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Trinh J, Shin J, Rai V, Agrawal DK. Targeting Oncostatin M Receptor to Attenuate Carotid Artery Plaque Vulnerability in Hypercholesterolemic Microswine. CARDIOLOGY AND CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2024; 8:206-214. [PMID: 38817407 PMCID: PMC11138392 DOI: 10.26502/fccm.92920380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to acute embolism via the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Plaque formation is first induced by fatty deposition along the arterial intima. Inflammation, bacterial infection, and the released endotoxins can lead to dysfunction and phenotypic changes of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), advancing the plaque from stable to unstable form and prone to rupture. Stable plaques are characterized by increased VSMCs and less inflammation while vulnerable plaques develop due to chronic inflammation and less VSMCs. Oncostatin M (OSM), an inflammatory cytokine, plays a role in endothelial cells and VSMC proliferation. This effect of OSM could be modulated by p27KIP1, a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor. However, the role of OSM in plaque vulnerability has not been investigated. To better understand the role of OSM and its downstream signaling including p27KIP1 in plaque vulnerability, we characterized the previously collected carotid arteries from hyperlipidemic Yucatan microswine using hematoxylin and eosin stain, Movat Pentachrome stain, and gene and protein expression of OSM and p27KIP1 using immunostaining and real-time polymerase chain reaction. OSM and p27KIP1 expression in carotid arteries with angioplasty and treatment with either scrambled peptide or LR12, an inhibitor of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell (TREM)-1, were compared between the experimental groups and with contralateral carotid artery. The results of this study elucidated the presence of OSM and p27KIP1 in carotid arteries with plaque and their association with arterial plaque and vulnerability. The findings suggest that targeting OSM and p27KIP1 axis regulating VSMC proliferation may have therapeutic significance to stabilize plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Trinh
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California 91763, USA
| | - Jennifer Shin
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California 91763, USA
| | - Vikrant Rai
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California 91763, USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California 91763, USA
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Luo J, Yang R, Wang T, Chen J, Lu X, Yang B, Gao P, Wang Y, Chen Y, Dmytriw AA, Zheng J, Regenhardt RW, Li Z, Xu H, Ma Y, Zhao J, Jiao L. First-in-human experience of sirolimus coated balloon for symptomatic intracranial artery stenosis. J Neurointerv Surg 2024:jnis-2023-021177. [PMID: 38378241 DOI: 10.1136/jnis-2023-021177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The drug coated balloon is a promising endovascular therapy for intracranial atherosclerosis (ICAS), potentially combining the advantages of primary angioplasty and antiproliferative drugs. Previous studies have focused on the paclitaxel coated balloon, revealing promising outcomes in the treatment of ICAS, while concerns about the neurotoxicity of paclitaxel were reported. Sirolimus was shown to have less neurotoxicity in the canine cerebral vasculature. The feasibility and safety of a sirolimus coated balloon (SCB) for ICAS have never been evaluated in humans. We assessed the first-in-human feasibility and safety of SCBs for treating symptomatic patients with severe ICAS. METHODS This prospective, open label, single arm cohort study was designed to enroll patients with transient ischemic attacks or non-disabling, non-perforator territory ischemic stroke caused by severe ICAS (70-99%) and following at least 3 weeks after the onset of ischemic symptoms. The primary outcome was stroke or death within 30 days. All patients were followed up to detect restenosis at 6 months. RESULTS A total of 60 eligible patients were enrolled with an average age of 59.4±10.8 years. The technical success rate of SCBs for ICAS was 100%. Seven patients (11.7%) required stenting because of flow limited dissections or elastic retraction. Three patients (5.0%) had 30 day strokes, including two ischemic strokes and one hemorrhagic stroke. An additional three patients had recurrent stroke or death during follow-up. Ten patients had restenosis but only two had symptoms. CONCLUSIONS SCBs may be feasible and safe in selected patients with symptomatic ICAS, with high grade stenosis (70-99%). Further studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichang Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Renjie Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Xia Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
- Interventional Neuroradiology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yabing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Yanfei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Adam A Dmytriw
- Neurointerventional Program, Departments of Medical Imaging & Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Neuroendovascular Program, Massachusetts General Hospital & Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jiamin Zheng
- Neurointerventional Program, Departments of Medical Imaging & Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert W Regenhardt
