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Li D, Shu X, Zhu P, Pei D. Chromatin accessibility dynamics during cell fate reprogramming. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51644. [PMID: 33480184 PMCID: PMC7857421 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome architecture and chromatin dynamics govern the fate and identify of a cell. Recent advances in mapping chromatin landscapes offer valuable tools for the acquisition of accurate information regarding chromatin dynamics. Here we discuss recent findings linking chromatin dynamics to cell fate control. Specifically, chromatin undergoes a binary off/on switch during iPSC reprogramming, closing and opening loci occupied by somatic and pluripotency transcription factors, respectively. This logic of a binary off/on switch may also be operational in cell fate control during normal development and implies that further approaches could potentially be developed to direct cell fate changes both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative BiologySouth China Institutes for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Cardiovascular InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's HospitalGuangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health GUANGDONG LaboratoryGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academic of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaodong Shu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative BiologySouth China Institutes for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health GUANGDONG LaboratoryGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academic of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Ping Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's HospitalGuangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Duanqing Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative BiologySouth China Institutes for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health GUANGDONG LaboratoryGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academic of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Laboratory of Cell Fate ControlSchool of Life SciencesWestlake UniversityHangzhouChina
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2
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Yoshida GJ. Emerging roles of Myc in stem cell biology and novel tumor therapies. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2018; 37:173. [PMID: 30053872 PMCID: PMC6062976 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0835-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiological roles and the therapeutic potentials of Myc family are reviewed in this article. The physiological functions and molecular machineries in stem cells, including embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, are clearly described. The c-Myc/Max complex inhibits the ectopic differentiation of both types of artificial stem cells. Whereas c-Myc plays a fundamental role as a "double-edged sword" promoting both iPS cells generation and malignant transformation, L-Myc contributes to the nuclear reprogramming with the significant down-regulation of differentiation-associated genetic expression. Furthermore, given the therapeutic resistance of neuroendocrine tumors such as small-cell lung cancer and neuroblastoma, the roles of N-Myc in difficult-to-treat tumors are discussed. N-Myc and p53 exhibit the co-localization in the nucleus and alter p53-dependent transcriptional responses which are necessary for DNA repair, anti-apoptosis, and lipid metabolic reprogramming. NCYM protein stabilizes N-Myc, resulting in the stimulation of Oct4 expression, while Oct4 induces both N-Myc and NCYM via direct transcriptional activation of N-Myc, [corrected] thereby leading to the enhanced metastatic potential. Importantly enough, accumulating evidence strongly suggests that c-Myc can be a promising therapeutic target molecule among Myc family in terms of the biological characteristics of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). The presence of CSCs leads to the intra-tumoral heterogeneity, which is mainly responsible for the therapeutic resistance. Mechanistically, it has been shown that Myc-induced epigenetic reprogramming enhances the CSC phenotypes. In this review article, the author describes two major therapeutic strategies of CSCs by targeting c-Myc; Firstly, Myc-dependent metabolic reprogramming is closely related to CD44 variant-dependent redox stress regulation in CSCs. It has been shown that c-Myc increases NADPH production via enhanced glutaminolysis with a finely-regulated mechanism. Secondly, the dormancy of CSCs due to FBW7-depedent c-Myc degradation pathway is also responsible for the therapeutic resistance to the conventional anti-tumor agents, the action points of which are largely dependent on the operation of the cell cycle. That is why the loss-of-functional mutations of FBW7 gene are expected to trigger "awakening" of dormant CSCs in the niche with c-Myc up-regulation. Collectively, although the further research is warranted to develop the effective anti-tumor therapeutic strategy targeting Myc family, we cancer researchers should always catch up with the current advances in the complex functions of Myc family in highly-malignant and heterogeneous tumor cells to realize the precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go J Yoshida
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
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3
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Abou-Saleh H, Zouein FA, El-Yazbi A, Sanoudou D, Raynaud C, Rao C, Pintus G, Dehaini H, Eid AH. The march of pluripotent stem cells in cardiovascular regenerative medicine. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:201. [PMID: 30053890 PMCID: PMC6062943 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Heart failure remains a major contributor to this mortality. Despite major therapeutic advances over the past decades, a better understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of CVD as well as improved therapeutic strategies for the management or treatment of heart failure are increasingly needed. Loss of myocardium is a major driver of heart failure. An attractive approach that appears to provide promising results in reducing cardiac degeneration is stem cell therapy (SCT). In this review, we describe different types of stem cells, including embryonic and adult stem cells, and we provide a detailed discussion of the properties of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We also present and critically discuss the key methods used for converting somatic cells to pluripotent cells and iPSCs to cardiomyocytes (CMs), along with their advantages and limitations. Integrating and non-integrating reprogramming methods as well as characterization of iPSCs and iPSC-derived CMs are discussed. Furthermore, we critically present various methods of differentiating iPSCs to CMs. The value of iPSC-CMs in regenerative medicine as well as myocardial disease modeling and cardiac regeneration are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haissam Abou-Saleh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fouad A. Zouein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ahmed El-Yazbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Despina Sanoudou
- Clinical Genomics and Pharmacogenomics Unit, 4th Department of Internal Medicine, “Attikon” Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Christopher Rao
- Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woolwich, London, UK
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hassan Dehaini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali H. Eid
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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4
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Qian L, Thapa B, Hong J, Zhang Y, Zhu M, Chu M, Yao J, Xu D. The present and future role of ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction in preclinical studies of cardiac gene therapy. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:1099-1111. [PMID: 29607187 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.01.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple limitations for cardiac pharmacologic therapies like intolerance, individual variation in effectiveness, side effects, and high cost still remain, despite the recent progress in diagnosis and health support. Gene therapy is poised to be an attractive alternative in various ways for the future, refractory cardiac diseases being one aspect of it. As a novel therapy to deliver the objective gene to organs of living animals, ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) has therapeutic potential in cardiovascular disorders. UTMD, which binds microbubbles with DNA or RNA carriers into the shell and destroys the located microbubbles with low frequency and high mechanical index ultrasound can release target agents to specific organs. UTMD has the ability to transfect markedly through sonoporation, cavitation and other effects by way of intravenous injection that is minimally invasive and highly specific for gene deliverance. Here, we have summarized the present role of UTMD in pre-clinical studies of cardiac gene therapy which covers myocardial infarction, regeneration, ischaemia/reperfusion injury, hypertension, diabetic cardiomyopathy, adriamycin cardiomyopathy and some discussion for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Qian
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Barsha Thapa
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jian Hong
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Menglin Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ming Chu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jing Yao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Di Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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5
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Kim DS, Lee MW, Lee TH, Sung KW, Koo HH, Yoo KH. Cell culture density affects the stemness gene expression of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Biomed Rep 2017; 6:300-306. [PMID: 28451390 DOI: 10.3892/br.2017.845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The results of clinical trials using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are controversial due to the heterogeneity of human MSCs and differences in culture conditions. In this regard, it is important to identify gene expression patterns according to culture conditions, and to determine how the cells are expanded and when they should be clinically used. In the current study, stemness gene expression was investigated in adipose tissue-derived MSCs (AT-MSCs) harvested following culture at different densities. AT-MSCs were plated at a density of 200 or 5,000 cells/cm2. After 7 days of culture, stemness gene expression was examined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. The proliferation rate of AT-MSCs harvested at a low density (~50% confluent) was higher than that of AT-MSCs harvested at a high density (~90% confluent). Although there were differences in the expression levels of stemness gene, such as octamer-binding transcription factor 4, nanog homeobox (Nanog), SRY-box 2, Kruppel like factor 4, v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (c-Myc), and lin-28 homolog A, in the AT-MSCs obtained from different donors, RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated differential gene expression patterns according to the cell culture density. Expression levels of stemness genes, particularly Nanog and c-Myc, were upregulated in AT-MSCs harvested at a low density (~50% confluent) in comparison to AT-MSCs from the same donor harvested at a high density (~90% confluent). These results imply that culture conditions, such as the cell density at harvesting, modulate the stemness gene expression and proliferation of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Seong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Woo Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hee Lee
