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Du Y, Taylor CG, Aukema HM, Zahradka P. PD146176 affects human EA.hy926 endothelial cell function by differentially modulating oxylipin production of LOX, COX and CYP epoxygenase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Pandit P, Galande S, Iris F. Maternal malnutrition and anaemia in India: dysregulations leading to the 'thin-fat' phenotype in newborns. J Nutr Sci 2021; 10:e91. [PMID: 34733503 PMCID: PMC8532069 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2021.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal and child malnutrition and anaemia remain the leading factors for health loss in India. Low birth weight (LBW) offspring of women suffering from chronic malnutrition and anaemia often exhibit insulin resistance and infantile stunting and wasting, together with increased risk of developing cardiometabolic disorders in adulthood. The resulting self-perpetuating and highly multifactorial disease burden cannot be remedied through uniform dietary recommendations alone. To inform approaches likely to alleviate this disease burden, we implemented a systems-analytical approach that had already proven its efficacy in multiple published studies. We utilised previously published qualitative and quantitative analytical results of rural and urban field studies addressing maternal and infantile metabolic and nutritional parameters to precisely define the range of pathological phenotypes encountered and their individual biological characteristics. These characteristics were then integrated, via extensive literature searches, into metabolic and physiological mechanisms to identify the maternal and foetal metabolic dysregulations most likely to underpin the 'thin-fat' phenotype in LBW infants and its associated pathological consequences. Our analyses reveal hitherto poorly understood maternal nutrition-dependent mechanisms most likely to promote and sustain the self-perpetuating high disease burden, especially in the Indian population. This work suggests that it most probably is the metabolic consequence of 'ill-nutrition' - the recent and rapid dietary shifts to high salt, high saturated fats and high sugar but low micronutrient diets - over an adaptation to 'thrifty metabolism' which must be addressed in interventions aiming to significantly alleviate the leading risk factors for health deterioration in India.
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Key Words
- 5-mTHF, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate
- Anaemia
- BAT, brown adipocyte tissue
- EAA, essential amino acids
- FA, fatty acid
- GSH, glutathione
- Hcy, homocysteine
- LBW, low birth weight
- Low birth weight
- Malnutrition
- PE, phosphatidylethanolamine
- Pathological mechanisms
- Physiological programming
- SAM, S-adenosyl methionine
- TG, triacylglycerol
- WAT, white adipocyte tissue
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanjeev Galande
- Arbuza Regenerate Private Limited, Pune, India
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune411008, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Delhi-NCR, India
| | - François Iris
- Arbuza Regenerate Private Limited, Pune, India
- BM-Systems Private Limited, Paris, France
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Sultan M, Ben-Shushan D, Peled M, Kamari Y, Isman S, Barshack I, Kuban RJ, Kühn H, Harats D, Shaish A. Specific overexpression of 15-lipoxygenase in endothelial cells promotes cancer cell death in an in vivo Lewis lung carcinoma mouse model. Adv Med Sci 2020; 65:111-119. [PMID: 31923770 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lipoxygenases (LOX) have been implicated in carcinogenesis, however both pro- and anti-carcinogenic effects have been reported in different cancer models. Using transgenic mice, which specifically overexpress human 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15) in endothelial cells (EC), we previously demonstrated significant inhibition of tumor development. In the Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) model, the primary tumor developed similarly in both wild type (WT) and ALOX15 overexpressing mice. However, metastases development was significantly inhibited in the transgenic mice. Here, we explored the molecular basis for the anti-metastatic effect of endothelial cell specific ALOX15 overexpression. MATERIALS/METHODS We used ALOX15 overexpressing mice, and in-vitro cell model to evaluate the molecular effect of ALOX15 on EC and LLC cells. RESULTS When LLC cells were injected in WT and ALOX15 overexpressing mice, we observed a higher degree of apoptosis and necrosis in primary and metastatic tumors of ALOX15 overexpressing animals. These anti-carcinogenic and anti-metastatic effects were paralleled by augmented expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A; p21) and of the peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR)γ and by downregulation of the steady state concentrations of connexin26 mRNA. Consistent with these in vivo effects, ALOX15 overexpression in LLC and HeLa cancer cells in vitro significantly reduced cell viability in culture. In contrast, similar treatment of non-cancerous B2B epithelial cells did not impact cell viability. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data suggests that endothelial cell specific overexpression of ALOX15 promotes apoptosis and necrosis in primary and metastatic tumors in mice, by upregulation of P21 and PPARγ expression in adjacent cancer cells.
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Singh NK, Rao GN. Emerging role of 12/15-Lipoxygenase (ALOX15) in human pathologies. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 73:28-45. [PMID: 30472260 PMCID: PMC6338518 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) is an enzyme, which oxidizes polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly omega-6 and -3 fatty acids, to generate a number of bioactive lipid metabolites. A large number of studies have revealed the importance of 12/15-LOX role in oxidative and inflammatory responses. The in vitro studies have demonstrated the ability of 12/15-LOX metabolites in the expression of various genes and production of cytokine related to inflammation and resolution of inflammation. The studies with the use of knockout and transgenic animals for 12/15-LOX have further shown its involvement in the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases, including cardiovascular, renal, neurological and metabolic disorders. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the role of 12/15-LOX in inflammation and various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhlesh K Singh
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S. Manassas Street Memphis, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Gadiparthi N Rao
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S. Manassas Street Memphis, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Çolakoğlu M, Tunçer S, Banerjee S. Emerging cellular functions of the lipid metabolizing enzyme 15-Lipoxygenase-1. Cell Prolif 2018; 51:e12472. [PMID: 30062726 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic and linoleic acid through lipoxygenases (LOXs) and cyclooxygenases (COXs) leads to the production of bioactive lipids that are important both in the induction of acute inflammation and its resolution. Amongst the several isoforms of LOX that are expressed in mammals, 15-LOX-1 was shown to be important both in the context of inflammation, being expressed in cells of the immune system, and in epithelial cells where the enzyme has been shown to crosstalk with a number of important signalling pathways. This review looks into the latest developments in understanding the role of 15-LOX-1 in different disease states with emphasis on the emerging role of the enzyme in the tumour microenvironment as well as a newly re-discovered form of cell death called ferroptosis. We also discuss future perspectives on the feasibility of use of this protein as a target for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Çolakoğlu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sinem Tunçer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sreeparna Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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Transcriptome changes in muscle of Nellore cows submitted to recovery weight gain under grazing condition. Animal 2018; 13:333-340. [PMID: 29983126 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118001490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate transcriptome changes in the muscle tissue of Bos taurus indicus cull cows subjected to recovery weight gain under grazing conditions. In all, 38 Nellore cull cows were divided randomly into two different management groups: (1) Maintenance (MA) and (2) Recovery gain (RG) from weight loss by moderate growth under high forage availability. After slaughter, RNA analysis was performed on the Longissimus thoracis muscle. Semaphorin 4A, solute carrier family 11 member 1, and Ficolin-2 were expressed in the RG, which may indicate an inflammatory response during tissue regrowth. Signaling factors, such as Myostatin, related to fibroblast activation, negative control of satellite cell proliferation in adults and muscle protein synthesis were less abundant in the RG group. The only gene related to anabolic processes that were more abundant in the MA group was related to fat deposition. The genes that were differentially expressed in the experiment showed muscle repair-related changes during RG based on the greater expression of genes involved in inflammatory responses and the lower expression of negative regulators of muscle cell proliferation and hypertrophy.
