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Chen W, Fu Y, Jin Y, Zheng W, Liu Y. Reduced plasma cortistatin is related to clinical parameters in patients with essential hypertension. Peptides 2024; 177:171225. [PMID: 38642617 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortistatin (CST), an endogenous bioactive polypeptide, has been acknowledged for its protective effect against several cardiovascular diseases, but its relationship with hypertension remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate changes in plasma CST in hypertensive patients and further analyze correlations with blood pressure, metabolic parameters and left ventricular structure and function. METHODS In this hospital-based study, basic information and plasma samples for evaluating clinically relevant indicators such as total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), fasting blood glucose (FGB), serum creatinine (Scr) and CST were collected from 81 essential hypertension patients and 75 normotensive subjects. Plasma CST levels were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Compared with normotensive subjects, plasma CST was significantly lower in hypertensive patients. Plasma CST levels in hypertensive patients without blood pressure control was significantly lower than those of hypertensive patients with blood pressure control. Plasma CST levels were significantly negatively correlated with SBP and serum creatinine (Scr) in the overall population. Furthermore, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the OR of CST for hypertension was 0.64 using the unadjusted model, and there was still statistical significance using the four-adjusted model. CONCLUSIONS The circulating concentration of CST was significantly lower in hypertensive patients and was higher after blood pressure control, suggesting that CST may be a new endogenous protective target for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wanqiu Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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2
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Li J, You C, Li Y, Li C, Fan W, Chen Z, Hu W, Wu K, Xu HE, Zhao LH. Structural basis for activation of somatostatin receptor 5 by cyclic neuropeptide agonists. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321710121. [PMID: 38885377 PMCID: PMC11214081 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321710121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) is an important G protein-coupled receptor and drug target for neuroendocrine tumors and pituitary disorders. This study presents two high-resolution cryogenicelectron microscope structures of the SSTR5-Gi complexes bound to the cyclic neuropeptide agonists, cortistatin-17 (CST17) and octreotide, with resolutions of 2.7 Å and 2.9 Å, respectively. The structures reveal that binding of these peptides causes rearrangement of a "hydrophobic lock", consisting of residues from transmembrane helices TM3 and TM6. This rearrangement triggers outward movement of TM6, enabling Gαi protein engagement and receptor activation. In addition to hydrophobic interactions, CST17 forms conserved polar contacts similar to somatostatin-14 binding to SSTR2, while further structural and functional analysis shows that extracellular loops differently recognize CST17 and octreotide. These insights elucidate agonist selectivity and activation mechanisms of SSTR5, providing valuable guidance for structure-based drug development targeting this therapeutically relevant receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201203, China
| | - Chongzhao You
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Changyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201203, China
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai200031, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai201210, China
| | - Wenjia Fan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201203, China
| | - Zecai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Wen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201203, China
| | - Kai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201203, China
| | - H. Eric Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Li-Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
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3
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Duan F, Li L, Liu S, Tao J, Gu Y, Li H, Yi X, Gong J, You D, Feng Z, Yu T, Tan H. Cortistatin protects against septic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting cardiomyocyte pyroptosis through the SSTR2-AMPK-NLRP3 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112186. [PMID: 38733824 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the pathophysiological mechanism of septic cardiomyopathy has been continuously discovered, it is still a lack of effective treatment method. Cortistatin (CST), a neuroendocrine polypeptide of the somatostatin family, has emerged as a novel cardiovascular-protective peptide, but the specific mechanism has not been elucidated. PURPOSE The aim of our study is to explore the role of CST in cardiomyocytes pyroptosis and myocardial injury in sepsis and whether CST inhibits cardiomyocytes pyroptosis through specific binding with somastatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) and activating AMPK/Drp1 signaling pathway. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, plasma CST levels were significantly high and were negatively correlated with N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), a biomarker for cardiac dysfunction, in patients with sepsis. Exogenous administration of CST significantly improved survival rate and cardiac function in mouse models of sepsis by inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis of cardiomyocytes (decreased cleavage of caspase-1, IL-1β and gasdermin D). Pharmacological inhibition and genetic ablation revealed that CST exerted anti-pyroptosis effects by specifically binding to somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2), thus activating AMPK and inactivating Drp1 to inhibit mitochondrial fission in cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to report that CST attenuates septic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting cardiomyocyte pyroptosis through the SSTR2-AMPK-Drp1-NLRP3 pathway. Importantly, CST specifically binds to SSTR2, which promotes AMPK phosphorylation, inhibits Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission, and reduces ROS levels, thereby inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation-mediated pyroptosis and alleviating sepsis-induced myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqi Duan
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510012, Guangdong, China
| | - Sijun Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Tao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Gu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510012, Guangdong, China
| | - Huangjing Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoling Yi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510012, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianfeng Gong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Daiting You
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Zejiang Feng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510012, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongmei Tan
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China; Laboratory Animal Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China.
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Castillo-González J, Ruiz JL, Serrano-Martínez I, Forte-Lago I, Ubago-Rodriguez A, Caro M, Pérez-Gómez JM, Benítez-Troncoso A, Andrés-León E, Sánchez-Navarro M, Luque RM, González-Rey E. Cortistatin deficiency reveals a dysfunctional brain endothelium with impaired gene pathways, exacerbated immune activation, and disrupted barrier integrity. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:226. [PMID: 37794493 PMCID: PMC10548650 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain activity governing cognition and behaviour depends on the fine-tuned microenvironment provided by a tightly controlled blood-brain barrier (BBB). Brain endothelium dysfunction is a hallmark of BBB breakdown in most neurodegenerative/neuroinflammatory disorders. Therefore, the identification of new endogenous molecules involved in endothelial cell disruption is essential to better understand BBB dynamics. Cortistatin is a neuroimmune mediator with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties that exerts beneficial effects on the peripheral endothelium. However, its role in the healthy and injured brain endothelium remains to be evaluated. Herein, this study aimed to investigate the potential function of endogenous and therapeutic cortistatin in regulating brain endothelium dysfunction in a neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative environment. METHODS Wild-type and cortistatin-deficient murine brain endothelium and human cells were used for an in vitro barrier model, where a simulated ischemia-like environment was mimicked. Endothelial permeability, junction integrity, and immune response in the presence and absence of cortistatin were evaluated using different size tracers, immunofluorescence labelling, qPCR, and ELISA. Cortistatin molecular mechanisms underlying brain endothelium dynamics were assessed by RNA-sequencing analysis. Cortistatin role in BBB leakage was evaluated in adult mice injected with LPS. RESULTS The endogenous lack of cortistatin predisposes endothelium weakening with increased permeability, tight-junctions breakdown, and dysregulated immune activity. We demonstrated that both damaged and uninjured brain endothelial cells isolated from cortistatin-deficient mice, present a dysregulated and/or deactivated genetic programming. These pathways, related to basic physiology but also crucial for the repair after damage (e.g., extracellular matrix remodelling, angiogenesis, response to oxygen, signalling, and metabolites transport), are dysfunctional and make brain endothelial barrier lacking cortistatin non-responsive to any further injury. Treatment with cortistatin reversed in vitro hyperpermeability, tight-junctions disruption, inflammatory response, and reduced in vivo BBB leakage. CONCLUSIONS The neuropeptide cortistatin has a key role in the physiology of the cerebral microvasculature and its presence is crucial to develop a canonical balanced response to damage. The reparative effects of cortistatin in the brain endothelium were accompanied by the modulation of the immune function and the rescue of barrier integrity. Cortistatin-based therapies could emerge as a novel pleiotropic strategy to ameliorate neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative disorders with disrupted BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Castillo-González
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - José Luis Ruiz
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Ignacio Serrano-Martínez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Irene Forte-Lago
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Ubago-Rodriguez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Caro
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Miguel Pérez-Gómez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004, Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004, Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Eduardo Andrés-León
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Macarena Sánchez-Navarro
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004, Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004, Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Elena González-Rey
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain.
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Zhou Y, Chen Y, Yin G, Xie Q. Calciphylaxis and its co-occurrence with connective tissue diseases. Int Wound J 2023; 20:1316-1327. [PMID: 36274216 PMCID: PMC10031236 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.13972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Calciphylaxis, also known as calcific uremic arteriopathy, is a rare calcification syndrome that presents as ischemic skin necrosis and severe pain. It has a high mortality rate and is characterised by calcification of the small and medium arteries and micro-thrombosis. Calciphylaxis mainly occurs in patients with end-stage renal disease. In recent years, there have been an increasing number of cases of calciphylaxis associated with connective tissue diseases. Given the absence of clear diagnostic criteria for calciphylaxis thus far, an early diagnosis is crucial for designing an effective multidisciplinary treatment plan. In this article, we review the research progress on calciphylaxis and describe its characteristics in the context of connective tissue diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyuan Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuehong Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Geng Yin
- Department of General Practice, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qibing Xie
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Therapeutic Effect of a Latent Form of Cortistatin in Experimental Inflammatory and Fibrotic Disorders. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122785. [PMID: 36559278 PMCID: PMC9784182 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortistatin is a cyclic neuropeptide that recently emerged as an attractive therapeutic factor for treating inflammatory, autoimmune, fibrotic, and pain disorders. Despite of its efficiency and apparent safety in experimental preclinical models, its short half-life in body fluids and its potential pleiotropic effects, due to its promiscuity for several receptors expressed in various cells and tissues, represent two major drawbacks for the clinical translation of cortistatin-based therapies. Therefore, the design of new strategies focused on increasing the stability, bioavailability, and target specificity of cortistatin are lately demanded by the industry. Here, we generated by molecular engineering a new cortistatin-based prodrug formulation that includes, beside the bioactive cortistatin, a molecular-shield provided by the latency-associated protein of the transforming growth factor-β1 and a cleavage site specifically recognized by metalloproteinases, which are abundant in inflammatory/fibrotic foci. Using different models of sepsis, inflammatory bowel disease, scleroderma, and pulmonary fibrosis, we demonstrated that this latent form of cortistatin was a highly effective protection against these severe disorders. Noteworthy, from a therapeutic point of view, is that latent cortistatin seems to require significantly lower doses and fewer administrations than naive cortistatin to reach the same efficacy. Finally, the metalloproteinase-cleavage site was essential for the latent molecule to exert its therapeutic action. In summary, latent cortistatin emerges as a promising innovative therapeutic tool for treating chronic diseases of different etiologies with difficult clinical solutions and as a starting point for a rational development of prodrugs based on the use of bioactive peptides.