- Department of Laboratory of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Plant Engineering Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Woong Sung
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Hoe Koo
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Hee Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Device Management and Research, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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6
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Wyles SP, Hrstka SC, Reyes S, Terzic A, Olson TM, Nelson TJ. Pharmacological Modulation of Calcium Homeostasis in Familial Dilated Cardiomyopathy: An In Vitro Analysis From an RBM20 Patient-Derived iPSC Model. Clin Transl Sci 2016; 9:158-67. [PMID: 27105042 PMCID: PMC4902766 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For inherited cardiomyopathies, abnormal sensitivity to intracellular calcium (Ca(2+) ), incurred from genetic mutations, initiates subsequent molecular events leading to pathological remodeling. Here, we characterized the effect of β-adrenergic stress in familial dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) using human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) from a patient with RBM20 DCM. Our findings suggest that β-adrenergic stimulation accelerated defective Ca(2+) homeostasis, apoptotic changes, and sarcomeric disarray in familial DCM hiPSC-CMs. Furthermore, pharmacological modulation of abnormal Ca(2+) handling by pretreatment with β-blocker, carvedilol, or Ca(2+) -channel blocker, verapamil, significantly decreased the area under curve, reduced percentage of disorganized cells, and decreased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive apoptotic loci in familial DCM hiPSC-CMs after β-adrenergic stimulation. These translational data provide patient-based in vitro analysis of β-adrenergic stress in RBM20-deficient familial DCM hiPSC-CMs and evaluation of therapeutic interventions to modify heart disease progression, which may be personalized, but more importantly generalized in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Wyles
- Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - S C Hrstka
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - S Reyes
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - A Terzic
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - T M Olson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Cardiovascular Genetics Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - T J Nelson
- Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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7
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Wang H, Xi Y, Zheng Y, Wang X, Cooney AJ. Generation of electrophysiologically functional cardiomyocytes from mouse induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2016; 16:522-30. [PMID: 26972055 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2016.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can efficiently differentiate into the three germ layers similar to those formed by differentiated embryonic stem (ES) cells. This provides a new source of cells in which to establish preclinical allogeneic transplantation models. Our iPS cells were generated from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) transfected with the Yamanaka factors, the four transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc), without antibiotic selection or MEF feeders. After the formation of embryoid bodies (EBs), iPS cells spontaneously differentiated into Flk1-positive cardiac progenitors and cardiomyocytes expressing cardiac-specific markers such as alpha sarcomeric actinin (α-actinin), cardiac alpha myosin heavy chain (α-MHC), cardiac troponin T (cTnT), and connexin 43 (CX43), as well as cardiac transcription factors Nk2 homebox 5 (Nkx2.5) and gata binding protein 4 (gata4). The electrophysiological activity of iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPS-CMs) was detected in beating cell clusters with optical mapping and RH237 a voltage-sensitive dye, and in single contracting cells with patch-clamp technology. Incompletely differentiated iPS cells formed teratomas when transplanted into a severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse model of myocardial infarction. Our results show that somatic cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells, which in turn spontaneously differentiate into electrophysiologically functional mature cardiomyocytes expressing cardiac-specific makers, and that these cells can potentially be used to repair myocardial infarction (MI) in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongran Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd., Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Yutao Xi
- Electrophysiology Research Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Stem Cell Center, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Austin J Cooney
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd., Austin, TX 78723, USA.
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8
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Hartjes KA, Li X, Martinez-Fernandez A, Roemmich AJ, Larsen BT, Terzic A, Nelson TJ. Selection via pluripotency-related transcriptional screen minimizes the influence of somatic origin on iPSC differentiation propensity. Stem Cells 2015; 32:2350-9. [PMID: 24802033 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The value of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) within regenerative medicine is contingent on predictable and consistent iPSC differentiation. However, residual influence of the somatic origin or reprogramming technique may variegate differentiation propensity and confound comparative genotype/phenotype analyses. The objective of this study was to define quality control measures to select iPSC clones that minimize the influence of somatic origin on differentiation propensity independent of the reprogramming strategy. More than 60 murine iPSC lines were derived from different fibroblast origins (embryonic, cardiac, and tail tip) via lentiviral integration and doxycycline-induced transgene expression. Despite apparent equivalency according to established iPSC histologic and cytomorphologic criteria, clustering of clonal variability in pluripotency-related gene expression identified transcriptional outliers that highlighted cell lines with unpredictable cardiogenic propensity. Following selection according to a standardized gene expression profile calibrated by embryonic stem cells, the influence of somatic origin on iPSC methylation and transcriptional patterns was negated. Furthermore, doxycycline-induced iPSCs consistently demonstrated earlier differentiation than lentiviral-reprogrammed lines using contractile cardiac tissue as a measure of functional differentiation. Moreover, delayed cardiac differentiation was predominately associated with upregulation in pluripotency-related gene expression upon differentiation. Starting from a standardized pool of iPSCs, relative expression levels of two pluripotency genes, Oct4 and Zfp42, statistically correlated with enhanced cardiogenicity independent of somatic origin or reprogramming strategy (R(2) = 0.85). These studies demonstrate that predictable iPSC differentiation is independent of somatic origin with standardized gene expression selection criteria, while the residual impact of reprogramming strategy greatly influences predictable output of tissue-specification required for comparative genotype/phenotype analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Hartjes
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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9
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Abstract
The human heart has a limited capacity to regenerate lost or damaged cardiomyocytes after cardiac insult. Instead, myocardial injury is characterized by extensive cardiac remodeling by fibroblasts, resulting in the eventual deterioration of cardiac structure and function. Cardiac function would be improved if these fibroblasts could be converted into cardiomyocytes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small noncoding RNAs that promote mRNA degradation and inhibit mRNA translation, have been shown to be important in cardiac development. Using this information, various researchers have used miRNAs to promote the formation of cardiomyocytes through several approaches. Several miRNAs acting in combination promote the direct conversion of cardiac fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes. Moreover, several miRNAs have been identified that aid the formation of inducible pluripotent stem cells and miRNAs also induce these cells to adopt a cardiac fate. MiRNAs have also been implicated in resident cardiac progenitor cell differentiation. In this review, we discuss the current literature as it pertains to these processes, as well as discussing the therapeutic implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad P Hodgkinson
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension Research and Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Martin H Kang
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension Research and Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Sophie Dal-Pra
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension Research and Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Maria Mirotsou
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension Research and Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Victor J Dzau
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension Research and Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
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10
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Abstract
Various stem cell types have been tested for regenerating damaged myocardium after myocardial infarction. However, the results of clinical trials have not been consistent, with only some of the trials reporting small improvements in cardiac function. It seems that engraftment and survival of injected cells is limited and transplanted stem cells either do not differentiate into cardiac cells or differentiate into only limited number of cardiac cells. The exact mechanism(s) of cardiac functional improvement by cell therapy are unclear, but paracrine effect may play a central role. The resident cardiac progenitor cells identified within the adult myocardium have distinct advantages over other stem cell types for cardiac cell therapy, as they are likely precommitted to the cardiovascular fate. However, isolating and expanding these cells from cardiac biopsies is a challenge. More recently, direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes has given new hope for myocardial regeneration. Here we will review different stem cells used in cardiac cell therapy with a focus on the native cardiac progenitor cells and briefly outline future directions of cardiac cell therapy.