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Tunçer S, Keşküş AG, Çolakoğlu M, Çimen I, Yener C, Konu Ö, Banerjee S. 15-Lipoxygenase-1 re-expression in colorectal cancer alters endothelial cell features through enhanced expression of TSP-1 and ICAM-1. Cell Signal 2017; 39:44-54. [PMID: 28757355 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1) oxygenates linoleic acid to 13(S)-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (HODE). The enzyme is widely suppressed in different cancers and its re-expression has tumor suppressive effects. 15-LOX-1 has been shown to inhibit neoangiogenesis in colorectal cancer (CRC); in the present study we confirm this phenomenon and describe the mechanistic basis. We show that re-expression of 15-LOX-1 in CRC cell lines resulted in decreased transcriptional activity of HIF1α and reduced the expression and secretion of VEGF in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Conditioned medium (CM) was obtained from CRC or prostate cancer cell lines re-expressing 15-LOX-1 (15-LOX-1CM). 15-LOX-1CM treated aortic rings from 6-week old C57BL/6 mice showed significantly less vessel sprouting and more organized structure of vascular network. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) incubated with 15-LOX-1CM showed reduced motility, enhanced expression of intercellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) and reduced tube formation but no change in proliferation or cell-cycle distribution. HUVECs incubated with 13(S)-HODE partially phenocopied the effects of 15-LOX-1CM, i.e., showed reduced motility and enhanced expression of ICAM-1, but did not reduce tube formation, implying the importance of additional factors. Therefore, a Proteome Profiler Angiogenesis Array was carried out, which showed that Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a matrix glycoprotein known to strongly inhibit neovascularization, was expressed significantly more in HUVECs incubated with 15-LOX-1CM. TSP-1 blockage in HUVECs reduced the expression of ICAM-1 and enhanced cell motility, thereby providing a mechanism for reduced angiogenesis. The anti-angiogenic effects of 15-LOX-1 through enhanced expressions of ICAM-1 and TSP-1 are novel findings and should be explored further to develop therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Tunçer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi (ODTU/METU), Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Gökçe Keşküş
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent Universitesi, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Melis Çolakoğlu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi (ODTU/METU), Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Ismail Çimen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi (ODTU/METU), Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Caner Yener
- Department of Biological Sciences, Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi (ODTU/METU), Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Özlen Konu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent Universitesi, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Sreeparna Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi (ODTU/METU), Ankara 06800, Turkey.
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Wu M, Zhou J, Cheng M, Boriboun C, Biyashev D, Wang H, Mackie A, Thorne T, Chou J, Wu Y, Chen Z, Liu Q, Yan H, Yang Y, Jie C, Tang YL, Zhao TC, Taylor RN, Kishore R, Losordo DW, Qin G. E2F1 suppresses cardiac neovascularization by down-regulating VEGF and PlGF expression. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 104:412-22. [PMID: 25341896 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The E2F transcription factors are best characterized for their roles in cell-cycle regulation, cell growth, and cell death. Here we investigated the potential role of E2F1 in cardiac neovascularization. METHODS AND RESULTS We induced myocardial infarction (MI) by ligating the left anterior descending artery in wild-type (WT) and E2F1(-/-) mice. E2F1(-/-) mice demonstrated a significantly better cardiac function and smaller infarct sizes than WT mice. At infarct border zone, capillary density and endothelial cell (EC) proliferation were greater, apoptotic ECs were fewer, levels of VEGF and placental growth factor (PlGF) were higher, and p53 level was lower in E2F1(-/-) than in WT mice. Blockade of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) signalling with the selective inhibitor SU5416 or with the VEGFR2-blocking antibody DC101 abolished the differences between E2F1(-/-) mice and WT mice in cardiac function, infarct size, capillary density, EC proliferation, and EC apoptosis. In vitro, hypoxia-induced VEGF and PlGF up-regulation was significantly greater in E2F1(-/-) than in WT cardiac fibroblasts, and E2F1 overexpression suppressed PlGF up-regulation in both WT and p53(-/-) cells; however, VEGF up-regulation was suppressed only in WT cells. E2F1 interacted with and stabilized p53 under hypoxic conditions, and both E2F1 : p53 binding and the E2F1-induced suppression of VEGF promoter activity were absent in cells that expressed an N-terminally truncated E2F1 mutant. CONCLUSION E2F1 limits cardiac neovascularization and functional recovery after MI by suppressing VEGF and PlGF up-regulation through p53-dependent and -independent mechanisms, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Ave., Tarry 14-721, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Junlan Zhou
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Ave., Tarry 14-721, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Min Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chan Boriboun
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Ave., Tarry 14-721, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Dauren Biyashev
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Ave., Tarry 14-721, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Ave., Tarry 14-721, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Alexander Mackie
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Ave., Tarry 14-721, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Tina Thorne
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Ave., Tarry 14-721, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jonathan Chou
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Ave., Tarry 14-721, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yiping Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhishui Chen
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongbin Yan
- Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Institute and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Yang
- Department of Echocardiography, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Chunfa Jie
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yao-Liang Tang
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia/Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ting C Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University Medical School, Boston University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Robert N Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Raj Kishore
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Douglas W Losordo
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Ave., Tarry 14-721, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Gangjian Qin
