1
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Leow JWH, Chan ECY. CYP2J2-mediated metabolism of arachidonic acid in heart: A review of its kinetics, inhibition and role in heart rhythm control. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 258:108637. [PMID: 38521247 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2 J2 (CYP2J2) is primarily expressed extrahepatically and is the predominant epoxygenase in human cardiac tissues. This highlights its key role in the metabolism of endogenous substrates. Significant scientific interest lies in cardiac CYP2J2 metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA), an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, to regioisomeric bioactive epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) metabolites that show cardioprotective effects including regulation of cardiac electrophysiology. From an in vitro perspective, the accurate characterization of the kinetics of CYP2J2 metabolism of AA including its inhibition and inactivation by drugs could be useful in facilitating in vitro-in vivo extrapolations to predict drug-AA interactions in drug discovery and development. In this review, background information on the structure, regulation and expression of CYP2J2 in human heart is presented alongside AA and EETs as its endogenous substrate and metabolites. The in vitro and in vivo implications of the kinetics of this endogenous metabolic pathway as well as its perturbation via inhibition and inactivation by drugs are elaborated. Additionally, the role of CYP2J2-mediated metabolism of AA to EETs in cardiac electrophysiology will be expounded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Wen Hui Leow
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Eric Chun Yong Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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2
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Khalilimeybodi A, Saucerman JJ, Rangamani P. Modeling cardiomyocyte signaling and metabolism predicts genotype-to-phenotype mechanisms in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Comput Biol Med 2024; 175:108499. [PMID: 38677172 PMCID: PMC11175993 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a significant precursor of heart failure and sudden cardiac death, primarily caused by mutations in sarcomeric and structural proteins. Despite the extensive research on the HCM genotype, the complex and context-specific nature of many signaling and metabolic pathways linking the HCM genotype to phenotype has hindered therapeutic advancements for patients. Here, we have developed a computational model of HCM encompassing cardiomyocyte signaling and metabolic networks and their associated interactions. Utilizing a stochastic logic-based ODE approach, we linked cardiomyocyte signaling to the metabolic network through a gene regulatory network and post-translational modifications. We validated the model against published data on activities of signaling species in the HCM context and transcriptomes of two HCM mouse models (i.e., R403Q-αMyHC and R92W-TnT). Our model predicts that HCM mutation induces changes in metabolic functions such as ATP synthase deficiency and a transition from fatty acids to carbohydrate metabolism. The model indicated major shifts in glutamine-related metabolism and increased apoptosis after HCM-induced ATP synthase deficiency. We predicted that the transcription factors STAT, SRF, GATA4, TP53, and FoxO are the key regulators of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis in HCM in alignment with experiments. Moreover, we identified shared (e.g., activation of PGC1α by AMPK, and FHL1 by titin) and context-specific mechanisms (e.g., regulation of Ca2+ sensitivity by titin in HCM patients) that may control genotype-to-phenotype transition in HCM across different species or mutations. We also predicted potential combination drug targets for HCM (e.g., mavacamten plus ROS inhibitors) preventing or reversing HCM phenotype (i.e., hypertrophic growth, apoptosis, and metabolic remodeling) in cardiomyocytes. This study provides new insights into mechanisms linking genotype to phenotype in familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and offers a framework for assessing new treatments and exploring variations in HCM experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khalilimeybodi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey J Saucerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America; Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - P Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093, United States of America.
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3
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Shi Q, Malik H, Crawford RM, Streeter J, Wang J, Huo R, Shih JC, Chen B, Hall D, Abel ED, Song LS, Anderson EJ. Cardiac monoamine oxidase-A inhibition protects against catecholamine-induced ventricular arrhythmias via enhanced diastolic calcium control. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 120:596-611. [PMID: 38198753 PMCID: PMC11074799 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS A mechanistic link between depression and risk of arrhythmias could be attributed to altered catecholamine metabolism in the heart. Monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A), a key enzyme involved in catecholamine metabolism and longstanding antidepressant target, is highly expressed in the myocardium. The present study aimed to elucidate the functional significance and underlying mechanisms of cardiac MAO-A in arrhythmogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Analysis of the TriNetX database revealed that depressed patients treated with MAO inhibitors had a lower risk of arrhythmias compared with those treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. This effect was phenocopied in mice with cardiomyocyte-specific MAO-A deficiency (cMAO-Adef), which showed a significant reduction in both incidence and duration of catecholamine stress-induced ventricular tachycardia compared with wild-type mice. Additionally, cMAO-Adef cardiomyocytes exhibited altered Ca2+ handling under catecholamine stimulation, with increased diastolic Ca2+ reuptake, reduced diastolic Ca2+ leak, and diminished systolic Ca2+ release. Mechanistically, cMAO-Adef hearts had reduced catecholamine levels under sympathetic stress, along with reduced levels of reactive oxygen species and protein carbonylation, leading to decreased oxidation of Type II PKA and CaMKII. These changes potentiated phospholamban (PLB) phosphorylation, thereby enhancing diastolic Ca2+ reuptake, while reducing ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) phosphorylation to decrease diastolic Ca2+ leak. Consequently, cMAO-Adef hearts exhibited lower diastolic Ca2+ levels and fewer arrhythmogenic Ca2+ waves during sympathetic overstimulation. CONCLUSION Cardiac MAO-A inhibition exerts an anti-arrhythmic effect by enhancing diastolic Ca2+ handling under catecholamine stress.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2/metabolism
- Catecholamines/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Diastole/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Heart Rate/drug effects
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Monoamine Oxidase/metabolism
- Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/enzymology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Phosphorylation
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel/metabolism
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/enzymology
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Shi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 285 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Hamza Malik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 285 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Rachel M Crawford
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, 180 S Grand Ave., Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jennifer Streeter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 285 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jinxi Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 285 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ran Huo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, 180 S Grand Ave., Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jean C Shih
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Biyi Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 285 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Duane Hall
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 285 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, CBRB 2267285, Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - E Dale Abel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 285 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, CBRB 2267285, Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Long-Sheng Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 285 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, CBRB 2267285, Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ethan J Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, 180 S Grand Ave., Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, CBRB 2267285, Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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4
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Yang L, Wu Y, Jin W, Mo N, Ye G, Su Z, Tang L, Wang Y, Li Y, Du J. The potential role of ferroptosis in COVID-19-related cardiovascular injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115637. [PMID: 37844358 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged as a global health threat in 2019. An important feature of the disease is that multiorgan symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection persist after recovery. Evidence indicates that people who recovered from COVID-19, even those under the age of 65 years without cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes, had a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease for up to one year after diagnosis. Therefore, it is important to closely monitor individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 for potential cardiovascular damage that may manifest at a later stage. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of non-apoptotic cell death characterized by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased lipid peroxide levels. Several studies have demonstrated that ferroptosis plays an important role in cancer, ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/RI), and other cardiovascular diseases. Altered iron metabolism, upregulation of reactive oxygen species, and glutathione peroxidase 4 inactivation are striking features of COVID-19-related cardiovascular injury. SARS-CoV-2 can cause cardiovascular ferroptosis, leading to cardiovascular damage. Understanding the mechanism of ferroptosis in COVID-19-related cardiovascular injuries will contribute to the development of treatment regimens for preventing or reducing COVID-19-related cardiovascular complications. In this article, we go over the pathophysiological underpinnings of SARS-CoV-2-induced acute and chronic cardiovascular injury, the function of ferroptosis, and prospective treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunyi Wu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weidong Jin
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nan Mo
- Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gaoqi Ye
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zixin Su
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lusheng Tang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yanchun Li
- Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jing Du
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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5
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Zheng X, Su F, Lei M, Li J, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Wei M, Li W, Chen S, Liu Y, Gao Q, Hao L. The novel peptide athycaltide-1 attenuates Ang II-induced pathological myocardial hypertrophy by reducing ROS and inhibiting the activation of CaMKII and ERK1/2. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 957:175969. [PMID: 37567457 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Pathological myocardial hypertrophy initially develops as an adaptive response to cardiac stress, which can be induced by many diseases. It is accompanied by adverse cardiovascular events, including heart failure, arrhythmias, and death. The purpose of this research was to explore the molecular mechanism of a novel peptide Athycaltide-1 (ATH-1) in the treatment of Ang II-induced pathological myocardial hypertrophy. In this study, the mRNA of Control group, Ang II group, ATH-1 group and Losartan group mice were sequenced by high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched in cell response to oxidative stress, regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolism and calmodulin binding. Then, the oxidation level of mouse hearts and H9c2 cardiomyocytes in each group and the expression of key proteins of CaMKII/HDAC/MEF2C and ERK1/2 signaling pathways were detected to preliminarily verify the positive effect of ATH-1. At the same time, the effect of ATH-1 was further determined by adding reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and CaMKII inhibitor AIP in vitro. The results showed that ATH-1 could significantly reduce the level of oxidative stress in hypertrophic cardiomyocytes and inhibiting the activation of CaMKII and ERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China; Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Fuxiang Su
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China; Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Ming Lei
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 64600, China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yujia Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Ming Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Sichong Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yunzhu Liu
- Department of Emergency, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110002, China
| | - Qinghua Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China; Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
| | - Liying Hao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
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6
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Park KH, Choi YJ, Min WK, Lee SH, Kim J, Jeong SH, Lee JH, Choi BM, Kim S. Particulate matter induces arrhythmia-like cardiotoxicity in zebrafish embryos by altering the expression levels of cardiac development- and ion channel-related genes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115201. [PMID: 37418944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a risk factor that increases cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In this study, we investigated the cardiotoxicity of particulate matter (PM) exposure using a zebrafish embryo model. We found that PM exposure induced cardiotoxicity, such as arrhythmia, during cardiac development. PM exposure caused cardiotoxicity by altering the expression levels of cardiac development (T-box transcription factor 20, natriuretic peptide A, and GATA-binding protein 4)- and ion-channel (scn5lab, kcnq1, kcnh2a/b, and kcnh6a/b)-related genes. In conclusion, this study showed that PM induces the aberrant expression of cardiac development- and ion channel-related genes, leading to arrhythmia-like cardiotoxicity in zebrafish embryos. Our study provides a foundation for further research on the molecular and genetic mechanisms of cardiotoxicity induced by PM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Hee Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan 15588, the Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ji Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan 15588, the Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kee Min
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan 15588, the Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hwa Lee
- Zebrafish Translational Medical Research Center, Korea University, Ansan 15588, Gyeonggi-do, the Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Kim
- Medical Science Research Center, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan 15588, the Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Jeong
- Medical Science Research Center, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan 15588, the Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Han Lee
- Department of Pathology, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan 15588, the Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Min Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan 15588, the Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 04763, the Republic of Korea; Zebrafish Translational Medical Research Center, Korea University, Ansan 15588, Gyeonggi-do, the Republic of Korea.