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11
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Martinez-Fernandez A, Nelson TJ, Reyes S, Alekseev AE, Secreto F, Perez-Terzic C, Beraldi R, Sung HK, Nagy A, Terzic A. iPS cell-derived cardiogenicity is hindered by sustained integration of reprogramming transgenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:667-76. [PMID: 25077947 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.113.000298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear reprogramming inculcates pluripotent capacity by which de novo tissue differentiation is enabled. Yet, introduction of ectopic reprogramming factors may desynchronize natural developmental schedules. This study aims to evaluate the effect of imposed transgene load on the cardiogenic competency of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Targeted inclusion and exclusion of reprogramming transgenes (c-MYC, KLF4, OCT4, and SOX2) was achieved using a drug-inducible and removable cassette according to the piggyBac transposon/transposase system. Pulsed transgene overexpression, before iPS cell differentiation, hindered cardiogenic outcomes. Delayed in counterparts with maintained integrated transgenes, transgene removal enabled proficient differentiation of iPS cells into functional cardiac tissue. Transgene-free iPS cells generated reproducible beating activity with robust expression of cardiac α-actinin, connexin 43, myosin light chain 2a, α/β-myosin heavy chain, and troponin I. Although operational excitation-contraction coupling was demonstrable in the presence or absence of transgenes, factor-free derivatives exhibited an expedited maturing phenotype with canonical responsiveness to adrenergic stimulation. CONCLUSIONS A disproportionate stemness load, caused by integrated transgenes, affects the cardiogenic competency of iPS cells. Offload of transgenes in engineered iPS cells ensures integrity of cardiac developmental programs, underscoring the value of nonintegrative nuclear reprogramming for derivation of competent cardiogenic regenerative biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Martinez-Fernandez
- From the Center for Regenerative Medicine (A.M.-F., T.J.N., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.M.-F., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (C.P.-T.), General Internal Medicine and Transplant Center (T.J.N., F.S., R.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.-K.S., A.N.)
| | - Timothy J Nelson
- From the Center for Regenerative Medicine (A.M.-F., T.J.N., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.M.-F., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (C.P.-T.), General Internal Medicine and Transplant Center (T.J.N., F.S., R.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.-K.S., A.N.)
| | - Santiago Reyes
- From the Center for Regenerative Medicine (A.M.-F., T.J.N., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.M.-F., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (C.P.-T.), General Internal Medicine and Transplant Center (T.J.N., F.S., R.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.-K.S., A.N.)
| | - Alexey E Alekseev
- From the Center for Regenerative Medicine (A.M.-F., T.J.N., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.M.-F., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (C.P.-T.), General Internal Medicine and Transplant Center (T.J.N., F.S., R.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.-K.S., A.N.)
| | - Frank Secreto
- From the Center for Regenerative Medicine (A.M.-F., T.J.N., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.M.-F., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (C.P.-T.), General Internal Medicine and Transplant Center (T.J.N., F.S., R.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.-K.S., A.N.)
| | - Carmen Perez-Terzic
- From the Center for Regenerative Medicine (A.M.-F., T.J.N., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.M.-F., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (C.P.-T.), General Internal Medicine and Transplant Center (T.J.N., F.S., R.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.-K.S., A.N.)
| | - Rosanna Beraldi
- From the Center for Regenerative Medicine (A.M.-F., T.J.N., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.M.-F., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (C.P.-T.), General Internal Medicine and Transplant Center (T.J.N., F.S., R.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.-K.S., A.N.)
| | - Hoon-Ki Sung
- From the Center for Regenerative Medicine (A.M.-F., T.J.N., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.M.-F., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (C.P.-T.), General Internal Medicine and Transplant Center (T.J.N., F.S., R.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.-K.S., A.N.)
| | - Andras Nagy
- From the Center for Regenerative Medicine (A.M.-F., T.J.N., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.M.-F., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (C.P.-T.), General Internal Medicine and Transplant Center (T.J.N., F.S., R.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.-K.S., A.N.)
| | - Andre Terzic
- From the Center for Regenerative Medicine (A.M.-F., T.J.N., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.M.-F., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (C.P.-T.), General Internal Medicine and Transplant Center (T.J.N., F.S., R.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.-K.S., A.N.).
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12
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Yang G, Shi W, Hu X, Zhang J, Gong Z, Guo X, Ren Z, Zeng F. Therapeutic effects of induced pluripotent stem cells in chimeric mice with β-thalassemia. Haematologica 2014; 99:1304-11. [PMID: 24816238 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.087916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although β-thalassemia is one of the most common human genetic diseases, there is still no effective treatment other than bone marrow transplantation. Induced pluripotent stem cells have been considered good candidates for the future repair or replacement of malfunctioning organs. As a basis for developing transgenic induced pluripotent stem cell therapies for thalassemia, β(654) induced pluripotent stem cells from a β(654) -thalassemia mouse transduced with the normal human β-globin gene, and the induced pluripotent stem cells with an erythroid-expressing reporter GFP were used to produce chimeric mice. Using these chimera models, we investigated changes in various pathological indices including hematologic parameters and tissue pathology. Our data showed that when the chimerism of β(654) induced pluripotent stem cells with the normal human β-globin gene in β(654) mice is over 30%, the pathology of anemia appeared to be reversed, while chimerism ranging from 8% to 16% provided little improvement in the typical β-thalassemia phenotype. Effective alleviation of thalassemia-related phenotypes was observed when chimerism with the induced pluripotent stem cells owning the erythroid-expressing reporter GFP in β(654) mouse was greater than 10%. Thus, 10% or more expression of the exogenous normal β-globin gene reduces the degree of anemia in our β-thalassemia mouse model, whereas treatment with β(654) induced pluripotent stem cells which had the normal human β-globin gene had stable therapeutic effects but in a more dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanheng Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Insitute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Ministry of Health of China and Shanghai Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, China
| | - Wansheng Shi
- Insitute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University
| | - Xingyin Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Insitute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Ministry of Health of China and Shanghai Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, China
| | - Jingzhi Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Ministry of Health of China and Shanghai Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, China
| | - Zhijuan Gong
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Ministry of Health of China and Shanghai Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, China
| | - Xinbing Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Ministry of Health of China and Shanghai Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, China
| | - Zhaorui Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Ministry of Health of China and Shanghai Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, China
| | - Fanyi Zeng
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Insitute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Ministry of Health of China and Shanghai Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, China
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13
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Martins AM, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Reis RL. The current status of iPS cells in cardiac research and their potential for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 10:177-90. [PMID: 24425421 PMCID: PMC4476262 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-013-9487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The recent availability of human cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells opens new opportunities to build in vitro models of cardiac disease, screening for new drugs, and patient-specific cardiac therapy. Notably, the use of iPS cells enables studies in the wide pool of genotypes and phenotypes. We describe progress in reprogramming of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells towards the cardiac lineage/differentiation. The focus is on challenges of cardiac disease modeling using iPS cells and their potential to produce safe, effective and affordable therapies/applications with the emphasis of cardiac tissue engineering. We also discuss implications of human iPS cells to biological research and some of the future needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Martins
- 3B’s Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal. ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal. ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal. Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, S. Cláudio do Barco, 4806-909 Caldas das Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal
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14
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Embryonic Decellularized Cardiac Scaffold Supports Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation to Produce Beating Cardiac Tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/625164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine offers a curative approach to treating heart disease through multiple emerging therapeutic concepts. Decellularized organ scaffolds are being optimized to guide and spatially organize stem cell differentiation in efforts to rebuild functional tissues. Additionally, pluripotent stem cells offer a transformative cell source to differentiate into the full spectrum of cellular building blocks. Adult cardiac tissues have been used as extracellular scaffolds as a proof of principle; however, matching the developmental stages of embryonic scaffold with primitive cardiac progenitors may be used to optimize the differentiation and maturation of bioengineered cardiac tissues. Our novel approach uses embryo-derived decellularized hearts as scaffolds to promote embryonic stem cell differentiation. Further, we determined that agitation with 0.25% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution was the most effective protocol to maintain matrix integrity while eliminating endogenous cells. The scaffolds were successfully reseeded with different cellular sources derived from pluripotent stem cells to achieve beating cardiac tissues characterized by endothelial, cardiac, and smooth muscle markers. Therefore, embedding stem cells within a tissue-specific environment matched to the developmental stage of the progenitors may offer a practical solution for stem-cell-derived applications such as disease modeling, pharmaceutical safety testing, and screening of novel therapeutic targets.