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Ave., Tarry 14-721, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Soumya SJ, Binu S, Helen A, Reddanna P, Sudhakaran PR. 15-LOX metabolites and angiogenesis: angiostatic effect of 15(S)-HPETE involves induction of apoptosis in adipose endothelial cells. PeerJ 2014; 2:e635. [PMID: 25346880 PMCID: PMC4207198 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is critical in the dysregulated growth of adipose tissue and associated vascular dysfunctions. 15-Lipoxygenase metabolites, important mediators of inflammation in adipose tissue during obese conditions, may contribute to codependence of inflammation and angiogenesis in adipose tissue. We have already reported the pro-angiogenic effect of 15(S)-HETE in adipose tissue. The present study was designed to understand the effect of 15(S)-HPETE, precursor of 15(S)-HETE, on angiogenesis in adipose tissue. Results showed that 15(S)-HPETE exerts an anti-angiogenic effect in adipose tissue. This was evidenced from decreased endothelial sprouting in adipose tissue explants, inhibition of angiogenic phenotype in adipose endothelial cells, decreased production of CD31 and VEGF in endothelial cells treated with 15(S)-HPETE. Further studies to examine the molecular mechanism of anti-angiogenic effect of 15(S)-HPETE showed that it inhibited cell survival signaling molecule Akt and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and also activated caspase-3 in adipose endothelial cells. These observations indicate that 15(S)-HPETE exerts its angiostatic effect in adipose tissue by inducing apoptosis of endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasikumar J Soumya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala , Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala , India ; Inter-University Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, University of Kerala , Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala , India
| | - Sheela Binu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala , Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala , India
| | - Antony Helen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala , Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala , India
| | - Pallu Reddanna
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India
| | - Perumana R Sudhakaran
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala , Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala , India ; Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Kerala , Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala , India
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Murthi P, Abumaree M, Kalionis B. Analysis of homeobox gene action may reveal novel angiogenic pathways in normal placental vasculature and in clinical pregnancy disorders associated with abnormal placental angiogenesis. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:133. [PMID: 24926269 PMCID: PMC4045154 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeobox genes are essential for both the development of the blood and lymphatic vascular systems, as well as for their maintenance in the adult. Homeobox genes comprise an important family of transcription factors, which are characterized by a well conserved DNA binding motif; the homeodomain. The specificity of the homeodomain allows the transcription factor to bind to the promoter regions of batteries of target genes and thereby regulates their expression. Target genes identified for homeodomain proteins have been shown to control fundamental cell processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. We and others have reported that homeobox genes are expressed in the placental vasculature, but our knowledge of their downstream target genes is limited. This review highlights the importance of studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which homeobox genes and their downstream targets may regulate important vascular cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, and endothelial tube formation, which are essential for placental vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. A better understanding of the molecular targets of homeobox genes may lead to new therapies for aberrant angiogenesis associated with clinically important pregnancy pathologies, including fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padma Murthi
- Department of Perinatal Medicine, Pregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital Parkville, VIC, Australia ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia ; NorthWest Academic Centre, The University of Melbourne St. Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohamed Abumaree
- College of Science and Health Professions, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bill Kalionis
- Department of Perinatal Medicine, Pregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital Parkville, VIC, Australia ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Wu Y, Mao F, Zuo X, Moussalli MJ, Elias E, Xu W, Shureiqi I. 15-LOX-1 suppression of hypoxia-induced metastatic phenotype and HIF-1α expression in human colon cancer cells. Cancer Med 2014; 3:472-84. [PMID: 24634093 PMCID: PMC4101738 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1) is downregulated in colon cancer and other major cancers, and 15-LOX-1 reexpression in cancer cells suppresses colonic tumorigenesis. Various lines of evidence indicate that 15-LOX-1 expression suppresses premetastatic stages of colonic tumorigenesis; nevertheless, the role of 15-LOX-1 loss of expression in cancer epithelial cells in metastases continues to be debated. Hypoxia, a common feature of the cancer microenvironment, promotes prometastatic mechanisms such as the upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, a transcriptional master regulator that enhances cancer cell metastatic potential, angiogenesis, and tumor cell invasion and migration. We have, therefore, tested whether restoring 15-LOX-1 in colon cancer cells affects cancer cells' hypoxia response that promotes metastasis. We found that 15-LOX-1 reexpression in HCT116, HT29LMM, and LoVo colon cancer cells inhibited survival, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, angiogenesis, cancer cell migration and invasion, and HIF-1α protein expression and stability under hypoxia. These findings demonstrate that 15-LOX-1 expression loss in cancer cells promotes metastasis and that therapeutically targeting ubiquitous 15-LOX-1 loss in cancer cells has the potential to suppress metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqing Wu
- Department of Clinical Cancer, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, 77030
| | - Fei Mao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, 77030
| | - Xiangsheng Zuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, 77030
| | - Micheline J Moussalli
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, 77030
| | - Elias Elias
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, 77030
| | - Weiguo Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, 77030
| | - Imad Shureiqi
- Department of Clinical Cancer, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, 77030
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, 77030
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The role of angiogenic factors in endometrial cancer. MENOPAUSE REVIEW 2014; 13:122-6. [PMID: 26327841 PMCID: PMC4520350 DOI: 10.5114/pm.2014.42714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the most common malignancy within the female reproductive system (37.7%). The incidence increases with age. Frequently this type of cancer is diagnosed in peri- and post-menopausal women. 60-70% of cancers occur in women over 60 years of age, and less than 5% in women below 40 years of age. Angiogenesis is a process of formation of new microvessels from existing capillaries. There are four different mechanisms of new vessel growth: sprouting, intussusception, vessel elongation and incorporation of endothelial progenitor cells into new microvessels. Angiogenesis plays important roles in growth of endometrial cancers. This process is controlled by many angiogenic factors, for example vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF is the most powerful and most specific endothelial cell growth factor. It plays a crucial role in the initiation of physiological and pathological angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and vasculogenesis. The VEGF family consists of VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGF-E, VEGF-F and PLGF (placental growth factor). The effects of VEGF are mediated through binding to the two specific and homologous receptors VEGFR-1 (FLT-1) and VEGFR-2 (KDR). Placental growth factor (PLGF) belongs to the VEGF family and it is also a very important growth factor. So far four isoforms of PLGF have been identified: PLGF-1 (PLGF131), PLGF-2 (PLGF152), PLGF-3 (PLGF203) and PLGF-4 (PLGF224).