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7
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Endogenous Vasoactive Peptides and Vascular Aging-Related Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1534470. [PMID: 36225176 PMCID: PMC9550461 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1534470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular aging is a specific type of organic aging that plays a central role in the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases among the elderly. It is essential to develop novel interventions to prevent/delay age-related vascular pathologies by targeting fundamental cellular and molecular aging processes. Endogenous vasoactive peptides are compounds formed by a group of amino acids connected by peptide chains that exert regulatory roles in intercellular interactions involved in a variety of biological and pathological processes. Emerging evidence suggests that a variety of vasoactive peptides play important roles in the occurrence and development of vascular aging and related diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, vascular calcification, abdominal aortic aneurysms, and stroke. This review will summarize the cumulative roles and mechanisms of several important endogenous vasoactive peptides in vascular aging and vascular aging-related diseases. In addition, we also aim to explore the promising diagnostic function as biomarkers and the potential therapeutic application of endogenous vasoactive peptides in vascular aging-related diseases.
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Vitali E, Palagano E, Schiavone ML, Mantovani G, Sobacchi C, Mazziotti G, Lania A. Direct effects of octreotide on osteoblast cell proliferation and function. J Endocrinol Invest 2022; 45:1045-1057. [PMID: 35020172 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-022-01740-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Octreotide (OCT) is a first-generation somatostatin analog (SSA) used in the treatment of acromegaly and neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). In both diseases, OCT interacts with somatostatin receptors 2 and 5 (SSTR2 and SSTR5), inhibiting hormone hypersecretion and cell proliferation. Skeletal health is an important clinical concern in acromegaly and NETs, since acromegalic osteopathy and NET bone metastasis occur in a remarkable number of patients. While OCT's effect on NET and pituitary cells has been extensively investigated, its direct action on bone cells remains unknown. METHODS Here, we investigated OCT direct effects on cell proliferation, differentiation, mineralization, and chemoattractant capacity of murine primary osteoblasts and osteoblast cell line MC3T3-E1. RESULTS OCT inhibited osteoblasts and MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation (- 30 ± 16%, and - 22 ± 4%, both p < 0.05 vs control) and increased MC3T3-E1 cell apoptosis (+ 76 ± 32%, p < 0.05 vs control). The anti-proliferative action of OCT was mediated by SSTR2 and SSTR5 in MC3T3-E1, while its pro-apoptotic effect was abrogated in SSTR2-silenced cells. The analysis of genes related to the early and late phases of osteoblast differentiation showed that OCT did not affect Alp, Runx2, Bglap, Spp1, and Sost levels in MC3T3-E1 cells. Similarly, OCT did not affect ALP activity, mineralization, and osteoclastogenic induction. Finally, Vegfa expression decreased in OCT-treated MC3T3-E1 cells and OCT inhibited pancreatic NET cell migration toward the osteoblast-conditioned medium. CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence of the direct action of OCT on osteoblasts which may have clinically relevant implications for the management of skeletal health in subjects with acromegaly and metastatic NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vitali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090, Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - E Palagano
- National Research Council, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (CNR-IBBR), Via Madonna del Piano-Polo Scientifico CNR 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - M L Schiavone
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - G Mantovani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - C Sobacchi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy
- National Research Council, Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (CNR-IRGB), Via Fantoli 16/15, 20138, Milan, Italy
| | - G Mazziotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090, Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy.
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Andrology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, MI, Italy.
| | - A Lania
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090, Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Andrology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, MI, Italy
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Cao J, Ma X, Liu L, Zhang G, Wu Y, Fu Y, Gong A, Yang Z, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Li Y. Cortistatin attenuates titanium particle-induced osteolysis through regulation of TNFR1-ROS-caspase-3 signaling in osteoblasts. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1513:140-152. [PMID: 35419858 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aseptic loosening is a major complication of prosthetic joint surgery and is associated with impaired osteoblast homeostasis. Cortistatin (CST) is a neuropeptide that protects against inflammatory conditions. In this study, we found that expression of CST was diminished in patients with prosthetic joint loosening and in titanium (Ti) particle-induced animal models. A Ti particle-induced calvarial osteolysis model was established in wild-type and CST gene knockout mice; CST deficiency enhanced, while exogenously added CST attenuated, the severity of Ti particle-mediated osteolysis. CST protected against inflammation as well as apoptosis and maintained the osteogenic function of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts upon stimulation with Ti particles. Furthermore, CST antagonized reactive oxygen species production and suppressed caspase-3-associated apoptosis mediated by Ti particles in osteoblasts. Additionally, CST protects against Ti particle-induced osteolysis through tumor necrosis factor receptor 1. Taken together, CST might provide a therapeutic strategy for wear debris-induced inflammatory osteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankang Cao
- Department of Pain, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Ma
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Long Liu
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Gaorui Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Yawei Wu
- Caoxian People's Hospital, Heze, P. R. China
| | - Yu Fu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Ao Gong
- Second Clinical Medical College of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Zhongbo Yang
- Shandong Yellow River Hospital, Yellow River Shandong Bureau, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Yunpeng Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, P. R. China.,Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Yuhua Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
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10
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Apolipoprotein J Attenuates Vascular Restenosis by Promoting Autophagy and Inhibiting the Proliferation and Migration of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2022; 15:1086-1099. [PMID: 35244876 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-022-10227-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This research investigated the mechanism of CLU in vascular restenosis by regulating vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration. Firstly, rat models of balloon injury (BI) were established, followed by the assessment of the injury to the common carotid artery. The effect of CLU on the intimal hyperplasia of BI rats was measured after the intervention in CLU, in addition to the evaluation of proliferation, migration, and autophagy of VSMCs. Moreover, the interaction between ATG and LC3 was analyzed, followed by validation of the role of autophagy in CLU's regulation on the proliferation and migration of VSMCs. It was found that CLU was highly expressed in BI rats. Altogether, our findings indicated that CLU was highly expressed in vascular restenosis, and CLU over-expression promoted the binding between ATG3 and LC3, thus facilitating VSMC autophagy and eventually attenuating intimal hyperplasia and vascular restenosis.
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Barriga M, Benitez R, Robledo G, Caro M, O'Valle F, Campos-Salinas J, Delgado M. Neuropeptide Cortistatin Regulates Dermal and Pulmonary Fibrosis in an Experimental Model of Systemic Sclerosis. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 112:784-795. [PMID: 34649259 DOI: 10.1159/000520194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Scleroderma, or systemic sclerosis, is a complex connective tissue disorder characterized by autoimmunity, vasculopathy, and progressive fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Because its aetiology is unknown, the identification of genes/factors involved in disease severity, differential clinical forms, and associated complications is critical for understanding its pathogenesis and designing novel treatments. Neuroendocrine mediators in the skin emerge as potential candidates. We investigated the role played by the neuropeptide cortistatin in a preclinical model of scleroderma. METHODS Dermal fibrosis was induced by repetitive intradermal injections of bleomycin in wild-type and cortistatin-deficient mice. The histopathological signs and expression of fibrotic markers were evaluated in the skin and lungs. RESULTS An inverse correlation between cortistatin levels and fibrogenic activation exists in the damaged skin and dermal fibroblasts. Bleomycin-challenged skin lesions of mice that are partially and totally deficient in cortistatin showed exacerbated histopathological signs of scleroderma, characterized by thicker and more fibrotic dermal layer, enlarged epidermis, and increased inflammatory infiltration in comparison to those of wild-type mice. Cortistatin deficiency enhanced dermal collagen deposits, connective tissue growth factor expression, loss of microvessels, and predisposition to suffer severe complications that co-occur with dermal exposition to bleomycin, including pulmonary fibrotic disease and increased mortality. Treatment with cortistatin mitigated these pathological processes. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION We identify cortistatin as an endogenous break of skin inflammation and fibrosis. Deficiency in cortistatin could be a marker of poor prognosis of scleroderma and associated complications. Cortistatin-based therapies emerge as attractive candidates to treat severe forms of systemic sclerosis and to manage fibrosis-related side effects of bleomycin chemotherapy in oncologic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Barriga
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra IPBLN-CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Raquel Benitez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra IPBLN-CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Gema Robledo
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra IPBLN-CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Caro
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra IPBLN-CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco O'Valle
- Pathology Department, School of Medicine, IBIMER, CIBM, University of Granada and Biosanitary Research Institute IBS-Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jenny Campos-Salinas
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra IPBLN-CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Mario Delgado
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra IPBLN-CSIC, Granada, Spain
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Benitez R, Caro M, Andres-Leon E, O'Valle F, Delgado M. CORTISTATIN REGULATES FIBROSIS AND MYOFIBROBLAST ACTIVATION IN EXPERIMENTAL HEPATOTOXIC- AND CHOLESTATIC-INDUCED LIVER INJURY. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:2275-2296. [PMID: 34821378 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Liver fibrosis induced by chronic hepatic injury remains as a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Identification of susceptibility/prognosis factors and new therapeutic tools for treating hepatic fibrotic disorders are urgent medical needs. Cortistatin is a neuropeptide with potent anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities in lung that binds to receptors that are expressed in liver fibroblasts and hepatic stellate cells. We evaluated the capacity of cortistatin to regulate liver fibrosis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We experimentally induced liver fibrosis in mice by chronic CCl4 exposition and bile duct ligation and evaluated the histopathological signs and fibrotic markers. KEY RESULTS Hepatic expression of cortistatin inversely correlated with liver fibrosis grade in mice and humans with hepatic disorders. Cortistatin-deficient mice showed exacerbated signs of liver damage and fibrosis and increased mortality rates when challenged to hepatotoxic and cholestatic injury. Compared to wild-type mice, non-parenchymal liver cells isolated from cortistatin-deficient mice showed increased presence of cells with activated myofibroblast phenotypes and a differential genetic signature that is indicative of activated hepatic stellate cells and periportal fibroblasts and of myofibroblasts with active contractile apparatus. Cortistatin treatment reversed in vivo and in vitro these exaggerated fibrogenic phenotypes and protected from progression to severe liver fibrosis in response to hepatic injury. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS We identify cortistatin as an endogenous molecular break of liver fibrosis and its deficiency as a potential poor-prognosis marker for chronic hepatic disorders that course with fibrosis. Cortistatin-based therapies emerge as attractive strategies for ameliorating severe hepatic fibrosis of various etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Benitez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, PT Salud, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Caro