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7
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Cardiotoxicity of pyrethroids: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic options for acute and long-term toxicity. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1737-1751. [PMID: 36383062 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pyrethroids (PY) are synthetic pesticides used in many applications ranging from large-scale agriculture to household maintenance. Their classical mechanisms of action are associated with binding to the sodium channel of insect neurons, disrupting its inactivation, ensuring their use as insecticides. However, PY can also lead to toxicity in vertebrates, including humans. In most toxicological studies, the impact of PY on heart function is neglected. Acute exposure to a high dose of PY causes enhancement of the late sodium current (INaL), which impairs the action potential waveform and can cause severe cardiac arrhythmias. Moreover, long-term, low-dose exposure to PY displays oxidative stress in the heart, which could induce tissue remodeling and impairment. Isolated and preliminary evidence supports that, for acute exposure to PY, an antiarrhythmic therapy with ranolazine (an INaL blocker), can be a promising therapeutic approach. Besides, heart tissue remodeling associated with low doses and long-term exposure to PY seems to benefit from antioxidant therapy. Despite significant leaps in understanding the mechanical details of PY intoxication, currently, few studies are focusing on the heart. In this review, we present what is known and what are the gaps in the field of cardiotoxicity induced by PY.
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8
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He F, Yanosky JD, Fernandez‐Mendoza J, Chinchilli VM, Al‐Shaar L, Vgontzas AN, Bixler EO, Liao D. Acute Impact of Fine Particulate Air Pollution on Cardiac Arrhythmias in a Population‐Based Sample of Adolescents: The Penn State Child Cohort. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e026370. [DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.026370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background
Fine particulate (fine particles with aerodynamic diameters ≤2.5 μm [PM
2.5
]) exposure has been associated with a risk of cardiac arrhythmias in adults. However, the association between PM
2.5
exposure and cardiac arrhythmias in adolescents remains unclear.
Methods and Results
To investigate the association and time course between PM
2.5
exposure with cardiac arrhythmias in adolescents, we analyzed the data collected from 322 adolescents who participated in the PSCC (Penn State Child Cohort) follow‐up examination. We obtained individual‐level 24‐hour PM
2.5
concentrations with a nephelometer. Concurrent with the PM
2.5
measure, we obtained 24‐hour ECG data using a Holter monitor, from which cardiac arrhythmias, including premature atrial contractions and premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), were identified. PM
2.5
concentration and numbers of premature atrial contractions/PVCs were summarized into 30‐minute‐based segments. Polynomial distributed lag models within a framework of a negative binomial model were used to assess the effect of PM
2.5
concentration on numbers of premature atrial contractions and PVCs. PM
2.5
exposure was associated with an acute increase in number of PVCs. Specifically, a 10 μg/m
3
increase in PM
2.5
concentration was associated with a 2% (95% CI, 0.4%–3.3%) increase in PVC counts 0.5 to 1.0, 1.0 to 1.5, and 1.5 to 2.0 hours after the exposure. Cumulatively, a 10 μg/m
3
increment in PM
2.5
was associated with a 5% (95% CI, 1%–10%) increase in PVC counts within 2 hours after exposure. PM
2.5
concentration was not associated with premature atrial contraction.
Conclusions
PM
2.5
exposure was associated with an acute increased number of ventricular arrhythmias in a population‐based sample of adolescents. The time course of the effect of PM
2.5
on ventricular arrhythmia is within 2 hours after exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan He
- Department of Public Health Sciences Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine Hershey PA
| | - Jeff D. Yanosky
- Department of Public Health Sciences Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine Hershey PA
| | - Julio Fernandez‐Mendoza
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, Sleep Research and Treatment Center Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine Hershey PA
| | - Vernon M. Chinchilli
- Department of Public Health Sciences Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine Hershey PA
| | - Laila Al‐Shaar
- Department of Public Health Sciences Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine Hershey PA
| | - Alexandros N. Vgontzas
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, Sleep Research and Treatment Center Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine Hershey PA
| | - Edward O. Bixler
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, Sleep Research and Treatment Center Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine Hershey PA
| | - Duanping Liao
- Department of Public Health Sciences Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine Hershey PA
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9
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Molecular Mechanisms of Ferroptosis and Relevance to Cardiovascular Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172726. [PMID: 36078133 PMCID: PMC9454912 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis has recently been demonstrated to be a novel regulated non-apoptotic cell death characterized by iron-dependence and the accumulation of lipid peroxidation that results in membrane damage. Excessive iron induces ferroptosis by promoting the generation of both soluble and lipid ROS via an iron-dependent Fenton reaction and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzyme activity. Cytosolic glutathione peroxidase 4 (cGPX4) pairing with ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1) and mitochondrial glutathione peroxidase 4 (mGPX4) pairing with dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) serve as two separate defense systems to detoxify lipid peroxidation in the cytoplasmic as well as the mitochondrial membrane, thereby defending against ferroptosis in cells under normal conditions. However, disruption of these defense systems may cause ferroptosis. Emerging evidence has revealed that ferroptosis plays an essential role in the development of diverse cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), such as hemochromatosis-associated cardiomyopathy, doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, heart failure (HF), atherosclerosis, and COVID-19–related arrhythmias. Iron chelators, antioxidants, ferroptosis inhibitors, and genetic manipulations may alleviate the aforementioned CVDs by blocking ferroptosis pathways. In conclusion, ferroptosis plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of various CVDs and suppression of cardiac ferroptosis is expected to become a potential therapeutic option. Here, we provide a comprehensive review on the molecular mechanisms involved in ferroptosis and its implications in cardiovascular disease.
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10
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Analysis of Therapeutic Targets of A Novel Peptide Athycaltide-1 in the Treatment of Isoproterenol-Induced Pathological Myocardial Hypertrophy. Cardiovasc Ther 2022; 2022:2715084. [PMID: 35599721 PMCID: PMC9085328 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2715084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial hypertrophy is a pathological feature of many heart diseases. This is a complex process involving all types of cells in the heart and interactions with circulating cells. This study is aimed at identifying the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in myocardial hypertrophy rats induced by isoprenaline (ISO) and treated with novel peptide Athycaltide-1 (ATH-1) and exploring the mechanism of its improvement. ITRAQ was performed to compare the three different heart states in control group, ISO group, and ATH-1 group. Pairwise comparison showed that there were 121 DEPs in ISO/control (96 upregulated and 25 downregulated), 47 DEPs in ATH-1/ISO (27 upregulated and 20 downregulated), and 116 DEPs in ATH-1/control (77 upregulated and 39 downregulated). Protein network analysis was then performed using the STRING software. Functional analysis revealed that Hspa1 protein, oxidative stress, and MAPK signaling pathway were significantly involved in the occurrence and development of myocardial hypertrophy, which was further validated by vivo model. It is proved that ATH-1 can reduce the expression of Hspa1 protein and the level of oxidative stress in hypertrophic myocardium and further inhibit the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, JNK, and ERK1/2.
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11
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Ageing Increases Cardiac Electrical Remodelling in Rats and Mice via NOX4/ROS/CaMKII-Mediated Calcium Signalling. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:8538296. [PMID: 35387264 PMCID: PMC8979732 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8538296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Objective Ageing is one of the risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases including cardiac arrhythmias and heart failure. Ageing-related cardiac dysfunction involves a complicated pathophysiological progress. Abnormal membrane voltage and Ca2+ dynamics in aged cardiomyocytes contribute to ageing-related arrhythmias. However, its underlying mechanisms have not been well clarified. Methods Young and old rats or mice were included in this study. Cardiac electrophysiological properties and functions were assessed by ECG, echocardiography, and ex vivo heart voltage and Ca2+ optical mapping. Proteomics, phosphor-proteomics, Western blotting, Masson staining, and ROS measurement were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Results Ageing increased the incidence of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in rats. Moreover, ageing increased the occurrence of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation induced by rapid pacing and during isoprenaline (ISO) (1 mg/kg i.p.) challenge in mice in vivo. Optical mapping with dual dyes (membrane voltage (Vm) dye and intracellular Ca2+ dye) simultaneously recording revealed that ageing increased the action potential duration (APD) and Ca2+ transient duration (CaTD) and slowed the ventricular conduction with the Langendorff-perfused mouse heart. More importantly, ageing increased the ISO-induced (1 μM) changes of APD (ΔAPD80) and CaTD (ΔCaTD50). Ageing also delayed the decay of Ca2+ transient by extending the decay time constant from 30% to 90% (τ30−90). In addition, ageing decreased the Vm/Ca2+ latency which represented the coupling of Vm/Ca2+ including between the midpoint of AP depolarization and Ca2+ upstroke, peak transmembrane voltage and peak cytosolic calcium, and time to 50% voltage repolarization and extrusion of cytosolic calcium. Optical mapping also revealed that ageing increased the ISO-induced arrhythmia incidence and occurrence of the excitation rotor. Proteomics and phosphor-proteomics assays from rat hearts demonstrated ageing-induced protein and phosphor-protein changes, suggesting that CaMKII was involved in ageing-induced change. Ageing increased the level of ROS and the expression of NOX4, oxidative CaMKII (ox-CaMKII), phosphorated CaMKII (p-CaMKII), and periostin. Conclusion Ageing accelerates cardiac remodelling and increases the susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias through NOX4/ROS/CaMKII pathway-mediated abnormal membrane voltage and intracellular Ca2+ handling and Vm/Ca2+ coupling.
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12
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Multiscale Modeling of the Mitochondrial Origin of Cardiac Reentrant and Fibrillatory Arrhythmias. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2399:247-259. [PMID: 35604560 PMCID: PMC10186263 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1831-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
While mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiac arrhythmias, how the abnormality occurring at the organelle level escalates to influence the rhythm of the heart remains incompletely understood. This is due, in part, to the complexity of the interactions formed by cardiac electrical, mechanical, and metabolic subsystems at various spatiotemporal scales that is difficult to fully comprehend solely with experiments. Computational models have emerged as a powerful tool to explore complicated and highly dynamic biological systems such as the heart, alone or in combination with experimental measurements. Here, we describe a strategy of integrating computer simulations with optical mapping of cardiomyocyte monolayers to examine how regional mitochondrial dysfunction elicits abnormal electrical activity, such as rebound and spiral waves, leading to reentry and fibrillation in cardiac tissue. We anticipate that this advanced modeling technology will enable new insights into the mechanisms by which changes in subcellular organelles can impact organ function.
