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Poddar NK, Khan A, Fatima F, Saxena A, Ghaley G, Khan S. Association of mTOR Pathway and Conformational Alterations in C-Reactive Protein in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Infections. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3815-3832. [PMID: 37665407 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01402-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory biomarkers have been very useful in detecting and monitoring inflammatory processes along with providing helpful information to select appropriate therapeutic strategies. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a nonspecific, but quite useful medical acute inflammatory biomarker and is associated with persistent chronic inflammatory processes. Several studies suggest that different levels of CRP are correlated with neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, dynamics of CRP levels have also been observed in virus/bacterial-related infections leading to inflammatory responses and this triggers mTOR-mediated pathways for neurodegeneration diseases. The biophysical structural transition from CRP to monomeric CRP (mCRP) and the significance of the ratio of CRP levels on the onset of symptoms associated with inflammatory response have been discussed. In addition, mTOR inhibitors act as immunomodulators by downregulating the expression of viral infection and can be explored as a potential therapy for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Kumar Poddar
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur-Ajmer Express Highway, Dehmi Kalan, Near GVK Toll Plaza, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, 303007.
| | - Arshma Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India, 243123
| | - Falak Fatima
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India, 201301
| | - Anshulika Saxena
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur-Ajmer Express Highway, Dehmi Kalan, Near GVK Toll Plaza, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, 303007
| | - Garima Ghaley
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur-Ajmer Express Highway, Dehmi Kalan, Near GVK Toll Plaza, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, 303007
| | - Shahanavaj Khan
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, Indian Institute of Health and Technology (IIHT), Deoband, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, 247554.
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Thengchaisri N, Hein TW, Ren Y, Kuo L. Activation of Coronary Arteriolar PKCβ2 Impairs Endothelial NO-Mediated Vasodilation: Role of JNK/Rho Kinase Signaling and Xanthine Oxidase Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189763. [PMID: 34575925 PMCID: PMC8471475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) activation can evoke vasoconstriction and contribute to coronary disease. However, it is unclear whether PKC activation, without activating the contractile machinery, can lead to coronary arteriolar dysfunction. The vasoconstriction induced by the PKC activator phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) was examined in isolated porcine coronary arterioles. The PDBu-evoked vasoconstriction was sensitive to a broad-spectrum PKC inhibitor but not affected by inhibiting PKCβ2 or Rho kinase. After exposure of the vessels to a sub-vasomotor concentration of PDBu (1 nmol/L, 60 min), the endothelium-dependent nitric oxide (NO)-mediated dilations in response to serotonin and adenosine were compromised but the dilation induced by the NO donor sodium nitroprusside was unaltered. PDBu elevated superoxide production, which was blocked by the superoxide scavenger Tempol. The impaired NO-mediated vasodilations were reversed by Tempol or inhibition of PKCβ2, xanthine oxidase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Rho kinase but were not affected by a hydrogen peroxide scavenger or inhibitors of NAD(P)H oxidase and p38 kinase. The PKCβ2 protein was detected in the arteriolar wall and co-localized with endothelial NO synthase. In conclusion, activation of PKCβ2 appears to compromise NO-mediated vasodilation via Rho kinase-mediated JNK signaling and superoxide production from xanthine oxidase, independent of the activation of the smooth muscle contractile machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naris Thengchaisri
- Department of Medical Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (N.T.); (T.W.H.); (Y.R.)
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Travis W. Hein
- Department of Medical Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (N.T.); (T.W.H.); (Y.R.)
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Medical Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (N.T.); (T.W.H.); (Y.R.)
