and in 16-week-old (intraventricular catheterization) male O(2)-exposed versus control rats. At 16 weeks, hearts from O(2)-exposed rats showed cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, enhanced fibrosis, and increased expression of transforming growth factor-β1, senescence-associated proteins p53 and Rb, upregulation of angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor expression (protein and AT1a/b mRNA), and downregulation of AT2 receptors. At 4 weeks (before blood pressure increase), the expression of cardiomyocyte surface area, fibrosis, p53, and AT1b was significantly increased and AT2 decreased in O(2)-exposed animals. After 4 weeks of continuous angiotensin II infusion (starting at 12 weeks), O(2)-exposed rats developed severe heart failure, with impaired myocardial mechanical properties compared with saline-infused rats. Transient neonatal O(2) exposure in rats leads to left ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis and dysfunction, and increased susceptibility to heart failure under pressure overload. These results are relevant to the growing population of individuals born preterm who may be at higher risk of cardiac dysfunction when faced with increased peripheral resistance associated with hypertension, vascular diseases, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Bertagnolli
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, 3175, Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, H3T 1C5, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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23
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Signore S, Sorrentino A, Ferreira-Martins J, Kannappan R, Shafaie M, Del Ben F, Isobe K, Arranto C, Wybieralska E, Webster A, Sanada F, Ogórek B, Zheng H, Liu X, Del Monte F, D'Alessandro DA, Wunimenghe O, Michler RE, Hosoda T, Goichberg P, Leri A, Kajstura J, Anversa P, Rota M. Inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptors and human left ventricular myocytes. Circulation 2013; 128:1286-97. [PMID: 23983250 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.002764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the function of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) in the adult heart experimentally. Moreover, whether these Ca(2+) release channels are present and play a critical role in human cardiomyocytes remains to be defined. IP3Rs may be activated after Gαq-protein-coupled receptor stimulation, affecting Ca(2+) cycling, enhancing myocyte performance, and potentially favoring an increase in the incidence of arrhythmias. METHODS AND RESULTS IP3R function was determined in human left ventricular myocytes, and this analysis was integrated with assays in mouse myocytes to identify the mechanisms by which IP3Rs influence the electric and mechanical properties of the myocardium. We report that IP3Rs are expressed and operative in human left ventricular myocytes. After Gαq-protein-coupled receptor activation, Ca(2+) mobilized from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via IP3Rs contributes to the decrease in resting membrane potential, prolongation of the action potential, and occurrence of early afterdepolarizations. Ca(2+) transient amplitude and cell shortening are enhanced, and extrasystolic and dysregulated Ca(2+) elevations and contractions become apparent. These alterations in the electromechanical behavior of human cardiomyocytes are coupled with increased isometric twitch of the myocardium and arrhythmic events, suggesting that Gαq-protein-coupled receptor activation provides inotropic reserve, which is hampered by electric instability and contractile abnormalities. Additionally, our findings support the notion that increases in Ca(2+) load by IP3Rs promote Ca(2+) extrusion by forward-mode Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange, an important mechanism of arrhythmic events. CONCLUSIONS The Gαq-protein/coupled receptor/IP3R axis modulates the electromechanical properties of the human myocardium and its propensity to develop arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Signore
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.S., A.S., J.F.-M., R.K., M.S., F.D.B., K.I., C.A., E.W., A.W., F.S., B.O., H.Z., X.L., T.H., P.G., A.L., J.K., P.A., M.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (F.d.M.); and Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY (D.A.D., O.W., R.E.M.)