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Robinson VM, Alsalahat I, Freeman S, Antzelevitch C, Barajas-Martinez H, Venetucci L. A Carvedilol Analogue, VK-II-86, Prevents Hypokalaemia-induced Ventricular Arrhythmia through Novel multi-Channel Effects. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:2713-2732. [PMID: 34877651 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE QT prolongation and intracellular Ca2+ loading with diastolic Ca2+ release via ryanodine receptors (RyR2) are the predominant mechanisms underlying hypokalaemia-induced ventricular arrhythmia. We investigated the antiarrhythmic actions of two RyR2 inhibitors: dantrolene and VK-II-86, a carvedilol analogue with no β-blocking activity, in hypokalaemia. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Surface ECG and ventricular action potentials (APs) were recorded from whole-heart murine Langendorff preparations. Ventricular arrhythmia incidence was compared in hearts perfused with low [K+ ], and those pre-treated with dantrolene or VK-II-86. Whole-cell patch clamping was used in murine and canine ventricular cardiomyocytes to study the effects of dantrolene and VK-II-86 on AP parameters in low [K+ ] and the effects of VK-II-86 on the inward rectifier current (IK1 ), late sodium current (INa_L ) and the L-type Ca2+ current (ICa ). Effects of VK-II-86 on IKr were investigated in transfected HEK-293 cells. A fluorogenic probe quantified the effects of VK-II-86 on oxidative stress in hypokalaemia. KEY RESULTS Dantrolene reduced the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias induced by low [K+ ] in explanted murine hearts by 94%, whereas VK-II-86 prevented all arrhythmias. VK-II-86 prevented hypokalaemia-induced AP prolongation and depolarization, but did not alter AP parameters in normokalaemia. Hypokalaemia was associated with a significant reduction of IK1 and IKr , and increase in INa-L , and ICa . VK-II-86 prevented all hypokalaemia-induced changes in ion channel activity and oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS VK-II-86 prevents hypokalaemia-induced arrhythmogenesis by normalising calcium homeostasis and repolarization reserve. VK-II-86 may provide an exciting treatment in hypokalaemia and other arrhythmias caused by delayed repolarization or Ca2+ overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Robinson
- The University of Manchester, UK.,Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Charles Antzelevitch
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA.,Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Lankenau Heart Institute, Wynnewood, PA, USA
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14
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Angelini M, Pezhouman A, Savalli N, Chang MG, Steccanella F, Scranton K, Calmettes G, Ottolia M, Pantazis A, Karagueuzian HS, Weiss JN, Olcese R. Suppression of ventricular arrhythmias by targeting late L-type Ca2+ current. J Gen Physiol 2021; 153:212725. [PMID: 34698805 PMCID: PMC8552156 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202012584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmias, a leading cause of sudden cardiac death, can be triggered by cardiomyocyte early afterdepolarizations (EADs). EADs can result from an abnormal late activation of L-type Ca2+ channels (LTCCs). Current LTCC blockers (class IV antiarrhythmics), while effective at suppressing EADs, block both early and late components of ICa,L, compromising inotropy. However, computational studies have recently demonstrated that selective reduction of late ICa,L (Ca2+ influx during late phases of the action potential) is sufficient to potently suppress EADs, suggesting that effective antiarrhythmic action can be achieved without blocking the early peak ICa,L, which is essential for proper excitation–contraction coupling. We tested this new strategy using a purine analogue, roscovitine, which reduces late ICa,L with minimal effect on peak current. Scaling our investigation from a human CaV1.2 channel clone to rabbit ventricular myocytes and rat and rabbit perfused hearts, we demonstrate that (1) roscovitine selectively reduces ICa,L noninactivating component in a human CaV1.2 channel clone and in ventricular myocytes native current, (2) the pharmacological reduction of late ICa,L suppresses EADs and EATs (early after Ca2+ transients) induced by oxidative stress and hypokalemia in isolated myocytes, largely preserving cell shortening and normal Ca2+ transient, and (3) late ICa,L reduction prevents/suppresses ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation in ex vivo rabbit and rat hearts subjected to hypokalemia and/or oxidative stress. These results support the value of an antiarrhythmic strategy based on the selective reduction of late ICa,L to suppress EAD-mediated arrhythmias. Antiarrhythmic therapies based on this idea would modify the gating properties of CaV1.2 channels rather than blocking their pore, largely preserving contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Angelini
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Arash Pezhouman
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Nicoletta Savalli
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Marvin G Chang
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Federica Steccanella
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kyle Scranton
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Guillaume Calmettes
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michela Ottolia
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,University of California, Los Angeles Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Antonios Pantazis
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hrayr S Karagueuzian
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - James N Weiss
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Riccardo Olcese
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,University of California, Los Angeles Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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15
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Gonano LA, Mattiazzi A. Targeting late ICaL to close the window to ventricular arrhythmias. J Gen Physiol 2021; 153:212726. [PMID: 34699586 PMCID: PMC8552155 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202113009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Gonano
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Horacio Cingolani, CONICET La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alicia Mattiazzi
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Horacio Cingolani, CONICET La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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Pandey V, Xie LH, Qu Z, Song Z. Mitochondrial Contributions in the Genesis of Delayed Afterdepolarizations in Ventricular Myocytes. Front Physiol 2021; 12:744023. [PMID: 34721066 PMCID: PMC8551757 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.744023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria fulfill the cell's energy demand and affect the intracellular calcium (Ca2+) dynamics via direct Ca2+ exchange, the redox effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on Ca2+ handling proteins, and other signaling pathways. Recent experimental evidence indicates that mitochondrial depolarization promotes arrhythmogenic delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) in cardiac myocytes. However, the nonlinear interactions among the Ca2+ signaling pathways, ROS, and oxidized Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) pathways make it difficult to reveal the mechanisms. Here, we use a recently developed spatiotemporal ventricular myocyte computer model, which consists of a 3-dimensional network of Ca2+ release units (CRUs) intertwined with mitochondria and integrates mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling and other complex signaling pathways, to study the mitochondrial regulation of DADs. With a systematic investigation of the synergistic or competing factors that affect the occurrence of Ca2+ waves and DADs during mitochondrial depolarization, we find that the direct redox effect of ROS on ryanodine receptors (RyRs) plays a critical role in promoting Ca2+ waves and DADs under the acute effect of mitochondrial depolarization. Furthermore, the upregulation of mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter can promote DADs through Ca2+-dependent opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores (mPTPs). Also, due to much slower dynamics than Ca2+ cycling and ROS, oxidized CaMKII activation and the cytosolic ATP do not appear to significantly impact the genesis of DADs during the acute phase of mitochondrial depolarization. However, under chronic conditions, ATP depletion suppresses and enhanced CaMKII activation promotes Ca2+ waves and DADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Pandey
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lai-Hua Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Zhilin Qu
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zhen Song
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
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17
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Weidner K, von Zworowsky M, Schupp T, Hoppner J, Kittel M, Rusnak J, Kim SH, Abumayyaleh M, Borggrefe M, Barth C, Ellguth D, Taton G, Reiser L, Bollow A, Meininghaus DG, Bertsch T, El-Battrawy I, Akin I, Behnes M. Effect of Anemia on the Prognosis of Patients with Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias. Am J Cardiol 2021; 154:54-62. [PMID: 34247729 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the prognostic impact of anemia in patients presenting with ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The present longitudinal, observational, registry-based, monocentric cohort study included retrospectively all consecutive patients presenting with ventricular tachyarrhythmias on admission from 2002 to 2016. Anemic patients (hemoglobin levels <12.0 g/dl) were compared with non-anemic patients (hemoglobin levels ≥12.0 g/dl). The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality at 2.5 years. Secondary endpoints were cardiac death at 24 hours, all-cause mortality at index hospitalization, and the composite endpoint of cardiac death at 24 hours, recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias, and appropriate ICD therapies at 2.5 years. A total of 2,184 consecutive patients were included, of whom 30% were anemic and 70% non-anemic. Anemia was associated with the primary endpoint of all-cause mortality at 2.5 years (65% vs 29%, p = 0.001; HR = 2.441; 95% CI 2.086 to 2.856), cardiac death at 24 hours (26% vs 11%, p = 0.001), all-cause mortality at index hospitalization (45% vs 20%, p = 0.001), and the composite endpoint (35% vs 27%, p = 0.001; HR = 2.923; 95% CI 2.564 to 4.366). After multivariable adjustment, anemia was no longer associated with the composite endpoint. Predictors of adverse prognosis for anemics were CKD (HR = 2.191), LVEF <35% (HR = 1.651), cardiogenic shock (HR = 1.591), CPR (HR = 1.460), male gender (HR = 1.379), and age (HR = 1.017). In conclusion, anemic patients presenting with ventricular tachyarrhythmias were associated with increased long-term mortality at 2.5 years but not with the composite arrhythmic endpoint at 2.5 years. Predictors of adverse prognosis at 2.5 years were CKD, LVEF <35%, cardiogenic shock, CPR, male gender, and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Weidner
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Max von Zworowsky
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Schupp
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jorge Hoppner
- Clinic for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Heidelberg, University Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kittel
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Rusnak
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohammad Abumayyaleh
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Borggrefe
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Barth
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Ellguth
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gabriel Taton
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Linda Reiser
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Armin Bollow
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Bertsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremberg General Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Ibrahim El-Battrawy
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ibrahim Akin
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Behnes
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
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18
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Siri-Angkul N, Dadfar B, Jaleel R, Naushad J, Parambathazhath J, Doye AA, Xie LH, Gwathmey JK. Calcium and Heart Failure: How Did We Get Here and Where Are We Going? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147392. [PMID: 34299010 PMCID: PMC8306046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and prevalence of heart failure remain high in the United States as well as globally. One person dies every 30 s from heart disease. Recognizing the importance of heart failure, clinicians and scientists have sought better therapeutic strategies and even cures for end-stage heart failure. This exploration has resulted in many failed clinical trials testing novel classes of pharmaceutical drugs and even gene therapy. As a result, along the way, there have been paradigm shifts toward and away from differing therapeutic approaches. The continued prevalence of death from heart failure, however, clearly demonstrates that the heart is not simply a pump and instead forces us to consider the complexity of simplicity in the pathophysiology of heart failure and reinforces the need to discover new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthaphat Siri-Angkul
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Behzad Dadfar
- Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 1471655836, Iran
| | - Riya Jaleel
- School of International Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jazna Naushad
- Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Doha P. O. Box 24144, Qatar
| | | | | | - Lai-Hua Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Judith K. Gwathmey
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +973-972-2411; Fax: +973-972-7489
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19
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Barrio R, Martínez MÁ, Pueyo E, Serrano S. Dynamical analysis of early afterdepolarization patterns in a biophysically detailed cardiac model. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2021; 31:073137. [PMID: 34340346 DOI: 10.1063/5.0055965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic early afterdepolarizations (EADs) are investigated in a biophysically detailed mathematical model of a rabbit ventricular myocyte, providing their location in the parameter phase space and describing their dynamical mechanisms. Simulations using the Sato model, defined by 27 state variables and 177 parameters, are conducted to generate electrical action potentials (APs) for different values of the pacing cycle length and other parameters related to sodium and calcium concentrations. A detailed study of the different AP patterns with or without EADs is carried out, showing the presence of a high variety of temporal AP configurations with chaotic and quasiperiodic behaviors. Regions of bistability are identified and, importantly, linked to transitions between different behaviors. Using sweeping techniques, one-, two-, and three-parameter phase spaces are provided, allowing ascertainment of the role of the selected parameters as well as location of the transition regions. A Devil's staircase, with symbolic sequence analysis, is proposed to describe transitions in the ratio between the number of voltage (EAD and AP) peaks and the number of APs. To conclude, the obtained results are linked to recent studies for low-dimensional models and a conjecture is made for the internal dynamical structure of the transition region from non-EAD to EAD behavior using fold and cusp bifurcations and maximal canards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Barrio
- Department of Applied Mathematics and IUMA, Computational Dynamics Group, University of Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Martínez
- Department of Applied Mathematics and IUMA, Computational Dynamics Group, University of Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Esther Pueyo
- I3A, University of Zaragoza, IIS Aragón and CIBER-BBN, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sergio Serrano
- Department of Applied Mathematics and IUMA, Computational Dynamics Group, University of Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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20
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Different voltage dependence of I CaL blockade in nonselective I Kr blockers causes their opposite effects on early afterdepolarization in drug-induced arrhythmia. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 147:95-103. [PMID: 34294379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several false-positive results in the human ether-à-gogo-related gene test suggest that blockers of the rapid component of delayed rectifier K+ current (IKr) do not necessarily produce drug-induced arrhythmias. Specifically, the occurrence of early afterdepolarization (EAD) differs among IKr blockers, even if the prolonged action potential duration is in the same range. To predict EAD in drug-induced arrhythmias, we proposed a prediction method based on the mechanisms underlying the difference in frequency of EAD among nonselective IKr blockers. The mechanisms were elucidated by examining how different blockade kinetics of L-type Ca2+ current (ICaL) affect the frequency of EAD, using mathematical models of human ventricular myocytes. Addition of voltage-independent ICaL blockade resulted in the suppression of EAD. However, when voltage-dependent ICaL blockade kinetics of amiodarone, bepridil, and terfenadine were incorporated into ICaL in the model, bepridil and terfenadine induced EAD more than the voltage-independent ICaL blockade, while amiodarone suppressed EAD more effectively. Opposite effects were accounted for by the difference in ICaL blockade at negatively polarized potential. EAD occurrence was found to be associated with ICaL blockade measured at -20 mV. These results suggest that voltage dependence of ICaL blockade may be useful in predicting the different risks of nonselective IKr blockers.