| | - Lih Kuo
- Department of Medical Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (N.T.); (T.W.H.); (Y.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Takebayashi K, Suzuki T, Yamauchi M, Hara K, Tsuchiya T, Inukai T, Hashimoto K. Association of circulating soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 with inflammatory markers and urinary albumin excretion in patients with type 2 diabetes. SAGE Open Med 2021; 9:20503121211064468. [PMID: 34992779 PMCID: PMC8724995 DOI: 10.1177/20503121211064468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main purpose of the study was to study the association between circulating soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 levels and various markers, including inflammatory markers such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and fibrinogen, serum lipids, and renal function, in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. METHODS The subjects were 70 patients (men 45, women 25) who were hospitalized for treatment of poor glycemic control. Plasma soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 levels were assayed using a sandwich chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS Circulating soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 was significantly positively correlated with lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein-1 ligands containing apolipoprotein B, reflecting modified low-density lipoprotein, and with inflammatory markers such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and fibrinogen. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 and urinary albumin excretion. CONCLUSIONS Soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 may serve as a marker reflecting the degrees of inflammation and albuminuria in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohzo Takebayashi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Hematology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Suzuki
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Emergency and Critical Care Center, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Mototaka Yamauchi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Hematology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Kenji Hara
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Hematology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Takafumi Tsuchiya
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Hematology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Inukai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seibu General Hospital, Omiya, Japan
| | - Koshi Hashimoto
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Hematology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
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Li HY, Liu XL, Liu YT, Jia ZK, Filep JG, Potempa LA, Ji SR, Wu Y. Matrix sieving-enforced retrograde transcytosis regulates tissue accumulation of C-reactive protein. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:440-452. [PMID: 29992240 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Circulating proteins larger than 3 nm can be transported across continuous endothelial barrier of blood vessels via transcytosis. However, excessive accumulation of serum proteins within the vessel walls is uncommon even for those abundant in the circulation. The aim of this study was to investigate how transcytosis regulates tissue accumulation of the prototypical acute-phase reactant C-reactive protein (CRP) and other serum proteins. Methods and results Transcytosis of CRP as well as of transferrin and low-density lipoprotein across aortic endothelial cells is bidirectional with directional preference from the apical (blood) to basolateral (tissue) direction both in vitro and in vivo. This directional preference is, however, reversed by the basement membrane (BM) matrix underlying the basolateral surface of endothelial cells. This is due to the sieving effect of the BM that physically hinders the diffusion of transcytosed proteins from the apical compartment towards underlying tissues, resulting in immediate retrograde transcytosis that limits basolateral protein accumulation. Conversely, CRP produced within vessel wall lesions can also be transported into the circulation. Conclusion Our findings identify matrix sieving-enforced retrograde transcytosis as a general mechanism that prevents excessive tissue accumulation of blood-borne proteins and suggest that lesion-derived CRP might also contribute to elevated serum CRP levels associated with increased risk for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yun Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ling Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Yu-Tong Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Zhe-Kun Jia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - János G Filep
- Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montréal, 5415 boulevard de l'Assomption, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Shang-Rong Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Yi Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