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, PT Salud, Granada, Spain
| | - Eduardo Andres-Leon
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, PT Salud, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco O'Valle
- Dept. of Pathology, School of Medicine, IBIMER and IBS-Granada, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Mario Delgado
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, PT Salud, Granada, Spain
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Barriga M, Benitez R, Ferraz-de-Paula V, Garcia-Frutos M, Caro M, Robledo G, O'Valle F, Campos-Salinas J, Delgado M. Protective role of cortistatin in pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:4368-4388. [PMID: 34237151 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Acute lung injury (ALI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pulmonary fibrosis remain major causes of morbidity, mortality and a healthcare burden in critically ill patient. There is an urgent need to identify factors causing susceptibility and for the design of new therapeutic agents. Here, we evaluate the effectiveness of the immunomodulatory neuropeptide cortistatin to regulate pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH ALI/ARDS and pulmonary fibrosis were induced experimentally in wild-type and cortistatin-deficient mice by pulmonary infusion of the bacterial endotoxin LPS or the chemotherapeutic drug bleomycin, and the histopathological signs, pulmonary leukocyte infiltration and cytokines, and fibrotic markers were evaluated. KEY RESULTS Partially deficient mice in cortistatin showed exacerbated pulmonary damage, pulmonary inflammation, alveolar oedema and fibrosis, and subsequent increased respiratory failure and mortality when challenged to LPS or bleomycin, even at low doses. Treatment with cortistatin reversed these aggravated phenotypes and protected from progression to severe ARDS and fibrosis, after high exposure to both injury agents. Moreover, cortistatin-deficient pulmonary macrophages and fibroblasts showed exaggerated ex vivo inflammatory and fibrotic responses, and treatment with cortistatin impaired their activation. Finally, the protective effects of cortistatin in ALI and pulmonary fibrosis were partially inhibited by specific antagonists for somatostatin and ghrelin receptors. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS We identified cortistatin as an endogenous inhibitor of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Deficiency in cortistatin could be a marker of poor prognosis in inflammatory/fibrotic pulmonary disorders. Cortistatin-based therapies could emerge as attractive candidates to treat severe ALI/ARDS, including SARS-CoV-2-associated ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Barriga
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra IPBLN-CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Raquel Benitez
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra IPBLN-CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Viviane Ferraz-de-Paula
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra IPBLN-CSIC, Granada, Spain.,Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Garcia-Frutos
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra IPBLN-CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Caro
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra IPBLN-CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Gema Robledo
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra IPBLN-CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco O'Valle
- Pathology Department, School of Medicine, IBIMER, CIBM, University of Granada and Biosanitary Research Institute IBS-Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jenny Campos-Salinas
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra IPBLN-CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Mario Delgado
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra IPBLN-CSIC, Granada, Spain
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Falo CP, Benitez R, Caro M, Morell M, Forte-Lago I, Hernandez-Cortes P, Sanchez-Gonzalez C, O’Valle F, Delgado M, Gonzalez-Rey E. The Neuropeptide Cortistatin Alleviates Neuropathic Pain in Experimental Models of Peripheral Nerve Injury. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13070947. [PMID: 34202793 PMCID: PMC8309056 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is one of the most severe forms of chronic pain caused by the direct injury of the somatosensory system. The current drugs for treating neuropathies have limited efficacies or show important side effects, and the development of analgesics with novel modes of action is critical. The identification of endogenous anti-nociceptive factors has emerged as an attractive strategy for designing new pharmacological approaches to treat neuropathic pain. Cortistatin is a neuropeptide with potent anti-inflammatory activity, recently identified as a natural analgesic peptide in several models of pain evoked by inflammatory conditions. Here, we investigated the potential analgesic effect of cortistatin in neuropathic pain using a variety of experimental models of peripheral nerve injury caused by chronic constriction or partial transection of the sciatic nerve or by diabetic neuropathy. We found that the peripheral and central injection of cortistatin ameliorated hyperalgesia and allodynia, two of the dominant clinical manifestations of chronic neuropathic pain. Cortistatin-induced analgesia was multitargeted, as it regulated the nerve damage-induced hypersensitization of primary nociceptors, inhibited neuroinflammatory responses, and enhanced the production of neurotrophic factors both at the peripheral and central levels. We also demonstrated the neuroregenerative/protective capacity of cortistatin in a model of severe peripheral nerve transection. Interestingly, the nociceptive system responded to nerve injury by secreting cortistatin, and a deficiency in cortistatin exacerbated the neuropathic pain responses and peripheral nerve dysfunction. Therefore, cortistatin-based therapies emerge as attractive alternatives for treating chronic neuropathic pain of different etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara P. Falo
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnologico de la Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (C.P.F.); (R.B.); (M.C.); (M.M.); (I.F.-L.); (C.S.-G.)
| | - Raquel Benitez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnologico de la Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (C.P.F.); (R.B.); (M.C.); (M.M.); (I.F.-L.); (C.S.-G.)
| | - Marta Caro
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnologico de la Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (C.P.F.); (R.B.); (M.C.); (M.M.); (I.F.-L.); (C.S.-G.)
| | - Maria Morell
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnologico de la Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (C.P.F.); (R.B.); (M.C.); (M.M.); (I.F.-L.); (C.S.-G.)
- Genyo Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, Parque Tecnologico de la Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Irene Forte-Lago
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnologico de la Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (C.P.F.); (R.B.); (M.C.); (M.M.); (I.F.-L.); (C.S.-G.)
| | - Pedro Hernandez-Cortes
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, San Cecilio University Hospital, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Clara Sanchez-Gonzalez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnologico de la Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (C.P.F.); (R.B.); (M.C.); (M.M.); (I.F.-L.); (C.S.-G.)
| | - Francisco O’Valle
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, IBIMER and IBS-Granada, Granada University, 18016 Granada, Spain;
| | - Mario Delgado
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnologico de la Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (C.P.F.); (R.B.); (M.C.); (M.M.); (I.F.-L.); (C.S.-G.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (E.G.-R.)
| | - Elena Gonzalez-Rey
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnologico de la Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (C.P.F.); (R.B.); (M.C.); (M.M.); (I.F.-L.); (C.S.-G.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (E.G.-R.)
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Fisetin Alleviates Neointimal Hyperplasia via PPAR γ/PON2 Antioxidative Pathway in SHR Rat Artery Injury Model. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6625517. [PMID: 33968295 PMCID: PMC8084648 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6625517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The phenotypic transformation of proliferation and migration in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from media to intima is the basic pathology of neointimal hyperplasia after angioplasty in hypertensive patients. Angiotensin II (AngII) stimulates oxidative stress in VSMC, inducing VSMC proliferation and migration, which is a critical factor in both developments of hypertension and angioplasty-induced arterial restenosis. Fisetin, a plant flavonoid polyphenol, has been reported to be antioxidative and potent senolytic. It is unknown whether fisetin would inhibit neointimal hyperplasia. Therefore, we investigated the role of fisetin in neointimal formation in vitro and in vivo. The rat thoracic aortic smooth muscle cells (A10 cells) stimulated by AngII were used as the in vitro neointimal hyperplasia model, where AngII significantly induced the proliferation and migration in A10 cells. We found that fisetin could dose-dependently inhibit the effect of AngII via inducing the expression of an antioxidant, paraoxonase-2 (PON2), whose overexpression could inhibit the proliferation and migration of A10 cells and downexpression by siRNA had the opposite effect. Furthermore, we found the mechanism of fisetin's inducing PON2 expression involved PPARγ. Rosiglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, could increase PON2 expression in A10 cells, while the PPARγ inhibitor prevented the effect of fisetin on PON2. The in vivo neointimal hyperplasia model was established 2 weeks after the carotid artery balloon injury in SHR rats. Administration of fisetin (ip 3 mg/kg daily for 2 weeks) right after the injury significantly increased PON2 expression in the artery, inhibiting ROS production, and efficiently reduced carotid neointimal hyperplasia. These results indicate that fisetin increases the expression of antioxidant PON2 via activation of PPARγ, reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting VSMC proliferation and migration, and alleviates neointimal hyperplasia after intimal injury. PON2 may be a potential therapeutic target to reduce arterial remodeling after angioplasty in hypertensive patients.
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Zhao Y, Qiu C, Wang W, Peng J, Cheng X, Shangguan Y, Xu M, Li J, Qu R, Chen X, Jia S, Luo D, Liu L, Li P, Guo F, Vasilev K, Liu L, Hayball J, Dong S, Pan X, Li Y, Guo L, Cheng L, Li W. Cortistatin protects against intervertebral disc degeneration through targeting mitochondrial ROS-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Theranostics 2020; 10:7015-7033. [PMID: 32550919 PMCID: PMC7295059 DOI: 10.7150/thno.45359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a common degenerative disease that can lead to collapse or herniation of the nucleus pulposus (NP) and result in radiculopathy in patients. Methods: NP tissue and cells were isolated from patients and mice, and the expression profile of cortistatin (CST) was analysed. In addition, ageing of the NP was compared between 6-month-old WT and CST-knockout (CST-/-) mice. Furthermore, NP tissues and cells were cultured to validate the role of CST in TNF-α-induced IVD degeneration. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to identify the potential role of CST in mitochondrial dysfunction, mitochondrial ROS generation and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome during IVD degeneration. In addition, NF-κB signalling pathway activity was tested in NP tissues and cells from CST-/- mice. Results: The expression of CST in NP cells was diminished in the ageing- and TNF-α-induced IVD degeneration process. In addition, compared with WT mice, aged CST-/- mice displayed accelerated metabolic imbalance and enhanced apoptosis, and these mice showed a disorganized NP tissue structure. Moreover, TNF-α-mediated catabolism and apoptosis were alleviated by exogenous CST treatment. Furthermore, CST inhibited mitochondrial dysfunction in NP cells through IVD degeneration and suppressed activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. In vitro and ex vivo experiments indicated that increased NF-κB pathway activity might have been associated with the IVD degeneration observed in CST-/- mice. Conclusion: This study suggests the role of CST in mitochondrial ROS and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in IVD degeneration, which might shed light on therapeutic targets for IVD degeneration.