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21
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Modeling Secondary Iron Overload Cardiomyopathy with Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107886. [PMID: 32668256 PMCID: PMC7553857 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive iron accumulation in the heart causes iron overload cardiomyopathy (IOC), which initially presents as diastolic dysfunction and arrhythmia but progresses to systolic dysfunction and end-stage heart failure when left untreated. However, the mechanisms of iron-related cardiac injury and how iron accumulates in human cardiomyocytes are not well understood. Herein, using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs), we model IOC and screen for drugs to rescue the iron overload phenotypes. Human iPSC-CMs under excess iron exposure recapitulate early-stage IOC, including oxidative stress, arrhythmia, and contractile dysfunction. We find that iron-induced changes in calcium kinetics play a critical role in dysregulation of CM functions. We identify that ebselen, a selective divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) inhibitor and antioxidant, could prevent the observed iron overload phenotypes, supporting the role of DMT1 in iron uptake into the human myocardium. These results suggest that ebselen may be a potential preventive and therapeutic agent for treating patients with secondary iron overload.
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22
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Zhao Y, Iyer S, Tavanaei M, Nguyen NT, Lin A, Nguyen TP. Proarrhythmic Electrical Remodeling by Noncardiomyocytes at Interfaces With Cardiomyocytes Under Oxidative Stress. Front Physiol 2021; 11:622613. [PMID: 33603677 PMCID: PMC7884825 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.622613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, typically arising from interfaces between fibrosis and surviving cardiomyocytes, are feared sequelae of structurally remodeled hearts under oxidative stress. Incomplete understanding of the proarrhythmic electrical remodeling by fibrosis limits the development of novel antiarrhythmic strategies. To define the mechanistic determinants of the proarrhythmia in electrical crosstalk between cardiomyocytes and noncardiomyocytes, we developed a novel in vitro model of interface between neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (NRVMs) and controls [NRVMs or connexin43 (Cx43)-deficient HeLa cells] vs. Cx43+ noncardiomyocytes [aged rat ventricular myofibroblasts (ARVFs) or HeLaCx43 cells]. We performed high-speed voltage-sensitive optical imaging at baseline and following acute H2O2 exposure. In NRVM-NRVM and NRVM-HeLa controls, no arrhythmias occurred under either experimental condition. In the NRVM-ARVF and NRVM-HeLaCx43 groups, Cx43+ noncardiomyocytes enabled passive decremental propagation of electrical impulses and impaired NRVM activation and repolarization, thereby slowing conduction and prolonging action potential duration. Following H2O2 exposure, arrhythmia triggers, automaticity, and non-reentrant and reentrant arrhythmias emerged. This study reveals that myofibroblasts (which generate cardiac fibrosis) and other noncardiomyocytes can induce not only structural remodeling but also electrical remodeling and that electrical remodeling by noncardiomyocytes can be particularly arrhythmogenic in the presence of an oxidative burst. Synergistic electrical remodeling between H2O2 and noncardiomyocytes may account for the clinical arrhythmogenicity of myofibroblasts at fibrotic interfaces with cardiomyocytes in ischemic/non-ischemic cardiomyopathies. Understanding the enhanced arrhythmogenicity of synergistic electrical remodeling by H2O2 and noncardiomyocytes may guide novel safe-by-design antiarrhythmic strategies for next-generation iatrogenic interfaces between surviving native cardiomyocytes and exogenous stem cells or engineered tissues in cardiac regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zhao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Shankar Iyer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maryam Tavanaei
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nicole T Nguyen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Andrew Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Thao P Nguyen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Eleutheroside B, a selective late sodium current inhibitor, suppresses atrial fibrillation induced by sea anemone toxin II in rabbit hearts. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:209-217. [PMID: 32612277 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Eleutheroside B (EB) is the main active constituent derived from the Chinese herb Acanthopanax senticosus (AS) that has been reported to possess cardioprotective effects. In this study we investigated the effects of EB on cardiac electrophysiology and its suppression on atrial fibrillation (AF). Whole-cell recording was conducted in isolated rabbit atrial myocytes. The intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) concentration was measured using calcium indicator Fura-2/AM fluorescence. Monophasic action potential (MAP) and electrocardiogram (ECG) synchronous recordings were conducted in Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts using ECG signal sampling and analysis system. We showed that EB dose-dependently inhibited late sodium current (INaL), transient sodium current (INaT), and sea anemone toxin II (ATX II)-increased INaL with IC50 values of 167, 1582, and 181 μM, respectively. On the other hand, EB (800 μM) did not affect L-type calcium current (ICaL), inward rectifier potassium channel current (IK), and action potential duration (APD). Furthermore, EB (300 μM) markedly decreased ATX II-prolonged the APD at 90% repolarization (APD90) and eliminated ATX II-induced early afterdepolarizations (EADs), delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs), and triggered activities (TAs). Moreover, EB (200 μM) significantly suppressed ATX II-induced Na+-dependent [Ca2+]i overload in atrial myocytes. In the Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts, application of EB (200 μM) or TTX (2 μM) substantially decreased ATX II-induced incidences of atrial fibrillation (AF), ventricular fibrillation (VF), and heart death. These results suggest that augmented INaL alone is sufficient to induce AF, and EB exerts anti-AF actions mainly via blocking INaL, which put forward the basis of pharmacology for new clinical application of EB.
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24
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Siri-Angkul N, Song Z, Fefelova N, Gwathmey JK, Chattipakorn SC, Qu Z, Chattipakorn N, Xie LH. Activation of TRPC (Transient Receptor Potential Canonical) Channel Currents in Iron Overloaded Cardiac Myocytes. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2021; 14:e009291. [PMID: 33417472 DOI: 10.1161/circep.120.009291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arrhythmias and heart failure are common cardiac complications leading to substantial morbidity and mortality in patients with hemochromatosis, yet mechanistic insights remain incomplete. We investigated the effects of iron (Fe) on electrophysiological properties and intracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+i) handling in mouse left ventricular cardiomyocytes. METHODS Cardiomyocytes were isolated from the left ventricle of mouse hearts and were superfused with Fe3+/8-hydroxyquinoline complex (5-100 μM). Membrane potential and ionic currents including TRPC (transient receptor potential canonical) were recorded using the patch-clamp technique. Ca2+i was evaluated by using Fluo-4. Cell contraction was measured with a video-based edge detection system. The role of TRPCs in the genesis of arrhythmias was also investigated by using a mathematical model of a mouse ventricular myocyte with the incorporation of the TRPC component. RESULTS We observed prolongation of the action potential duration and induction of early and delayed afterdepolarizations in myocytes superfused with 15 µmol/L Fe3+/8-hydroxyquinoline complex. Iron treatment decreased the peak amplitude of the L-type Ca2+ current and total K+ current, altered Ca2+i dynamics, and decreased cell contractility. During the final phase of Fe treatment, sustained Ca2+i waves and repolarization failure occurred and ventricular cells became unexcitable. Gadolinium abolished Ca2+i waves and restored the resting membrane potential to the normal range. The involvement of TRPC activation was confirmed by TRPC channel current recordings in the absence or presence of functional TRPC channel antibodies. Computer modeling captured the same action potential and Ca2+i dynamics and provided additional mechanistic insights. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that iron overload induces cardiac dysfunction that is associated with TRPC channel activation and alterations in membrane potential and Ca2+i dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthaphat Siri-Angkul
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark (N.S.-A., N.F., J.K.G., L.-H.X.).,Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center (N.S.-A., S.C.C., N.C.), Chiang Mai University, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine (N.S.-A., N.C.), Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Zhen Song
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of California, Los Angeles (Z.S., Z.Q.)
| | - Nadezhda Fefelova
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark (N.S.-A., N.F., J.K.G., L.-H.X.)
| | - Judith K Gwathmey
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark (N.S.-A., N.F., J.K.G., L.-H.X.)
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center (N.S.-A., S.C.C., N.C.), Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Zhilin Qu
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of California, Los Angeles (Z.S., Z.Q.)
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center (N.S.-A., S.C.C., N.C.), Chiang Mai University, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine (N.S.-A., N.C.), Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Lai-Hua Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark (N.S.-A., N.F., J.K.G., L.-H.X.)