- Neuroendovascular Program, Massachusetts General Hospital & Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zheng Li
- Zylox-Tonbridge Medical Technology, HangZhou, ZheJiang, China
| | - Han Xu
- R&D Center, Zylox-Tonbridge Medical Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Jonathon Zhao
- Zylox-Tonbridge Medical Technology, HangZhou, ZheJiang, China
| | - Liqun Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
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Hayes G, Pinto J, Sparks SN, Wang C, Suri S, Bulte DP. Vascular smooth muscle cell dysfunction in neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1010164. [PMID: 36440263 PMCID: PMC9684644 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the key moderators of cerebrovascular dynamics in response to the brain's oxygen and nutrient demands. Crucially, VSMCs may provide a sensitive biomarker for neurodegenerative pathologies where vasculature is compromised. An increasing body of research suggests that VSMCs have remarkable plasticity and their pathophysiology may play a key role in the complex process of neurodegeneration. Furthermore, extrinsic risk factors, including environmental conditions and traumatic events can impact vascular function through changes in VSMC morphology. VSMC dysfunction can be characterised at the molecular level both preclinically, and clinically ex vivo. However the identification of VSMC dysfunction in living individuals is important to understand changes in vascular function at the onset and progression of neurological disorders such as dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. A promising technique to identify changes in the state of cerebral smooth muscle is cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) which reflects the intrinsic dynamic response of blood vessels in the brain to vasoactive stimuli in order to modulate regional cerebral blood flow (CBF). In this work, we review the role of VSMCs in the most common neurodegenerative disorders and identify physiological systems that may contribute to VSMC dysfunction. The evidence collected here identifies VSMC dysfunction as a strong candidate for novel therapeutics to combat the development and progression of neurodegeneration, and highlights the need for more research on the role of VSMCs and cerebrovascular dynamics in healthy and diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Hayes
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joana Pinto
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sierra N. Sparks
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Congxiyu Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sana Suri
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel P. Bulte
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Wang G, Tao X, Peng L. miR-155-5p regulates hypoxia-induced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell function by targeting PYGL. Bioengineered 2022; 13:12985-12997. [PMID: 35611851 PMCID: PMC9275946 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2079304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a cardiovascular disease that has high incidence and causes massive deaths. miR-155-5p/PYGL pathway was revealed to play a crucial role in PAH by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The potential mechanism of miR-155-5p in regulating hypoxia-induced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) function was analyzed through in vitro experiments. Hypoxia treatment stimulated the proliferation of PASMCs and increased the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). At the same time, revealed by qRT-PCR and western blot, the level of miR-155-5p was raised, and the level of PYGL was decreased in hypoxia-induced PASMCs. Through CCK-8 assay, transwell assay and flow cytometry, it was revealed that miR-155-5p inhibitor remarkably inhibited the cell proliferation and migration and decreased the proportion of hypoxia-stimulated PASMCs in S and G2/M phases. Dual-luciferase reporter system was subsequently applied to validate the straight regulation of miR-155-5p on PYGL based on the analysis of online database. Furthermore, siPYGL was revealed to reverse the influence of miR-155-5p inhibitor on hypoxia-induced PASMCs. These outcomes indicate that the increased level of miR-155-5p in hypoxia-stimulated PASMCs could enhance the cell proliferation, cell migration, and cell cycle progression by targeting PYGL directly. This study may supply novel treatment strategies for PAH.Abbreviations: PH, pulmonary hypertension; PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension; WGCNA, weighted gene co-expression network analysis; PASMCs, pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; SMCs, smooth muscle cells; DEGs, differentially expressed genes; GEO, Gene Expression Omnibus; GO, Gene Ontology; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; FBS, fetal bovine serum; OD, optical density; BCA, bicinchoninic acid; PVDF, polyvinylidene fluoride; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; BP, biological process; MF, molecular function; CC, cell component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowen Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuefang Tao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linlin Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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MicroRNA-143–5p modulates pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells functions in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension through targeting HIF-1α. J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-9992-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Tang BI, Tang MM, Xu QM, Guo JL, Xuan L, Zhou J, Wang XJ, Zhang H, Kang PF. MicroRNA-143-5p modulates pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells functions in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension through targeting HIF-1α. J Biosci 2020; 45:37. [PMID: 32098916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper explores the potential mechanism of microRNA-143-5p regulation effects on pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) functions in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) via targeting HIF-1a, which may offer a new idea for HPH therapy. PASMCs were transfected with mimics control/miR-143-5p mimics or inhibitor control/miR-143-5p inhibitor. We used Western blotting and RT-qPCR to detect the protein and mRNA expressions, CCK-8 assay to detect cellular viability, Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and caspase- 3/cleaved caspase-3 protein to evaluate cellular apoptosis, transwell migration experiment for cellular migration measurement and Dual luciferase reporter gene assay to prove the target of miR-143-5p. Cells under hypoxic condition presented the decreased protein and mRNA expressions of α-smooth muscle actin (SM-α-actin), Myocardin, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC), and smooth muscle-22α (SM22α), Calponin1 and Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α), the increased cell viability and miR-143-5p level; Overexpression of miR-143-5p obviously reduced vascular smooth muscle-specific contraction marker protein levels and cellular apoptosis, increased cellular migration of PASMCs with hypoxia stimulation; Low-expression of miR-143-5p caused the opposite changes, while co-transfected with Si HIF-1 α blocked the beneficial effects of miR-143-5p inhibition on PASMCs under hypoxia. MicroRNA-143-5p can promote the phenotype conversion, proliferation and migration of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells under hypoxic condition through direct targeting of HIF-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, Anhui, China
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Shaban MM, Elhefny RA, Hussein SH, Badr AA, Nour ZA. Role of telomerase expression in interstitial lung diseases. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF BRONCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/ejb.ejb_71_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Wang F, Xu X, Tang W, Min L, Yang J. Rab6A GTPase contributes to phenotypic modulation in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells under hypoxia. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:7858-7867. [PMID: 30417421 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that hypoxia can induce phenotypic modulation of pulmonary smooth muscle cells; however, the mechanisms remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the GTPase Rab6A-mediated phenotypic modulation and other activities of rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (RPASMCs). We revealed that Rab6A was induced by hypoxia (1% O2 ) and was involved in a hypoxia-induced phenotypic switch and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in RPASMCs. After 48 hours of hypoxia, the expression of the phenotype marker protein smooth muscle actin was downregulated and vimentin (VIM) expression was upregulated. Rab6A was upregulated after 48 hours of hypoxia, and the level of glucose-regulated protein, 78 kDa (GRP78) after 12 hours of hypoxic stimulation was also increased. After transfection with a Rab6A short interfering RNA under hypoxic conditions, the expression levels of GRP78 and VIM in RPASMCs were downregulated. Overall, hypoxia-induced RPASMCs to undergo ERS followed by phenotypic transformation. Rab6A is involved in this hypoxia-induced phenotypic modulation and ERS in RPASMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xingxiang Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Weian Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lingfeng Min
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Junjun Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Chen X, Zhou W, Hu Q, Huang L. Exploration of the Notch3-HES5 signal pathway in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension using rat model. CONGENIT HEART DIS 2019; 14:396-402. [PMID: 30811836 DOI: 10.1111/chd.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explores the role of the Notch3-HES5 signal pathway in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) using rat models. METHOD Sprague Dawley rats (n = 45) were randomly grouped into normal group, control group, and model group. Rats in the model group were used to establish the PH rat model. Four weeks after model establishment, right catheterization was used to measure the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) and right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) to analyze hemodynamic changes. The severity of PH was assessed by the right ventricular hypertrophy index (RVHI) and percentage of media thickness (MT%). The expressions of Notch3 and HES5 were determined by ELISA and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The correlation of mRNA expressions of Notch3 and HES5 with mPAP was analyzed. RESULTS Rats in the model group had higher mPAP, RVSP, RVHI, and MT% as well as thicker pulmonary arterioles wall than those in the normal group. Immunohistochemistry showed Notch3 and HES5 were mainly expressed in the smooth muscle cell in pulmonary arterioles. In comparison with the normal group, rats in the model group had elevated expressions of Notch3 and HES5. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure was positively related with mRNA expressions of Notch3 and HES5. CONCLUSION Taken together, our study demonstrates that monocrotaline-induced PH rats had high expressions of the Notch3-HES5 signal pathway in the pulmonary arterioles. The signal of the Notch3-HES5 signal pathway was positively related to the hemodynamics of the lung vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Wu Zhou
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Lingjin Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
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MiR-23a regulates the proliferation and migration of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs) through targeting BMPR2/Smad1 signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:1279-1286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Reconciling paradigms of abnormal pulmonary blood flow and quasi-malignant cellular alterations in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 83:17-25. [PMID: 26804008 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) structural and functional abnormalities of the small lung vessels interact and lead to a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and right heart failure. A current pathobiological concept characterizes PAH as a 'quasi-malignant' disease focusing on cancer-like alterations in endothelial cells (EC) and the importance of their acquired apoptosis-resistant, hyper-proliferative phenotype in the process of vascular remodeling. While changes in pulmonary blood flow (PBF) have been long-since recognized and linked to the development of PAH, little is known about a possible relationship between an altered PBF and the quasi-malignant cell phenotype in the pulmonary vascular wall. This review summarizes recognized and hypothetical effects of an abnormal PBF on the pulmonary vascular bed and links these to quasi-malignant changes found in the pulmonary endothelium. Here we describe that abnormal PBF does not only trigger a pulmonary vascular cell growth program, but may also maintain the cancer-like phenotype of the endothelium. Consequently, normalization of PBF and EC response to abnormal PBF may represent a treatment strategy in patients with established PAH.
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Mouraret N, Houssaïni A, Abid S, Quarck R, Marcos E, Parpaleix A, Gary-Bobo G, Dubois-Randé JL, Derumeaux G, Boczkowski J, Delcroix M, Blasco MA, Lipskaia L, Amsellem V, Adnot S. Role for telomerase in pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 2014; 131:742-755. [PMID: 25550449 PMCID: PMC4824279 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.013258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Cells exhibiting dysregulated growth may express telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), the dual function of which consists of maintaining telomere length, in association with the RNA template molecule TERC, and controlling cell growth. Here, we investigated lung TERT in human and experimental pulmonary hypertension (PH) and its role in controlling pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PA-SMC) proliferation. Methods and Results Marked TERT expression or activity was found in lungs from patients with idiopathic PH and from mice with PH induced by hypoxia or serotonin-transporter overexpression (SM22-5HTT+ mice), chiefly within PA-SMCs. In cultured mouse PA-SMCs, TERT was expressed on growth stimulation by serum. The TERT inhibitor imetelstat and the TERT activator TA65 abrogated and stimulated PA-SMC growth, respectively. PA-SMCs from PH mice showed a heightened proliferative phenotype associated with increased TERT expression, which was suppressed by imetelstat treatment. TERC−/− mice at generation 2 and TERT−/− mice at generations 2, 3, and 4 developed less severe PH than did wild-type mice exposed to chronic hypoxia, with less distal pulmonary artery muscularization and fewer Ki67-stained proliferating PA-SMCs. Telomere length differed between TERC−/− and TERT−/− mice, whereas PH severity was similar in the 2 strains and across generations. Chronic imetelstat treatment reduced hypoxia-induced PH in wild-type mice or partially reversed established PH in SM22-5HTT+ mice while simultaneously decreasing TERT expression. Opposite effects occurred in mice treated with TA65. Conclusions Telomerase exerts telomere-independent effects on PA-SMC growth in PH and may constitute a treatment target for PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Mouraret
- INSERM U955, DHU A-TVB and Département de Physiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France and Université Paris-Est Créteil, France (N.M., A.H., S.A., E.M., A.P., G.G.-B., G.D., J.B., L.L., V.A., S.A.); Respiratory Division, University Hospitals of Leuven and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.Q., M.D.); Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor and Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France (J.-L.D.-R.); and Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Madrid, Spain (M.A.B.)