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Chen W, Gao L, Li J, Song T, Chi J, Zhang X, Shi Z, Dong Y, Yin X, Liu Y. Cortistatin ameliorates Ang II-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells by inhibiting autophagy through SSTR3 and SSTR5. Life Sci 2020; 253:117726. [PMID: 32348837 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation plays a significant role in the development of various vascular disorders. However, the effect of cortistatin (CST) on VSMC proliferation remains unclear. Therefore, the purpose of our research aimed to study whether CST protected VSMCs from angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced proliferation and which mechanisms participated in the process. MAIN METHODS Cultured rat VSMCs were treated with Ang II with or without CST for 24 h. Cell proliferation rate was measured by cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay. The expressions of CST and its receptors were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The protein expression levels were analyzed by western blots. Immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to observe autophagy. KEY FINDINGS Our results showed that different concentrations of CST alleviated the Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation. The autophagy and reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulated by Ang II were attenuated by CST. Furthermore, when the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) was added, it exerted similar inhibition effects like CST, but didn't augment the protective role of CST on Ang II-induced VSMC autophagy and proliferation. Moreover, blocking somatostatin receptor 3 and 5 (SSTR3 and SSTR5) partially abrogated the suppressive effect of CST on Ang II-stimulated VSMC proliferation and autophagy. SIGNIFICANCE This study indicated that CST could ameliorate Ang II-stimulated VSMC proliferation by inhibiting autophagy partially through its receptors SSTR3 and SSTR5, providing a reasonable evidence for CST as a novel perspective therapeutic target of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjia Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jihe Li
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tao Song
- Department of Cadre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinyu Chi
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiyu Shi
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanghong Dong
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinhua Yin
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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Liang X, Mao Q, Huang D, Tang J, Zheng J. Overexpression of cortistatin alleviates oxygen/glucose-deprivation-induced ER stress and prompts neural stem cell proliferation via SSTR2. Exp Mol Pathol 2020; 113:104351. [PMID: 31809712 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.104351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral infarction (CI), a blood circulatory disorder, causes a high mortality and disability rate worldwide. Intriguingly, a newly discovered neuropeptide, Cortistatin (CST), has been indicated to inhibit the cortical activity. In our research, we aimed to explore the functional relevance of CST in neural stem cells (NSCs) in CI rats. The expression of CST was determined in NSCs induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). NSCs isolated from the embryonic rat brain were treated with OGD to establish an in vitro CI model while dithiothreitol (DTT) was introduced to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), which were evaluated by assessment of GRP94, caspase-12 and CHOP expression. Then CST expression was restored by transfection of oe-CST, followed by assessment of NSC proliferation ability and cytotoxicity. Finally, the expression of CST and its receptor Somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2) was quantified for mechanism exploration. CST was downregulated in CI, which was further confirmed in NSCs under OGD treatment. Overexpressed CST was found to promote cell activity and attenuate OGD-induced cytotoxicity of NSCs. Meanwhile, it was observed that the injured proliferation ability of NSCs was restored by CST overexpression. Besides, lower expression of GRP94, caspase-12 and CHOP was indicative of suppressed occurrence of ERS by CST. Mechanically, CST inhibited ERS through SSTR2. CST could facilitate the proliferation of NSCs in CI induced by OGD, ultimately highlighting a novel therapeutic target for CI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulin Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, PR China
| | - Qing Mao
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing 211200, PR China
| | - Donghong Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, PR China
| | - Jian Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, PR China
| | - Jinou Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, PR China.
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Chen W, Liang J, Fu Y, Jin Y, Yan R, Chi J, Liu W, Liu Y, Yin X. Cardioprotection of cortistatin against isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury in rats. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:309. [PMID: 32355753 PMCID: PMC7186754 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.02.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background The present study was designed to examine whether cortistatin (CORT) could protect rats from myocardial injury induced by subcutaneously injecting isoproterenol (ISO) and to clarify the possible mechanisms. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were placed at random into four groups: the control group, the ISO group, the ISO + CORT 25 µg/(kg·d) group, and the ISO + CORT 50 µg/(kg·d) group. Rat models of myocardial injury were established with the subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of 85 mg/kg ISO for 2 days. In the ISO+ CORT 25 µg/(kg·d) group and ISO+ CORT 50 µg/(kg·d) group, rats were given s.c. injections of CORT 25 µg/(kg·d) and CORT 50 µg/(kg·d) on the day before ISO, 3 days, respectively. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) activity were measured by corresponding test kits. Western blot was applied to evaluate the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related protein glucose regulatory protein 78 (GRP78), enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-12 (caspase-12), LC3-II, Beclin-1, and p62 in the rat myocardium. Results CORT alleviated the increased enzyme activities of serum LDH and CK-MB, and content of MDA (a typical marker of lipid peroxidation) in rats induced by ISO. CORT also prevented pathological myocardial injury in rats induced by ISO. Moreover, CORT attenuated the increased protein levels of GRP78, CHOP, and caspase-12, and reduced the increase of LC3-II, LC3-II/I, Beclin-1, and p62 in rats induced by ISO. Conclusions These data demonstrate that CORT can attenuate ISO-induced acute myocardial injury in rats likely by reducing lipid peroxidation, and inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy. This supports CORT as a potentially being a new target for preventing and treating myocardial injury and its related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Juan Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jin
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Runan Yan
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jinyu Chi
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Wenxiu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xinhua Yin
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
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Ghrelin Aggravates Prostate Enlargement in Rats with Testosterone-Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, Stromal Cell Proliferation, and Smooth Muscle Contraction in Human Prostate Tissues. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:4748312. [PMID: 31885795 PMCID: PMC6893282 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4748312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies revealed a context between lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and metabolic syndrome. However, molecular mechanisms underlying this relationship are largely unknown. Prostate enlargement and increased prostate smooth muscle tone are important factors in the pathophysiology of LUTS suggestive of BPH. In the present study, we studied effects of the metabolic hormone ghrelin on prostate enlargement in rats with experimentally induced BPH, growth of cultured stromal cells from human prostate (WPMY-1), and smooth muscle contraction of human prostate tissues. Ghrelin (20 nmol/kg daily, p.o., 2 weeks) increased prostate size in rats with testosterone-induced BPH. Microarray identified 114 ghrelin-upregulated genes (2-fold or more) in these prostates, with possible roles in growth, smooth muscle contraction, or metabolism. 12 genes were selected for further analyses. In human prostate tissues, mRNA levels of 11 of them correlated positively with ghrelin receptor (GHSR) expression, but only two with the degree of BPH. Accordingly, no correlation was evident between GHSR expression level and BPH in human prostate tissues. In WPMY-1 cells, the GHRS agonist MK0677 upregulated 11 of the selected genes. MK0677 induced proliferation of WPMY-1 cells, shown by EdU assay, colony formation, proliferation markers, flow cytometry, and viability. In myographic measurements, GHSR agonists enhanced contractions of human prostate strips. Together, ghrelin may aggravate prostate enlargement, stromal cell growth, and prostate smooth muscle contraction in BPH. Ghrelin may deteriorate urethral obstruction independently from BPH, qualifying the ghrelin system as an attractive new target to be tested for LUTS treatment in BPH.
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Chen CY, Tsai HY, Tsai SH, Chu PH, Huang PH, Chen JW, Lin SJ. Deletion of the FHL2 gene attenuates intima-media thickening in a partially ligated carotid artery ligated mouse model. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:160-173. [PMID: 31714683 PMCID: PMC6933399 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The four and a half LIM domain protein 2 (FHL2) is a member of the four and a half LIM domain (FHL) gene family, and it is associated with cholesterol‐enriched diet‐promoted atherosclerosis. However, the effect of FHL2 protein on vascular remodelling in response to hemodynamic alterations remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of FHL2 in a model of restricted blood flow‐induced atherosclerosis. To promote neointimal hyperplasia in vivo, we subjected FHL2+/+ and FHL2−/− mice to partial ligation of the left carotid artery (LCA). The expression of p‐ERK and p‐AKT was decreased in FHL2−/− mice. FHL2 bound to AKT regulated AKT phosphorylation and led to Rac1‐GTP inactivation. FHL2 silencing in human aortic smooth muscle cells down‐regulated the PDGF‐induced phosphorylation of ERK and AKT. Furthermore, FHL2 silencing reduced cytoskeleton conformational changes and caused cell cycle arrest. We concluded that FHL2 is essential for the regulation of arterial smooth muscle cell function. FHL2 modulates proliferation and migration via mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and PI3K‐AKT signalling, leading to arterial wall thickening and thus neointimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yu Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Ya Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hung Tsai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Hsien Chu
- First Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Wen Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute and Department of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Jong Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Healthcare and Management Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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22
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Gao L, Li J, Chen W, Chi J, Zhang X, Fu Y, Zhao M, Liu N, Li Y, Xu Y, Yang K, Yin X, Liu Y. Cortistatin exerts antiproliferation and antimigration effects in vascular smooth muscle cells stimulated by Ang II through suppressing ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, JNK and ERK5 signaling pathways. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:561. [PMID: 31807542 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.09.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Vascular remodeling, that contributes to cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension develops by anomalous proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Cortistatin (CST), a newly discovered biological peptide, has been acknowledged for its protective effects against cardiovascular diseases. Whether CST has an inhibitory regulation role in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced proliferation and migration of VSMCs and what molecular mechanisms may participate in the CST inhibition process are still unknown. Methods VSMCs were divided into control group, Ang II (10-7 M) group, Ang II + PD98059 (5×10-5 M) group, Ang II + SB203580 (10-5 M) group, Ang II + SP600125 (10-5 M) group, Ang II + XMD17-109 (10-6 M) group, Ang II + CST (10-8 M) group and Ang II + CST (10-7 M) group. Cell proliferation was detected by western blotting and cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) analysis. Migration of VSMCs was measured by Transwell assay. Results Compared with control group, Ang II upregulated the expression levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and osteopontin (OPN) and downregulated that of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), increased the proliferation rate as shown by CCK8 and VSMC migration as shown by Transwell assay in cultured VSMCs of the Ang II group. Meanwhile, in Ang II-cultured VSMCs, we found activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, p38 MAP kinase (p38 MAPK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and ERK5 pathways by western blotting at different time points. However, the proliferation and migration stimulated by Ang II were partly reversed by drug inhibitors of the four pathways, namely, PD98059, SB203580, SP600125 and XMD17-109. When Ang II-stimulated VSMCs were cultured with CST pretreatment, we found that proliferation and migration were greatly suppressed as well as that the ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, JNK and ERK5 pathways were deactivated by CST. Conclusions The accumulated data suggest that CST may play a protective role in Ang II-promoted proliferation and migration of VSMCs via inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family pathways, providing a new orientation of CST in protecting against cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jihe Li
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Wenjia Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jinyu Chi
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Kelaier Yang
- Department of Endocrine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xinhua Yin
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
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23
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Liang J, Bai Y, Chen W, Fu Y, Liu Y, Yin X. Cortistatin, a novel cardiovascular protective peptide. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2019; 9:394-399. [PMID: 31555545 DOI: 10.21037/cdt.2018.12.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cortistatin (CST) is a small molecule bioactive peptide containing an FWKT tetramer. It is widely distributed in nervous, immune and endocrine systems. Many studies have shown that CST can exert many biological effects, for example: regulating sleep, learning and memory processes, inducing immune tolerance, inhibiting inflammatory responses, and regulating endocrine metabolism. Notably, it is found that CST and its receptors are also widely distributed in the cardiovascular system, such as the aorta, coronary arteries and heart. In recent years, increasing studies have shown that CST played an important role in the development of cardiovascular diseases, such as reducing myocardial damage, inhibiting autoimmune myocarditis, alleviating vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration, reducing vascular calcification (VC), and inhibiting atherosclerosis and aneurysm formation. Therefore, we reviewed the cardiovascular effects of CST in the heart and blood vessels, which will help to understand the role of CST and its receptors in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, and highlight novel strategies and targets for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ying Bai
- Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wenjia Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xinhua Yin
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
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24
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Zhao Y, Li Y, Qu R, Chen X, Wang W, Qiu C, Liu B, Pan X, Liu L, Vasilev K, Hayball J, Dong S, Li W. Cortistatin binds to TNF-α receptors and protects against osteoarthritis. EBioMedicine 2019; 41:556-570. [PMID: 30826358 PMCID: PMC6443028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative disease, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) is known to play a critical role in OA. Cortistatin (CST) is a neuropeptide discovered over 20 years ago, which plays a vital role in inflammatory reactions. However, it is unknown whether CST is involved in cartilage degeneration and OA development. Methods The interaction between CST and TNF-α receptors was investigated through Coimmunoprecipitation and Biotin-based solid-phase binding assay. Western blot, Real-time PCR, ELISA, immunofluorescence staining, nitrite production assay and DMMB assay of GAG were performed for the primary chondrocyte experiments. Surgically induced and spontaneous OA models were established and western blot, flow cytometry, Real-time PCR, ELISA, immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in vivo imaging were performed for in vivo experiments. Findings CST competitively bound to TNFR1 as well as TNFR2. CST suppressed proinflammatory function of TNF-α. Both spontaneous and surgically induced OA models indicated that deficiency of CST led to an accelerated OA-like phenotype, while exogenous CST attenuated OA development in vivo. Additionally, TNFR1- and TNFR2-knockout mice were used for analysis and indicated that TNFRs might be involved in the protective role of CST in OA. CST inhibited activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in OA. Interpretation This study provides new insight into the pathogenesis and therapeutic strategy of cartilage degenerative diseases, including OA. Fund The National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, Key Research and Development Projects of Shandong Province and the Cross-disciplinary Fund of Shandong University.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Yuhua Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Ruize Qu
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012. PR China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012. PR China
| | - Wenhan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012. PR China
| | - Cheng Qiu
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012. PR China
| | - Ben Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Xin Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Liang Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute for Health Research and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Krasimir Vasilev
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - John Hayball
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute for Health Research and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Shuli Dong
- College of Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250101, PR China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China.