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Shi L, Zhao M, Abbey CA, Tsai SH, Xie W, Pham D, Chapman S, Bayless KJ, Hein TW, Rosa RH, Ko ML, Kuo L, Ko GYP. Newly Identified Peptide, Peptide Lv, Promotes Pathological Angiogenesis. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e013673. [PMID: 31698979 PMCID: PMC6915261 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.013673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background We recently discovered a small endogenous peptide, peptide Lv, with the ability to activate vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and its downstream signaling. As vascular endothelial growth factor through vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 contributes to normal development, vasodilation, angiogenesis, and pathogenesis of various diseases, we investigated the role of peptide Lv in vasodilation and developmental and pathological angiogenesis in this study. Methods and Results The endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and 3-dimensional sprouting assays were used to test the abilities of peptide Lv in angiogenesis in vitro. The chick chorioallantoic membranes and early postnatal mice were used to examine its impact on developmental angiogenesis. The oxygen-induced retinopathy and laser-induced choroidal neovascularization mouse models were used for in vivo pathological angiogenesis. The isolated porcine retinal and coronary arterioles were used for vasodilation assays. Peptide Lv elicited angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Peptide Lv and vascular endothelial growth factor acted synergistically in promoting endothelial cell proliferation. Peptide Lv-elicited vasodilation was not completely dependent on nitric oxide, indicating that peptide Lv had vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2/nitric oxide-independent targets. An antibody against peptide Lv, anti-Lv, dampened vascular endothelial growth factor-elicited endothelial proliferation and laser-induced vascular leakage and choroidal neovascularization. While the pathological angiogenesis in mouse eyes with oxygen-induced retinopathy was enhanced by exogenous peptide Lv, anti-Lv dampened this process. Furthermore, deletion of peptide Lv in mice significantly decreased pathological neovascularization compared with their wild-type littermates. Conclusions These results demonstrate that peptide Lv plays a significant role in pathological angiogenesis but may be less critical during development. Peptide Lv is involved in pathological angiogenesis through vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2-dependent and -independent pathways. As anti-Lv dampened the pathological angiogenesis in the eye, anti-Lv may have a therapeutic potential to treat pathological angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liheng Shi
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station TX
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Medical Physiology Ophthalmic Vascular Research Program College of Medicine Texas A&M University Health Science Center Bryan TX
| | - Colette A Abbey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine College of Medicine Texas A&M University Health Science Center Bryan TX
| | - Shu-Huai Tsai
- Department of Medical Physiology Ophthalmic Vascular Research Program College of Medicine Texas A&M University Health Science Center Bryan TX
| | - Wankun Xie
- Department of Medical Physiology Ophthalmic Vascular Research Program College of Medicine Texas A&M University Health Science Center Bryan TX
| | - Dylan Pham
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station TX
| | - Samantha Chapman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station TX
| | - Kayla J Bayless
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine College of Medicine Texas A&M University Health Science Center Bryan TX
| | - Travis W Hein
- Department of Medical Physiology Ophthalmic Vascular Research Program College of Medicine Texas A&M University Health Science Center Bryan TX
| | - Robert H Rosa
- Department of Medical Physiology Ophthalmic Vascular Research Program College of Medicine Texas A&M University Health Science Center Bryan TX.,Department of Ophthalmology Baylor Scott & White Eye Institute Temple TX
| | - Michael L Ko
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station TX.,Department of Biology Blinn College Bryan TX
| | - Lih Kuo
- Department of Medical Physiology Ophthalmic Vascular Research Program College of Medicine Texas A&M University Health Science Center Bryan TX
| | - Gladys Y-P Ko
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station TX.,Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience Texas A&M University College Station TX
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Hein TW, Xu X, Ren Y, Xu W, Tsai SH, Thengchaisri N, Kuo L. Requisite roles of LOX-1, JNK, and arginase in diabetes-induced endothelial vasodilator dysfunction of porcine coronary arterioles. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 131:82-90. [PMID: 31015037 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with cardiac inflammation and impaired endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation, but molecular mechanisms involved in this dysfunction remain unclear. We examined contributions of inflammatory molecules lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1), stress-activated kinases (c-Jun N-terminal kinase [JNK] and p38), arginase, and reactive oxygen species to coronary arteriolar dysfunction in a porcine model of type 1 diabetes. Coronary arterioles were isolated from streptozocin-induced diabetic pigs and control pigs for vasoreactivity and molecular/biochemical studies. Endothelium-dependent nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vasodilation to serotonin was diminished after 2 weeks of diabetes, without altering endothelium-independent vasodilation to sodium nitroprusside. Superoxide scavenger TEMPOL, NO precursor L-arginine, arginase inhibitor nor-NOHA, anti-LOX-1 antibody or JNK inhibitors SP600125 and BI-78D3 improved dilation of diabetic vessels to serotonin. However, hydrogen peroxide scavenger catalase, anti-IgG antibody or p38 kinase inhibitor SB203580 had no effect. Combined inhibition of arginase and superoxide levels did not further improve vasodilation. Arginase-I mRNA expression, LOX-1 and JNK protein expression, and superoxide levels were elevated in diabetic arterioles. In conclusion, sequential activation of LOX-1, JNK, and L-arginine consuming enzyme arginase-I in diabetes elicits superoxide-dependent oxidative stress and impairs endothelial NO-mediated dilation in coronary arterioles. Therapeutic targeting of these adverse vascular molecules may improve coronary arteriolar function during diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis W Hein
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, United States.