| | - Amal Houssaïni
- INSERM U955, DHU A-TVB and Département de Physiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France and Université Paris-Est Créteil, France (N.M., A.H., S.A., E.M., A.P., G.G.-B., G.D., J.B., L.L., V.A., S.A.); Respiratory Division, University Hospitals of Leuven and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.Q., M.D.); Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor and Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France (J.-L.D.-R.); and Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Madrid, Spain (M.A.B.)
| | - Shariq Abid
- INSERM U955, DHU A-TVB and Département de Physiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France and Université Paris-Est Créteil, France (N.M., A.H., S.A., E.M., A.P., G.G.-B., G.D., J.B., L.L., V.A., S.A.); Respiratory Division, University Hospitals of Leuven and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.Q., M.D.); Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor and Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France (J.-L.D.-R.); and Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Madrid, Spain (M.A.B.)
| | - Rozenn Quarck
- INSERM U955, DHU A-TVB and Département de Physiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France and Université Paris-Est Créteil, France (N.M., A.H., S.A., E.M., A.P., G.G.-B., G.D., J.B., L.L., V.A., S.A.); Respiratory Division, University Hospitals of Leuven and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.Q., M.D.); Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor and Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France (J.-L.D.-R.); and Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Madrid, Spain (M.A.B.)
| | - Elisabeth Marcos
- INSERM U955, DHU A-TVB and Département de Physiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France and Université Paris-Est Créteil, France (N.M., A.H., S.A., E.M., A.P., G.G.-B., G.D., J.B., L.L., V.A., S.A.); Respiratory Division, University Hospitals of Leuven and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.Q., M.D.); Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor and Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France (J.-L.D.-R.); and Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Madrid, Spain (M.A.B.)
| | - Aurelien Parpaleix
- INSERM U955, DHU A-TVB and Département de Physiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France and Université Paris-Est Créteil, France (N.M., A.H., S.A., E.M., A.P., G.G.-B., G.D., J.B., L.L., V.A., S.A.); Respiratory Division, University Hospitals of Leuven and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.Q., M.D.); Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor and Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France (J.-L.D.-R.); and Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Madrid, Spain (M.A.B.)
| | - Guillaume Gary-Bobo
- INSERM U955, DHU A-TVB and Département de Physiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France and Université Paris-Est Créteil, France (N.M., A.H., S.A., E.M., A.P., G.G.-B., G.D., J.B., L.L., V.A., S.A.); Respiratory Division, University Hospitals of Leuven and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.Q., M.D.); Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor and Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France (J.-L.D.-R.); and Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Madrid, Spain (M.A.B.)
| | - Jean-Luc Dubois-Randé
- INSERM U955, DHU A-TVB and Département de Physiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France and Université Paris-Est Créteil, France (N.M., A.H., S.A., E.M., A.P., G.G.-B., G.D., J.B., L.L., V.A., S.A.); Respiratory Division, University Hospitals of Leuven and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.Q., M.D.); Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor and Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France (J.-L.D.-R.); and Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Madrid, Spain (M.A.B.)
| | - Geneviève Derumeaux
- INSERM U955, DHU A-TVB and Département de Physiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France and Université Paris-Est Créteil, France (N.M., A.H., S.A., E.M., A.P., G.G.-B., G.D., J.B., L.L., V.A., S.A.); Respiratory Division, University Hospitals of Leuven and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.Q., M.D.); Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor and Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France (J.-L.D.-R.); and Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Madrid, Spain (M.A.B.)
| | - Jorge Boczkowski
- INSERM U955, DHU A-TVB and Département de Physiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France and Université Paris-Est Créteil, France (N.M., A.H., S.A., E.M., A.P., G.G.-B., G.D., J.B., L.L., V.A., S.A.); Respiratory Division, University Hospitals of Leuven and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.Q., M.D.); Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor and Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France (J.-L.D.-R.); and Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Madrid, Spain (M.A.B.)
| | - Marion Delcroix
- INSERM U955, DHU A-TVB and Département de Physiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France and Université Paris-Est Créteil, France (N.M., A.H., S.A., E.M., A.P., G.G.-B., G.D., J.B., L.L., V.A., S.A.); Respiratory Division, University Hospitals of Leuven and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.Q., M.D.); Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor and Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France (J.-L.D.-R.); and Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Madrid, Spain (M.A.B.)