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25
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Xie LH, Gwathmey JK, Zhao Z. Cardiac adaptation and cardioprotection against arrhythmias and ischemia-reperfusion injury in mammalian hibernators. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:407-416. [PMID: 33394082 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hibernation allows animals to enter an energy conserving state to survive severe drops in external temperatures and a shortage of food. It has been observed that the hearts of mammalian hibernators exhibit intrinsic protection against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and cardiac arrhythmias in the winter whether they are hibernating or not. However, the molecular and ionic mechanisms for cardioprotection in mammalian hibernators remain elusive. Recent studies in woodchucks (Marmota monax) have suggested that cardiac adaptation occurs at different levels and mediates an intrinsic cardioprotection prior to/in the winter. The molecular/cellular remodeling in the winter (with or without hibernation) includes (1) an upregulation of transcriptional factor, anti-apoptotic factor, nitric oxide synthase, protein kinase C-ε, and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase; (2) an upregulation of antioxidant enzymes (e.g. superoxide dismutase and catalase); (3) a reduction in the oxidation level of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII); and (4) alterations in the expression and activity of multiple ion channels/transporters. Therefore, the cardioprotection against I/R injury in the winter is most likely mediated by enhancement in signaling pathways that are shared by preconditioning, reduced cell apoptosis, and increased detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The resistance to cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in the winter is closely associated with an upregulation of the antioxidant catalase and a downregulation of CaMKII activation. This remodeling of the heart is associated with a reduction in the incidence of afterdepolarizations and triggered activities. In this short review article, we will discuss the seasonal changes in gene and protein expression profiles as well as alterations in the function of key proteins that are associated with the occurrence of cardioprotection against myocardial damage from ischemic events and fatal arrhythmias in a mammalian hibernator. Understanding the intrinsic cardiac adaptive mechanisms that confer cardioprotection in hibernators may offer new strategies to protect non-hibernating animals, especially humans, from I/R injury and ischemia-induced fatal cardiac arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Hua Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| | - Judith K Gwathmey
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Zhenghang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
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26
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Hegyi B, Pölönen RP, Hellgren KT, Ko CY, Ginsburg KS, Bossuyt J, Mercola M, Bers DM. Cardiomyocyte Na + and Ca 2+ mishandling drives vicious cycle involving CaMKII, ROS, and ryanodine receptors. Basic Res Cardiol 2021; 116:58. [PMID: 34648073 PMCID: PMC8516771 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-021-00900-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte Na+ and Ca2+ mishandling, upregulated Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII), and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) are characteristics of various heart diseases, including heart failure (HF), long QT (LQT) syndrome, and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). These changes may form a vicious cycle of positive feedback to promote cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. In HF rabbit cardiomyocytes investigated in this study, the inhibition of CaMKII, late Na+ current (INaL), and leaky ryanodine receptors (RyRs) all attenuated the prolongation and increased short-term variability (STV) of action potential duration (APD), but in age-matched controls these inhibitors had no or minimal effects. In control cardiomyocytes, we enhanced RyR leak (by low [caffeine] plus isoproterenol mimicking CPVT) which markedly increased STV and delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs). These proarrhythmic changes were significantly attenuated by both CaMKII inhibition and mitochondrial ROS scavenging, with a slight synergy with INaL inhibition. Inducing LQT by elevating INaL (by Anemone toxin II, ATX-II) caused markedly prolonged APD, increased STV, and early afterdepolarizations (EADs). Those proarrhythmic ATX-II effects were largely attenuated by mitochondrial ROS scavenging, and partially reduced by inhibition of CaMKII and pathological leaky RyRs using dantrolene. In human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) bearing LQT3 mutation SCN5A N406K, dantrolene significantly attenuated cell arrhythmias and APD prolongation. Targeting critical components of the Na+-Ca2+-CaMKII-ROS-INaL arrhythmogenic vicious cycle may exhibit important on-target and also trans-target effects (e.g., INaL and RyR inhibition can alter INaL-mediated LQT3 effects). Incorporating this vicious cycle into therapeutic strategies provides novel integrated insight for treating cardiac arrhythmias and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Hegyi
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Risto-Pekka Pölönen
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616 USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Kim T. Hellgren
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Christopher Y. Ko
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Kenneth S. Ginsburg
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Julie Bossuyt
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Mark Mercola
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Donald M. Bers
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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27
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Park H, Lim S, Lee S, Mun D, Kang J, Kim H, Park H, Kim C, Park S, Lim YM, Joung B. High Level of Real Urban Air Pollution Promotes Cardiac Arrhythmia in Healthy Mice. Korean Circ J 2021; 51:157-170. [PMID: 33525071 PMCID: PMC7853890 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2020.0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Ambient particulate matter (PM) in real urban air pollution (RUA) is an environmental health risk factor associated with increased cardiac events. This study investigated the threshold level to induce arrhythmia, as well as arrhythmogenic mechanism of RUA that mainly consisted of PM <2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter close to ultrafine particles. Methods RUA was artificially produced by a lately developed pyrolysis based RUA generator. C57BL/6 mice were divided into 4 groups: a control group (control, n=12) and three groups with exposure to RUA with the concentration of 200 µg/m3 (n=12), 400 µg/m3 (n=12), and 800 µg/m3 (n=12). Mice were exposed to RUA at each concentration for 8 hr/day and 5 day/week to mimic ordinary human activity during 3 weeks. Results The QRS and QTc intervals, as well as intracellular Ca2+ duration, apicobasal action potential duration (APD) gradient, fibrosis, and inflammation of left ventricle of mouse hearts were increased dose-dependently with the increase of RUA concentration, and significantly increased at RUA concentration of 400 µg/m3 compared to control (all p<0.001). In mice exposed to RUA concentration of 800 µg/m3, spontaneous ventricular arrhythmia was observed in 42%, with significant increase of inflammatory markers, phosphorylated Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), and phospholamban (PLB) compared to control. Conclusions RUA could induce electrophysiological changes such as APD and QT prolongation, fibrosis, and inflammation dose-dependently, with significant increase of ventricular arrhythmia at the concentration of 400 µg/m3. RUA concentration of 800 µg/m3 increased phosphorylation of CaMKII and PLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyewon Park
- Division of Cardiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sangchul Lim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Seunghoon Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Dasom Mun
- Division of Cardiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - JiYoung Kang
- Division of Cardiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoeun Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyelim Park
- Division of Cardiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Changsoo Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunho Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Yeong Min Lim
- Department of Cardiology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea.,The Division of Cardiology, Saint Carollo Hospital, Suncheon, Korea.
| | - Boyoung Joung
- Division of Cardiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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28
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Gordan R, Fefelova N, Gwathmey JK, Xie LH. Iron Overload, Oxidative Stress and Calcium Mishandling in Cardiomyocytes: Role of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E758. [PMID: 32824344 PMCID: PMC7465659 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) plays an essential role in many physiological processes. Hereditary hemochromatosis or frequent blood transfusions often cause iron overload (IO), which can lead to cardiomyopathy and arrhythmias; however, the underlying mechanism is not well defined. In the present study, we assess the hypothesis that IO promotes arrhythmias via reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψm) depolarization, and disruption of cytosolic Ca dynamics. In ventricular myocytes isolated from wild type (WT) mice, both cytosolic and mitochondrial Fe levels were elevated following perfusion with the Fe3+/8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) complex. IO promoted mitochondrial superoxide generation (measured using MitoSOX Red) and induced the depolarization of the ΔΨm (measured using tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester, TMRM) in a dose-dependent manner. IO significantly increased the rate of Ca wave (CaW) formation measured in isolated ventricular myocytes using Fluo-4. Furthermore, in ex-vivo Langendorff-perfused hearts, IO increased arrhythmia scores as evaluated by ECG recordings under programmed S1-S2 stimulation protocols. We also carried out similar experiments in cyclophilin D knockout (CypD KO) mice in which the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening is impaired. While comparable cytosolic and mitochondrial Fe load, mitochondrial ROS production, and depolarization of the ∆Ψm were observed in ventricular myocytes isolated from both WT and CypD KO mice, the rate of CaW formation in isolated cells and the arrhythmia scores in ex-vivo hearts were significantly lower in CypD KO mice compared to those observed in WT mice under conditions of IO. The mPTP inhibitor cyclosporine A (CsA, 1 µM) also exhibited a protective effect. In conclusion, our results suggest that IO induces mitochondrial ROS generation and ∆Ψm depolarization, thus opening the mPTP, thereby promoting CaWs and cardiac arrhythmias. Conversely, the inhibition of mPTP ameliorates the proarrhythmic effects of IO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lai-Hua Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (R.G.); (N.F.); (J.K.G.)