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25
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Günther T, Tulipano G, Dournaud P, Bousquet C, Csaba Z, Kreienkamp HJ, Lupp A, Korbonits M, Castaño JP, Wester HJ, Culler M, Melmed S, Schulz S. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CV. Somatostatin Receptors: Structure, Function, Ligands, and New Nomenclature. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 70:763-835. [PMID: 30232095 PMCID: PMC6148080 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.015388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin, also known as somatotropin-release inhibitory factor, is a cyclopeptide that exerts potent inhibitory actions on hormone secretion and neuronal excitability. Its physiologic functions are mediated by five G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) called somatostatin receptor (SST)1-5. These five receptors share common structural features and signaling mechanisms but differ in their cellular and subcellular localization and mode of regulation. SST2 and SST5 receptors have evolved as primary targets for pharmacological treatment of pituitary adenomas and neuroendocrine tumors. In addition, SST2 is a prototypical GPCR for the development of peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. This review article summarizes findings published in the last 25 years on the physiology, pharmacology, and clinical applications related to SSTs. We also discuss potential future developments and propose a new nomenclature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Günther
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Giovanni Tulipano
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Pascal Dournaud
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Corinne Bousquet
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Zsolt Csaba
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Hans-Jürgen Kreienkamp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Amelie Lupp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Michael Culler
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Shlomo Melmed
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
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26
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Wu JH, Zhou YF, Hong CD, Chen AQ, Luo Y, Mao L, Xia YP, He QW, Jin HJ, Huang M, Li YN, Hu B. Semaphorin-3A protects against neointimal hyperplasia after vascular injury. EBioMedicine 2018; 39:95-108. [PMID: 30579864 PMCID: PMC6355729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neointimal hyperplasia is a prominent pathological event during in-stent restenosis. Phenotype switching of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from a differentiated/contractile to a dedifferentiated/synthetic phenotype, accompanied by migration and proliferation of VSMCs play an important role in neointimal hyperplasia. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying phenotype switching of VSMCs have yet to be fully understood. METHODS The mouse carotid artery ligation model was established to evaluate Sema3A expression and its role during neointimal hyperplasia in vivo. Bioinformatics analysis, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays and promoter-luciferase reporter assays were used to examine regulatory mechanism of Sema3A expression. SiRNA transfection and lentivirus infection were performed to regulate Sema3A expression. EdU assays, Wound-healing scratch experiments and Transwell migration assays were used to assess VSMC proliferation and migration. FINDINGS In this study, we found that semaphorin-3A (Sema3A) was significantly downregulated in VSMCs during neointimal hyperplasia after vascular injury in mice and in human atherosclerotic plaques. Meanwhile, Sema3A was transcriptionally downregulated by PDGF-BB via p53 in VSMCs. Furthermore, we found that overexpression of Sema3A inhibited VSMC proliferation and migration, as well as increasing differentiated gene expression. Mechanistically, Sema3A increased the NRP1-plexin-A1 complex and decreased the NRP1-PDGFRβ complex, thus inhibiting phosphorylation of PDGFRβ. Moreover, we found that overexpression of Sema3A suppressed neointimal hyperplasia after vascular injury in vivo. INTERPRETATION These results suggest that local delivery of Sema3A may act as a novel therapeutic option to prevent in-stent restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Hong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Fan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Can-Dong Hong
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - An-Qi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Mao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan-Peng Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Quan-Wei He
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui-Juan Jin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Huang
- Department of Neurology, the People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Three Gorges University College of Medicine, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Ya-Nan Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Liu Y, Lin F, Fu Y, Chen W, Liu W, Chi J, Zhang X, Yin X. Cortistatin inhibits arterial calcification in rats via GSK3β/β-catenin and protein kinase C signalling but not c-Jun N-terminal kinase signalling. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 223:e13055. [PMID: 29436118 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Cortistatin (CST) is a newly discovered endogenous active peptide that exerts protective effects on the cardiovascular system. However, the relationship between CST and aortic calcification and the underlying mechanism remain obscure. Therefore, we investigated effects of CST on aortic calcification and its signalling pathways. METHODS Calcium content and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were measured using the o-cresolphthalein colorimetric method and ALP assay kit respectively. Protein expression of smooth muscle (SM)-ɑ-actin, osteocalcin (OCN), β-catenin, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), p-GSK3β, protein kinase C (PKC), p-PKC, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p-JNK was determined using Western blotting. RESULTS In aorta from a rat vitamin D3 calcification model, CST abrogated calcium deposition and pathological damage, decreased the protein expression of OCN and β-catenin and increased SM-ɑ-actin expression. In a rat cultured vascular smooth muscular cell (VSMC) calcification model induced by β-glycerophosphate (β-GP), CST inhibited the increase in ALP activity, calcium content and OCN protein and the decrease in SM-α-actin expression. CST also inhibited the β-GP-induced increase in p-GSK3β and β-catenin protein (both P < .05). The inhibitory effects of CST on ALP activity, calcium deposition and β-catenin protein were abolished by pretreatment with lithium chloride, a GSK3β inhibitor. CST promoted the protein expression of p-PKC by 68.5% (P < .01), but not p-JNK. The ability of CST to attenuate β-GP-induced increase in ALP activity, calcium content and OCN expression in the VSMC model was abolished by pretreatment with the PKC inhibitor Go6976. CONCLUSION These results indicate that CST inhibits aortic calcification and osteogenic differentiation of VSMCs likely via the GSK3β/β-catenin and PKC signalling pathways, but not JNK signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Liu
- Department of Cardiology; the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin China
| | - F. Lin
- Department of Comprehensive Geriatric; Mianyang Central Hospital; Mianyang China
| | - Y. Fu
- Department of Cardiology; the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin China
| | - W. Chen
- Department of Cardiology; the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin China
| | - W. Liu
- Department of Cardiology; the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin China
| | - J. Chi
- Department of Cardiology; the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin China
| | - X. Zhang
- Department of Cardiology; the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin China
| | - X. Yin
- Department of Cardiology; the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin China
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Phillips JK. Cortistatin-can it or can it not prevent vascular calcification by modulation of Wnt signalling? Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 223:e13089. [PMID: 29729223 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. K. Phillips
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Macquarie University; Sydney NSW Australia
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29
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Chai H, Tao Z, Chen W, Xu Y, Huang F, Su C, Chen X. Cortistatin attenuates angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm through inactivation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:1801-1806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Gensberger ET, Scharrer S, Regele H, Aumayr K, Kopecky C, Gmeiner B, Hermann M, Zeillinger R, Bajar T, Winnicki W, Sengölge G. Known players, new interplay in atherogenesis: Chronic shear stress and carbamylated-LDL induce and modulate expression of atherogenic LR11 in human coronary artery endothelium. Thromb Haemost 2017; 111:323-32. [DOI: 10.1160/th12-12-0924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryIn this study we examined whether low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family members represent a link between blood flow characteristics and modified low-density lipoproteins involved in endothelial injury, a pivotal factor in atherogenesis. We demonstrated the expression of pro-atherogenic LDL receptor relative (LR11) for the first time in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) in vitro and in vivo. Next, LR11 expression and regulation were explored in HCAEC cultured conventionally or on the inner surface of hollow fiber capillaries under exposure to shear stress for 10 days in the presence or absence of LDL. There was no LR11 expression under static conditions. When exposed to chronic low shear stress (2.5 dynes/cm2) transmembrane and soluble endothelial-LR11 were detected in high levels irrespective of the type of LDL added (carbamylated or native). In contrast, chronic high shear stress (25 dynes/cm2) inhibited the LR11-inducing effect of LDL such that transmembrane and soluble LR11 expression became non-detectable with native LDL. Carbamylated LDL significantly counteracted this atheroprotective effect of high shear stress as shown by lower, yet sustained expression of soluble and transmembrane LR11. Oxidised LDL showed similar effects compared to carbamylated LDL but caused significantly lower LR11 expression under chronic high shear stress. Medium from HCAEC under LR11-inducing conditions enhanced vascular smooth muscle cell migration, which was abrogated by the anti-LR11 antibody. Expression of LR11 depended entirely on p38MAPK phosphorylation. We conclude that coronary endothelial LR11 expression modulated by LDL and chronic shear stress contributes to atherogenesis. LR11 and p38MAPK are potential targets for prevention of atherosclerosis.