| | - Maria A Blasco
- INSERM U955, DHU A-TVB and Département de Physiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France and Université Paris-Est Créteil, France (N.M., A.H., S.A., E.M., A.P., G.G.-B., G.D., J.B., L.L., V.A., S.A.); Respiratory Division, University Hospitals of Leuven and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.Q., M.D.); Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor and Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France (J.-L.D.-R.); and Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Madrid, Spain (M.A.B.)
| | - Larissa Lipskaia
- INSERM U955, DHU A-TVB and Département de Physiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France and Université Paris-Est Créteil, France (N.M., A.H., S.A., E.M., A.P., G.G.-B., G.D., J.B., L.L., V.A., S.A.); Respiratory Division, University Hospitals of Leuven and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.Q., M.D.); Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor and Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France (J.-L.D.-R.); and Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Madrid, Spain (M.A.B.)
| | - Valérie Amsellem
- INSERM U955, DHU A-TVB and Département de Physiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France and Université Paris-Est Créteil, France (N.M., A.H., S.A., E.M., A.P., G.G.-B., G.D., J.B., L.L., V.A., S.A.); Respiratory Division, University Hospitals of Leuven and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.Q., M.D.); Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor and Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France (J.-L.D.-R.); and Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Madrid, Spain (M.A.B.)
| | - Serge Adnot
- INSERM U955, DHU A-TVB and Département de Physiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France and Université Paris-Est Créteil, France (N.M., A.H., S.A., E.M., A.P., G.G.-B., G.D., J.B., L.L., V.A., S.A.); Respiratory Division, University Hospitals of Leuven and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.Q., M.D.); Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor and Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France (J.-L.D.-R.); and Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Madrid, Spain (M.A.B.)
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13
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Shan F, Li J, Huang QY. HIF-1 alpha-induced up-regulation of miR-9 contributes to phenotypic modulation in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells during hypoxia. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:1511-20. [PMID: 24615545 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) are associated with the development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH). Recent studies have implicated a critical role for microRNAs (miRNAs) in HPH; however, their expression and regulation in hypoxia-mediated phenotypic modulation of PASMCs remains largely unclear. Here, we report that miR-9 was induced in hypoxia and involved in a hypoxia-induced phenotypic switch in rat primary PASMCs. Knockdown of miR-9 followed by hypoxia exposure attenuated PASMCs proliferation and enhanced the expression of contractile genes in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), while overexpression of miR-9 in normoxia promoted a proliferative phenotype in PASMCs. The primary transcripts of miR-9-1 and miR-9-3, but not miR-9-2, increased dramatically after hypoxia, whereas silencing of the hypoxia-associated transcription factor HIF-1α following hypoxia exposure abolished the enhancement of both primary transcripts in PASMCs. Using in silico analysis, we found three putative HIF-1α binding motifs on miR-9-1 and one motif on miR-9-3 located within the 5-kb region upstream of the transcriptional start sites. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that hypoxia enhanced the direct interaction between HIF-1α and the regulatory elements of miR-9-1 and miR-9-3. Reporter assays showed that the regulatory regions of miR-9-1 and miR-9-3 behaved as enhancers in a HIF-1α-dependent manner during hypoxia. Taken together, our data uncover a regulatory mechanism involving HIF-1α-mediated up-regulation of miR-9, which plays a role in the hypoxia-induced phenotypic switch of PASMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabo Shan
- Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Physiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Wang L, Gan HL, Liu Y, Gu S, Li J, Guo LJ, Liu J, Wang Y, Wang YX, Zhang ZF, Wang J, Wang C. The distinguishing cellular features of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells from chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients. Exp Lung Res 2014; 39:349-58. [PMID: 24070262 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2013.822947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), central thrombi are the most likely disease initiators, and progressive pulmonary vascular remodeling, which is characterized by marked proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), may also contribute to the long-term progression of CTEPH. This study was designed to investigate the cellular characteristics of PASMCs isolated from the organized thrombotic tissues of CTEPH. In the present study, analysis of PASMCs isolated from five CTEPH patients and three control subjects showed that cells from CTEPH patients had certain characteristics that distinguished them from control cells, including inferior or no cell-cell contact inhibition growth, increased sensitivity to hypoxia-induced proliferation, resistance to serum starvation-induced apoptosis, and mitochondrial metabolism disorder. These differences in the PASMCs in endarterectomized tissue of CTEPH patients may prove useful in understanding the pathobiology of CTEPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing, P.R. China