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15
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Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes continues to increase world-wide and is a leading cause of morbidity, mortality, and rapidly rising health care costs. Although strict glucose control combined with good pharmacological and non-pharmacologic interventions can increase diabetic patient life span, the frequency and mortality of myocardial ischemia and infarction remain drastically increased in diabetic patients. Therefore, more effective therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. Over the past 15 years, cellular repair of the injured adult heart has become the focus of a rapidly expanding broad spectrum of pre-clinical and clinical research. Recent clinical trials have achieved favorable initial endpoints with improvements in cardiac function and clinical symptoms following cellular therapy. Due to the increased risk of cardiac disease, cardiac regeneration may be one strategy to treat patients with diabetic cardiomyopathy and/or myocardial infarction. However, pre-clinical studies suggest that the diabetic myocardium may not be a favorable environment for the transplantation and survival of stem cells due to altered kinetics in cellular homing, survival, and in situ remodeling. Therefore, unique conditions in the diabetic myocardium will require novel solutions in order to increase the efficiency of cellular repair following ischemia and/or infarction. This review briefly summarizes some of the recent advances in cardiac regeneration in non-diabetic conditions and then provides an overview of some of the issues related to diabetes that must be addressed in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cai
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Louisville, KY USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Bradley B Keller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA ; Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky USA
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16
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Harding J, Mirochnitchenko O. Preclinical studies for induced pluripotent stem cell-based therapeutics. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:4585-93. [PMID: 24362021 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r113.463737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and their differentiated derivatives can potentially be applied to cell-based therapy for human diseases. The properties of iPSCs are being studied intensively both to understand the basic biology of pluripotency and cellular differentiation and to solve problems associated with therapeutic applications. Examples of specific preclinical applications summarized briefly in this minireview include the use of iPSCs to treat diseases of the liver, nervous system, eye, and heart and metabolic conditions such as diabetes. Early stage studies illustrate the potential of iPSC-derived cells and have identified several challenges that must be addressed before moving to clinical trials. These include rigorous quality control and efficient production of required cell populations, improvement of cell survival and engraftment, and development of technologies to monitor transplanted cell behavior for extended periods of time. Problems related to immune rejection, genetic instability, and tumorigenicity must be solved. Testing the efficacy of iPSC-based therapies requires further improvement of animal models precisely recapitulating human disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Harding
- From the Division of Comparative Medicine, Office of Research Infrastructure Programs, Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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17
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Gao LR, Zhang NK, Ding QA, Chen HY, Hu X, Jiang S, Li TC, Chen Y, Wang ZG, Ye Y, Zhu ZM. Common Expression of Stemness Molecular Markers and Early Cardiac Transcription Factors in Human Wharton's Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Embryonic Stem Cells. Cell Transplant 2013; 22:1883-900. [PMID: 23394400 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x662444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, there are still significant barriers that impede the clinical use of hESCs and iPS cells, including ethics, immunorejection, tumorigenesis from hESCs, and teratoma formation from iPS cells. It is therefore necessary to search for alternative sources of stem cells. WJ-MSCs originate from embryonic epiblasts and possess properties intermediate between hESCs and adult stem cells. However, the stemness properties of molecules in WJ-MSCs remain unclear compared to those of hESCs. In the present study, we isolated WJ-MSCs by a nonenzymatic method. Further, using microarray analysis by Affymetrix GeneChip and functional network analyses, we determined the degree of expression of stemness genes exhibited by the Human Stem Cell Pluripotency array. We also defined a wide range of stem cell gene expression in the WJ-MSCs in comparison with hESCs. At the same time, the definitive markers of early cardiac precursor cells and more committed progenitors were further characterized in WJ-MSCs. Our results demonstrated for the first time that WJ-MSCs had significant expression of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cell core markers, such as SOX2, NANOG, LIN28, SSEA1, SSEA3, SSEA4, KLF4, c-MYC, CRIPTO, and REX1, with a relatively lower level of expression than in hESCs. We also found WJ-MSCs have high expression of early cardiac transcription factors, such as Flk-1, Isl-1, and Nkx2.5. Functional analysis revealed signature genes of WJ-MSCs with specific roles involved in immune, cytoskeletal, and chemokine regulation, cell adhesion, and cell signaling. Our study indicated that there is a significant overlap between the stemness genes expressed by hESCs and WJ-MSCs. WJ-MSCs harbor a true stem cell population and are promising cells for stem cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Ru Gao
- Center of Cardiology, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ning K. Zhang
- Center of Cardiology, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qing A. Ding
- Center of Cardiology, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Y. Chen
- Center of Cardiology, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Hu
- Beike Cell Engineering Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shu Jiang
- Beike Cell Engineering Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tian C. Li
- Center of Cardiology, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Center of Cardiology, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi G. Wang
- Center of Cardiology, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Ye
- Center of Cardiology, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Ming Zhu
- Center of Cardiology, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
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18
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Martinez-Fernandez A, Li X, Hartjes KA, Terzic A, Nelson TJ. Natural cardiogenesis-based template predicts cardiogenic potential of induced pluripotent stem cell lines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 6:462-71. [PMID: 24036272 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.113.000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac development is a complex process resulting in an integrated, multilineage tissue with developmental corruption in early embryogenesis leading to congenital heart disease. Interrogation of individual genes has provided the backbone for cardiac developmental biology, yet a comprehensive transcriptome derived from natural cardiogenesis is required to gauge innate developmental milestones. METHODS AND RESULTS Stage-specific cardiac structures were dissected from 8 distinctive mouse embryonic time points to produce genome-wide expressome analysis across cardiogenesis. With reference to this native cardiogenic expression roadmap, divergent induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac expression profiles were mapped from procardiogenic 3-factor (SOX2, OCT4, KLF4) and less-cardiogenic 4-factor (plus c-MYC) reprogrammed cells. Expression of cardiac-related genes from 3-factor-induced pluripotent stem cell differentiated in vitro at days 5 and 11 and recapitulated expression profiles of natural embryos at days E7.5-E8.5 and E14.5-E18.5, respectively. By contrast, 4-factor-induced pluripotent stem cells demonstrated incomplete cardiogenic gene expression profiles beginning at day 5 of differentiation. Differential gene expression within the pluripotent state revealed 23 distinguishing candidate genes among pluripotent cell lines with divergent cardiogenic potentials. A confirmed panel of 12 genes, differentially expressed between high and low cardiogenic lines, was transformed into a predictive score sufficient to discriminate individual induced pluripotent stem cell lines according to relative cardiogenic potential. CONCLUSIONS Transcriptome analysis attuned to natural embryonic cardiogenesis provides a robust platform to probe coordinated cardiac specification and maturation from bioengineered stem cell-based model systems. A panel of developmental-related genes allowed differential prognosis of cardiogenic competency, thus prioritizing cell lines according to natural blueprint to streamline functional applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Martinez-Fernandez
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of General Internal Medicine Transplant Center, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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19
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20
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Oyamada M, Takebe K, Endo A, Hara S, Oyamada Y. Connexin expression and gap-junctional intercellular communication in ES cells and iPS cells. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:85. [PMID: 23840189 PMCID: PMC3699729 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells, i.e., embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, can indefinitely proliferate without commitment and differentiate into all cell lineages. ES cells are derived from the inner cell mass of the preimplantation blastocyst, whereas iPS cells are generated from somatic cells by overexpression of a few transcription factors. Many studies have demonstrated that mouse and human iPS cells are highly similar but not identical to their respective ES cell counterparts. The potential to generate basically any differentiated cell types from these cells offers the possibility to establish new models of mammalian development and to create new sources of cells for regenerative medicine. ES cells and iPS cells also provide useful models to study connexin expression and gap-junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) during cell differentiation and reprogramming. In 1996, we reported connexin expression and GJIC in mouse ES cells. Because a substantial number of papers on these subjects have been published since our report, this Mini Review summarizes currently available data on connexin expression and GJIC in ES cells and iPS cells during undifferentiated state, differentiation, and reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Oyamada