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Wu H, Du Q, Dai Q, Ge J, Cheng X. Cysteine Protease Cathepsins in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases. J Atheroscler Thromb 2017; 25:111-123. [PMID: 28978867 PMCID: PMC5827079 DOI: 10.5551/jat.rv17016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is an inflammatory disease characterized by extensive arterial wall matrix protein degradation. Cysteine protease cathepsins play a pivotal role in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and have been implicated in the development and progression of atherosclerosis-based cardiovascular diseases. An imbalance in expression between cathepsins (such as cathepsins S, K, L, C) and their inhibitor cystatin C may favor proteolysis of ECM in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease such as atherosclerosis, aneurysm formation, restenosis, and neovascularization. New insights into cathepsin functions have been made possible by the generation of knock-out mice and by the application of specific inhibitors. Inflammatory cytokines regulate the expression and activities of cathepsins in cultured vascular cells and macrophages. In addition, evaluations of the possibility of cathepsins as a diagnostic tool revealed that the circulating levels of cathepsin S, K, and L, and their endogenous inhibitor cystatin C could be promising biomarkers in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease, aneurysm, adiposity, peripheral arterial disease, and coronary artery calcification. In this review, we summarize the available information regarding the mechanistic contributions of cathepsins to ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxian Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Qiuna Du
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University
| | - Qiuyan Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Junbo Ge
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Xianwu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital.,Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Menon N, Prabhavalkar KS, Bhatt LK. Neuropeptides: A promising target for treating seizures. Neuropeptides 2017; 65:63-70. [PMID: 28559061 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Seizures are serious neurological disorders affecting nearly 50 million people worldwide. Seizures are characterized by abnormal, repetitive and synchronised firing of the neurons which is produced as a result of imbalance in the levels of the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Neuropeptides are found to regulate seizures by rectifying this imbalance. These neuropeptides are stored in the dense core synaptic vesicles, and are released on excitation. This review focuses on certain neuropeptides which can alleviate both, the effects of seizures as well as epileptogenesis. Thus making it an attractive target for the management of seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neethi Menon
- SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai-56, India
| | - Kedar S Prabhavalkar
- SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai-56, India.
| | - Lokesh K Bhatt
- SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai-56, India
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Kim TH, Lee DG, Kim YA, Lee BH, Yi KY, Jung YS. A Novel Urotensin II Receptor Antagonist, KR-36996 Inhibits Smooth Muscle Proliferation through ERK/ROS Pathway. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2017; 25:308-314. [PMID: 28173642 PMCID: PMC5424641 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Urotensin II (UII) is a mitogenic and hypertrophic agent that can induce the proliferation of vascular cells. UII inhibition has been considered as beneficial strategy for atherosclerosis and restenosis. However, currently there is no therapeutics clinically available for atherosclerosis or restenosis. In this study, we evaluated the effects of a newly synthesized UII receptor (UT) antagonist, KR-36996, on the proliferation of SMCs in vitro and neointima formation in vivo in comparison with GSK-1440115, a known potent UT antagonist. In primary human aortic SMCs (HASMCs), UII (50 nM) induced proliferation was significantly inhibited by KR-36996 at 1, 10, and 100 nM which showed greater potency (IC50: 3.5 nM) than GSK-1440115 (IC50: 82.3 nM). UII-induced proliferation of HASMC cells was inhibited by U0126, an ERK1/2 inhibitor, but not by SP600125 (inhibitor of JNK) or SB202190 (inhibitor of p38 MAPK). UII increased the phosphorylation level of ERK1/2. Such increase was significantly inhibited by KR-36996. UII-induced proliferation was also inhibited by trolox, a scavenger for reactive oxygen species (ROS). UII-induced ROS generation was also decreased by KR-36996 treatment. In a carotid artery ligation mouse model, intimal thickening was dramatically suppressed by oral treatment with KR-36996 (30 mg/kg) which showed better efficacy than GSK-1440115. These results suggest that KR-36996 is a better candidate than GSK-1440115 in preventing vascular proliferation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gil Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ae Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Ho Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Yang Yi
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Sook Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
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34
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Delgado-Maroto V, Benitez R, Forte-Lago I, Morell M, Maganto-Garcia E, Souza-Moreira L, O’Valle F, Duran-Prado M, Lichtman AH, Gonzalez-Rey E, Delgado M. Cortistatin reduces atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic ApoE-deficient mice and the formation of foam cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46444. [PMID: 28406244 PMCID: PMC5390288 DOI: 10.1038/srep46444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory cardiovascular disease that is responsible of high mortality worldwide. Evidence indicates that maladaptive autoimmune responses in the arterial wall play critical roles in the process of atherosclerosis. Cortistatin is a neuropeptide expressed in the vascular system and atherosclerotic plaques that regulates vascular calcification and neointimal formation, and inhibits inflammation in different experimental models of autoimmune diseases. Its role in inflammatory cardiovascular disorders is largely unexplored. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential therapeutic effects of cortistatin in two well-established preclinical models of atherosclerosis, and the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved. Systemic treatment with cortistatin reduced the number and size of atherosclerotic plaques in carotid artery, heart, aortic arch and aorta in acute and chronic atherosclerosis induced in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a high-lipid diet. This effect was exerted at multiple levels. Cortistatin reduced Th1/Th17-driven inflammatory responses and increased regulatory T cells in atherosclerotic arteries and lymphoid organs. Moreover, cortistatin reduced the capacity of endothelial cells to bind and recruit immune cells to the plaque and impaired the formation of foam cells by enhancing cholesterol efflux from macrophages. Cortistatin emerges as a new candidate for the treatment of the clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raquel Benitez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Irene Forte-Lago
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Maria Morell
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Maganto-Garcia
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | | | - Francisco O’Valle
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mario Duran-Prado
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
- Medical Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Andrew H. Lichtman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Elena Gonzalez-Rey
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Mario Delgado
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
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35
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Delgado-Maroto V, Falo CP, Forte-Lago I, Adan N, Morell M, Maganto-Garcia E, Robledo G, O'Valle F, Lichtman AH, Gonzalez-Rey E, Delgado M. The neuropeptide cortistatin attenuates experimental autoimmune myocarditis via inhibition of cardiomyogenic T cell-driven inflammatory responses. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:267-280. [PMID: 27922195 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Myocarditis is an inflammatory and autoimmune cardiovascular disease that causes dilated myocardiopathy and is responsible for high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Cortistatin is a neuropeptide produced by neurons and cells of the immune and vascular systems. Besides its action in locomotor activity and sleep, cortistatin inhibits inflammation in different experimental models of autoimmune diseases. However, its role in inflammatory cardiovascular disorders is unexplored. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effects of cortistatin in a well-established preclinical model of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We induced EAM by immunization with a fragment of cardiac myosin in susceptible Balb/c mice. Cortistatin was administered i.p. starting 7, 11 or 15 days after EAM induction. At day 21, we evaluated heart hypertrophy, myocardial injury, cardiac inflammatory infiltration and levels of serum and cardiac inflammatory cytokines, cortistatin and autoantibodies. We determined proliferation and cytokine production by heart draining lymph node cells in response to cardiac myosin restimulation. KEY RESULTS Systemic injection of cortistatin during the effector phase of the disease significantly reduced its prevalence and signs of heart hypertrophy and injury (decreased the levels of brain natriuretic peptide) and impaired myocardial inflammatory cell infiltration. This effect was accompanied by a reduction in self-antigen-specific T-cell responses in lymph nodes and in the levels of cardiomyogenic antibodies and inflammatory cytokines in serum and myocardium. Finally, we found a positive correlation between cardiac and systemic cortistatin levels and EAM severity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Cortistatin emerges as a new candidate to treat inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clara P Falo
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Irene Forte-Lago
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Norma Adan
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Maria Morell
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Maganto-Garcia
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gema Robledo
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco O'Valle
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Andrew H Lichtman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elena Gonzalez-Rey
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Mario Delgado
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
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Beltramo E, Lopatina T, Mazzeo A, Arroba AI, Valverde AM, Hernández C, Simó R, Porta M. Effects of the neuroprotective drugs somatostatin and brimonidine on retinal cell models of diabetic retinopathy. Acta Diabetol 2016; 53:957-964. [PMID: 27552833 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-016-0895-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Diabetic retinopathy is considered a microvascular disease, but recent evidence has underlined early involvement of the neuroretina with interactions between microvascular and neural alterations. Topical administration of somatostatin (SST), a neuroprotective molecule with antiangiogenic properties, prevents diabetes-induced retinal neurodegeneration in animals. The α2-adrenergic receptor agonist brimonidine (BRM) decreases vitreoretinal vascular endothelial growth factor and inhibits blood-retinal barrier breakdown in diabetic rats. However, SST and BRM effects on microvascular cells have not yet been studied. We investigated the behaviour of these drugs on the crosstalk between microvasculature and neuroretina. METHODS Expression of SST receptors 1-5 in human retinal pericytes (HRP) was checked. We subsequently evaluated the effects of diabetic-like conditions (high glucose and/or hypoxia) with/without SST/BRM on HRP survival. Endothelial cells (EC) and photoreceptors were maintained in the above conditions and their conditioned media (CM) used to culture HRP. Vice versa, HRP-CM was used on EC and photoreceptors. Survival parameters were assessed. RESULTS HRP express the SST receptor 1 (SSTR1). Glucose fluctuations mimicking those occurring in diabetic subjects are more damaging for pericytes and photoreceptors than stable high glucose and hypoxic conditions. SST/BRM added to HRP in diabetic-like conditions decrease EC apoptosis. However, neither SST nor BRM changed the response of pericytes and neuroretina-vascular crosstalk under diabetic-like conditions. CONCLUSIONS Retinal pericytes express SSTR1, indicating that they can be a target for SST. Exposure to SST/BRM had no adverse effects, direct or mediated by the neuroretina, suggesting that these molecules could be safely evaluated for the treatment of ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Beltramo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso AM Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy.