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Wenjuan Xu
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Shu-Huai Tsai
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Naris Thengchaisri
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Lih Kuo
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, United States
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Wu B, Huang J, Zhang L, Kasukurthi MV, Huang F, Bian J, Fukuo K, Kazumi T. An integrative approach to investigate the association among high-sensitive C-reactive protein, body fat mass distribution, and other cardiometabolic risk factors in young healthy women. Methods 2018; 145:60-66. [PMID: 29702223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior research has indicated that as an important biomarker of chronic low-grade inflammation, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) can play important roles on the onset of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). We conducted an integrative approach, which combines biological wet-lab experiments, statistical analysis, and semantics-oriented bioinformatics & computational analysis, to investigate the association among hs-CRP, body fat mass (FM) distribution, and other cardiometabolic risk factors in young healthy women. Research outcomes in this study resulted in two novel discoveries. Discovery 1: There are four primary determinants for hs-CRP, i.e., central/abdominal FM (a.k.a. trunk FM) accumulation, leptin, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and plasminogen activator inhibitior-1 (PAI-1). Discovery 2: Chronic inflammation may involve in adipocyte-cytokine interaction underlying the metabolic derangement in healthy young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, PR China; Open Research Center for Studying of Lifestyle-Related Diseases, Mukogawa Womens University, Japan.
| | - Jingshan Huang
- Computer Science Department, School of Computing, University of South Alabama, USA; College of Math and Computer Science, Fuzhou University, PR China; School of Information, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), PR China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, PR China
| | | | - Fangwan Huang
- College of Math and Computer Science, Fuzhou University, PR China
| | - Jiang Bian
- Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Florida, USA
| | - Keisuke Fukuo
- Open Research Center for Studying of Lifestyle-Related Diseases, Mukogawa Womens University, Japan; Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, School of Human Environmental Science, Mukogawa Womens University, Japan; Research Institute for Nutrition Sciences, Mukogawa Womens University, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kazumi
- Open Research Center for Studying of Lifestyle-Related Diseases, Mukogawa Womens University, Japan; Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, School of Human Environmental Science, Mukogawa Womens University, Japan; Research Institute for Nutrition Sciences, Mukogawa Womens University, Japan
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Wu Y, Su SA, Xie Y, Shen J, Zhu W, Xiang M. Murine models of vascular endothelial injury: Techniques and pathophysiology. Thromb Res 2018; 169:64-72. [PMID: 30015230 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial injury (VEI) triggers pathological processes in various cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary heart disease and hypertension. To further elucidate the in vivo pathological mechanisms of VEI, many animal models have been established. For the easiness of genetic manipulation and feeding, murine models become most commonly applied for investigating VEI. Subsequently, countless valuable information concerning pathogenesis has been obtained and therapeutic strategies for VEI have been developed. This review will highlight some typical murine VEI models from the perspectives of pharmacological intervention, surgery and genetic manipulation. The techniques, pathophysiology, advantages, disadvantages and the experimental purpose of each model will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hang Zhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Sheng-An Su
- Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hang Zhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yao Xie
- Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hang Zhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hang Zhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hang Zhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Meixiang Xiang
- Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hang Zhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Hofmann A, Brunssen C, Morawietz H. Contribution of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 and LOX-1 modulating compounds to vascular diseases. Vascul Pharmacol 2017; 107:S1537-1891(17)30171-4. [PMID: 29056472 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is the major receptor for binding and uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in endothelial cells. LOX-1 is also expressed in macrophages, smooth muscle cells and platelets. Following internalization of oxLDL, LOX-1 initiates a vicious cycle from activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, thus promoting an increased reactive oxygen species formation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. LOX-1 plays a pivotal role in the development of endothelial dysfunction, foam cell and advanced lesions formation as well as in myocardial ischemia. Furthermore, it is known that LOX-1 plays a pivotal role in mitochondrial DNA damage, vascular cell apoptosis, and autophagy. A large number of studies provide evidence of a LOX-1's role in endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. In addition, novel insights into LOX-1 ligands and the activated signaling pathways have been gained. Recent studies have shown an interaction of LOX-1 with microRNA's, thus providing novel tools to regulate LOX-1 function. Because LOX-1 is increased in atherosclerotic plaques and contributes to endothelial dysfunction, several compounds were tested in vivo and in vitro to modulate the LOX-1 expression in therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Hofmann