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Lu ZX, Mao LL, Lian F, He J, Zhang WT, Dai CY, Xue S, Lu WG, Zhu HS. Cardioprotective activity of placental growth factor in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction: nanoparticle-based delivery versus direct myocardial injection. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2014; 14:53. [PMID: 24742302 PMCID: PMC4014437 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-14-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To comparatively evaluate the cardioprotective activity of placental growth factor (PGF) delivered through direct injection and a nanoparticle-based system respectively and to study the underlying mechanisms in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-based PGF-carrying nanoparticles (PGF-PLGANPs) were created. The mean size and morphology of particles were analyzed with particle size analyzer and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). Encapsulation efficiency and sustained-release dose curve were analyzed by ELISA. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into four groups (n = 10). While animals in the first group were left untreated as controls, those in the other 3 groups underwent surgical induction of AMI, followed by treatment with physiological saline, PGF, and PGF-PLGANPs, respectively. Cardiac function was evaluated by transthoracic echocardiography at 4 weeks after treatment. At 6 weeks, rats were sacrificed, infarction size was analyzed with Masson trichrome staining, and protein contents of TIMP-2, MT1-MMP and MMP-2 at the infarction border were determined by immunohistochemistry and western blotting analysis. Results PGF was released for at least 15 days, showing successful preparation of PGF-PLGANPs. Coronary artery ligation successfully induced AMI. Compared to physiological saline control, PGF, injected to the myocardium either as a nude molecule or in a form of nanoparticles, significantly reduced infarction size, improved cardiac function, and elevated myocardial expression of TIMP-2, MT1-MMP, and MMP-2 (P < 0.05). The effect of PGF-PLGANPs was more pronounced than that of non-encapsulated PGF (P < 0.05). Conclusion Target PGF delivery to myocardium may improve cardiac function after AMI in rats. PLGA-based nanoparticles appear to be a better approach to delivery PGF. PGF exerts its cardioprotective effect at least partially through regulating metalloproteinase-mediated myocardial tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Feng Lian
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pu-Jian Rd, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Zhong H, Wang R, Kelavkar U, Wang CY, Simons J. Enzyme 15-lipoxygenase 1 promotes hypoxia-inducible factor 1α turnover and reduces vascular endothelial growth factor expression: implications for angiogenesis. Cancer Med 2014; 3:514-25. [PMID: 24668884 PMCID: PMC4101742 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) is the regulatory subunit of the heterodimeric HIF-1 that plays a critical role in transcriptional regulation of genes in angiogenesis and hypoxic adaptation, while fatty acid metabolism mediated by lipoxygenases has been implicated in a variety of pathogeneses, including cancers. In this study, we report that 15-lipoxygenase 1 (15-LO1), a key member of the lipoxygenase family, promotes HIF-1α ubiquitination and degradation. Altering the level of 15-LO1 yields inverse changes in HIF-1α and HIF-1 transcriptional activity, under both normoxia and hypoxia, and even in CoCl2-treated cells where HIF-1α has been artificially elevated. The antagonistic effect of 15-LO1 is mediated by the Pro564/hydroxylation/26S proteasome system, while both the enzymatic activity and the intracellular membrane-binding function of 15-LO1 appear to contribute to HIF-1α suppression. Our findings provide a novel mechanism for HIF-1α regulation, in which oxygen-dependent HIF-1 activity is modulated by an oxygen-insensitive lipid metabolic enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhong
- Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901
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15
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Li Z, He T, Du K, Xing YQ, Run YM, Yan Y, Shen Y. Inhibition of oxygen-induced ischemic retinal neovascularization with adenoviral 15-lipoxygenase-1 gene transfer via up-regulation of PPAR-γ and down-regulation of VEGFR-2 expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85824. [PMID: 24465728 PMCID: PMC3897531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1) plays an important role in angiogenesis, but how it works still remains a controversial subject. The aims of our study are focused on determining whether or not 15-LOX-1 inhibiting oxygen-induced ischemic retinal neovascularization (RNV) and the underlying regulatory mechanism involving of 15-LOX-1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) in oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). Recombinant adenoviral vectors that expressing the 15-LOX-1 gene (Ad-15-LOX-1-GFP) or the green fluorescence protein gene (Ad-GFP) were intravitreous injected into the OIR mice at postnatal day 12 (P12), the mice were sacrificed 5 days later (P17). Retinal 15-LOX-1 expression was significantly increased at both mRNA and protein levels after 15-LOX-1 gene transfer. Immunofluorescence staining of retinal sections revealed 15-LOX-1 expression was primarily in the outer plexiform layer (OPL), inner nuclear layer (INL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL) retina. Meanwhile, RNV was significantly inhibited indicated by fluorescein retinal angiography and quantification of the pre-retinal neovascular cells. The expression levels of PPAR-γ were significantly up-regulated while VEGFR-2 were significantly down-regulated both in mRNA and protein levels. Our results suggested 15-LOX-1 gene transfer inhibited RNV in OIR mouse model via up-regulation of PPAR-γ and further down-regulation of VEGFR-2 expression. This could be a potentially important regulatory mechanism involving 15-LOX-1, PPAR-γ and VEGFR-2 during RNV in OIR. In conclusion, 15-LOX-1 may be a new therapeutic target for treating neovascularization diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Eye Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Tao He
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Eye Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Oncology, Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Yi-Qiao Xing
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Eye Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (YQX); (YS)
| | - Yuan-Min Run
- Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yin Shen
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Eye Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (YQX); (YS)
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16
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Klawitter J, Klawitter J, McFann K, Pennington AT, Abebe KZ, Brosnahan G, Cadnapaphornchai MA, Chonchol M, Gitomer B, Christians U, Schrier RW. Bioactive lipid mediators in polycystic kidney disease. J Lipid Res 2013; 55:1139-49. [PMID: 24343898 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p042176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory activity is evident in patients with chronic kidney disease with limited data available in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). We hypothesized that inflammation is an upstream event in the pathogenesis of ADPKD and may be a contributing factor in the disease severity and progression. Serum samples from 61 HALT study A group patients were compared with samples from 49 patients from HALT study B group with moderately advanced disease. Targeted MS analysis of bioactive lipid mediators as markers of inflammation was performed and correlated with eGFR and total kidney volume (TKV) normalized to the body surface area (BSAR) to assess if these markers are predictive of ADPKD severity. ADPKD patients with eGFR >60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) showed higher levels of 5- and 12/15-lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase, and generated higher levels of hydroxy-octadecadienoic acids 9-HODE and 13-HODE and HETEs 8-HETE, 11-HETE, 12-HETE, and 15-HETE as compared with healthy subjects. Linear regression of 9-HODE and 13-HODE revealed a significant relationship with eGFR and TKV, while 15-HETE significantly correlated with TKV/BSAR. Production of 20-HETE, a P450-produced metabolite of arachidonic acid, was higher in ADPKD patients as compared with healthy subjects and significantly correlated with eGFR and TKV/BSAR. Perturbation in fatty acid metabolism is evident early in ADPKD patients, even in those with preserved kidney function. The identified LOX pathways may be potential therapeutic targets for slowing down ADPKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Klawitter
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Colorado, Aurora, CO Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Jost Klawitter
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Kim McFann
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Kaleab Z Abebe
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Godela Brosnahan
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Michel Chonchol
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Berenice Gitomer
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Uwe Christians
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Robert W Schrier
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
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17
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Wu MY, Yang RS, Lin TH, Tang CH, Chiu YC, Liou HC, Fu WM. Enhancement of PLGF production by 15-(S)-HETE via PI3K-Akt, NF-κB and COX-2 pathways in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblast. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 714:388-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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18
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Sun YY, Lin SH, Lin HC, Hung CC, Wang CY, Lin YC, Hung KS, Lien CC, Kuan CY, Lee YH. Cell type-specific dependency on the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway for the endogenous Epo and VEGF induction by baicalein in neurons versus astrocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69019. [PMID: 23904909 PMCID: PMC3719842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuroprotective effect of baicalein is generally attributed to inhibition of
12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) and suppression of oxidative stress, but recent
studies showed that baicalein also activates hypoxia-inducible factor-α (HIF1α)
through inhibition of prolyl hydrolase 2 (PHD2) and activation of the
phosphatidylinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway. Yet, the
significance and regulation of prosurvival cytokines erythropoietin (Epo) and
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), two transcriptional targets of HIF1α,
in baicalein-mediated neuroprotection in neurons and astrocytes remains unknown.
Here we investigated the causal relationship between the PI3K/Akt signaling
pathway and Epo/VEGF expression in baicalein-mediated neuroprotection in primary
rat cortical neurons and astrocytes. Our results show that baicalein induced Epo
and VEGF expression in a HIF1α- and PI3K/Akt-dependent manner in neurons.