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24
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Kiper C, Grimes B, Van Zant G, Satin J. Mouse strain determines cardiac growth potential. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70512. [PMID: 23940585 PMCID: PMC3734269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale The extent of heart disease varies from person to person, suggesting that genetic background is important in pathology. Genetic background is also important when selecting appropriate mouse models to study heart disease. This study examines heart growth as a function of strain, specifically C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mouse strains. Objective In this study, we test the hypothesis that two strains of mice, C57BL/6 and DBA/2, will produce varying degrees of heart growth in both physiological and pathological settings. Methods and Results Differences in heart dimensions are detectable by echocardiography at 8 weeks of age. Percentages of cardiac progenitor cells (c-kit+ cells) and mononucleated cells were found to be in a higher percentage in DBA/2 mice, and more tri- and quad-nucleated cells were in C57BL/6 mice. Cardiomyocyte turnover shows no significant changes in mitotic activity, however, there is more apoptotic activity in DBA/2 mice. Cardiomyocyte cell size increased with age, but increased more in DBA/2 mice, although percentages of nucleated cells remained the same in both strains. Two-week isoproterenol stimulation showed an increase in heart growth in DBA/2 mice, both at cardiomyocyte and whole heart level. In isoproterenol-treated DBA/2 mice, there was also a greater expression level of the hypertrophy marker, ANF, compared to C57BL/6 mice. Conclusion We conclude that the DBA/2 mouse strain has a more immature cardiac phenotype, which correlates to a cardiac protective response to hypertrophy in both physiological and pathological stimulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Kiper
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Barry Grimes
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Gary Van Zant
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Satin
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Anversa P, Leri A. Innate regeneration in the aging heart: healing from within. Mayo Clin Proc 2013; 88:871-83. [PMID: 23910414 PMCID: PMC3936323 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The concept of the heart as a terminally differentiated organ incapable of replacing damaged myocytes has been at the center of cardiovascular research and therapeutic development for the past 50 years. The progressive decline in myocyte number as a function of age and the formation of scarred tissue after myocardial infarction have been interpreted as irrefutable proofs of the postmitotic characteristic of the heart. However, emerging evidence supports a more dynamic view of the heart in which cell death and renewal are vital components of the remodeling process that governs cardiac homeostasis, aging, and disease. The identification of dividing myocytes in the adult and senescent heart raises the important question concerning the origin of these newly formed cells. In vitro and in vivo findings strongly suggest that replicating myocytes derive from lineage determination of resident primitive cells, supporting the notion that cardiomyogenesis is controlled by activation and differentiation of a stem cell compartment. It is the current view that the myocardium is an organ permissive of tissue regeneration mediated by exogenous and endogenous progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Anversa
- Department of Anesthesia, Department of Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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26
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Chakraborty S, Sengupta A, Yutzey KE. Tbx20 promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation and persistence of fetal characteristics in adult mouse hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 62:203-13. [PMID: 23751911 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
While differentiated cardiomyocytes proliferate prior to birth, adult cardiomyocytes in mammals exhibit relatively little proliferative activity. The T-box transcription factor Tbx20 is necessary and sufficient to promote prenatal cardiomyocyte proliferation, and Tbx20 also is required for adult cardiac homeostasis. The ability of Tbx20 to promote post-natal and adult cardiomyocyte proliferation was examined in mice with cardiomyocyte-specific Tbx20 gain-of-function beginning in the fetal period. In adult hearts, increased Tbx20 expression promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation and results in increased numbers of small, cycling, mononucleated cardiomyocytes, marked by persistent expression of fetal contractile protein genes. In adult cardiomyocytes in vivo and in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes in culture, Tbx20 promotes the activation of BMP2/pSmad1/5/8 and PI3K/AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathways concomitant with increased cell proliferation. Inhibition of PI3K/AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling reduces, but does not eliminate, Tbx20-mediated increases in cell proliferation, providing evidence for parallel regulatory pathways downstream of BMP/Smad1/5/8 signaling in promoting cardiomyocyte proliferation after birth. Thus, Tbx20 overexpression beginning in the fetal period activates multiple cardiac proliferative pathways after birth and maintains adult cardiomyocytes in an immature state in vivo.