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15
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Protective effect of the ultra-filtration extract from Xin Mai Jia on human aortic smooth muscle cell injury induced by hydrogen peroxide. Exp Ther Med 2013; 7:11-16. [PMID: 24348756 PMCID: PMC3861388 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore whether an ultra-filtration extract from Xin Mai Jia (XMJ), a Chinese medicinal formulation, has a protective effect on human aortic smooth muscle cell (HASMC) injury models induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and to consider the mechanism and efficacy of the therapeutic action of XMJ on atherosclerosis. HASMCs were injured by H2O2 and then exposed to various concentrations of XMJ. The morphological changes, growth, proliferation, migration and cytokine release of HASMCs were detected using 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT), an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a scratch adhesion test. H2O2 significantly promoted the proliferation of HASMCs. The ultra-filtration extract from XMJ was observed to significantly attenuate the morphological changes of injured HASMCs, reduce the expression levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and nuclear factor (NF)-κB, and increase the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP). XMJ has clear anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and significantly inhibits the proliferation and migration of HASMCs.
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16
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The role of pulmonary vascular contractile protein expression in pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 65:147-55. [PMID: 24161910 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is associated with refractory vasoconstriction and impaired NO-mediated vasodilatation of the pulmonary vasculature. Vascular tone is regulated by light chain (LC) phosphorylation of both nonmuscle (NM) and smooth muscle (SM) myosins, which are determined by the activities of MLC kinase and MLC phosphatase. Further, NO mediated vasodilatation requires the expression of a leucine zipper positive (LZ+) isoform of the myosin targeting subunit (MYPT1) of MLC phosphatase. The objective of this study was to define contractile protein expression in the pulmonary arterial vasculature and vascular reactivity in PAH. In severe PAH, compared to controls, relative LZ+MYPT1 expression was decreased (100 ± 14% vs. 60 ± 6%, p<0.05, n=7-8), and NM myosin expression was increased (1 5 ± 4% vs. 53 ± 5% of total myosin, p<0.05, n=4-6). These changes in contractile protein expression should alter vascular reactivity; following activation with Ang II, force activation and relaxation were slowed, and sustained force was increased. Further, the sensitivity to ACh-mediated relaxation was reduced. These results demonstrate that changes in the pulmonary arterial SM contractile protein expression may participate in the molecular mechanism producing both the resting vasoconstriction and the decreased sensitivity to NO-mediated vasodilatation associated with PAH.
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Fu Y, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Zhu Y, Chi J, Hu J, Zhang X, Yin X. Adenovirus-mediated tissue factor pathway inhibitor gene transfer induces apoptosis by blocking the phosphorylation of JAK-2/STAT-3 pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cell Signal 2012; 24:1909-17. [PMID: 22709828 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In our previous study, we have demonstrated that tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) gene could induce vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis. This study was conducted to investigate whether the overexpression of the TFPI gene can induce VSMC apoptosis by inhibiting JAK-2/STAT-3 pathway phosphorylation and thereby inhibiting the expression of such downstream targets as the apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and cell cycle protein cyclin D1. The effect of TFPI on the expression of survivin, a central molecule in cell survival, was also investigated. METHODS Rat VSMCs were infected with recombinant adenovirus containing either the TFPI (Ad-TFPI) or LacZ (Ad-LacZ) gene or DMEM in vitro. TFPI expression was detected by ELISA. TUNEL staining and electron microscope were carried out to determine the apoptosis of VSMCs. The expression levels of JAK-2, p-JAK-2, STAT-3, p-STAT-3, cyclin D1, Bcl-2 and survivin were examined by western blot analysis. RESULTS TFPI protein was detected in the TFPI group after gene transfer and the peak