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life Sciences, Fuji Women's University Ishikarishi, Japan
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21
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Yamada S, Nelson TJ, Kane GC, Martinez-Fernandez A, Crespo-Diaz RJ, Ikeda Y, Perez-Terzic C, Terzic A. Induced pluripotent stem cell intervention rescues ventricular wall motion disparity, achieving biological cardiac resynchronization post-infarction. J Physiol 2013; 591:4335-49. [PMID: 23568891 PMCID: PMC3779120 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.252288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyssynchronous myocardial motion aggravates cardiac pump function. Cardiac resynchronization using pacing devices is a standard-of-care in the management of heart failure. Post-infarction, however, scar tissue formation impedes the efficacy of device-based therapy. The present study tests a regenerative approach aimed at targeting the origin of abnormal motion to prevent dyssynchronous organ failure. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells harbour a reparative potential, and were here bioengineered from somatic fibroblasts reprogrammed with the stemness factors OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC. In a murine infarction model, within 30 min of coronary ligation, iPS cells were delivered to mapped infarcted areas. Focal deformation and dysfunction underlying progressive heart failure was resolved prospectively using speckle-tracking imaging. Tracked at high temporal and spatial resolution, regional iPS cell transplantation restored, within 10 days post-infarction, the contractility of targeted infarcted foci and nullified conduction delay in adjacent non-infarcted regions. Local iPS cell therapy, but not delivery of parental fibroblasts or vehicle, prevented or normalized abnormal strain patterns correcting the decrease in peak strain, disparity of time-to-peak strain, and pathological systolic stretch. Focal benefit of iPS cell intervention translated into improved left ventricular conduction and contractility, reduced scar, and reversal of structural remodelling, protecting from organ decompensation. Thus, in ischaemic cardiomyopathy, targeted iPS cell transplantation synchronized failing ventricles, offering a regenerative strategy to achieve biological resynchronization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satsuki Yamada
- A. Terzic: Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies hold promise for regenerating the myocardium after injury. Recent data obtained from phase I clinical trials using endogenous cardiovascular progenitors isolated directly from the heart suggest that cell-based treatment for heart patients using stem cells that reside in the heart provides significant functional benefit and an improvement in patient outcome. Methods to achieve improved engraftment and regeneration may extend this therapeutic benefit. Endogenous cardiovascular progenitors have been tested extensively in small animals to identify cells that improve cardiac function after myocardial infarction. However, the relative lack of large animal models impedes translation into clinical practice. This review will exclusively focus on the latest research pertaining to humans and large animals, including both endogenous and induced sources of cardiovascular progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Fuentes
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Mary Kearns-Jonker
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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23
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Nelson TJ, Martinez-Fernandez A, Yamada S, Terzic A. Regenerative Chimerism Bioengineered Through Stem Cell Reprogramming. Regen Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5690-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Wijshake T, Malureanu LA, Baker DJ, Jeganathan KB, van de Sluis B, van Deursen JM. Reduced life- and healthspan in mice carrying a mono-allelic BubR1 MVA mutation. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1003138. [PMID: 23300461 PMCID: PMC3531486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosaic Variegated Aneuploidy (MVA) syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by inaccurate chromosome segregation and high rates of near-diploid aneuploidy. Children with MVA syndrome die at an early age, are cancer prone, and have progeroid features like facial dysmorphisms, short stature, and cataracts. The majority of MVA cases are linked to mutations in BUBR1, a mitotic checkpoint gene required for proper chromosome segregation. Affected patients either have bi-allelic BUBR1 mutations, with one allele harboring a missense mutation and the other a nonsense mutation, or mono-allelic BUBR1 mutations combined with allelic variants that yield low amounts of wild-type BubR1 protein. Parents of MVA patients that carry single allele mutations have mild mitotic defects, but whether they are at risk for any of the pathologies associated with MVA syndrome is unknown. To address this, we engineered a mouse model for the nonsense mutation 2211insGTTA (referred to as GTTA) found in MVA patients with bi-allelic BUBR1 mutations. Here we report that both the median and maximum lifespans of the resulting BubR1+/GTTA mice are significantly reduced. Furthermore, BubR1+/GTTA mice develop several aging-related phenotypes at an accelerated rate, including cataract formation, lordokyphosis, skeletal muscle wasting, impaired exercise ability, and fat loss. BubR1+/GTTA mice develop mild aneuploidies and show enhanced growth of carcinogen-induced tumors. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the BUBR1 GTTA mutation compromises longevity and healthspan, raising the interesting possibility that mono-allelic changes in BUBR1 might contribute to differences in aging rates in the general population. Aging is the main risk factor for the majority of chronic diseases and the leading cause of death and disability in humans. Humans age at different rates, but the molecular genetic basis underlying this phenomenon remains largely unknown. Efforts to understand how we age have focused on genetic changes that extend lifespan or underlie progeroid disorders. One potential progeroid disorder, MVA syndrome, has been associated with mutations in the mitotic regulator BUBR1. Although MVA syndrome is rare due to its recessive nature, individuals carrying heterozygous BUBR1 mutations associated with MVA would be much more prevalent. However, whether such carriers are asymptomatic or at risk of developing aspects of MVA syndrome later in life is unknown. To investigate this, we engineered mice to carry an analogous mutation to the human MVA BUBR1 nonsense mutation 2211insGTTA. We find that these mice have a reduced lifespan and develop several age-related phenotypes at an accelerated rate. These findings suggest that bi-allelic integrity of BUBR1 is a key determinant of healthspan and longevity, and provide a conceptual framework for elucidating differences in aging rates among humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wijshake
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Liviu A. Malureanu
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Darren J. Baker
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Karthik B. Jeganathan
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M. van Deursen
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Folmes CDL, Martinez-Fernandez A, Faustino RS, Yamada S, Perez-Terzic C, Nelson TJ, Terzic A. Nuclear reprogramming with c-Myc potentiates glycolytic capacity of derived induced pluripotent stem cells. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 6:10-21. [PMID: 23247633 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reprogramming strategies influence the differentiation capacity of derived induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Removal of the reprogramming factor c-Myc reduces tumorigenic incidence and increases cardiogenic potential of iPS cells. c-Myc is a regulator of energy metabolism, yet the impact on metabolic reprogramming underlying pluripotent induction is unknown. Here, mitochondrial and metabolic interrogation of iPS cells derived with (4F) and without (3F) c-Myc demonstrated that nuclear reprogramming consistently reverted mitochondria to embryonic-like immature structures. Metabolomic profiling segregated derived iPS cells from the parental somatic source based on the attained pluripotency-associated glycolytic phenotype and discriminated between 3F versus 4F clones based upon glycolytic intermediates. Real-time flux analysis demonstrated a greater glycolytic capacity in 4F iPS cells, in the setting of equivalent oxidative capacity to 3F iPS cells. Thus, inclusion of c-Myc potentiates the pluripotent glycolytic behavior of derived iPS cells, supporting c-Myc-free reprogramming as a strategy to facilitate oxidative metabolism-dependent lineage engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford D L Folmes
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, and Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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26
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Chen S, Shimoda M, Chen J, Grayburn PA. Stimulation of adult resident cardiac progenitor cells by durable myocardial expression of thymosin beta 4 with ultrasound-targeted microbubble delivery. Gene Ther 2012; 20:225-33. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2012.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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27
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Abstract
The field of heart transplantation has seen significant progress in the past 40 years. However, the breakthroughs in long-term outcome have seen stagnation in the past decade. Through advances in genomics and transcriptomics, there is hope that an era of personalized transplant therapy lies in the future. To see where heart transplantation truly fits into the long term, searching for and understanding the alternative approaches for heart failure therapy is both important and inevitable. The application of mechanical circulatory support has contributed to the largest advancement in treatment of end stage heart failure. It has already been approved for destination therapy of heart failure, and greater portability and ease of use of the device will be the future trend. Although it is still not prime time for stem cell therapy, clinical experiences have already suggested its potential therapeutic effects. And finally, whole organ engineering is on the horizon as new techniques have opened the way for this to proceed. In the end, progress on alternative therapies largely depends on our deeper understanding of the mechanisms of heart failure and how to prevent it.