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27
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Bailey B, Fransioli J, Gude NA, Alvarez R, Zhang X, Zhan X, Gustafsson ÅB, Sussman MA. Sca-1 knockout impairs myocardial and cardiac progenitor cell function. Circ Res 2012; 111:750-60. [PMID: 22800687 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.274662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cardiac progenitor cells are important for maintenance of myocardial structure and function, but molecular mechanisms governing these progenitor cells remain obscure and require elucidation to enhance regenerative therapeutic approaches. OBJECTIVE To understand consequences of stem cell antigen-1 (Sca-1) deletion on functional properties of c-kit+ cardiac progenitor cells and myocardial performance using a Sca-1 knock-out/green fluorescent protein knock-in reporter mouse (ScaKI). METHODS AND RESULTS Genetic deletion of Sca-1 results in early-onset cardiac contractile deficiency as determined by echocardiography and hemodynamics as well as age-associated hypertrophy. Resident cardiac progenitor cells in ScaKI mice do not respond to pathological damage in vivo, consistent with observations of impaired growth and survival of ScaKI cardiac progenitor cells in vitro. The molecular basis of the defect in ScaKI cardiac progenitor cells is associated with increased canonical Wnt signaling pathway activation consistent with molecular characteristics of lineage commitment. CONCLUSIONS Genetic deletion of Sca-1 causes primary cardiac defects in myocardial contractility and repair consistent with impairment of resident cardiac progenitor cell proliferative capacity associated with altered canonical Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi Bailey
- SDSU Heart Institute, and Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Anversa
- Department of Anesthesia and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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29
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Mononucleated and binucleated cardiomyocytes in left atrium and pulmonary vein have different electrical activity and calcium dynamics. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 108:64-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Western societies are rapidly aging, and cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death. In fact, age and cardiovascular diseases are positively correlated, and disease syndromes affecting the heart reach epidemic proportions in the very old. Genetic variations and molecular adaptations are the primary contributors to the onset of cardiovascular disease; however, molecular links between age and heart syndromes are complex and involve much more than the passage of time. Changes in CM (cardiomyocyte) structure and function occur with age and precede anatomical and functional changes in the heart. Concomitant with or preceding some of these cellular changes are alterations in gene expression often linked to signalling cascades that may lead to a loss of CMs or reduced function. An understanding of the intrinsic molecular mechanisms underlying these cascading events has been instrumental in forming our current understanding of how CMs adapt with age. In the present review, we describe the molecular mechanisms underlying CM aging and how these changes may contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases.
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López JE, Myagmar BE, Swigart PM, Montgomery MD, Haynam S, Bigos M, Rodrigo MC, Simpson PC. β-myosin heavy chain is induced by pressure overload in a minor subpopulation of smaller mouse cardiac myocytes. Circ Res 2011; 109:629-38. [PMID: 21778428 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.243410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Induction of the fetal hypertrophic marker gene β-myosin heavy chain (β-MyHC) is a signature feature of pressure overload hypertrophy in rodents. β-MyHC is assumed present in all or most enlarged myocytes. OBJECTIVE To quantify the number and size of myocytes expressing endogenous β-MyHC by a flow cytometry approach. METHODS AND RESULTS Myocytes were isolated from the left ventricle of male C57BL/6J mice after transverse aortic constriction (TAC), and the fraction of cells expressing endogenous β-MyHC was quantified by flow cytometry on 10,000 to 20,000 myocytes with use of a validated β-MyHC antibody. Side scatter by flow cytometry in the same cells was validated as an index of myocyte size. β-MyHC-positive myocytes constituted 3 ± 1% of myocytes in control hearts (n=12), increasing to 25 ± 10% at 3 days to 6 weeks after TAC (n=24, P<0.01). β-MyHC-positive myocytes did not enlarge with TAC and were smaller at all times than myocytes without β-MyHC (≈70% as large, P<0.001). β-MyHC-positive myocytes arose by addition of β-MyHC to α-MyHC and had more total MyHC after TAC than did the hypertrophied myocytes that had α-MyHC only. Myocytes positive for β-MyHC were found in discrete regions of the left ventricle in 3 patterns: perivascular, in areas with fibrosis, and in apparently normal myocardium. CONCLUSIONS β-MyHC protein is induced by pressure overload in a minor subpopulation of smaller cardiac myocytes. The hypertrophied myocytes after TAC have α-MyHC only. These data challenge the current paradigm of the fetal hypertrophic gene program and identify a new subpopulation of smaller working ventricular myocytes with more myosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier E López
- VA Medical Center (111-C-8), 4150 Clement St, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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Modulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) cycling in systolic and diastolic heart failure associated with aging. Heart Fail Rev 2011; 15:431-45. [PMID: 20419345 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-010-9167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension, atherosclerosis, and resultant chronic heart failure (HF) reach epidemic proportions among older persons, and the clinical manifestations and the prognoses of these worsen with increasing age. Thus, age per se is the major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Changes in cardiac cell phenotype that occur with normal aging, as well as in HF associated with aging, include deficits in ss-adrenergic receptor (ss-AR) signaling, increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and altered excitation-contraction (EC) coupling that involves prolongation of the action potential (AP), intracellular Ca(2+) (Ca(i)(2+)) transient and contraction, and blunted force- and relaxation-frequency responses. Evidence suggests that altered sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) uptake, storage, and release play central role in these changes, which also involve sarcolemmal L-type Ca(2+) channel (LCC), Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX), and K(+) channels. We review the age-associated changes in the expression and function of Ca(2+) transporting proteins, and functional consequences of these changes at the cardiac myocyte and organ levels. We also review sexual dimorphism and self-renewal of the heart in the context of cardiac aging and HF.