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29
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Dashwood A, Cheesman E, Beard N, Haqqani H, Wong YW, Molenaar P. Understanding How Phosphorylation and Redox Modifications Regulate Cardiac Ryanodine Receptor Type 2 Activity to Produce an Arrhythmogenic Phenotype in Advanced Heart Failure. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:563-582. [PMID: 32832863 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a global pandemic with significant mortality and morbidity. Despite current medications, 50% of individuals die within 5 years of diagnosis. Of these deaths, 30-50% will be a result of sudden cardiac death from ventricular arrhythmias. This review discusses two stress-induced mechanisms, phosphorylation from chronic β-adrenoceptor (β-AR) stimulation and thiol modifications from oxidative stress, and how they modulate the cardiac ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR2) and foster an arrhythmogenic phenotype. Calcium (Ca2+) is the ubiquitous secondary messenger of excitation-contraction coupling and provides a common pathway for contractile dysfunction and arrhythmia genesis. In a healthy heart, Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) by RyR2. The open probability of RyR2 is under the dynamic influence of co-proteins, ions, and kinases that are in strict balance to ensure normal physiological functioning. In HF, chronic β-AR activity and production of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species provide two stress-induced mechanisms uncoupling RyR2 control, resulting in pathological diastolic SR Ca2+ leak. This increased cytosolic [Ca2+] promotes Ca2+ extrusion via the local Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, resulting in net sarcolemmal depolarization, delayed after depolarization and ventricular arrhythmia. Experimental models researching oxidative stress and phosphorylation have aimed to identify how post-translational modifications to the RyR2 macromolecular complex, and the associated Na+/Ca2+ cycling proteins, result in pathological Ca2+ handling and diastolic leak. However, the causative molecular changes remain controversial and undefined. Through understanding the molecular mechanisms that produce an arrhythmic phenotype, novel therapeutic targets to treat HF and prevent its malignant course can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dashwood
- Heart Lung Institute, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Brisbane, Queensland 4032, Australia.,Cardio-Vascular Molecular & Therapeutics Translational Research Group, Northside Clinical School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4032, Australia.,Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4215, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Cheesman
- Cardio-Vascular Molecular & Therapeutics Translational Research Group, Northside Clinical School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4032, Australia
| | - Nicole Beard
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia.,Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory 2617, Australia
| | - Haris Haqqani
- Heart Lung Institute, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Brisbane, Queensland 4032, Australia.,Cardio-Vascular Molecular & Therapeutics Translational Research Group, Northside Clinical School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4032, Australia
| | - Yee Weng Wong
- Heart Lung Institute, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Brisbane, Queensland 4032, Australia.,Cardio-Vascular Molecular & Therapeutics Translational Research Group, Northside Clinical School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4032, Australia
| | - Peter Molenaar
- Cardio-Vascular Molecular & Therapeutics Translational Research Group, Northside Clinical School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4032, Australia.,Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
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30
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Imran H, Nester W, Elgendy IY, Saad M. Role of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in patients with heart failure: an elusive mechanism. Ann Med 2020; 52:178-190. [PMID: 32393068 PMCID: PMC7877993 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2020.1767298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the burden of HF continues to rise. There has been an interest in sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for their role in reducing HF hospitalizations in pivotal trials. Since these agents were approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the management of diabetes mellitus, multiple small trials and analyses have tried to explain the underlying beneficial mechanisms in HF . In this review, we discuss different mechanisms by which SGLT2 inhibitors play hemodynamic, metabolic, and cellular roles in different HF phenotypes. We also address issues pertaining to the safety of these relatively newer agents.KEY MESSAGESSGLT2 inhibitors are associated with a reduction in HF hospitalizations in both diabetics and non-diabetics.The beneficial role of SGLT2 inhibitors in reducing HF hospitalization is observed among participants with established cardiovascular disease/HF and at-risk population.SGLT2 inhibitors pose an important role in renal protection, another mechanism by which these medications can be helpful in HF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Imran
- Cardiovascular Institute, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - William Nester
- Cardiovascular Institute, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Islam Y Elgendy
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marwan Saad
- Cardiovascular Institute, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Zhao Y, James NA, Beshay AR, Chang EE, Lin A, Bashar F, Wassily A, Nguyen B, Nguyen TP. Adult zebrafish ventricular electrical gradients as tissue mechanisms of ECG patterns under baseline vs. oxidative stress. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 117:1891-1907. [PMID: 32735330 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS In mammalian ventricles, electrical gradients establish electrical heterogeneities as essential tissue mechanisms to optimize mechanical efficiency and safeguard electrical stability. Electrical gradients shape mammalian electrocardiographic patterns; disturbance of electrical gradients is proarrhythmic. The zebrafish heart is a popular surrogate model for human cardiac electrophysiology thanks to its remarkable recapitulation of human electrocardiogram and ventricular action potential features. Yet, zebrafish ventricular electrical gradients are largely unexplored. The goal of this study is to define the zebrafish ventricular electrical gradients that shape the QRS complex and T wave patterns at baseline and under oxidative stress. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed in vivo electrocardiography and ex vivo voltage-sensitive fluorescent epicardial and transmural optical mapping of adult zebrafish hearts at baseline and during acute H2O2 exposure. At baseline, apicobasal activation and basoapical repolarization gradients accounted for the polarity concordance between the QRS complex and T wave. During H2O2 exposure, differential regional impairment of activation and repolarization at the apex and base disrupted prior to baseline electrical gradients, resulting in either reversal or loss of polarity concordance between the QRS complex and T wave. KN-93, a specific calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II inhibitor (CaMKII), protected zebrafish hearts from H2O2 disruption of electrical gradients. The protection was complete if administered prior to oxidative stress exposure. CONCLUSIONS Despite remarkable apparent similarities, zebrafish and human ventricular electrocardiographic patterns are mirror images supported by opposite electrical gradients. Like mammalian ventricles, zebrafish ventricles are also susceptible to H2O2 proarrhythmic perturbation via CaMKII activation. Our findings suggest that the adult zebrafish heart may constitute a clinically relevant model to investigate ventricular arrhythmias induced by oxidative stress. However, the fundamental ventricular activation and repolarization differences between the two species that we demonstrated in this study highlight the potential limitations when extrapolating results from zebrafish experiments to human cardiac electrophysiology, arrhythmias, and drug toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thao P Nguyen
- The Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Protective Effects of Polyphenols against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153469. [PMID: 32751587 PMCID: PMC7435883 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality across the world. It manifests as an imbalance between blood demand and blood delivery in the myocardium, which leads to cardiac ischemia and myocardial necrosis. While it is not easy to identify the first pathogenic cause of MI, the consequences are characterized by ischemia, chronic inflammation, and tissue degeneration. A poor MI prognosis is associated with extensive cardiac remodeling. A loss of viable cardiomyocytes is replaced with fibrosis, which reduces heart contractility and heart function. Recent advances have given rise to the concept of natural polyphenols. These bioactive compounds have been studied for their pharmacological properties and have proven successful in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Studies have focused on their various bioactivities, such as their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and free radical scavenging. In this review, we summarized the effects and benefits of polyphenols on the cardiovascular injury, particularly on the treatment of myocardial infarction in animal and human studies.
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Shahrbaf MA, Akbarzadeh MA, Tabary M, Khaheshi I. Air Pollution and Cardiac Arrhythmias: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Probl Cardiol 2020; 46:100649. [PMID: 32839041 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution is the mixture of some chemical and environmental agents including dust, fumes, gases, particulate matters, and biological materials which can be harmful for the environment and the human body. The increasing trend of the air pollution, especially in developing countries, may exert its detrimental effects on human health. The potentially harmful effects of air pollution on the human health have been recognized and many epidemiological studies have clearly suggested the strong association between air pollution exposure and increased morbidities and mortalities. Air pollutants are classified into gaseous pollutants including carbon mono oxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone and sulfur dioxide, and particulate matters (PMs). All air pollutants have destructive effects on the health systems including cardiovascular system. Many studies have demonstrated the effect of air pollutant on the occurrence of ST elevation myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, cardiac arrythmias, and peripheral arterial disease. Recently, some studies suggested that air pollution may be associated with cardiac arrhythmias. In this study, we aimed to comprehensively review the last evidences related to the association of air pollutant and cardiac arrythmias. We found that particulate matters (PM10, PM2.5, and UFP) and gaseous air pollutants can exert undesirable effects on cardiac rhythms. Short-term and long-term exposure to the air pollutants can interact with the cardiac rhythms through oxidative stress, autonomic dysfunction, coagulation dysfunction, and inflammation. It seems that particulate matters, especially PM2.5 have stronger association with cardiac arrhythmias among all air pollutants. However, future studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Role of Oxidation-Dependent CaMKII Activation in the Genesis of Abnormal Action Potentials in Atrial Cardiomyocytes: A Simulation Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1597012. [PMID: 32685443 PMCID: PMC7327560 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1597012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation is a common cardiac arrhythmia with an increasing incidence rate. Particularly for the aging population, understanding the underlying mechanisms of atrial arrhythmia is important in designing clinical treatment. Recently, experiments have shown that atrial arrhythmia is associated with oxidative stress. In this study, an atrial cell model including oxidative-dependent Ca2+/calmodulin- (CaM-) dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activation was developed to explore the intrinsic mechanisms of atrial arrhythmia induced by oxidative stress. The simulation results showed that oxidative stress caused early afterdepolarizations (EADs) of action potentials by altering the dynamics of transmembrane currents and intracellular calcium cycling. Oxidative stress gradually elevated the concentration of calcium ions in the cytoplasm by enhancing the L-type Ca2+ current and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium release. Owing to increased intracellular calcium concentration, the inward Na+/Ca2+ exchange current was elevated which slowed down the repolarization of the action potential. Thus, the action potential was prolonged and the L-type Ca2+ current was reactivated, resulting in the genesis of EAD. Furthermore, based on the atrial single-cell model, a two-dimensional (2D) ideal tissue model was developed to explore the effect of oxidative stress on the electrical excitation wave conduction in 2D tissue. Simulation results demonstrated that, under oxidative stress conditions, EAD hindered the conduction of electrical excitation and caused an unstable spiral wave, which could disrupt normal cardiac rhythm and cause atrial arrhythmia. This study showed the effects of excess reactive oxygen species on calcium cycling and action potential in atrial myocytes and provided insights regarding atrial arrhythmia induced by oxidative stress.
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Bifurcations and Slow-Fast Analysis in a Cardiac Cell Model for Investigation of Early Afterdepolarizations. MATHEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/math8060880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we teased out the dynamical mechanisms underlying the generation of arrhythmogenic early afterdepolarizations (EADs) in a three-variable model of a mammalian ventricular cell. Based on recently published studies, we consider a 1-fast, 2-slow variable decomposition of the system describing the cellular action potential. We use sweeping techniques, such as the spike-counting method, and bifurcation and continuation methods to identify parametric regions with EADs. We show the existence of isolas of periodic orbits organizing the different EAD patterns and we provide a preliminary classification of our fast–slow decomposition according to the involved dynamical phenomena. This investigation represents a basis for further studies into the organization of EAD patterns in the parameter space and the involved bifurcations.
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A Comparative Study of Rat Urine 1H-NMR Metabolome Changes Presumably Arising from Isoproterenol-Induced Heart Necrosis Versus Clarithromycin-Induced QT Interval Prolongation. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9050098. [PMID: 32414184 PMCID: PMC7284797 DOI: 10.3390/biology9050098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiotoxicity remains a challenging concern both in drug development and in the management of various clinical situations. There are a lot of examples of drugs withdrawn from the market or stopped during clinical trials due to unpredicted cardiac adverse events. Obviously, current conventional methods for cardiotoxicity assessment suffer from a lack of predictivity and sensitivity. Therefore, there is a need for developing new tools to better identify and characterize any cardiotoxicity that can occur during the pre-clinical and clinical phases of drug development as well as after marketing in exposed patients. In this study, isoproterenol and clarithromycin were used as prototypical cardiotoxic agents in rats in order to evaluate potential biomarkers of heart toxicity at very early stages using 1H-NMR-based metabonomics. While isoproterenol is known to cause heart necrosis, clarithromycin may induce QT interval prolongation. Heart necrosis and QT prolongation were validated by histological analysis, serum measurement of lactate dehydrogenase/creatine phosphate kinase and QTc measurement by electrocardiogram (ECG). Urine samples were collected before and repeatedly during daily exposure to the drugs for 1H-NMR based-metabonomics investigations. Specific metabolic signatures, characteristic of each tested drug, were obtained from which potential predictive biomarkers for drug-induced heart necrosis and drug-induced QT prolongation were retrieved. Isoproterenol-induced heart necrosis was characterized by higher levels of taurine, creatine, glucose and by lower levels of Krebs cycle intermediates, creatinine, betaine/trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), dimethylamine (DMA)/sarcosine. Clarithromycin-induced QT prolongation was characterized by higher levels of creatinine, taurine, betaine/TMAO and DMA/sarcosine and by lower levels of Krebs cycle intermediates, glucose and hippurate.