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Coy Brunssen
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henning Morawietz
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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10
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Tsai SH, Lu G, Xu X, Ren Y, Hein TW, Kuo L. Enhanced endothelin-1/Rho-kinase signalling and coronary microvascular dysfunction in hypertensive myocardial hypertrophy. Cardiovasc Res 2017; 113:1329-1337. [PMID: 28575410 PMCID: PMC5852513 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy is associated with reduced coronary flow reserve, but its impact on coronary flow regulation and vasomotor function remains incompletely understood and requires further investigation. METHODS AND RESULTS Left ventricular hypertrophy was induced in mice by transverse aortic coarctation (TAC) for 4 weeks. The left coronary artery blood velocity (LCABV) and myocardium lactate level were measured following the metabolic activation by isoproterenol. Septal coronary arterioles were isolated and pressurized for functional studies. In TAC mice, the heart-to-body weight ratio was increased by 45%, and cardiac fractional shortening and LCABV were decreased by 51 and 14%, respectively. The resting myocardial lactate level was 43% higher in TAC mice. Isoproterenol (5 µg/g, i.p.) increased heart rate by 20% in both groups of animals, but the corresponding increase in LCABV was not observed in TAC mice. The ventricular hypertrophy was associated with elevation of myocardial endothelin-1 (ET-1), increased vascular expression of rho-kinases (ROCKs), and increased superoxide production in the myocardium and vasculature. In coronary arterioles from TAC mice, the endothelial nitric oxide (NO)-mediated dilation to acetylcholine (ACh) was reversed to vasoconstriction and the vasoconstriction to ET-1 was augmented. Inhibition of ROCK by H-1152 alleviated oxidative stress and abolished enhanced vasoconstriction to ET-1. Both H-1152 and superoxide scavenger Tempol abolished coronary arteriolar constriction to ACh in a manner sensitive to NO synthase blocker NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. CONCLUSIONS Myocardial hypertrophy induced by pressure overload leads to cardiac and coronary microvascular dysfunction and ischaemia possibly due to oxidative stress, enhanced vasoconstriction to ET-1 and compromised endothelial NO function via elevated ROCK signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Huai Tsai
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Guangrong Lu
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Travis W. Hein
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Lih Kuo
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, USA
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Chang CT, Shen MY, Lee AS, Wang CC, Chen WY, Chang CM, Chang KC, Stancel N, Chen CH. Electronegative low-density lipoprotein increases the risk of ischemic lower-extremity peripheral artery disease in uremia patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4654. [PMID: 28680087 PMCID: PMC5498573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL) has been shown to increase coronary artery disease risk in hemodialysis patients, but its effect on the risk of peripheral artery disease (PAD) remains unclear. We separated plasma LDL from 90 uremia patients undergoing hemodialysis into 5 subfractions (L1-L5) according to charge by using fast-protein liquid chromatography with an anion-exchange column and examined the distribution of L5-the most electronegative LDL subfraction-in total LDL (i.e. L5%). During a 5-year period, we followed up with these patients until the occurrence of ischemic lower-extremity PAD. During the follow-up period, ischemic lower-extremity PAD developed in 24.4% of hemodialysis patients. L5% was higher in hemodialysis patients in whom ischemic lower-extremity PAD occurred (3.03% [IQR, 2.36-4.54], n = 22) than in hemodialysis patients in whom PAD did not occur (1.13% [IQR, 0.90-1.83], n = 68) (p < 0.001). Furthermore, L5% significantly increased the adjusted hazard ratio of ischemic lower-extremity PAD (1.54 [95% CI, 1.14-2.10]) (p = 0.005). Flow-mediated dilation was negatively associated with L5% (p < 0.001). Additionally, in vivo experiments from mice showed that L5 compromised endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation through a nitric oxide-related mechanism. Our findings indicate that increased L5% may be associated with the occurrence of ischemic lower-extremity PAD in hemodialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiz-Tzung Chang
- Division of Nephrology, China Medical University Hospital (CMUH), Taichung, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, CMUH, Taichung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, China Medical University (CMU), Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yi Shen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, CMU, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, CMUH, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - An-Sean Lee
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Cheng Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, CMUH, Taichung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, China Medical University (CMU), Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, CMU, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, CMUH, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Kuan-Cheng Chang
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, CMUH, Taichung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, China Medical University (CMU), Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Nicole Stancel
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States. .,Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Center for Lipid Biosciences, KMU Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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12