Baicalein also protected neurons against excitotoxicity in a PI3K- and
Epo/VEGF-dependent manner without affecting neuronal excitability. In contrast,
at least a 10-fold higher concentration of baicalein was needed to induce
Epo/VEGF production and PI3K/Akt activity in astrocytes for protection of
neurons. Moreover, only baicalein-induced astrocytic VEGF, but not Epo
expression requires HIF1α, while PI3K/Akt signaling had little role in
baicalein-induced astrocytic Epo/VEGF expression. These results suggest distinct
mechanisms of baicalein-mediated Epo/VEGF production in neurons and astrocytes
for neuroprotection, and provide new insights into the mechanisms and potential
of baicalein in treating brain injury in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yo Sun
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, the Center for
Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta,
Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shang-Hsuan Lin
- Department and Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University,
Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Cheng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University,
Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Hung
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University,
Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Wang
- Department and Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University,
Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei,
Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chu Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei,
Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Sheng Hung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Wan Fang Hospital,
Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chang Lien
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei,
Taiwan
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei,
Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Kuan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, the Center for
Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta,
Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yi-Hsuan Lee
- Department and Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University,
Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei,
Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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19
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Increased invasion of malignant gliomas after 15-LO-1 and HSV-tk/ganciclovir combination gene therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:870-4. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Yan Y, He T, Shen Y, Chen X, Diao B, Li Z, Liu Q, Xing YQ. Adenoviral 15-lipoxygenase-1 gene transfer inhibits hypoxia-induced proliferation of retinal microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. Int J Ophthalmol 2012; 5:562-9. [PMID: 23166865 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2012.05.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether 15-Lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1) plays an important role in the regulation of angiogenesis, inhibiting hypoxia-induced proliferation of retinal microvascular endothelial cells (RMVECs) and the underlying mechanism. METHODS Primary RMVECs were isolated from the retinas of C57/BL6J mice and identified by an evaluation for FITC-marked CD31. The hypoxia models were established with the Bio-bag and evaluated with a blood-gas analyzer. Experiments were performed using RMVECs treated with and without transfer Ad-15-LOX-1 or Ad-vector both under hypoxia and normoxia condition at 12, 24, 48, 72 hours. The efficacy of the gene transfer was assessed by immunofluorescence staining. Cells proliferation was evaluated by the CCK-8 method. RNA and protein expressions of 15-LOX-1, VEGF-A, VEGFR-2, eNOs and PPAR-r were analyzed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot. RESULTS Routine evaluation for FITC-marked CD31 showed that cells were pure. The results of blood-gas analysis showed that when the cultures were exposed to hypoxia for more than 2 hours, the Po2 was 4.5 to 5.4 Kpa. We verified RMVECs could be infected with Ad-15-LOX-1 or Ad-vector via Fluorescence microscopy. CCK-8 analysis revealed that the proliferative capacities of RMVECs in hypoxic group were significantly higher at each time point than they were in normoxic group (P<0.05). In a hypoxic condition, the proliferative capacities of RMVECs in 15-LOX-1 group were significantly inhibited (P<0.05). Real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that the expressions of VEGF-A, VEGF-R2 and eNOs mRNA increased in hypoxia group compared with normoxia group (P<0.01). However, the expressions of 15-LOX-1, PPAR-r mRNA decreased in hypoxia group compared with normoxia group (P<0.01). It also showed that in a hypoxic condition, the expressions of VEGF-A, VEGF-R2 and eNOs mRNA decreased significantly in 15-LOX-1 group compared with hypoxia group (P<0.01). However, 15-LOX-1 and PPAR-r mRNA increased significantly in 15-LOX-1 group compared with hypoxia group (P<0.01). There was no significant difference of the mRNA expressions between vector group and hypoxia group (P>0.05). Western blot analysis revealed that the expressions of relative proteins were also ranked in that order. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that 15-LOX-1 and PPAR-r might act as a negative regulator of retinal angiogenesis. And the effect of 15-LOX-1 overexpression is an anti-angiogenic factor in hypoxia-induced retinal neovascularization (RNV). Overexpression 15-LOX-1 on RMVECs of hypoxia-induced RNV blocked signaling cascades by inhibiting hypoxia-induced increases in VEGF family. PPAR-r effect on VEGFR(2) could be an additional mechanism whereby 15-LOX-1 inhibited the hypoxia-induced RNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China ; Department of Ophthalmology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of Chinese PLA, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
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21
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Mesaros C, Blair IA. Targeted chiral analysis of bioactive arachidonic Acid metabolites using liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry. Metabolites 2012; 2:337-65. [PMID: 24957514 PMCID: PMC3901208 DOI: 10.3390/metabo2020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A complex structurally diverse series of eicosanoids arises from the metabolism of arachidonic acid. The metabolic profile is further complicated by the enantioselectivity of eicosanoid formation and the variety of regioisomers that arise. In order to investigate the metabolism of arachidonic acid in vitro or in vivo, targeted methods are advantageous in order to distinguish between the complex isomeric mixtures that can arise by different metabolic pathways. Over the last several years this targeted approach has become more popular, although there are still relatively few examples where chiral targeted approaches have been employed to directly analyze complex enantiomeric mixtures. To efficiently conduct targeted eicosanoid analyses, LC separations are coupled with collision induced dissociation (CID) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Product ion profiles are often diagnostic for particular regioisomers. The highest sensitivity that can be achieved involves the use of selected reaction monitoring/mass spectrometry (SRM/MS); whereas the highest specificity is obtained with an SRM transitions between an intense parent ion, which contains the intact molecule (M) and a structurally significant product ion. This review article provides an overview of arachidonic acid metabolism and targeted chiral methods that have been utilized for the analysis of the structurally diverse eicosanoids that arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clementina Mesaros
- Centers for Cancer Pharmacology and Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ian A Blair
- Centers for Cancer Pharmacology and Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Cancer initiation and progression are multistep events that require cell proliferation, migration, extravasation to the blood or lymphatic vessels, arrest to the metastatic site, and ultimately secondary growth. Tumor cell functions at both primary or secondary sites are controlled by many different factors, including growth factors and their receptors, chemokines, nuclear receptors, cell-cell interactions, cell-matrix interactions, as well as oxygenated metabolites of arachidonic acid. The observation that cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases and their arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoid products (prostanoids and HETEs) are expressed and produced by tumor cells, together with the finding that these enzymes can regulate cell growth, survival, migration, and invasion, has prompted investigators to analyze the roles of these enzymes in cancer progression. In this review, we focus on the contribution of cyclooxygenase- and lipoxygenase-derived eicosanoids to tumor cell function in vitro and in vivo and discuss hope and tribulations of targeting these enzymes for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Schneider
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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23