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28
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Abstract
Differentiated adult cardiomyocytes (CMs) lack significant regenerative potential, which is one reason why degenerative heart diseases are the leading cause of death in the western world. For future cardiac repair, stem cell-based therapeutic strategies may become alternatives to donor heart transplantation. The principle of reprogramming adult terminally differentiated cells (iPSC) had a major impact on stem cell biology. One can now generate autologous pluripotent cells that highly resemble embryonic stem cells (ESC) and that are ethically inoffensive as opposed to human ESC. Yet, due to genetic and epigenetic aberrations arising during the full reprogramming process, it is questionable whether iPSC will enter the clinic in the near future. Therefore, the recent achievement of directly reprogramming fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes via a milder approach, thereby avoiding an initial pluripotent state, may become of great importance. In addition, various clinical scenarios will depend on the availability of specific cardiac cellular subtypes, for which a first step was achieved via our own programming approach to achieve cardiovascular cell subtypes. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the cardiovascular stem cell field addressing the above mentioned aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert David
- 1st Medical Department, University of Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
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29
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Blazeski A, Zhu R, Hunter DW, Weinberg SH, Zambidis ET, Tung L. Cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells as models for normal and diseased cardiac electrophysiology and contractility. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 110:166-77. [PMID: 22971665 PMCID: PMC3910285 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Since the first description of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs), these cells have garnered tremendous interest for their potential use in patient-specific analysis and therapy. Additionally, hiPSC-CMs can be derived from donor cells from patients with specific cardiac disorders, enabling in vitro human disease models for mechanistic study and therapeutic drug assessment. However, a full understanding of their electrophysiological and contractile function is necessary before this potential can be realized. Here, we review this emerging field from a functional perspective, with particular emphasis on beating rate, action potential, ionic currents, multicellular conduction, calcium handling and contraction. We further review extant hiPSC-CM disease models that recapitulate genetic myocardial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Blazeski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Renjun Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - David W. Hunter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Seth H. Weinberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Elias T. Zambidis
- Institute for Cell Engineering and Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Leslie Tung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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30
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Zwi-Dantsis L, Gepstein L. Induced pluripotent stem cells for cardiac repair. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3285-99. [PMID: 22960788 PMCID: PMC11114685 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial stem cell therapies are emerging as novel therapeutic paradigms for myocardial repair, but are hampered by the lack of sources for autologous human cardiomyocytes. An exciting development in the field of cardiovascular regenerative medicine is the ability to reprogram adult somatic cells into pluripotent stem cell lines (induced pluripotent stem cells, iPSCs) and to coax their differentiation into functional cardiomyocytes. This technology holds great promise for the emerging disciplines of personalized and regenerative medicine, because of the ability to derive patient-specific iPSCs that could potentially elude the immune system. The current review describes the latest techniques of generating iPSCs as well as the methods used to direct their differentiation towards the cardiac lineage. We then detail the unique potential as well as the possible hurdles on the road to clinical utilizing of the iPSCs derived cardiomyocytes in the emerging field of cardiovascular regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limor Zwi-Dantsis
- The Sohnis Family Research Laboratory for Cardiac Electrophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion’s Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, POB 9649, 31096 Haifa, Israel
- The Biotechnology Interdisciplinary Unit, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lior Gepstein
- The Sohnis Family Research Laboratory for Cardiac Electrophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion’s Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, POB 9649, 31096 Haifa, Israel
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31
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Sepac A, Si-Tayeb K, Sedlic F, Barrett S, Canfield S, Duncan SA, Bosnjak ZJ, Lough JW. Comparison of cardiomyogenic potential among human ESC and iPSC lines. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:2523-30. [PMID: 22863088 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x653165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that, following induction of clumps of pluripotent H1 human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) with activin-A and Bmp4 in defined medium for 5 days, widespread differentiation of rhythmically contracting cardiomyocytes occurs within 3-4 weeks. In this study, the same approach was used to assess whether human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), which may theoretically provide an unlimited source of patient-matched cells for transplantation therapy, can similarly undergo cardiomyocyte differentiation. Differentiation of four pluripotent cell lines (H1 and H9 hESCs and C2a and C6a hiPSCs) was compared in parallel by monitoring rhythmic contraction, morphologic differentiation, and expression of cardiomyogenic genes. Based on expression of the cardiomyogenic lineage markers MESP1, ISL1, and NKX2-5, all four cell lines were induced into the cardiomyogenic lineage. However, in contrast to the widespread appearance of striations and rhythmic contractility seen in H9 and especially in H1 hESCs, both hiPSC lines exhibited poor terminal differentiation. These findings suggest that refined modes of generating hiPSCs, as well as of inducing cardiomyogenesis in them, may be required to fulfill their potential as agents of cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sepac
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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32
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Heinrich EM, Dimmeler S. MicroRNAs and stem cells: control of pluripotency, reprogramming, and lineage commitment. Circ Res 2012; 110:1014-22. [PMID: 22461365 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.243394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells hold great promise for regenerative medicine and the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The mechanisms regulating self-renewal, pluripotency, and differentiation are not fully understood. MicroRNAs (miRs) are small noncoding RNAs controlling gene expression, either by inducing mRNA degradation or by blocking mRNA translation. The expression of miRs was shown to regulate various aspects of stem cell functions, including the maintenance and induction of pluripotency for reprogramming. In addition, some miRs control cell fate decisions. This review summarizes the role of miRs in reprogramming and embryonic stem cell self-renewal, and specifically addresses the regulation of cardiovascular cell fate decisions by miRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Marie Heinrich
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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33
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Folmes CDL, Nelson TJ, Dzeja PP, Terzic A. Energy metabolism plasticity enables stemness programs. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1254:82-89. [PMID: 22548573 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Engineering pluripotency through nuclear reprogramming and directing stem cells into defined lineages underscores cell fate plasticity. Acquisition of and departure from stemness are governed by genetic and epigenetic controllers, with modulation of energy metabolism and associated signaling increasingly implicated in cell identity determination. Transition from oxidative metabolism, typical of somatic tissues, into glycolysis is a prerequisite to fuel-proficient reprogramming, directing a differentiated cytotype back to the pluripotent state. The glycolytic metabotype supports the anabolic and catabolic requirements of pluripotent cell homeostasis. Conversely, redirection of pluripotency into defined lineages requires mitochondrial biogenesis and maturation of efficient oxidative energy generation and distribution networks to match demands. The vital function of bioenergetics in regulating stemness and lineage specification implicates a broader role for metabolic reprogramming in cell fate decisions and determinations of tissue regenerative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford D L Folmes
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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34
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Kudva YC, Ohmine S, Greder LV, Dutton JR, Armstrong A, De Lamo JG, Khan YK, Thatava T, Hasegawa M, Fusaki N, Slack JMW, Ikeda Y. Transgene-free disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells from patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Stem Cells Transl Med 2012. [PMID: 23197849 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2011-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology enables derivation of patient-specific pluripotent stem cells from adult somatic cells without using an embryonic cell source. Redifferentiation of iPSCs from diabetic patients into pancreatic islets will allow patient-specific disease modeling and autologous cell replacement therapy for failing islets. To date, diabetes-specific iPSCs have been generated from patients with type 1 diabetes using integrating retroviral vectors. However, vector integration into the host genome could compromise the biosafety and differentiation propensities of derived iPSCs. Although various integration-free reprogramming systems have been described, their utility to reprogram somatic cells from patients remains largely undetermined. Here, we used nonintegrating Sendai viral vectors to reprogram cells from patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Sendai vector infection led to reproducible generation of genomic modification-free iPSCs (SV-iPSCs) from patients with diabetes, including an 85-year-old individual with T2D. SV-iPSCs lost the Sendai viral genome and antigens within 8-12 passages while maintaining pluripotency. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of SV-iPSCs revealed induction of endogenous pluripotency genes and downregulation of genes involved in the oxidative stress response and the INK4/ARF pathways, including p16(INK4a), p15(INK4b), and p21(CIP1). SV-iPSCs and iPSCs made with integrating lentiviral vectors demonstrated remarkable similarities in global gene expression profiles. Thus, the Sendai vector system facilitates reliable reprogramming of patient cells into transgene-free iPSCs, providing a pluripotent platform for personalized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for diabetes and diabetes-associated complications.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromosomes, Human/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human/metabolism
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15/metabolism
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, p16
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/metabolism
- Genome, Viral
- Humans
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/transplantation
- Keratinocytes/cytology
- Keratinocytes/metabolism
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Lentivirus/metabolism
- Male
- Octamer Transcription Factor-3/genetics
- Octamer Transcription Factor-3/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress
- Sendai virus/genetics
- Sendai virus/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Transcriptome
- Transgenes
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogish C Kudva
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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35
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Xu C. Differentiation and enrichment of cardiomyocytes from human pluripotent stem cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 52:1203-12. [PMID: 22484618 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human cardiomyocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells hold great promise for cardiac cell therapy, disease modeling, drug discovery, and the study of developmental biology. Reaching these potentials fully requires the development of methods that enable efficient and robust generation of cardiomyocytes with expected characteristics. This review summarizes and discusses up-to-date methods that have been used to derive and enrich human cardiomyocytes from pluripotent stem cells, provides a brief overview of in vitro and in vivo characterization of these cardiomyocytes, and considers future advancement needed to further harness the power of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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36
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Abstract
Nuclear reprogramming with stemness factors enables resetting of somatic differentiated tissue back to the pluripotent ground state. Recent evidence implicates mitochondrial restructuring and bioenergetic plasticity as key components underlying execution of orchestrated dedifferentiation and derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Aerobic to anaerobic transition of somatic oxidative energy metabolism into a glycolytic metabotype promotes proficient reprogramming, establishing a novel regulator of acquired stemness. Metabolomic profiling has further identified specific metabolic remodeling traits defining lineage redifferentiation of pluripotent cells. Therefore, mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism comprise a vital axis for biomarker discovery, intimately reflecting the molecular dynamics fundamental for the resetting and redirection of cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford D L Folmes
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, MN, USA
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37
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Induced pluripotent cells in cardiovascular biology: epigenetics, promises, and challenges. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 111:27-49. [PMID: 22917225 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398459-3.00002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are still the leading cause of death worldwide. Despite the improvement shown in the prognosis of patients with acute MI, there remains still a significant mortality risk. Since the main underlying problem after an MI is the loss of cardiomyocytes and microvasculature, treatment strategies aimed at preserving or regenerating myocardial tissue have been examined as potential therapeutic modalities. Toward this goal, many cell types are being investigated as potent sources of cardiomyocytes for cell transplantation. The progress made toward the generation of induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) cells hold great potential for future use in myocardial repair. We review critical aspects of these cell's potential, such as their generation, their differentiating ability, the known epigenetic mechanisms that allow for their reprogramming, maintenance of pluripotency, their cardiovascular differentiation and therapeutic potential, and the possibility of an epigenetic memory. Understanding the molecular circuitry of these cells will provide a better understanding of their potential as well as limitations in future clinical use.