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Effects of age and heart failure on human cardiac stem cell function. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:349-66. [PMID: 21703415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Currently, it is unknown whether defects in stem cell growth and differentiation contribute to myocardial aging and chronic heart failure (CHF), and whether a compartment of functional human cardiac stem cells (hCSCs) persists in the decompensated heart. To determine whether aging and CHF are critical determinants of the loss in growth reserve of the heart, the properties of hCSCs were evaluated in 18 control and 23 explanted hearts. Age and CHF showed a progressive decrease in functionally competent hCSCs. Chronological age was a major predictor of five biomarkers of hCSC senescence: telomeric shortening, attenuated telomerase activity, telomere dysfunction-induced foci, and p21(Cip1) and p16(INK4a) expression. CHF had similar consequences for hCSCs, suggesting that defects in the balance between cardiomyocyte mass and the pool of nonsenescent hCSCs may condition the evolution of the decompensated myopathy. A correlation was found previously between telomere length in circulating bone marrow cells and cardiovascular diseases, but that analysis was restricted to average telomere length in a cell population, neglecting the fact that telomere attrition does not occur uniformly in all cells. The present study provides the first demonstration that dysfunctional telomeres in hCSCs are biomarkers of aging and heart failure. The biomarkers of cellular senescence identified here can be used to define the birth date of hCSCs and to sort young cells with potential therapeutic efficacy.
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Sussman MA. Curiosity killed the cat and found new myocytes. Circ Res 2011; 108:1158-9. [PMID: 21566219 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.245571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Kuznetsova T, Codd V, Brouilette S, Thijs L, González A, Jin Y, Richart T, van der Harst P, Díez J, Staessen JA, Samani NJ. Association between left ventricular mass and telomere length in a population study. Am J Epidemiol 2010; 172:440-50. [PMID: 20660518 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwq142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies have implicated telomere dynamics in cardiomyocyte size and replication potential; shorter telomeres mark attenuated proliferation and increased apoptosis. The authors examined whether this translates into an impact of telomere length (TL) on left ventricular (LV) mass in the general population. In 334 randomly selected Flemish participants (mean age = 46.5 years; 52.5% women), they measured TL in circulating leukocytes using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, expressing it as telomere/genomic DNA ratio (T/S). After a median 7.4 years of follow-up (interquartile range, 6.2-8.5) during 1996-2007, they measured LV mass by echocardiography. In multivariable-adjusted analyses accounting for sex, age, body weight and height, systolic blood pressure, and antihypertensive drug use, LV mass and LV mass index significantly increased with mean leukocyte TL in the entire population and in the 198 normotensive subjects. For a 1-standard-deviation increment in T/S ratio, LV mass (mean = 170 g) and LV mass index (mean = 92 g/m(2)) increased by 5.20 g (P = 0.003) and 2.70 g/m(2) (P = 0.004), respectively, in all subjects and by 8.03 g (P = 0.0001) and 3.74 g/m(2) (P = 0.0007) in normotensive subjects. There were corresponding associations with LV wall thicknesses (P < 0.007) but not LV internal diameter (P = 0.26) in normotensive subjects. Longer mean leukocyte TL is associated with increased LV mass, particularly in normotensive subjects. This association could have a biologic basis related to the role of TL in determining cardiomyocyte size and replication potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Kuznetsova
- Studies Coordinating Centre, Division of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Sciences Group, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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36
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Bondarenko VE, Rasmusson RL. Transmural heterogeneity of repolarization and Ca2+ handling in a model of mouse ventricular tissue. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 299:H454-69. [PMID: 20525874 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00907.