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Aggarwal NT, Gauthier KM, Campbell WB. Endothelial nitric oxide and 15-lipoxygenase-1 metabolites independently mediate relaxation of the rabbit aorta. Vascul Pharmacol 2011; 56:106-12. [PMID: 22197897 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LO-1) metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA), 11,12,15-trihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (THETA) and 15-hydroxy-11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (HEETA) and nitric oxide (NO) mediate relaxations to acetylcholine (ACH). However, interactions between NO and the 15-LO-1 pathway have not been explored. Therefore, the effect of physiological and pharmacological concentrations of NO on 15-LO activity and relaxation was studied in rabbit aorta. In indomethacin-treated aortic rings, maximal ACH relaxations of 91.3±4.0%, decreased to 54.5±3.0% by the NO synthase inhibitor, nitro-l-arginine (LNA), to 49.8±3% by the guanylate cyclase (GC) inhibitor, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one, to 63.7±4.9% by the lipoxygenase (LO) inhibitor, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and were completely inhibited by the combination of LNA and NDGA. AA relaxations were not affected by GC inhibition but were reduced by LO inhibition. The NO donor, dipropylenetriamine-NONOate (DPTA) caused concentration-related relaxations (EC(50)=4.7×10(-6)M). Aortic metabolism of (14)C-AA to THETA and HEETA was not altered by EC(50) concentrations of DPTA but were reduced 10-fold by 10(-3)M DPTA. In LNA-treated aorta, DPTA (3×10(-6)M) caused relaxations of 38.2.5±4%. Maximum relaxations to ACH did not differ in the presence and absence 3×10(-6)M DPTA (49.5±5% and 44.2±4%, respectively). These results indicate that NO and 15-LO-1 act in parallel to mediate ACH relaxations and NO does not alter 15-LO-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin T Aggarwal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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24
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Abstract
15-Lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1) is an inducible and highly regulated enzyme in normal human cells that plays a key role in the production of lipid signaling mediators, such as 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) from linoleic acid. 15-LOX-1 significantly contributes to the resolution of inflammation and to the terminal differentiation of normal cells. 15-LOX-1 is downregulated in human colorectal polyps and cancers. Emerging data support a tumor suppressor role for 15-LOX-1, especially in colon cancer. These data indicate that 15-LOX-1 promotes various anti-tumorigenic events, including cell differentiation and apoptosis, and inhibits chronic inflammation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The transcriptional repression of 15-LOX-1 in colon cancer cells is complex and involves multiple mechanisms (e.g., histone methylation, transcriptional repressor binding). Re-expression of 15-LOX-1 in colon cancer cells can function as an important therapeutic mechanism and could be further exploited to develop novel treatment approaches for this common cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun IL Lee
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Xiangsheng Zuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Imad Shureiqi
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
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25
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Long-term increase in uterine blood flow is achieved by local overexpression of VEGF-A165 in the uterine arteries of pregnant sheep. Gene Ther 2011; 19:925-35. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2011.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Zhou TB, Yang GS. Roles of vascular endothelial growth factor in acute rejection reaction following liver transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2011; 25:207-9. [PMID: 21856421 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The presently known cytokines that participate in acute rejection of organ transplantation include four categories by order of function: inflammatory cytokines, immunospecific cytokines, inflammatory cell activating cytokines and growth cytokines. Of them, growth cytokines that directly induce division, proliferation and migration of endothelial cells mainly include the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family and the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family [1]. Recent studies [2] showed that interactions and time overlap of inflammatory cell infiltration and angiogenesis are the main mechanisms that induce acute rejection (AR) following organ transplantation, which has been demonstrated by the clinical fact that AR symptoms after liver transplantation could only be relieved by combination use of drugs for improving micro vessels and those for improving micro bile ducts. This article is a review of VEGF that mediates inflammatory cell infiltration and angiogenesis in the portal area [3].
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Bao Zhou
- The Hepatic Surgery Center, The Affiliated Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China.
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27
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Pozzi A, Zent R. Regulation of endothelial cell functions by basement membrane- and arachidonic acid-derived products. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 1:254-272. [PMID: 20835995 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting vasculature, is required for normal physiological as well as pathological events. The angiogenic process requires endothelial cells to proliferate, migrate, and undergo tubulogenesis. These multistep processes necessitate secretion of pro-angiogenic growth factors, activation of specific intracellular signaling, and interaction of endothelial cells with basement membrane (BM) extracellular matrix components. The generation and release of angiogenic molecules are highly regulated and are influenced by numerous factors, including BM-derived fragments, proteolytic enzymes, as well as metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA). The interactions between these key modulators of angiogenesis is extremely complex, as AA metabolites can regulate the synthesis of soluble angiogenic factors, BM components, as well as enzymes capable of cleaving BM components, which result in the generation of pro- and/or anti-angiogenic products. Furthermore, some BM-derived fragments can alter the expression of AA-converting enzymes and consequently the synthesis of angiogenic factors. In this review we describe the relationship between BM components and AA metabolites with respect to the regulation of endothelial cell functions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Pozzi
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Roy Zent
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Dobrian AD, Lieb DC, Ma Q, Lindsay JW, Cole BK, Ma K, Chakrabarti SK, Kuhn NS, Wohlgemuth SD, Fontana M, Nadler JL. Differential expression and localization of 12/15 lipoxygenases in adipose tissue in human obese subjects. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 403:485-90. [PMID: 21094135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue inflammation in obesity is a major factor leading to cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.12/15 lipoxygenases (ALOX) play an important role in the generation of inflammatory mediators, insulin resistance and downstream immune activation in animal models of obesity. However, the expression and roles of 12/15ALOX isoforms, and their cellular sources in human subcutaneous (sc) and omental (om) fat in obesity is unknown. The objective of this study was to examine the gene expression and localization of ALOX isoforms and relevant downstream cytokines in subcutaneous (sc) and omental (om) adipose tissue in obese humans. Paired biopsies of sc and om fat were obtained during bariatric surgeries from 24 morbidly obese patients. Gene and protein expression for ALOX15a, ALOX15b and ALOX 12 were measured by real-time PCR and western blotting in adipocytes and stromal vascular fractions (SVF) from om and sc adipose tissue along with the mRNA expression of the downstream cytokines IL-12a, IL-12b, IL-6, IFNγ and the chemokine CXCL10. In a paired analysis, all ALOX isoforms, IL-6, IL-12a and CXCL10 were significantly higher in om vs. sc fat. ALOX15a mRNA and protein expression was found exclusively in om fat. All of the ALOX isoforms were expressed solely in the SVF. Further fractionation of the SVF in CD34+ and CD34- cells indicated that ALOX15a is predominantly expressed in the CD34+ fraction including vascular and progenitor cells, while ALOX15B is mostly expressed in the CD34- cells containing various leucocytes and myeloid cells. This result was confirmed by immunohistochemistry showing exclusive localization of ALOX15a in the om fat and predominantly in the vasculature and non-adipocyte cells. Our finding is identifying selective expression of ALOX15a in human om but not sc fat. This is a study showing a major inflammatory gene exclusively expressed in visceral fat in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca D Dobrian
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA.
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Dobrian AD, Lieb DC, Cole BK, Taylor-Fishwick DA, Chakrabarti SK, Nadler JL. Functional and pathological roles of the 12- and 15-lipoxygenases. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 50:115-31. [PMID: 20970452 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The 12/15-lipoxygenase enzymes react with fatty acids producing active lipid metabolites that are involved in a number of significant disease states. The latter include type 1 and type 2 diabetes (and associated complications), cardiovascular disease, hypertension, renal disease, and the neurological conditions Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. A number of elegant studies over the last thirty years have contributed to unraveling the role that lipoxygenases play in chronic inflammation. The development of animal models with targeted gene deletions has led to a better understanding of the role that lipoxygenases play in various conditions. Selective inhibitors of the different lipoxygenase isoforms are an active area of investigation, and will be both an important research tool and a promising therapeutic target for treating a wide spectrum of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca D Dobrian
- Eastern Virginia Medical School, Department of Physiological Sciences, Lewis Hall, Room 2027, 700 W. Olney Road, Norfolk, VA 23507, United States.