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Matasic DS, Yoon JY, McLendon JM, Mehdi H, Schmidt MS, Greiner AM, Quinones P, Morgan GM, Boudreau RL, Irani K, Brenner C, London B. Modulation of the cardiac sodium channel Na V1.5 peak and late currents by NAD + precursors. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 141:70-81. [PMID: 32209328 PMCID: PMC7234910 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The cardiac sodium channel NaV1.5, encoded by SCN5A, produces the rapidly inactivating depolarizing current INa that is responsible for the initiation and propagation of the cardiac action potential. Acquired and inherited dysfunction of NaV1.5 results in either decreased peak INa or increased residual late INa (INa,L), leading to tachy/bradyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Previous studies have shown that increased cellular NAD+ and NAD+/NADH ratio increase INa through suppression of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and PKC-mediated NaV1.5 phosphorylation. In addition, NAD+-dependent deacetylation of NaV1.5 at K1479 by Sirtuin 1 increases NaV1.5 membrane trafficking and INa. The role of NAD+ precursors in modulating INa remains unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine whether and by which mechanisms the NAD+ precursors nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide (NAM) affect peak INa and INa,Lin vitro and cardiac electrophysiology in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS The effects of NAD+ precursors on the NAD+ metabolome and electrophysiology were studied using HEK293 cells expressing wild-type and mutant NaV1.5, rat neonatal cardiomyocytes (RNCMs), and mice. NR increased INa in HEK293 cells expressing NaV1.5 (500 μM: 51 ± 18%, p = .02, 5 mM: 59 ± 22%, p = .03) and RNCMs (500 μM: 60 ± 26%, p = .02, 5 mM: 74 ± 39%, p = .03) while reducing INa,L at the higher concentration (RNCMs, 5 mM: -45 ± 11%, p = .04). NR (5 mM) decreased NaV1.5 K1479 acetylation but increased INa in HEK293 cells expressing a mutant form of NaV1.5 with disruption of the acetylation site (NaV1.5-K1479A). Disruption of the PKC phosphorylation site abolished the effect of NR on INa. Furthermore, NAM (5 mM) had no effect on INa in RNCMs or in HEK293 cells expressing wild-type NaV1.5, but increased INa in HEK293 cells expressing NaV1.5-K1479A. Dietary supplementation with NR for 10-12 weeks decreased QTc in C57BL/6 J mice (0.35% NR: -4.9 ± 2.0%, p = .14; 1.0% NR: -9.5 ± 2.8%, p = .01). CONCLUSIONS NAD+ precursors differentially regulate NaV1.5 via multiple mechanisms. NR increases INa, decreases INa,L, and warrants further investigation as a potential therapy for arrhythmic disorders caused by NaV1.5 deficiency and/or dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Matasic
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America; Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Jin-Young Yoon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America; Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Jared M McLendon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America; Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Haider Mehdi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America; Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Mark S Schmidt
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Alexander M Greiner
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America; Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Pravda Quinones
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America; Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Gina M Morgan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America; Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Ryan L Boudreau
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America; Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Kaikobad Irani
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America; Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Charles Brenner
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Barry London
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America; Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America.
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Kistamás K, Veress R, Horváth B, Bányász T, Nánási PP, Eisner DA. Calcium Handling Defects and Cardiac Arrhythmia Syndromes. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:72. [PMID: 32161540 PMCID: PMC7052815 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium ions (Ca2+) play a major role in the cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. Intracellular Ca2+ concentration increases during systole and falls in diastole thereby determining cardiac contraction and relaxation. Normal cardiac function also requires perfect organization of the ion currents at the cellular level to drive action potentials and to maintain action potential propagation and electrical homogeneity at the tissue level. Any imbalance in Ca2+ homeostasis of a cardiac myocyte can lead to electrical disturbances. This review aims to discuss cardiac physiology and pathophysiology from the elementary membrane processes that can cause the electrical instability of the ventricular myocytes through intracellular Ca2+ handling maladies to inherited and acquired arrhythmias. Finally, the paper will discuss the current therapeutic approaches targeting cardiac arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornél Kistamás
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Roland Veress
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Balázs Horváth
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bányász
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter P Nánási
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Dental Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - David A Eisner
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Wen H, Gwathmey JK, Xie LH. Role of Transient Receptor Potential Canonical Channels in Heart Physiology and Pathophysiology. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:24. [PMID: 32158769 PMCID: PMC7052113 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels are involved in the regulation of cardiac function under (patho)physiological conditions and are closely associated with the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy, arrhythmias, and myocardial infarction. Understanding the molecular mechanisms and the regulatory pathway/locus of TRPC channels in related heart diseases will provide potential new concepts for designing novel drugs targeting TRPC channels. We will present the properties and regulation of TRPC channels and their roles in the development of various forms of heart disease. This article provides a brief review on the role of TRPC channels in the regulation of myocardial function as well as how TRPC channels may serve as a therapeutic target in heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias including atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairuo Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China.,Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Judith K Gwathmey
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Lai-Hua Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
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40
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Thioridazine Induces Cardiotoxicity via Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated hERG Channel Deficiency and L-Type Calcium Channel Activation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3690123. [PMID: 32064022 PMCID: PMC6998749 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3690123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thioridazine (THIO) is a phenothiazine derivative that is mainly used for the treatment of psychotic disorders. However, cardiac arrhythmias especially QT interval prolongation associated with the application of this compound have received serious attention after its introduction into clinical practice, and the mechanisms underlying the cardiotoxicity induced by THIO have not been well defined. The present study was aimed at exploring the long-term effects of THIO on the hERG and L-type calcium channels, both of which are relevant to the development of QT prolongation. The hERG current (I hERG) and the calcium current (I Ca-L) were measured by patch clamp techniques. Protein levels were analyzed by Western blot, and channel-chaperone interactions were determined by coimmunoprecipitation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined by flow cytometry and laser scanning confocal microscopy. Our results demonstrated that THIO induced hERG channel deficiency but did not alter channel kinetics. THIO promoted ROS production and stimulated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the related proteins. The ROS scavenger N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) significantly attenuated hERG reduction induced by THIO and abolished the upregulation of ER stress marker proteins. Meanwhile, THIO increased the degradation of hERG channels via disrupting hERG-Hsp70 interactions. The disordered hERG proteins were degraded in proteasomes after ubiquitin modification. On the other hand, THIO increased I Ca-L density and intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (NRVMs). The specific CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 attenuated the intracellular Ca2+ overload, indicating that ROS-mediated CaMKII activation promoted calcium channel activation induced by THIO. Optical mapping analysis demonstrated the slowing effects of THIO on cardiac repolarization in mouse hearts. THIO significantly prolonged APD50 and APD90 and increased the incidence of early afterdepolarizations (EADs). In human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs), THIO also resulted in APD prolongation. In conclusion, dysfunction of hERG channel proteins and activation of L-type calcium channels via ROS production might be the ionic mechanisms for QT prolongation induced by THIO.
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Yang X, An N, Zhong C, Guan M, Jiang Y, Li X, Zhang H, Wang L, Ruan Y, Gao Y, Liu N, Shang H, Xing Y. Enhanced cardiomyocyte reactive oxygen species signaling promotes ibrutinib-induced atrial fibrillation. Redox Biol 2020; 30:101432. [PMID: 31986467 PMCID: PMC6994714 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) occurs in up to 11% of cancer patients treated with ibrutinib. The pathophysiology of ibrutinib promoted AF is complicated, as there are multiple interactions involved; the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying this are still unclear. Here, we aimed to determine the electrophysiological and molecular mechanisms of burst-pacing-induced AF in ibrutinib-treated mice. The results indicated differentially expressed proteins in ibrutinib-treated mice, identified through proteomic analysis, were found to play a role in oxidative stress-related pathways. Finally, treatment with an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase (NOX) prevented and reversed AF development in ibrutinib-treated mice. It was showed that the related protein expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the ibrutinib group was significantly increased, including NOX2, NOX4, p22-phox, XO and TGF-β protein expression. It was interesting that ibrutinib group also significantly increased the expression of ox-CaMKII, p-CaMKII (Thr-286) and p-RyR2 (Ser2814), causing enhanced abnormal sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release and mitochondrial structures, as well as atrial fibrosis and atrial hypertrophy in ibrutinib-treated mice, and apocynin reduced the expression of these proteins. Ibrutinib-treated mice were also more likely to develop AF, and AF occurred over longer periods. In conclusion, our study has established a pathophysiological role for ROS signaling in atrial cardiomyocytes, and it may be that ox-CaMKII and p-CaMKII (Thr-286) are activated by ROS to increase AF susceptibility following ibrutinib treatment. We have also identified the inhibition of NOX as a potential novel AF therapy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China; Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Na An
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China; Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Changming Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Manke Guan
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yuchen Jiang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Xinye Li
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Hanlai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Liqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yanfei Ruan
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital of the Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100853, PR China
| | - Yonghong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Nian Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital of the Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100853, PR China.