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Peña E, de la Torre R, Arderiu G, Slevin M, Badimon L. mCRP triggers angiogenesis by inducing F3 transcription and TF signalling in microvascular endothelial cells. Thromb Haemost 2016; 117:357-370. [PMID: 27808345 DOI: 10.1160/th16-07-0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation contributes to vascular disease progression. However, the role of circulating inflammatory molecules on microvascular endothelial cell (mECs) is not fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the short pentraxin CRP on microvascular endothelial cell angiogenic function. Subcutaneously implanted collagen plugs seeded with human mECs exposed to monomeric CRP (mCRP) in mice showed formation of an extended network of microvessels both in the plug and the overlying skin tissue, while mECs exposure to pentameric native CRP (nCRP) induced a much milder effect. To understand the mechanisms behind this angiogenic effects, mECs were exposed to both CRP forms and cell migration, wound repair and tube-like formation were investigated. nCRP effects were moderate and of slow-onset whereas mCRP induced rapid, and highly significant effects. We investigated how circulating nCRP is transformed into mCRP by confocal microscopy and western blot. nCRP is transformed into mCRP on the mECs membranes in a time dependent fashion. This transformation is specific and in part receptor dependent, and the formed mCRP triggers F3 gene transcription and TF-protein expression in mECs to induce angiogenesis. F3-silenced mECs are unable to form angiotubes. In agreement, mCRP induced upregulation of the TF signalling pathway in mECs with downstream phosphorylation of AKT and activation of the transcription factor ETS1 leading to increased CCL2 release. The circulating pentraxin nCRP with little pro-angiogenic effect when dissociated into mCRP on the surface of mECs is able to trigger potent proangiogenic effects by inducing F3-gene upregulation and TF signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lina Badimon
- Prof. Lina Badimon, Cardiovascular Research Center, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, C/ Sant Antoni Mª Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain, Tel.: +34 93 556 58 80, Fax: +34 93 556 55 59, E-mail:
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13
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Jiao Y, Hu F, Zhang Z, Gong K, Sun X, Li A, Liu N. Efficacy and Safety of Loading-Dose Rosuvastatin Therapy in Elderly Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes Undergoing Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Clin Drug Investig 2016; 35:777-84. [PMID: 26387028 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-015-0335-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this work was to investigate the efficacy and safety of loading-dose rosuvastatin therapy in elderly patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTEACS) undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS A total of 126 patients (≥70 years old) with NSTEACS were randomly divided into two groups: (1) loading-dose rosuvastatin-treated group, treated with rosuvastatin 20 mg 12 h prior to PCI, with a second dose administered just before PCI (n = 62), and (2) control-treated group, treated with the standard method according to ACC/AHA guidelines in UAP/NSTEMI 2007 (n = 64). All patients were required to take rosuvastatin 10 mg once a day starting 24 h after the surgery irrespective of the initial randomization assignment. The serum soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (sLox-1), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), creatinine kinase (CK)-MB, cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels were measured prior to PCI and at 24 h and 30 days after PCI in both groups. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) levels were recorded prior to PCI and 30 days after PCI in both groups. RESULTS Compared to pre-PCI, the serum sLox-1, hs-CRP, CK-MB, and cTnI levels were increased at 24 h after PCI (all p < 0.05) in both groups. However, the increased sLox-1, hs-CRP, CK-MB, and cTnI values were significantly lower in the loading-dose rosuvastatin-treated group than in the control-treated group (p < 0.05). In addition the serum sLox-1 and hs-CRP levels were lower in the loading-dose rosuvastatin-treated group than in the control-treated group at 30 days after PCI. However, the decreased values of sLox-1and hs-CRP from 24 h after PCI to 30 days after PCI did not show any significant difference between the two groups. No significant difference was found in the serum ALT and Scr levels between the two groups before and after PCI. Compared to the control-treated group, the serum BNP level decreased (p < 0.05) and LVEF (p < 0.05) increased in the loading-dose rosuvastatin-treated group at 30 days after PCI. CONCLUSION The loading-dose rosuvastatin therapy in elderly patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes undergoing elective PCI can attenuate the increase in serum hs-CRP, sLox-1, CK-MB, and cTnI levels, reduce myocardial injury and inflammatory reaction caused by PCI, and improve the LVEF level at 30 days after PCI, ensuring an effective and safe therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yungen Jiao
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210000, China
- Department of Cardiology, First People's Hospital of Yangzhou, The Second Clinical Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225400, China
| | - Feng Hu
- Department of Cardiology, First People's Hospital of Yangzhou, The Second Clinical Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225400, China
| | - Zhengang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First People's Hospital of Yangzhou, The Second Clinical Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225400, China
| | - Kaizheng Gong
- Department of Cardiology, First People's Hospital of Yangzhou, The Second Clinical Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225400, China
| | - Xiaoning Sun
- Department of Cardiology, First People's Hospital of Yangzhou, The Second Clinical Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225400, China
| | - Aihua Li
- Department of Cardiology, First People's Hospital of Yangzhou, The Second Clinical Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225400, China
| | - Naifeng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210000, China.