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Absence of glutathione peroxidase 4 affects tumor angiogenesis through increased 12/15-lipoxygenase activity. Neoplasia 2010; 12:254-63. [PMID: 20234819 DOI: 10.1593/neo.91782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) has been described to control specific cyclooxygenases (COXs) and lipoxygenases (LOXs) that exert substantiated functions in tumor growth and angiogenesis. Therefore, we hypothesized a putative regulatory role of GPx4 during tumor progression and created transformed murine embryonic fibroblasts with inducible disruption of GPx4. GPx4 inactivation caused rapid cell death in vitro, which could be prevented either by lipophilic antioxidants or by 12/15-LOX-specific inhibitors, but not by inhibitors targeting other LOX isoforms or COX. Surprisingly, transformed GPx4(+/-) cells did not die when grown in Matrigel but gave rise to tumor spheroids. Subcutaneous implantation of tumor cells into mice resulted in knockout tumors that were indistinguishable in volume and mass in comparison to wild-type tumors. However, further analysis revealed a strong vascular phenotype. We observed an increase in microvessel density as well as a reduction in the number of large diameter vessels covered by smooth muscle cells. This phenotype could be linked to increased 12/15-LOX activity that was accompanied by an up-regulation of basic fibroblast growth factor and down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor A protein expression. Indeed, pharmacological inhibition of 12/15-LOX successfully reversed the tumor phenotype and led to "normalized" vessel morphology. Thus, we conclude that GPx4, through controlling 12/15-LOX activity, is an important regulator of tumor angiogenesis as well as vessel maturation.
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Singh NK, Quyen DV, Kundumani-Sridharan V, Brooks PC, Rao GN. AP-1 (Fra-1/c-Jun)-mediated induction of expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 is required for 15S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid-induced angiogenesis. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:16830-43. [PMID: 20353950 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.106187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the involvement of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE)-induced angiogenesis, we have studied the role of MMP-2. 15(S)-HETE induced MMP-2 expression and activity in a time-dependent manner in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMVECs). Inhibition of MMP-2 activity or depletion of its levels attenuated 15(S)-HETE-induced HDMVEC migration, tube formation, and Matrigel plug angiogenesis. 15(S)-HETE also induced Fra-1 and c-Jun expression in a Rac1-MEK1-JNK1-dependent manner. In addition, 15(S)-HETE-induced MMP-2 expression and activity were mediated by Rac1-MEK1-JNK1-dependent activation of AP-1 (Fra-1/c-Jun). Cloning and site-directed mutagenesis of MMP-2 promoter revealed that AP-1 site proximal to the transcriptional start site is required for 15(S)-HETE-induced MMP-2 expression, and Fra-1 and c-Jun are the essential components of AP-1 that bind to MMP-2 promoter in response to 15(S)-HETE. Hind limb ischemia led to an increase in MEK1 and JNK1 activation and Fra-1, c-Jun, and MMP-2 expression resulting in enhanced neovascularization and recovery of blood perfusion in wild-type mice as compared with 12/15-Lox(-/-) mice. Together, these results provide the first direct evidence for a role of 12/15-Lox-12/15(S)-HETE axis in the regulation of ischemia-induced angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhlesh K Singh
- Department of Physiology, the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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Viita H, Kinnunen K, Eriksson E, Lähteenvuo J, Babu M, Kalesnykas G, Heikura T, Laidinen S, Takalo T, Ylä-Herttuala S. Intravitreal adenoviral 15-lipoxygenase-1 gene transfer prevents vascular endothelial growth factor A-induced neovascularization in rabbit eyes. Hum Gene Ther 2010; 20:1679-86. [PMID: 19694557 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2009.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive angiogenesis mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in angioproliferative ocular diseases. We have previously developed a large animal model for these diseases by intravitreal adenoviral gene transfer of VEGF-A(165). 15-Lipoxygenase-1 (15-LO-1), an oxidizing enzyme producing reactive lipid hydroperoxides, has been shown to induce aberrant angiogenesis in cancer models of transgenic mice overexpressing human 15-LO-1. Our purpose was to study the effects of 15-LO-1 on VEGF-A(165)-induced angiogenesis in New Zealand White rabbit eyes, using intravitreal adenovirus-mediated gene transfers. AdCMV and Adh15-LO-1 alone served as controls. As determined by immunohistochemistry, VEGF-A(165) significantly increased the number and size of the capillaries in various compartments of the eyes. 15-LO-1 efficiently inhibited VEGF-A(165)-induced neovascularization and pathological changes by reducing VEGF-A(165) mRNA and protein expression, determined by RT-PCR, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry. 15-LO-1, which produces endogenous ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma), also prevented VEGF-A(165)-induced expression of PPARgamma and VEGF receptor-2, as measured by quantitative RT-PCR. In conclusion, our findings show that 15-LO-1 prevents VEGF-A(165)-induced angiogenesis and consequent pathology in the eyes, suggesting that intravitreal 15-LO-1 gene transfer could be a potential new strategy for the treatment of neovascular complications in the eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Viita
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Leedom AJ, Sullivan AB, Dong B, Lau D, Gronert K. Endogenous LXA4 circuits are determinants of pathological angiogenesis in response to chronic injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 176:74-84. [PMID: 20008149 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and angiogenesis are intimately linked, and their dysregulation leads to pathological angiogenesis in human diseases. 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) and lipoxin A(4) receptors (ALX) constitute a LXA(4) circuit that is a key feature of inflammatory resolution. LXA(4) analogs have been shown to regulate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A-induced angiogenic response in vitro. 15-LOX and ALX are highly expressed in the avascular and immune-privileged cornea. However, the role of this endogenous LXA(4) circuit in pathological neovascularization has not been determined. We report that suture-induced chronic injury in the cornea triggered polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) infiltration, pathological neovascularization, and up-regulation of mediators of inflammatory angiogenesis, namely VEGF-A and the VEGF-3 receptor (FLT4). Up-regulation of the VEGF circuit and neovascularization correlated with selective changes in both 15-LOX (Alox15) and ALX (Fpr-rs2) expression and a temporally defined increase in basal 15-LOX activity. More importantly, genetic deletion of 15-LOX or 5-LOX, key and obligatory enzymes in the formation of LXA(4), respectively, led to exacerbated inflammatory neovascularization coincident with increased VEGF-A and FLT4 expression. Direct topical treatment with LXA(4), but not its metabolic precursor 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, reduced expression of VEGF-A and FLT4 and inflammatory angiogenesis and rescued 15-LOX knockout mice from exacerbated angiogenesis. In summary, our findings and the prominent expression of 15-LOX and ALX in epithelial cells and macrophages place the LXA(4) circuit as an endogenous regulator of pathological angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Leedom
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-2020, USA