| | - Tatiana Lopatina
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso AM Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Aurora Mazzeo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso AM Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Ana I Arroba
- Alberto Sols Biomedical Research Institute (IIBm) (CSIC/UAM), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERdem), ISCIII, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angela M Valverde
- Alberto Sols Biomedical Research Institute (IIBm) (CSIC/UAM), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERdem), ISCIII, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Hernández
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERdem), ISCIII, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Institut de Recerca Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Simó
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERdem), ISCIII, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Institut de Recerca Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Massimo Porta
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso AM Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
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Lu S, Liu H, Lu L, Wan H, Lin Z, Qian K, Yao X, Chen Q, Liu W, Yan J, Liu Z. WISP1 overexpression promotes proliferation and migration of human vascular smooth muscle cells via AKT signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 788:90-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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38
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Kim YA, Lee DG, Yi KY, Lee BH, Jung YS. Blockade of Urotensin II Receptor Prevents Vascular Dysfunction. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2016; 24:523-8. [PMID: 27582556 PMCID: PMC5012878 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Urotensin II (UII) is a potent vasoactive peptide and mitogenic agent to induce proliferation of various cells including vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In this study, we examined the effects of a novel UII receptor (UT) antagonist, KR-36676, on vasoconstriction of aorta and proliferation of aortic SMCs. In rat aorta, UII-induced vasoconstriction was significantly inhibited by KR-36676 in a concentration-dependent manner. In primary human aortic SMCs (hAoSMCs), UII-induced cell proliferation was significantly inhibited by KR-36676 in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, KR-36676 decreased UII-induced phosphorylation of ERK, and UII-induced cell proliferation was also significantly inhibited by a known ERK inhibitor U0126. In mouse carotid ligation model, intimal thickening of carotid artery was dramatically suppressed by oral treatment with KR-36676 (30 mg/ kg/day) for 4 weeks compared to vehicle-treated group. From these results, it is indicated that KR-36676 suppress UII-induced proliferation of VSMCs at least partially through inhibition of ERK activation, and that it also attenuates UII-induced vasoconstriction and vascular neointima formation. Our study suggest that KR-36676 may be an attractive candidate for the pharmacological management of vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ae Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gil Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Yang Yi
- Research Center for Drug Discovery Technology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Ho Lee
- Research Center for Drug Discovery Technology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Sook Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
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Cortistatin inhibits calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells by depressing osteoblastic differentiation and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Amino Acids 2016; 48:2671-2681. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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40
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Cordoba-Chacón J, Gahete MD, Pozo-Salas AI, de Lecea L, Castaño JP, Luque RM. Cortistatin Is a Key Factor Regulating the Sex-Dependent Response of the GH and Stress Axes to Fasting in Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2810-23. [PMID: 27175972 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cortistatin (CORT) shares high structural and functional similarities with somatostatin (SST) but displays unique sex-dependent pituitary actions. Indeed, although female CORT-knockout (CORT-KO) mice exhibit enhanced GH expression/secretion, Proopiomelanocortin expression, and circulating ACTH/corticosterone/ghrelin levels, male CORT-KO mice only display increased plasma GH/corticosterone levels. Changes in peripheral ghrelin and SST (rather than hypothalamic levels) seem to regulate GH/ACTH axes in CORT-KOs under fed conditions. Because changes in GH/ACTH axes during fasting provide important adaptive mechanisms, we sought to determine whether CORT absence influences GH/ACTH axes during fasting. Accordingly, fed and fasted male/female CORT-KO were compared with littermate controls. Fasting increased circulating GH levels in male/female controls but not in CORT-KO, suggesting that CORT can be a relevant regulator of GH secretion during fasting. However, GH levels were already higher in CORT-KO than in controls in fed state, which might preclude a further elevation in GH levels. Interestingly, although fasting-induced pituitary GH expression was elevated in both male/female controls, GH expression only increased in fasted female CORT-KOs, likely owing to specific changes observed in key factors controlling somatotrope responsiveness (ie, circulating ghrelin and IGF-1, and pituitary GHRH and ghrelin receptor expression). Fasting increased corticosterone levels in control and, most prominently, in CORT-KO mice, which might be associated with a desensitization to SST signaling and to an augmentation in CRH and ghrelin-signaling regulating corticotrope function. Altogether, these results provide compelling evidence that CORT plays a key, sex-dependent role in the regulation of the GH/ACTH axes in response to fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Cordoba-Chacón
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.), University of Córdoba; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.); and Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.), Córdoba 14004, Spain; Department of Medicine (J.C.-C.), Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Division, Chicago, Illinois 60612; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (L.d.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.), University of Córdoba; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.); and Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.), Córdoba 14004, Spain; Department of Medicine (J.C.-C.), Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Division, Chicago, Illinois 60612; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (L.d.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305
| | - Ana I Pozo-Salas
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.), University of Córdoba; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.); and Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.), Córdoba 14004, Spain; Department of Medicine (J.C.-C.), Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Division, Chicago, Illinois 60612; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (L.d.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.), University of Córdoba; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.); and Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.), Córdoba 14004, Spain; Department of Medicine (J.C.-C.), Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Division, Chicago, Illinois 60612; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (L.d.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.), University of Córdoba; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.); and Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.), Córdoba 14004, Spain; Department of Medicine (J.C.-C.), Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Division, Chicago, Illinois 60612; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (L.d.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.), University of Córdoba; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.); and Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (J.C.-C., M.D.G., A.I.P.-S., J.P.C., R.M.L.), Córdoba 14004, Spain; Department of Medicine (J.C.-C.), Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Division, Chicago, Illinois 60612; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (L.d.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305
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Wu H, Cheng XW, Hu L, Takeshita K, Hu C, Du Q, Li X, Zhu E, Huang Z, Yisireyili M, Zhao G, Piao L, Inoue A, Jiang H, Lei Y, Zhang X, Liu S, Dai Q, Kuzuya M, Shi GP, Murohara T. Cathepsin S Activity Controls Injury-Related Vascular Repair in Mice via the TLR2-Mediated p38MAPK and PI3K-Akt/p-HDAC6 Signaling Pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1549-57. [PMID: 27365406 PMCID: PMC4961274 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.307110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective— Cathepsin S (CatS) participates in atherogenesis through several putative mechanisms. The ability of cathepsins to modify histone tail is likely to contribute to stem cell development. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is required in modulating the proliferation and migration of various types of cancer cells. Here, we investigated the cross talk between CatS and HADC6 in injury-related vascular repair in mice. Approach and Results— Ligation injury to the carotid artery in mice increased the CatS expression, and CatS-deficient mice showed reduced neointimal formation in injured arteries. CatS deficiency decreased the phosphorylation levels of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, Akt, and HDAC6 and toll-like receptor 2 expression in ligated arteries. The genetic or pharmacological inhibition of CatS also alleviated the increased phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, Akt, and HDAC6 induced by platelet-derived growth factor BB in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibition and Akt inhibition decreased the phospho-HDAC6 levels. Moreover, CatS inhibition caused decrease in the levels of the HDAC6 activity in VSMCs in response to platelet-derived growth factor BB. The HDAC6 inhibitor tubastatin A downregulated platelet-derived growth factor–induced VSMC proliferation and migration, whereas HDAC6 overexpression exerted the opposite effect. Tubastatin A also decreased the intimal VSMC proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia in response to injury. Toll-like receptor 2 silencing decreased the phosphorylation levels of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, Akt, and HDAC6 and VSMC migration and proliferation. Conclusions— This is the first report detailing cross-interaction between toll-like receptor 2–mediated CatS and HDAC6 during injury-related vascular repair. These data suggest that CatS/HDAC6 could be a potential therapeutic target for the control of vascular diseases that are involved in neointimal lesion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxian Wu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Xian Wu Cheng
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.).
| | - Lina Hu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Kyosuke Takeshita
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Chen Hu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Qiuna Du
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Xiang Li
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Enbo Zhu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Zhe Huang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Maimaiti Yisireyili
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Guangxian Zhao
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Limei Piao
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Aiko Inoue
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Haiying Jiang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Yanna Lei
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Shaowen Liu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Qiuyan Dai
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Masafumi Kuzuya
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
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Marinković G, Heemskerk N, van Buul JD, de Waard V. The Ins and Outs of Small GTPase Rac1 in the Vasculature. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 354:91-102. [PMID: 26036474 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.223610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho family of small GTPases forms a 20-member family within the Ras superfamily of GTP-dependent enzymes that are activated by a variety of extracellular signals. The most well known Rho family members are RhoA (Ras homolog gene family, member A), Cdc42 (cell division control protein 42), and Rac1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1), which affect intracellular signaling pathways that regulate a plethora of critical cellular functions, such as oxidative stress, cellular contacts, migration, and proliferation. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the role of GTPase Rac1 in the vasculature. Whereas most recent reviews focus on the role of vascular Rac1 in endothelial cells, in the present review we also highlight the functional involvement of Rac1 in other vascular cells types, namely, smooth muscle cells present in the media and fibroblasts located in the adventitia of the vessel wall. Collectively, this overview shows that Rac1 activity is involved in various functions within one cell type at distinct locations within the cell, and that there are overlapping but also cell type-specific functions in the vasculature. Chronically enhanced Rac1 activity seems to contribute to vascular pathology; however, Rac1 is essential to vascular homeostasis, which makes Rac1 inhibition as a therapeutic option a delicate balancing act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Marinković
- Department Medical Biochemistry (G.M., V.d.W.) and Department of Molecular Cell Biology (N.H., J.D.v.B.), Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Heemskerk
- Department Medical Biochemistry (G.M., V.d.W.) and Department of Molecular Cell Biology (N.H., J.D.v.B.), Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap D van Buul
- Department Medical Biochemistry (G.M., V.d.W.) and Department of Molecular Cell Biology (N.H., J.D.v.B.), Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivian de Waard
- Department Medical Biochemistry (G.M., V.d.W.) and Department of Molecular Cell Biology (N.H., J.D.v.B.), Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Gonzalez-Rey E, Pedreño M, Delgado-Maroto V, Souza-Moreira L, Delgado M. Lulling immunity, pain, and stress to sleep with cortistatin. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1351:89-98. [PMID: 25951888 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cortistatin is a neuropeptide isolated from cortical brain regions, showing high structural homology and sharing many functions with somatostatin. However, cortistatin exerts unique functions in the central nervous and immune systems, including decreasing locomotor activity, inducing sleep-promoting effects, and deactivating inflammatory and T helper (TH )1/TH 17-driven responses in preclinical models of sepsis, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and colitis. Besides its release by cortical and hippocampal interneurons, cortistatin is produced by macrophages, lymphocytes, and peripheral nociceptive neurons in response to inflammatory stimuli, supporting a physiological role of cortistatin in the immune and nociceptive systems. Cortistatin-deficient mice have been shown to have exacerbated nociceptive responses to neuropathic and inflammatory pain sensitization. However, a paradoxical effect has been observed in studies of immune disorders, in which, despite showing competent inflammatory/autoreactive responses, cortistatin-deficient mice were partially resistant to systemic autoimmunity and inflammation. This unexpected phenotype was associated with elevated circulating glucocorticoids and anxiety-like behavior. These findings support cortistatin as a novel multimodal therapeutic approach to treat autoimmunity and clinical pain and identify it as a key endogenous component of the neuroimmune system related to stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gonzalez-Rey
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Pedreño
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Virginia Delgado-Maroto
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | | | - Mario Delgado
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada, Spain
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Winkel LC, Hoogendoorn A, Xing R, Wentzel JJ, Van der Heiden K. Animal models of surgically manipulated flow velocities to study shear stress-induced atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2015; 241:100-10. [PMID: 25969893 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.04.796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial tree that develops at predisposed sites, coinciding with locations that are exposed to low or oscillating shear stress. Manipulating flow velocity, and concomitantly shear stress, has proven adequate to promote endothelial activation and subsequent plaque formation in animals. In this article, we will give an overview of the animal models that have been designed to study the causal relationship between shear stress and atherosclerosis by surgically manipulating blood flow velocity profiles. These surgically manipulated models include arteriovenous fistulas, vascular grafts, arterial ligation, and perivascular devices. We review these models of manipulated blood flow velocity from an engineering and biological perspective, focusing on the shear stress profiles they induce and the vascular pathology that is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C Winkel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ayla Hoogendoorn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruoyu Xing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda J Wentzel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Van der Heiden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Mindin regulates vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype and prevents neointima formation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 129:129-45. [PMID: 25751394 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, using diverse in vitro and in vivo models, we revealed that mindin is a novel modulator of VSMC phenotype and neointima formation in an AKT-dependent manner in response to vascular injury.