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38
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Ohmine S, Dietz AB, Deeds MC, Hartjes KA, Miller DR, Thatava T, Sakuma T, Kudva YC, Ikeda Y. Induced pluripotent stem cells from GMP-grade hematopoietic progenitor cells and mononuclear myeloid cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2011; 2:46. [PMID: 22088171 PMCID: PMC3340555 DOI: 10.1186/scrt87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology allows generation of patient-specific pluripotent stem cells, thereby providing a novel cell-therapy platform for severe degenerative diseases. One of the key issues for clinical-grade iPSC derivation is the accessibility of donor cells used for reprogramming. Methods We examined the feasibility of reprogramming mobilized GMP-grade hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and tested the pluripotency of derived iPS clones. Results Ectopic expression of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC in HPCs and PBMCs resulted in rapid iPSC derivation. Long-term time-lapse imaging revealed efficient iPSC growth under serum- and feeder-free conditions with frequent mitotic events. HPC- and PBMC-derived iPS cells expressed pluripotency-associated markers, including SSEA-4, TRA-1-60, and NANOG. The global gene-expression profiles demonstrated the induction of endogenous pluripotent genes, such as LIN28, TERT, DPPA4, and PODXL, in derived iPSCs. iPSC clones from blood and other cell sources showed similar ultrastructural morphologies and genome-wide gene-expression profiles. On spontaneous and guided differentiation, HPC- and PBMC-derived iPSCs were differentiated into cells of three germ layers, including insulin-producing cells through endodermal lineage, verifying the pluripotency of the blood-derived iPSC clones. Conclusions Because the use of blood cells allows minimally invasive tissue procurement under GMP conditions and rapid cellular reprogramming, mobilized HPCs and unmobilized PBMCs would be ideal somatic cell sources for clinical-grade iPSC derivation, especially from diabetes patients complicated by slow-healing wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiga Ohmine
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Dimmeler
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University of Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai, Germany
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40
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Baker DJ, Wijshake T, Tchkonia T, LeBrasseur NK, Childs BG, van de Sluis B, Kirkland JL, van Deursen JM. Clearance of p16Ink4a-positive senescent cells delays ageing-associated disorders. Nature 2011; 479:232-6. [PMID: 22048312 PMCID: PMC3468323 DOI: 10.1038/nature10600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2411] [Impact Index Per Article: 185.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Advanced age is the main risk factor for most chronic diseases and functional deficits in humans, but the fundamental mechanisms that drive ageing remain largely unknown, impeding the development of interventions that might delay or prevent age-related disorders and maximize healthy lifespan. Cellular senescence, which halts the proliferation of damaged or dysfunctional cells, is an important mechanism to constrain the malignant progression of tumour cells. Senescent cells accumulate in various tissues and organs with ageing and have been hypothesized to disrupt tissue structure and function because of the components they secrete. However, whether senescent cells are causally implicated in age-related dysfunction and whether their removal is beneficial has remained unknown. To address these fundamental questions, we made use of a biomarker for senescence, p16(Ink4a), to design a novel transgene, INK-ATTAC, for inducible elimination of p16(Ink4a)-positive senescent cells upon administration of a drug. Here we show that in the BubR1 progeroid mouse background, INK-ATTAC removes p16(Ink4a)-positive senescent cells upon drug treatment. In tissues--such as adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and eye--in which p16(Ink4a) contributes to the acquisition of age-related pathologies, life-long removal of p16(Ink4a)-expressing cells delayed onset of these phenotypes. Furthermore, late-life clearance attenuated progression of already established age-related disorders. These data indicate that cellular senescence is causally implicated in generating age-related phenotypes and that removal of senescent cells can prevent or delay tissue dysfunction and extend healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren J Baker
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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41
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Singla DK, Long X, Glass C, Singla RD, Yan B. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells repair and regenerate infarcted myocardium. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:1573-81. [PMID: 21542647 PMCID: PMC6309322 DOI: 10.1021/mp2001704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac myocyte differentiation reported thus far is from iPS cells generated from mouse and human fibroblasts. However, there is no article on the generation of iPS cells from cardiac ventricular specific cell types such as H9c2 cells. Therefore, whether transduced H9c2 cells, originally isolated from embryonic cardiac ventricular tissue, will be able to generate iPS cells and have the potential to repair and regenerate infarcted myocardium remains completely elusive. We transduced H9c2 cells with four stemness factors, Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc, and successfully reprogrammed them into iPS cells. These iPS cells were able to differentiate into beating cardiac myocytes and positively stained for cardiac specific sarcomeric α-actin and myosin heavy chain proteins. Following transplantation in the infarcted myocardium, there were newly differentiated cardiac myocytes and formation of gap junction proteins at 2 weeks post-myocardial infarction (MI), suggesting newly formed cardiac myocytes were integrated into the native myocardium. Furthermore, transplanted iPS cells significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited apoptosis and fibrosis and improved cardiac function compared with MI and MI+H9c2 cell groups. Moreover, our iPS cell derived cardiac myocyte differentiation in vitro and in vivo was comparable to embryonic stem cells in the present study. In conclusion we report for the first time that we have H9c2 cell-derived iPS cells which contain the potential to differentiate into cardiac myocytes in the cell culture system and repair and regenerate infarcted myocardium with improved cardiac function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinender K Singla
- Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States.