expression was at the 3rd day. At the 3rd, 5th and 7th days after gene transfer, the apoptotic rates by TUNEL assay in the TFPI group were 10.91 ± 1.66%, 13.46 ± 1.28% and 17.04 ± 1.95%, respectively, whereas those in the LacZ group were 3.28 ± 0.89%, 4.01 ± 0.72% and 4.89 ± 1.17%, respectively. We observed cell contraction, slight mitochondrial swelling, nuclear pyknosis and apoptotic body formation in TFPI-treated VSMCs using electron microscopy. JAK-2, p-JAK-2, STAT-3, p-STAT-3, cyclin D1 and Bcl-2, which are all involved in the JAK-2/STAT-3 pathway, were detected in the VSMCs on the 3rd, 5th and 7th days after gene transfer, which is consistent with previously demonstrated time points when VSMCs apoptosis occurred. The expression levels of p-JAK-2, p-STAT-3, cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 were significantly decreased over time in the TFPI group (each P<0.05) but not in the Ad-LacZ and DMEM groups. However, this attenuation of expression was not observed for JAK-2 and STAT-3 in any of the groups at any time points after gene transfer (each P>0.05). The expression level of survivin in the TFPI group also weakened significantly over time compared with the levels in the Ad-LacZ and DMEM groups (each P<0.05) at the 3rd, 5th and 7th days after gene transfer. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that TFPI played an apoptosis-inducing role in VSMCs in a manner that involves both the suppression of JAK-2/STAT-3 pathway phosphorylation and the down-regulation of survivin. Our data show for the first time that targeting the JAK-2/STAT-3 pathway and survivin by overexpressing TFPI may be a new avenue for the treatment of restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China.
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18
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Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and the retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that coordinately regulate gene expression. This PPAR-RXR transcriptional complex plays a critical role in energy balance, including triglyceride metabolism, fatty acid handling and storage, and glucose homeostasis: processes whose dysregulation characterize obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. PPARs and RXRs are also involved directly in inflammatory and vascular responses in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. New insights into fundamental aspects of PPAR and RXR biology, and their actions in the vasculature, continue to appear. Although RXRs are obligate heterodimeric partners for PPAR action, the part that RXRs, and their endogenous retinoid mediators, exert in the vessel wall is less well understood. Biological insights into PPAR-RXRs may help inform interpretation of clinical trials with synthetic PPAR agonists and prospects for future PPAR therapeutics. Importantly, the extensive data establishing a key role for PPARs and RXRs in energy balance, inflammation, and vascular biology stands separately from the clinical experience with any given synthetic PPAR agonist. Both the basic science data and the clinical experience with PPAR agonists identify the need to better understand these important transcriptional regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Plutzky
- From Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
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Sarkar J, Gou D, Turaka P, Viktorova E, Ramchandran R, Raj JU. MicroRNA-21 plays a role in hypoxia-mediated pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 299:L861-71. [PMID: 20693317 PMCID: PMC3006273 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00201.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia stimulates pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation. Recent studies have implicated an important role for microRNAs (miRNAs) in hypoxia-mediated responses in various cellular processes, including cell proliferation. In this study, we investigated the role of microRNA-21 (miR-21) in hypoxia-induced PASMC proliferation and migration. We first demonstrated that miR-21 expression increased by ∼3-fold in human PASMC after 6 h of hypoxia (3% O₂) and remained high (∼2-fold) after 24 h of hypoxia. Knockdown of miR-21 with anti-miR-21 inhibitors significantly reduced hypoxia-induced cell proliferation, whereas miR-21 overexpression in normoxia enhanced cell proliferation. We also found that miR-21 is essential for hypoxia-induced cell migration. Protein expression of miR-21 target genes, specifically programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4), Sprouty 2 (SPRY2), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), was decreased in hypoxia and in PASMC overexpressing miR-21 in normoxia and increased in hypoxic cells in which miR-21 was knocked down. In addition, PPARα 3'-untranslated region (UTR) luciferase-based reporter gene assays demonstrated that PPARα is a direct target of miR-21. Taken together, our findings indicate that miR-21 plays a significant role in hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration by regulating multiple gene targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Sarkar
- Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, 60612, USA.
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