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mouse hearts have a diversity of action potentials (APs) generated by the cardiac myocytes from different regions. Recent evidence shows that cells from the epicardial and endocardial regions of the mouse ventricle have a diversity in Ca(2+) handling properties as well as K(+) current expression. To examine the mechanisms of AP generation, propagation, and stability in transmurally heterogeneous tissue, we developed a comprehensive model of the mouse cardiac cells from the epicardial and endocardial regions of the heart. Our computer model simulates the following differences between epicardial and endocardial myocytes: 1) AP duration is longer in endocardial and shorter in epicardial myocytes, 2) diastolic and systolic intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and intracellular Ca(2+) concentration transients are higher in paced endocardial and lower in epicardial myocytes, 3) Ca(2+) release rate is about two times larger in endocardial than in epicardial myocytes, and 4) Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger rate is greater in epicardial than in endocardial myocytes. Isolated epicardial cells showed a higher threshold for stability of AP generation but more complex patterns of AP duration at fast pacing rates. AP propagation velocities in the model of two-dimensional tissue are close to those measured experimentally. Simulations show that heterogeneity of repolarization and Ca(2+) handling are sustained across the mouse ventricular wall. Stability analysis of AP propagation in the two-dimensional model showed the generation of Ca(2+) alternans and more complex transmurally heterogeneous irregular structures of repolarization and intracellular Ca(2+) transients at fast pacing rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir E Bondarenko
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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37
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Dysautonomia due to reduced cholinergic neurotransmission causes cardiac remodeling and heart failure. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:1746-56. [PMID: 20123977 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00996-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Overwhelming evidence supports the importance of the sympathetic nervous system in heart failure. In contrast, much less is known about the role of failing cholinergic neurotransmission in cardiac disease. By using a unique genetically modified mouse line with reduced expression of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and consequently decreased release of acetylcholine, we investigated the consequences of altered cholinergic tone for cardiac function. M-mode echocardiography, hemodynamic experiments, analysis of isolated perfused hearts, and measurements of cardiomyocyte contraction indicated that VAChT mutant mice have decreased left ventricle function associated with altered calcium handling. Gene expression was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and Western blotting, and the results indicated that VAChT mutant mice have profound cardiac remodeling and reactivation of the fetal gene program. This phenotype was attributable to reduced cholinergic tone, since administration of the cholinesterase inhibitor pyridostigmine for 2 weeks reversed the cardiac phenotype in mutant mice. Our findings provide direct evidence that decreased cholinergic neurotransmission and underlying autonomic imbalance cause plastic alterations that contribute to heart dysfunction.
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De Angelis A, Piegari E, Cappetta D, Marino L, Filippelli A, Berrino L, Ferreira-Martins J, Zheng H, Hosoda T, Rota M, Urbanek K, Kajstura J, Leri A, Rossi F, Anversa P. Anthracycline cardiomyopathy is mediated by depletion of the cardiac stem cell pool and is rescued by restoration of progenitor cell function. Circulation 2009; 121:276-92. [PMID: 20038740 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.895771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthracyclines are the most effective drugs available in the treatment of neoplastic diseases; however, they have profound consequences on the structure and function of the heart, which over time cause a cardiomyopathy that leads to congestive heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS Administration of doxorubicin in rats led to a dilated myopathy, heart failure, and death. To test whether the effects of doxorubicin on cardiac anatomy and function were mediated by alterations in cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs), these cells were exposed to the anthracycline, which increased the formation of reactive oxygen species and caused increases in DNA damage, expression of p53, telomere attrition, and apoptosis. Additionally, doxorubicin resulted in cell-cycle arrest at the G2/M transition, which led to a significant decrease in CPC growth. Doxorubicin elicited multiple molecular adaptations; the massive apoptotic death that occurred in CPCs in the presence of anthracycline imposed on the surviving CPC pool the activation of several pathways aimed at preservation of the primitive state, cell division, lineage differentiation, and repair of damaged DNA. To establish whether delivery of syngeneic progenitor cells opposed the progression of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity, enhanced green fluorescent protein-labeled CPCs were injected in the failing myocardium; this treatment promoted regeneration of cardiomyocytes and vascular structures, which improved ventricular performance and rate of animal survival. CONCLUSIONS Our results raise the possibility that autologous CPCs can be obtained before antineoplastic drugs are given to cancer patients and subsequently administered to individuals who are particularly sensitive to the cardiotoxicity of these agents for prevention or management of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella De Angelis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Second Naples Medical School, Naples, Italy.