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42
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Soejitno A, Prayudi PKA. The prospect of induced pluripotent stem cells for diabetes mellitus treatment. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2011; 2:197-210. [PMID: 23148185 PMCID: PMC3474639 DOI: 10.1177/2042018811420198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A continuous search for a permanent cure for diabetes mellitus is underway with several remarkable discoveries over the past few decades. One of these is the potential of pancreatic stem/progenitor cells to rejuvenate functional β cells. However, the existence of these cell populations is still obscure and a lack of phenotype characterization hampers their use in clinical settings. Cellular reprogramming through induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology can become an alternative strategy to generate insulin-producing cells in a relatively safe (autologous-derived cells, thus devoid of rejection risk) and efficient way (high cellular proliferation) but retain a precise morphological and genetic composition, similar to that of the native β cells. iPS cell technology is a technique of transducing any cell types with key transcription factors to yield embryonic-like stem cells with high clonogenicity and is able to give rise into all cell lineages from three germ layers (endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm). This approach can generate β-like pancreatic cells that are fully functional as proven by either in vitro or in vivo studies. This novel proof-of-concept stem cell technology brings new expectations on applying stem cell therapy for diabetes mellitus in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Soejitno
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - Pande Kadek Aditya Prayudi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
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43
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Yan B, Abdelli LS, Singla DK. Transplanted Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Improve Cardiac Function and Induce Neovascularization in the Infarcted Hearts of db/db Mice. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:1602-10. [DOI: 10.1021/mp2003576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Yan
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32817, United States
| | - Latifa S. Abdelli
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32817, United States
| | - Dinender K. Singla
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32817, United States
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44
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Somatic oxidative bioenergetics transitions into pluripotency-dependent glycolysis to facilitate nuclear reprogramming. Cell Metab 2011; 14:264-71. [PMID: 21803296 PMCID: PMC3156138 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 757] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The bioenergetics of somatic dedifferentiation into induced pluripotent stem cells remains largely unknown. Here, stemness factor-mediated nuclear reprogramming reverted mitochondrial networks into cristae-poor structures. Metabolomic footprinting and fingerprinting distinguished derived pluripotent progeny from parental fibroblasts according to elevated glucose utilization and production of glycolytic end products. Temporal sampling demonstrated glycolytic gene potentiation prior to induction of pluripotent markers. Functional metamorphosis of somatic oxidative phosphorylation into acquired pluripotent glycolytic metabolism conformed to an embryonic-like archetype. Stimulation of glycolysis promoted, while blockade of glycolytic enzyme activity blunted, reprogramming efficiency. Metaboproteomics resolved upregulated glycolytic enzymes and downregulated electron transport chain complex I subunits underlying cell fate determination. Thus, the energetic infrastructure of somatic cells transitions into a required glycolytic metabotype to fuel induction of pluripotency.
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45
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Zacharias DG, Nelson TJ, Mueller PS, Hook CC. The science and ethics of induced pluripotency: what will become of embryonic stem cells? Mayo Clin Proc 2011; 86:634-40. [PMID: 21719620 PMCID: PMC3127559 DOI: 10.4065/mcp.2011.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For over a decade, the field of stem cell research has advanced tremendously and gained new attention in light of novel insights and emerging developments for regenerative medicine. Invariably, multiple considerations come into play, and clinicians and researchers must weigh the benefits of certain stem cell platforms against the costs they incur. Notably, human embryonic stem (hES) cell research has been a source of continued debate, leading to differing policies and regulations worldwide. This article briefly reviews current stem cell platforms, looking specifically at the two existing pluripotent lines available for potential therapeutic applications: hES cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. We submit iPS technology as a viable and possibly superior alternative for future medical and research endeavors as it obviates many ethical and resource-related concerns posed by hES cells while prospectively matching their potential for scientific use. However, while the clinical realities of iPS cells appear promising, we must recognize the current limitations of this technology, avoid hype, and articulate ethically acceptable medical and scientific goals.
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Terzic A, Folmes CD, Martinez-Fernandez A, Behfar A. Regenerative medicine: on the vanguard of health care. Mayo Clin Proc 2011; 86:600-2. [PMID: 21719616 PMCID: PMC3127554 DOI: 10.4065/mcp.2011.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Haider HK, Mustafa A, Feng Y, Ashraf M. Genetic Modification of Stem Cells for Improved Therapy of the Infarcted Myocardium. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:1446-57. [DOI: 10.1021/mp2001318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Husnain Kh. Haider
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Anique Mustafa
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Yuliang Feng
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
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Pharmacologic and genetic strategies to enhance cell therapy for cardiac regeneration. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 51:619-25. [PMID: 21645519 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based therapy is emerging as an exciting potential therapeutic approach for cardiac regeneration following myocardial infarction (MI). As heart failure (HF) prevalence increases over time, development of new interventions designed to aid cardiac recovery from injury are crucial and should be considered more broadly. In this regard, substantial efforts to enhance the efficacy and safety of cell therapy are continuously growing along several fronts, including modifications to improve the reprogramming efficiency of inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPS), genetic engineering of adult stem cells, and administration of growth factors or small molecules to activate regenerative pathways in the injured heart. These interventions are emerging as potential therapeutic alternatives and/or adjuncts based on their potential to promote stem cell homing, proliferation, differentiation, and/or survival. Given the promise of therapeutic interventions to enhance the regenerative capacity of multipotent stem cells as well as specifically guide endogenous or exogenous stem cells into a cardiac lineage, their application in cardiac regenerative medicine should be the focus of future clinical research. This article is part of a special issue entitled "Key Signaling Molecules in Hypertrophy and Heart Failure."
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Ahmed RPH, Haider HK, Buccini S, Li L, Jiang S, Ashraf M. Reprogramming of skeletal myoblasts for induction of pluripotency for tumor-free cardiomyogenesis in the infarcted heart. Circ Res 2011; 109:60-70. [PMID: 21566212 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.240010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Skeletal myoblasts (SMs) with inherent myogenic properties are better candidates for reprogramming to pluripotency. OBJECTIVE To reprogram SMs to pluripotency and show that reprogrammed SMs (SiPS) express embryonic gene and microRNA profiles and that transplantation of predifferentiated cardiac progenitors reduce tumor formation. METHODS AND RESULTS The pMXs vector containing mouse cDNAs for Yamanaka's quartet of stemness factors were used for transduction of SMs purified from male Oct4-GFP(+) transgenic mouse. Three weeks later, GFP(+) colonies of SiPS were isolated and propagated in vitro. SiPS were positive for alkaline phosphatase, expressed SSEA1, and displayed a panel of embryonic stem (ES) cell-specific pluripotency markers. Embryoid body formation yielded beating cardiomyocyte-like cells, which expressed early and late cardiac-specific markers. SiPS also had an microRNA profile that was altered during their cardiomyogenic differentiation. Noticeable abrogation of let-7 family and significant up-regulation of miR-200a-c was observed in SiPS and SiPS-derived cardiomyocytes, respectively. In vivo studies in an experimental model of acute myocardial infarction showed extensive survival of SiPS and SiPS-derived cardiomyocytes in mouse heart after transplantation. Our results from 4-week studies in DMEM without cells (group 1), SMs (group-2), SiPS (group-3), and SiPS-derived cardiomyocytes (group 4) showed extensive myogenic integration of the transplanted cells in group 4 with attenuated infarct size and improved cardiac function without tumorgenesis. CONCLUSIONS Successful reprogramming was achieved in SMs with ES cell-like microRNA profile. Given the tumorgenic nature of SiPS, their predifferentiation into cardiomyocytes would be important for tumor-free cardiogenesis in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafeeq P H Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA
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Rustad KC, Sorkin M, Levi B, Longaker MT, Gurtner GC. Strategies for organ level tissue engineering. Organogenesis 2011; 6:151-7. [PMID: 21197216 DOI: 10.4161/org.6.3.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of tissue engineering has made considerable strides since it was first described in the late 1980s. The advent and subsequent boom in stem cell biology, emergence of novel technologies for biomaterial development and further understanding of developmental biology have contributed to this accelerated progress. However, continued efforts to translate tissue-engineering strategies into clinical therapies have been hampered by the problems associated with scaling up laboratory methods to produce large, complex tissues. The significant challenges faced by tissue engineers include the production of an intact vasculature within a tissue-engineered construct and recapitulation of the size and complexity of a whole organ. Here we review the basic components necessary for bioengineering organs-biomaterials, cells and bioactive molecules-and discuss various approaches for augmenting these principles to achieve organ level tissue engineering. Ultimately, the successful translation of tissue-engineered constructs into everyday clinical practice will depend upon the ability of the tissue engineer to "scale up" every aspect of the research and development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine C Rustad
- Stanford University, Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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