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Lee SH, Blair IA. Targeted chiral lipidomics analysis of bioactive eicosanoid lipids in cellular systems. BMB Rep 2009; 42:401-10. [PMID: 19643036 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2009.42.7.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a targeted lipidomics approach that makes it possible to directly analyze chiral eicosanoid lipids generated in cellular systems. The eicosanoids, including prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs) and alcohols (HETEs), have been implicated as potent lipid mediators of various biological processes. Enzymatic formations of eicosanoids are regioselective and enantioselective, whereas reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated formation proceeds with no stereoselectivity. To distinguish between enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways of eicosanoid formation, it is necessary to resolve enantiomeric forms as well as regioisomers. High sensitivity is also required to analyze the eicosanoid lipids that are usually present as trace amounts (pM level) in biological fluids. A discovery of liquid chromatography-electron capture atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/mass spectrometry (LCECAPCI/MS) allows us to couple normal phase chiral chromatography without loss of sensitivity. Analytical specificity was obtained by the use of collision-induced dissociation (CID) and tandem MS (MS/MS). With combination of stable isotope dilution methodology, complex mixtures of regioisomeric and enantiomeric eicosanoids have been resolved and quantified in biological samples with high sensitivity and specificity. Targeted chiral lipidomics profiles of bioactive eicosanoid lipids obtained from various cell systems and their biological implications have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Hwa Lee
- Department of Bio-analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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Wei C, Zhu P, Shah SJ, Blair IA. 15-oxo-Eicosatetraenoic acid, a metabolite of macrophage 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase that inhibits endothelial cell proliferation. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 76:516-25. [PMID: 19535459 DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.057489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of 15-oxo-5,8,11,13-(Z,Z,Z,E)-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-oxo-ETE) as a product from rabbit lung 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH)-mediated oxidation of 15(S)-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-(Z,Z,Z,E)-eicosatetraenoic acid was first reported more than 30 years ago. However, the pharmacological significance of 15-oxo-ETE formation has never been established. We have now evaluated 15-lipoxygenase (LO)-1-mediated arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism to 15-oxo-ETE in human monocytes and mouse RAW macrophages that stably express human 15-LO-1 (R15L cells). A targeted lipidomics approach was used to identify and quantify the oxidized lipids that were formed. 15-oxo-ETE was found to be a major AA-derived LO metabolite when AA was given exogenously or released from endogenous esterified lipid stores by calcium ionophore (CI) calcimycin (A-23187). This established the R15L cells as a useful in vitro model system. Pretreatment of the R15L cells with cinnamyl-3,4-dihydroxycyanocinnamate significantly inhibited AA- or CI-mediated production of 15(S)-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-(Z,Z,Z,E)-eicosatetraenoic acid [15(S)-HETE] and 15-oxo-ETE, confirming the role of 15-LO-1 in mediating AA metabolite formation. Furthermore, 15(S)-HETE was metabolized primarily to 15-oxo-ETE. Pretreatment of the R15L cells with the 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) inhibitor 5-[[4-(ethoxycarbonyl)phenyl]azo]-2-hydroxy-benzeneacetic acid (CAY10397) reduced AA- and 15(S)-HETE-mediated formation of 15-oxo-ETE in a dose-dependent manner. This confirmed that macrophage-derived 15-PGDH was responsible for catalyzing the conversion of 15(S)-HETE to 15-oxo-ETE. Finally, 15-oxo-ETE was shown to inhibit the proliferation of human vascular vein endothelial cells by suppressing DNA synthesis, implicating a potential antiangiogenic role. This is the first report describing the biosynthesis of 15-oxo-ETE by macrophage/monocytes and its ability to inhibit endothelial cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wei
- Center for Cancer Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
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Scaldaferri F, Vetrano S, Sans M, Arena V, Straface G, Stigliano E, Repici A, Sturm A, Malesci A, Panes J, Yla-Herttuala S, Fiocchi C, Danese S. VEGF-A links angiogenesis and inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:585-95.e5. [PMID: 19013462 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) mediates angiogenesis and might also have a role in inflammation and immunity. We examined whether VEGF-A signaling has a role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS Expression levels of VEGF-A, and its receptors VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2, were examined in samples from patients with IBD and compared with those of controls. The capacity of VEGF-A to induce angiogenesis was tested in human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells using cell-migration and matrigel tubule-formation assays. Levels of vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule were measured by flow cytometry to determine induction of inflammation; neutrophil adhesion was also assayed. Expression patterns were determined in tissues from mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis; the effects of VEGF-A overexpression and blockade were assessed in these mice by adenoviral transfer of VEGF-A and soluble VEGFR-1. Intestinal angiogenesis was measured by quantitative CD31 staining and leukocyte adhesion in vivo by intravital microscopy. RESULTS Levels of VEGF-A and VEGFR-2 increased in samples from patients with IBD and colitic mice. VEGF-A induced angiogenesis of human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells in vitro as well as an inflammatory phenotype and adherence of neutrophils to intestinal endothelium. Overexpression of VEGF-A in mice with DSS-induced colitis worsened their condition, whereas overexpression of soluble VEGFR-1 had the opposite effect. Furthermore, overexpression of VEGF-A increased mucosal angiogenesis and stimulated leukocyte adhesion in vivo. CONCLUSIONS VEGF-A appears to be a novel mediator of IBD by promoting intestinal angiogenesis and inflammation. Agents that block VEGF-A signaling might reduce intestinal inflammation in patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Scaldaferri
- Division of Gastroenterology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, University of Milan, Milan; Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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Roncal C, Buysschaert I, Chorianopoulos EK, Georgiadou M, Meilhac O, Demol M, Michel JB, Vinckier S, Moons L, Carmeliet P. Beneficial effects of prolonged systemic administration of PlGF on late outcome of post-ischaemic myocardial performance. J Pathol 2008; 216:236-44. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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The discovery of the placental growth factor and its role in angiogenesis: a historical review. Angiogenesis 2008; 11:215-21. [PMID: 18568405 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-008-9114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The placental growth factor (PlGF) is an angiogenic protein belonging to the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family, which was discovered in 1991 by an Italian scientist, Maria Graziella Persico. Dr Persico cloned and purified PlGF and determined its structure by crystallography resolution. Furthermore, she identified VEGF receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) as the receptor for PlGF, and in collaboration with Dr Peter Carmeliet in Leuven, she generated evidence that loss of PlGF does not affect development, reproduction, or postnatal life. PlGF is expressed primarily in the placenta and is up-regulated in several pathological conditions, although its role is still controversial. Some data in literature reported that PlGF enhances pathological angiogenesis by initiating a cross-talk between VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2, whereas other studies did not confirm these findings. Regarding the potential therapeutic employment of PlGF, recent evidence has shown that an anti-PlGF antibody may act as a potent antiangiogenic agent, and that it has the advantage of minor toxicity when combined with anti-VEGF strategies.
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