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Khan M, Mohsin S, Khan SN, Riazuddin S. Repair of senescent myocardium by mesenchymal stem cells is dependent on the age of donor mice. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 15:1515-27. [PMID: 20041970 PMCID: PMC3823196 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00998.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction is one of the leading causes of mortality in aged people. Whether age of donors of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) affects its ability to repair the senescent heart tissue is unknown. In the present study, MSCs from young (2 months) and aged (18 months) green fluorescent protein expressing C57BL/6 mice were characterized with p16(INK4a) and β-gal associated senescence. Myocardial infarction was produced in 18-month-old wild-type C57BL/6 mice transplanted with MSCs from young and aged animals in the border of the infarct region. Expression of p16(INK4a) in MSCs from aged animals was significantly higher (21.5%± 1.2, P < 0.05) as compared to those from young animals (9.2%± 2.8). A decline in the tube-forming ability on Matrigel was also observed in aged MSCs as well as down-regulation of insulin-like growth factor-1, fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) compared to young cells. Mice transplanted with young MSCs exhibited significant improvement in their left ventricle (LV) systolic and diastolic function as demonstrated by dp/dt(max) , dp/dt(min) , P(max) . Reduction in the LV fibrotic area was concomitant with neovascularization as demonstrated by CD31 and smooth muscle actin (SMA) expression. Real-time RT-PCR analysis for VEGF, stromal cell derived factor (SDF-1α) and GATA binding factor 4 (GATA-4) genes further confirmed the effect of age on MSC differentiation towards cardiac lineages and enhanced angiogenesis. These studies lead to the conclusion that repair potential of MSCs is dependent on the age of donors and the repair of senescent infarcted myocardium requires young healthy MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Khan
- National Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, Pakistan
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Spallarossa P, Altieri P, Aloi C, Garibaldi S, Barisione C, Ghigliotti G, Fugazza G, Barsotti A, Brunelli C. Doxorubicin induces senescence or apoptosis in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes by regulating the expression levels of the telomere binding factors 1 and 2. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H2169-81. [PMID: 19801496 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00068.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Low or high doses of doxorubicin induce either senescence or apoptosis, respectively, in cardiomyocytes. The mechanism by which different doses of doxorubicin may induce different stress-response cellular programs is not well understood. A recent study showed that the level of telomere dysfunction may induce senescence or apoptosis. We investigated the pathways to both apoptosis and senescence in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and in H9c2 cells exposed to a single pulsed incubation with low or high doses of doxorubicin. High-dose doxorubicin strongly reduces TRF2 expression while enhancing TRF1 expression, and it determines early apoptosis. Low-dose doxorubicin induces downregulation of both TRF2 and TRF1, and it also increases the senescence-associated-beta-galactosidase activity, downregulates the checkpoint kinase Chk2, induces chromosomal abnormalities, and alters the cell cycle. The involvement of TRF1 and TRF2 with apoptosis and senescence was assessed by short interfering RNA interference. The cells maintain telomere dysfunction and a senescent phenotype over time and undergo late death. The increase in the phase>4N and the presence of micronuclei and anaphase bridges indicate that cells die by mitotic catastrophe. p38 modulates TRF2 expression, whereas JNK and cytoplasmic p53 regulate TRF1. Pretreatment with specific inhibitors of MAPKs and p53 may either attenuate the damage induced by doxorubicin or shift the cellular response to stress from senescence to apoptosis. In conclusion, various doses of doxorubicin induce differential regulation of TRF1 and TRF2 through p53 and MAPK, which is responsible for inducing either early apoptosis or senescence and late death due to mitotic catastrophe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Spallarossa
- Research Center of Cardiovascular Biology, Division of Cardiology, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Formigli L, Francini F, Nistri S, Margheri M, Luciani G, Naro F, Silvertown JD, Orlandini SZ, Meacci E, Bani D. Skeletal myoblasts overexpressing relaxin improve differentiation and communication of primary murine cardiomyocyte cell cultures. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009; 47:335-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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de Boer TP, van Veen TAB, Jonsson MKB, Kok BGJM, Metz CHG, Sluijter JPG, Doevendans PA, de Bakker JMT, Goumans MJ, van der Heyden MAG. Human cardiomyocyte progenitor cell-derived cardiomyocytes display a maturated electrical phenotype. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009; 48:254-60. [PMID: 19460390 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte progenitor cells (CMPCs) can be isolated from the human heart and differentiated into cardiomyocytes in vitro. A comprehensive assessment of their electrical phenotype upon differentiation is essential to predict potential future applications of this cell source. CMPCs isolated from human fetal heart were differentiated in vitro and examined using immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, RT-PCR, voltage clamp and current clamp techniques. Differentiated cultures presented up to 95% alpha-actinin positive cardiomyocytes. Adherens junction and desmosomal proteins beta-catenin, N-cadherin, desmin and plakophilin2 were upregulated. Expression levels of cardiac connexins were not affected by differentiation, however Cx43 phosphorylation was increased upon differentiation, accompanied by translocation of connexins to the cell border. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated upregulation of all major cardiac ion channel constituents during differentiation. Patch clamp experiments showed that cardiomyocytes had a stable resting membrane potential of -73.4+/-1.8 mV. Infusion of 1 mM BaCl(2) resulted in depolarization to -59.9+/-2.8 mV, indicating I(K1) channel activity. Subsequent voltage clamp experiments confirmed presence of near mature I(Na), I(Ca,L) and I(K1) current densities. Infusion of the I(Kr) blocker Almokalant caused prolongation of the action potential by 40%. Differentiated monolayers were not spontaneously contracting in the absence of serum, but responded to field stimulation, displaying adult ventricular-like action potentials. Human fetal CMPC-derived cardiomyocytes have a homogenous and rather mature electrical phenotype that benefits to in vitro physiology and pharmacology. In the context of cardiac repair, their properties may translate into a reduced pro-arrhythmic risk and enhanced electrical integration upon transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teun P de Boer
- Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Yalelaan 50, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Berni R, Savi M, Bocchi L, Delucchi F, Musso E, Chaponnier C, Gabbiani G, Clement S, Stilli D. Modulation of actin isoform expression before the transition from experimental compensated pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy to decompensation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 296:H1625-32. [PMID: 19252091 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01057.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In a rat model of long-lasting pressure-overload hypertrophy, we investigated whether changes in the relative expression of myocardial actin isoforms are among the early signs of ventricular mechanical dysfunction before the transition toward decompensation. Forty-four rats with infrarenal aortic banding (AC rats) were studied. Hemodynamic parameters were measured 1 mo (AC(1) group; n = 20) or 2 mo (AC(2); n = 24) after aortic ligature. Then subgroups of AC(1) and AC(2) left ventricles (LV) were used to evaluate 1) LV anatomy and fibrosis (morphometry), 2) expression levels (immunoblotting) and spatial distribution (immunohistochemistry) of alpha-skeletal actin (alpha-SKA), alpha-cardiac actin (alpha-CA), and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), and 3) cell mechanics and calcium transients in enzimatically isolated myocytes. Although the two AC groups exhibited a comparable degree of hypertrophy (+30% in LV mass; +20% in myocyte surface) and a similar increase in the amount of fibrosis compared with control animals (C group; n = 22), a worsening of LV mechanical performance was observed only in AC(2) rats at both organ and cellular levels. Conversely, AC(1) rats exhibited enhanced LV contractility and preserved cellular contractile behavior associated with increased calcium transients. Alpha-SKA expression was upregulated (+60%) in AC(1). In AC(2) ventricles, prolonged hypertension also induced a significant increase in alpha-SMA expression, mainly at the level of arterial vessels. No significant differences among groups were observed in alpha-CA expression. Our findings suggest that alpha-SKA expression regulation and wall remodeling of coronary arterioles participate in the development of impaired kinetics of contraction and relaxation in prolonged hypertension before the occurrence of marked histopathologic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Berni
- Dept. of Evolutionary and Functional Biology, Physiology Section, Univ. of Parma, V. le G. P. Usberti 11/A, I-43100, Italy
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Bolli R, Dawn B. The cornucopia of "pleiotropic" actions of statins: myogenesis as a new mechanism for statin-induced benefits? Circ Res 2009; 104:144-6. [PMID: 19179666 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.108.192500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Stamm C, Nasseri B, Choi YH, Hetzer R. Cell therapy for heart disease: great expectations, as yet unmet. Heart Lung Circ 2008; 18:245-56. [PMID: 19119076 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2008.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is often touted as an achievement of the new millennium, but many approaches to improve health by stimulating the organism's own capacity for healing have existed for a long time. Some components of today's regenerative medicine, however, are indeed fundamentally new developments, and one of those is the concept of increasing the number of contractile cells in the heart to cure heart failure, either by stimulating intrinsic regeneration processes or by transplanting exogenous cells. The aim of this paper is to review the current status of some key aspects of cell therapy and obstacles to clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Stamm
- Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Berlin, Germany.