| | - Hongcai Shang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Yanwei Xing
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
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Su SB, Zhou WJ, Li JL, Zhou QM, Cai FF, Chen XL, Lu YY, Zhao M. Ginsenoside Rb1 pretreatment attenuates myocardial ischemia by reducing calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-medicated calcium release. WORLD JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_24_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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43
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Dries E, Santiago DJ, Gilbert G, Lenaerts I, Vandenberk B, Nagaraju CK, Johnson DM, Holemans P, Roderick HL, Macquaide N, Claus P, Sipido KR. Hyperactive ryanodine receptors in human heart failure and ischaemic cardiomyopathy reside outside of couplons. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:1512-1524. [PMID: 29668881 PMCID: PMC6106102 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims In ventricular myocytes from humans and large mammals, the transverse and axial tubular system (TATS) network is less extensive than in rodents with consequently a greater proportion of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) not coupled to this membrane system. TATS remodelling in heart failure (HF) and after myocardial infarction (MI) increases the fraction of non-coupled RyRs. Here we investigate whether this remodelling alters the activity of coupled and non-coupled RyR sub-populations through changes in local signalling. We study myocytes from patients with end-stage HF, compared with non-failing (non-HF), and myocytes from pigs with MI and reduced left ventricular (LV) function, compared with sham intervention (SHAM). Methods and results Single LV myocytes for functional studies were isolated according to standard protocols. Immunofluorescent staining visualized organization of TATS and RyRs. Ca2+ was measured by confocal imaging (fluo-4 as indicator) and using whole-cell patch-clamp (37°C). Spontaneous Ca2+ release events, Ca2+ sparks, as a readout for RyR activity were recorded during a 15 s period following conditioning stimulation at 2 Hz. Sparks were assigned to cell regions categorized as coupled or non-coupled sites according to a previously developed method. Human HF myocytes had more non-coupled sites and these had more spontaneous activity than in non-HF. Hyperactivity of these non-coupled RyRs was reduced by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) inhibition. Myocytes from MI pigs had similar changes compared with SHAM controls as seen in human HF myocytes. As well as by CaMKII inhibition, in MI, the increased activity of non-coupled sites was inhibited by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mito-ROS) scavenging. Under adrenergic stimulation, Ca2+ waves were more frequent and originated at non-coupled sites, generating larger Na+/Ca2+ exchange currents in MI than in SHAM. Inhibition of CaMKII or mito-ROS scavenging reduced spontaneous Ca2+ waves, and improved excitation–contraction coupling. Conclusions In HF and after MI, RyR microdomain re-organization enhances spontaneous Ca2+ release at non-coupled sites in a manner dependent on CaMKII activation and mito-ROS production. This specific modulation generates a substrate for arrhythmia that appears to be responsive to selective pharmacologic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eef Dries
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat Leuven, Belgium
| | - Demetrio J Santiago
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Gilbert
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilse Lenaerts
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert Vandenberk
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chandan K Nagaraju
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel M Johnson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patricia Holemans
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat Leuven, Belgium
| | - H Llewelyn Roderick
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat Leuven, Belgium
| | - Niall Macquaide
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Claus
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karin R Sipido
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat Leuven, Belgium
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Doxorubicin and its proarrhythmic effects: A comprehensive review of the evidence from experimental and clinical studies. Pharmacol Res 2019; 151:104542. [PMID: 31730804 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cancer burden on health and socioeconomics remains exceedingly high, with more than ten million new cases reported worldwide in 2018. The financial cost of managing cancer patients has great economic impact on both an individual and societal levels. Currently, many chemotherapeutic agents are available to treat various malignancies. One of these agents is doxorubicin, which was isolated from Streptomyces peucetius in the 1960s. Doxorubicin is frequently administered in combination with other agents as a mainstay chemotherapeutic regimen in many settings, since there is well-documented evidence that it is effective in eliminating malignant cells. Doxorubicin exerts its anti-tumor properties through DNA intercalation and topoisomerase inhibition. It also contains a quinone moiety which is susceptible to redox reactions with certain intracellular molecules, thereby leading to the production of reactive oxygen species. The oxidative stress following doxorubicin exposure is responsible for its well-documented cardiotoxicity, impairing cardiac contractility, ultimately resulting in congestive heart failure. Despite the cumulative evidence noting its adverse effects on the heart, limited information is available regarding the mechanistic association between doxorubicin and cardiac arrhythmias. There is compelling evidence to suggest that doxorubicin also causes proarrhythmic effects. Several case reports and studies in cancer patients have attributed many arrhythmic events to doxorubicin, some of which are life-threatening such as complete heart block and ventricular fibrillation. In this review, reports regarding the potential arrhythmic complications associated with doxorubicin from previous studies investigating the effects of doxorubicin on cardiac electrophysiological properties are comprehensively summarized and discussed. Consistencies and controversial findings from in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo, and clinical studies are presented and mechanistic insights regarding the effects of doxorubicin are also discussed.
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45
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Abstract
In heart failure, alterations of Na+ and Ca2+ handling, energetic deficit, and oxidative stress in cardiac myocytes are important pathophysiological hallmarks. Mitochondria are central to these processes because they are the main source for ATP, but also reactive oxygen species (ROS), and their function is critically controlled by Ca2+ During physiological variations of workload, mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake is required to match energy supply to demand but also to keep the antioxidative capacity in a reduced state to prevent excessive emission of ROS. Mitochondria take up Ca2+ via the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter, which exists in a multiprotein complex whose molecular components were identified only recently. In heart failure, deterioration of cytosolic Ca2+ and Na+ handling hampers mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and the ensuing Krebs cycle-induced regeneration of the reduced forms of NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), giving rise to energetic deficit and oxidative stress. ROS emission from mitochondria can trigger further ROS release from neighboring mitochondria termed ROS-induced ROS release, and cross talk between different ROS sources provides a spatially confined cellular network of redox signaling. Although low levels of ROS may serve physiological roles, higher levels interfere with excitation-contraction coupling, induce maladaptive cardiac remodeling through redox-sensitive kinases, and cell death through mitochondrial permeability transition. Targeting the dysregulated interplay between excitation-contraction coupling and mitochondrial energetics may ameliorate the progression of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Bertero
- From the Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Clinic Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Maack
- From the Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Clinic Würzburg, Germany.
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46
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Vo T, Bertram R. Why pacing frequency affects the production of early afterdepolarizations in cardiomyocytes: An explanation revealed by slow-fast analysis of a minimal model. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:052205. [PMID: 31212514 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.052205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Early afterdepolarizations (EADs) are pathological voltage oscillations in cardiomyocytes that have been observed in response to a number of pharmacological agents and disease conditions. Phase-2 EADs consist of small voltage fluctuations during the plateau of an action potential, typically under conditions in which the action potential is elongated. Although a single-cell behavior, EADs can lead to tissue-level arrhythmias. Much is currently known about the biophysical mechanisms (i.e., the roles of ion channels and intracellular Ca^{2+} stores) for the various forms of EADs, due partially to the development and analysis of mathematical models. This includes the application of slow-fast analysis, which takes advantage of timescale separation inherent in the system to simplify its analysis. We take this further, using a minimal three-dimensional model to demonstrate that phase-2 EADs are canards formed in the neighborhood of a folded node singularity. This allows us to predict the number of EADs that can be produced for a given parameter set, and provides guidance on parameter changes that facilitate or inhibit EAD production. With this approach, we demonstrate why periodic stimulation, as occurs in intact heart, preferentially facilitates EAD production when applied at low frequencies. We also explain the origin of complex alternan dynamics that can occur with intermediate-frequency stimulation, in which varying numbers of EADs are produced with each pulse. These revelations fall out naturally from an understanding of folded node singularities, but are difficult to glean from knowledge of the biophysical mechanism for EADs alone. Therefore, understanding the canard mechanism is a useful complement to understanding of the biophysical mechanism that has been developed over years of experimental and computational investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Vo
- Department of Mathematics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Richard Bertram
- Department of Mathematics and Programs in Neuroscience and Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
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47
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Cardiomyocyte mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes and its contribution in cardiac arrhythmogenesis. Mitochondrion 2019; 46:6-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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48
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Furutani K, Tsumoto K, Chen IS, Handa K, Yamakawa Y, Sack JT, Kurachi Y. Facilitation of I Kr current by some hERG channel blockers suppresses early afterdepolarizations. J Gen Physiol 2019; 151:214-230. [PMID: 30674563 PMCID: PMC6363420 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201812192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Some hERG channel blockers are clinically safe, but others cause fatal cardiac arrhythmias. Furutani et al. show that safe blockers facilitate channel opening in ventricular myocytes and provide a repolarization reserve at precisely the voltages and times needed to suppress arrhythmias. Drug-induced block of the cardiac rapid delayed rectifying potassium current (IKr), carried by the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) channel, is the most common cause of acquired long QT syndrome. Indeed, some, but not all, drugs that block hERG channels cause fatal cardiac arrhythmias. However, there is no clear method to distinguish between drugs that cause deadly arrhythmias and those that are clinically safe. Here we propose a mechanism that could explain why certain clinically used hERG blockers are less proarrhythmic than others. We demonstrate that several drugs that block hERG channels, but have favorable cardiac safety profiles, also evoke another effect; they facilitate the hERG current amplitude in response to low-voltage depolarization. To investigate how hERG facilitation impacts cardiac safety, we develop computational models of IKr block with and without this facilitation. We constrain the models using data from voltage clamp recordings of hERG block and facilitation by nifekalant, a safe class III antiarrhythmic agent. Human ventricular action potential simulations demonstrate the ability of nifekalant to suppress ectopic excitations, with or without facilitation. Without facilitation, excessive IKr block evokes early afterdepolarizations, which cause lethal arrhythmias. When facilitation is introduced, early afterdepolarizations are prevented at the same degree of block. Facilitation appears to prevent early afterdepolarizations by increasing IKr during the repolarization phase of action potentials. We empirically test this prediction in isolated rabbit ventricular myocytes and find that action potential prolongation with nifekalant is less likely to induce early afterdepolarization than action potential prolongation with dofetilide, a hERG channel blocker that does not induce facilitation. Our data suggest that hERG channel blockers that induce facilitation increase the repolarization reserve of cardiac myocytes, rendering them less likely to trigger lethal ventricular arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuharu Furutani
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan .,Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Kunichika Tsumoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - I-Shan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Handa
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuko Yamakawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jon T Sack
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Yoshihisa Kurachi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan .,Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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49
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Nikolaienko R, Bovo E, Zima AV. Redox Dependent Modifications of Ryanodine Receptor: Basic Mechanisms and Implications in Heart Diseases. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1775. [PMID: 30574097 PMCID: PMC6291498 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart contraction vitally depends on tightly controlled intracellular Ca regulation. Because contraction is mainly driven by Ca released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), this organelle plays a particularly important role in Ca regulation. The type two ryanodine receptor (RyR2) is the major SR Ca release channel in ventricular myocytes. Several cardiac pathologies, including myocardial infarction and heart failure, are associated with increased RyR2 activity and diastolic SR Ca leak. It has been suggested that the increased RyR2 activity plays an important role in arrhythmias and contractile dysfunction. Several studies have linked increased SR Ca leak during myocardial infarction and heart failure to the activation of RyR2 in response to oxidative stress. This activation might include direct oxidation of RyR2 as well as indirect activation via phosphorylation or altered interactions with regulatory proteins. Out of ninety cysteine residues per RyR2 subunit, twenty one were reported to be in reduced state that could be potential targets for redox modifications that include S-nitrosylation, S-glutathionylation, and disulfide cross-linking. Despite its clinical significance, molecular mechanisms of RyR dysfunction during oxidative stress are not fully understood. Herein we review the most recent insights into redox-dependent modulation of RyR2 during oxidative stress and heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Nikolaienko
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Elisa Bovo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Aleksey V Zima
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
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50
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Song J, Yang R, Yang J, Zhou L. Mitochondrial Dysfunction-Associated Arrhythmogenic Substrates in Diabetes Mellitus. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1670. [PMID: 30574091 PMCID: PMC6291470 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that diabetic cardiomyopathy increases the risk of cardiac arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. While the detailed mechanisms remain incompletely understood, the loss of mitochondrial function, which is often observed in the heart of patients with diabetes, has emerged as a key contributor to the arrhythmogenic substrates. In this mini review, the pathophysiology of mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus is explored in detail, followed by descriptions of several mechanisms potentially linking mitochondria to arrhythmogenesis in the context of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Song
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Ruilin Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Lufang Zhou
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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