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Gruber HE, Hoelscher GL, Bethea SF, Menscher EA, Ingram JA, Templin MA, Hanley EN. Cortistatin is endogenous to the human intervertebral disc and exerts in vitro mitogenic effects on annulus cells and a downregulatory effect on TNF-α expression. Spine J 2014; 14:2995-3001. [PMID: 24912122 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Cortistatin (CST) is a recently discovered cyclic neuropeptide with biologic anti-inflammatory properties relevant to disc degeneration. PURPOSE To test whether CST is present in the disc tissue, whether its expression is influenced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and whether it influences cell proliferation. STUDY DESIGN Institutional review board-approved study using immunohistochemistry on human disc tissue, in vitro annulus cultures to determine the effect of CST on cell proliferation, and the effect of TNF-α on CST gene expression. PATIENT SAMPLE Discs from 12 subjects used for immunohistochemistry, four annulus specimens used for cell culture with proinflammatory cytokines, and 11 used for cell proliferation analyses. OUTCOME MEASURES Immunohistochemical localization of CST, gene expression of CST, and cell proliferation analyses. METHODS Immunohistochemistry localized CST in disc tissue. Microarray analysis measured CST gene expression. Human annulus cells were exposed to CST for proliferation tests or cultured for the effect of TNF-α on CST expression. Standard statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry identified CST in outer annulus, inner annulus, and nucleus tissue. Annulus cells exposed to TNF-α revealed significantly lower CST expression (p=.013). Exposure to CST significantly increased proliferation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction also confirmed expression of CST in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Data provide the first evidence that CST is present in the human disc. Addition of CST significantly increased cell proliferation. Cortistatin expression was significantly downregulated by TNF-α exposure in vitro. Findings suggest possible in vivo reduction of the anti-inflammatory actions of CST because of elevated proinflammatory cytokines during degenerating disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Gruber
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, PO Box 32861, Charlotte, NC 28232, USA.
| | - Gretchen L Hoelscher
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, PO Box 32861, Charlotte, NC 28232, USA
| | - Synthia F Bethea
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, PO Box 32861, Charlotte, NC 28232, USA
| | - Evan A Menscher
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, PO Box 32861, Charlotte, NC 28232, USA
| | - Jane A Ingram
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, PO Box 32861, Charlotte, NC 28232, USA
| | - Megan A Templin
- Dickson Advanced Analytics, Carolinas Medical Center, PO Box 32861, Charlotte, NC 28232, USA
| | - Edward N Hanley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, PO Box 32861, Charlotte, NC 28232, USA
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Tang H, Chen J, Fraidenburg DR, Song S, Sysol JR, Drennan AR, Offermanns S, Ye RD, Bonini MG, Minshall RD, Garcia JGN, Machado RF, Makino A, Yuan JXJ. Deficiency of Akt1, but not Akt2, attenuates the development of pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 308:L208-20. [PMID: 25416384 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00242.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary vascular remodeling, mainly attributable to enhanced pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, is a major cause for elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary arterial pressure in patients with pulmonary hypertension. The signaling cascade through Akt, comprised of three isoforms (Akt1-3) with distinct but overlapping functions, is involved in regulating cell proliferation and migration. This study aims to investigate whether the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, and particularly which Akt isoform, contributes to the development and progression of pulmonary vascular remodeling in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH). Compared with the wild-type littermates, Akt1(-/-) mice were protected against the development and progression of chronic HPH, whereas Akt2(-/-) mice did not demonstrate any significant protection against the development of HPH. Furthermore, pulmonary vascular remodeling was significantly attenuated in the Akt1(-/-) mice, with no significant effect noted in the Akt2(-/-) mice after chronic exposure to normobaric hypoxia (10% O2). Overexpression of the upstream repressor of Akt signaling, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), and conditional and inducible knockout of mTOR in smooth muscle cells were also shown to attenuate the rise in right ventricular systolic pressure and the development of right ventricular hypertrophy. In conclusion, Akt isoforms appear to have a unique function within the pulmonary vasculature, with the Akt1 isoform having a dominant role in pulmonary vascular remodeling associated with HPH. The PTEN/Akt1/mTOR signaling pathway will continue to be a critical area of study in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension, and specific Akt isoforms may help specify therapeutic targets for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Tang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jiwang Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dustin R Fraidenburg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shanshan Song
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Justin R Sysol
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Abigail R Drennan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Richard D Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Marcelo G Bonini
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Richard D Minshall
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Roberto F Machado
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ayako Makino
- Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jason X-J Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
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Novel potential targets for prevention of arterial restenosis: insights from the pre-clinical research. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 127:615-34. [PMID: 25072327 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Restenosis is the pathophysiological process occurring in 10-15% of patients submitted to revascularization procedures of coronary, carotid and peripheral arteries. It can be considered as an excessive healing reaction of the vascular wall subjected to arterial/venous bypass graft interposition, endarterectomy or angioplasty. The advent of bare metal stents, drug-eluting stents and of the more recent drug-eluting balloons, have significantly reduced, but not eliminated, the incidence of restenosis, which remains a clinically relevant problem. Biomedical research in pre-clinical animal models of (re)stenosis, despite its limitations, has contributed enormously to the identification of processes involved in restenosis progression, going well beyond the initial dogma of a primarily proliferative disease. Although the main molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying restenosis have been well described, new signalling molecules and cell types controlling the progress of restenosis are continuously being discovered. In particular, microRNAs and vascular progenitor cells have recently been shown to play a key role in this pathophysiological process. In addition, the advanced highly sensitive high-throughput analyses of molecular alterations at the transcriptome, proteome and metabolome levels occurring in injured vessels in animal models of disease and in human specimens serve as a basis to identify novel potential therapeutic targets for restenosis. Molecular analyses are also contributing to the identification of reliable circulating biomarkers predictive of post-interventional restenosis in patients, which could be potentially helpful in the establishment of an early diagnosis and therapy. The present review summarizes the most recent and promising therapeutic strategies identified in experimental models of (re)stenosis and potentially translatable to patients subjected to revascularization procedures.
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Gahete MD, Luque RM, Yubero-Serrano EM, Cruz-Teno C, Ibañez-Costa A, Delgado-Lista J, Gracia-Navarro F, Perez-Jimenez F, Castaño JP, Lopez-Miranda J. Dietary fat alters the expression of cortistatin and ghrelin systems in the PBMCs of elderly subjects: putative implications in the postprandial inflammatory response. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1897-906. [PMID: 24995559 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Dietary fat influences systemic inflammatory status, which determines the progression of age-associated diseases. Since somatostatin (SST), cortistatin (CORT), and ghrelin systems modulate inflammatory response, we aim to comprehensively characterize the presence and regulation of the components of these systems in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs), a subset of white blood cells placed at the crossroad between diet and inflammation, in response to diets with different fat composition, and during the postprandial phase in elderly subjects. METHODS AND RESULTS The applied nutrigenomic, inflammation-related PBMC-based approach revealed that the majority of components of SST/CORT and ghrelin systems are present in the human PBMCs. Particularly, CORT, SST/CORT receptors (sst2, sst3, sst5, and sst5TMD4), ghrelin, its acylating enzyme (GOAT), In1-ghrelin variant, and GHSR1b were detected in PBMCs. Their expression was altered in the long-term by diet composition, and in the short-term, during the postprandial phase. Of particular relevance is the postprandial elevation of CORT, sst2, and sst5 expression in PBMCs of subjects under n-3 PUFAs-enriched diet. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a potential relevant role of CORT/ssts and ghrelin systems in regulating PBMCs response to nutrient intake, which could help to explain the positive effects of n-3 PUFAs-enriched diets in reducing the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel D Gahete
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Córdoba, Spain; Lipid and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, IMIBIC and CIBERObn, Córdoba, Spain
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Morell M, Camprubí-Robles M, Culler MD, de Lecea L, Delgado M. Cortistatin attenuates inflammatory pain via spinal and peripheral actions. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 63:141-54. [PMID: 24333694 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical pain, as a consequence of inflammation or injury of peripheral organs (inflammatory pain) or nerve injury (neuropathic pain), represents a serious public health issue. Treatment of pain-related suffering requires knowledge of how pain signals are initially interpreted and subsequently transmitted and perpetuated. To limit duration and intensity of pain, inhibitory signals participate in pain perception. Cortistatin is a cyclic-neuropeptide that exerts potent inhibitory actions on cortical neurons and immune cells. Here, we found that cortistatin is a natural analgesic component of the peripheral nociceptive system produced by peptidergic nociceptive neurons of the dorsal root ganglia in response to inflammatory and noxious stimuli. Moreover, cortistatin is produced by GABAergic interneurons of deep layers of dorsal horn of spinal cord. By using cortistatin-deficient mice, we demonstrated that endogenous cortistatin critically tunes pain perception in physiological and pathological states. Furthermore, peripheral and spinal injection of cortistatin potently reduced nocifensive behavior, heat hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia in experimental models of clinical pain evoked by chronic inflammation, surgery and arthritis. The analgesic effects of cortistatin were independent of its anti-inflammatory activity and directly exerted on peripheral and central nociceptive terminals via Gαi-coupled somatostatin-receptors (mainly sstr2) and blocking intracellular signaling that drives neuronal plasticity including protein kinase A-, calcium- and Akt/ERK-mediated release of nociceptive peptides. Moreover, cortistatin could modulate, through its binding to ghrelin-receptor (GHSR1), pain-induced sensitization of secondary neurons in spinal cord. Therefore, cortistatin emerges as an anti-inflammatory factor with potent analgesic effects that offers a new approach to clinical pain therapy, especially in inflammatory states.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Morell
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - María Camprubí-Robles
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Miguel Hernandez University, 03202 Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mario Delgado
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, 18016 Granada, Spain.
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