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Wong LSM, de Boer RA, Samani NJ, van Veldhuisen DJ, van der Harst P. Telomere biology in heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2008; 10:1049-56. [PMID: 18815070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2007] [Revised: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular disease increases progressively with advancing age. Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Western Countries. In the near future, as the population ages, it is expected that the population prevalence of cardiovascular disease will increase dramatically, imposing a major social and economical burden on society. Not only is age closely related to the development and progression of cardiovascular disease, but genetic and environmental factors also play an important role. Recently, a chromosomal mechanism, telomere shortening, has been considered a driving force by which genetic and environmental factors jointly affect biological aging, and possibly the risk for developing age-associated diseases. Telomeres are the extreme ends of chromosomes and shorten progressively during every cell cycle and therefore can be considered an indicator of biological age. In heart failure, telomere length is severely reduced. In the current review, we will discuss the emerging role of telomere biology in the pathophysiology of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza S M Wong
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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47
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Cardiac cell therapy: A realistic concept for elderly patients? Exp Gerontol 2008; 43:679-690. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2008.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Kajstura J, Urbanek K, Rota M, Bearzi C, Hosoda T, Bolli R, Anversa P, Leri A. Cardiac stem cells and myocardial disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2008; 45:505-13. [PMID: 18598700 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2008.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2008] [Revised: 05/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent data indicate that the heart is a self-renewing organ and contains a pool of progenitor cells (PCs). According to the new paradigm, this resident population of multipotent undifferentiated cells gives rise to myocytes, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. Understanding the function of cardiac PCs is critical for the implementation of these cells in the treatment of the diseased human heart. However, cardiac repair is an extremely complex phenomenon. Efficient myocardial regeneration requires restoration of segmental and focal areas of myocardial scarring, replacement of damaged coronary arteries, arterioles and capillaries, and substitution of hypertrophied poorly contracting myocytes with smaller better functioning parenchymal cells. To achieve these goals, the acquisition of a more profound knowledge of the biology of cardiac PCs cells and their fate following pathologic insults represents an essential need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kajstura
- Department of Anesthesia, and Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Cardiomyocyte death and renewal in the normal and diseased heart. Cardiovasc Pathol 2008; 17:349-74. [PMID: 18402842 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During post-natal maturation of the mammalian heart, proliferation of cardiomyocytes essentially ceases as cardiomyocytes withdraw from the cell cycle and develop blocks at the G0/G1 and G2/M transition phases of the cell cycle. As a result, the response of the myocardium to acute stress is limited to various forms of cardiomyocyte injury, which can be modified by preconditioning and reperfusion, whereas the response to chronic stress is dominated by cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and myocardial remodeling. Acute myocardial ischemia leads to injury and death of cardiomyocytes and nonmyocytic stromal cells by oncosis and apoptosis, and possibly by a hybrid form of cell death involving both pathways in the same ischemic cardiomyocytes. There is increasing evidence for a slow, ongoing turnover of cardiomyocytes in the normal heart involving death of cardiomyocytes and generation of new cardiomyocytes. This process appears to be accelerated and quantitatively increased as part of myocardial remodeling. Cardiomyocyte loss involves apoptosis, autophagy, and oncosis, which can occur simultaneously and involve different individual cardiomyocytes in the same heart undergoing remodeling. Mitotic figures in myocytic cells probably represent maturing progeny of stem cells in most cases. Mitosis of mature cardiomyocytes that have reentered the cell cycle appears to be a rare event. Thus, cardiomyocyte renewal likely is mediated primarily by endogenous cardiac stem cells and possibly by blood-born stem cells, but this biological phenomenon is limited in capacity. As a consequence, persistent stress leads to ongoing remodeling in which cardiomyocyte death exceeds cardiomyocyte renewal, resulting in progressive heart failure. Intense investigation currently is focused on cell-based therapies aimed at retarding cardiomyocyte death and promoting myocardial repair and possibly regeneration. Alteration of pathological remodeling holds promise for prevention and treatment of heart failure, which is currently a major cause of morbidity and mortality and a major public health problem. However, a deeper understanding of the fundamental biological processes is needed in order to make lasting advances in clinical therapeutics in the field.
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Translating genetic discoveries to improvements in cardiovascular care: the path to personalized medicine. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2008; 1:37-40. [PMID: 20559956 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-008-9010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Research and development has provided us with several solutions to reduce morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease. More solutions are anticipated in the areas of clinical medicine, personal handheld devices, and DNA technology that will continue to enhance the era of personalized medicine. Genome-wide association studies have recently identified genetic variants on chromosome 9 (interval 9p21) and chromosome 4 (4q25) that confer increased risk for myocardial infarction and atrial fibrillation, respectively. The regions on these chromosomes containing the SNPs associated with disease contain no known genes - creating a challenge for scientists. Unraveling the code on these chromosomes may reveal a deeper insight into the mechanisms underlying disease and the design of new therapeutics to prevent or slow the progression of the disease.
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