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14
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Physiology and pathophysiology of oxLDL uptake by vascular wall cells in atherosclerosis. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 84:1-7. [PMID: 27256928 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease in which endothelial cell dysfunction, macrophage foam cell formation, and smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation, lead to the loss of vascular homeostasis. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) may play a pre-eminent function in atherosclerotic lesion formation, even if their role is still debated. Several types of scavenger receptors (SRs) such as SR-AI/II, SRBI, CD36, lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1), toll-like receptors (TLRs) and others can promote the internalization of oxLDL. They are expressed on the surface of vascular wall cells (endothelial cells, macrophages and smooth muscle cells) and they mediate the cellular effects of oxLDL. The key influence of both oxLDL and SRs on the atherogenic process has been established in atherosclerosis-prone animals, in which antioxidant treatment and/or silencing of SRs has been shown to reduce atherogenesis. Despite some discrepancies, the indication from cohort studies that there is an association between oxLDL and cardiovascular (CV) events seems to point toward a role for oxLDL in atherosclerotic plaque progress and disruption. Finally, randomized clinical trials using antioxidants have demonstrated benefits only in high-risk patients, suggesting that additional proofs are still needed to better define the involvement of each type of modified LDL in the development of atherosclerosis.
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15
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Lin GM, Liu K, Colangelo LA, Lakoski SG, Tracy RP, Greenland P. Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentrations and Association of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Concentrations With Incident Coronary Heart Disease in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Am J Epidemiol 2016; 183:46-52. [PMID: 26597828 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwv144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) has been associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) in numerous but not all observational studies, and whether low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) alter this association is unknown. In the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (2000-2012), we prospectively assessed the association of hs-CRP concentrations with incident CHD in participants who did not receive lipid-lowering therapy, as well as in those with LDL-C concentrations less than 130 mg/dL (n = 3,106) and those with LDL-C concentrations of 130 mg/dL or greater (n = 1,716) at baseline (2000-2002). Cox proportional hazard analyses were used to assess the associations after adjustment for socioeconomic status, traditional risk factors, body mass index, diabetes, aspirin use, kidney function, and coronary artery calcium score. Loge hs-CRP was associated with incident CHD in participants with LDL-C concentrations of 130 mg/dL or higher (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05, 1.60) but not in those with LDL-C concentrations less than 130 mg/dL (HR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.74, 1.05; P for interaction = 0.003). As a whole, loge hs-CRP was not associated with incident CHD in participants who had not received lipid-lowering therapy at baseline (HR = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.92, 1.20) and who had mean LDL-C concentrations less than 130 mg/dL. These findings suggest that LDL-C concentrations might be a moderator of the contribution of hs-CRP to CHD.
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16
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Nguyen TG, McKelvey KJ, March LM, Hunter DJ, Xue M, Jackson CJ, Morris JM. Aberrant levels of natural IgM antibodies in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis patients in comparison to healthy controls. Immunol Lett 2015; 170:27-36. [PMID: 26744098 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural IgM antibodies (nIgM) are polyreactive autoantibodies that have diverse roles in regulating autoimmunity, systemic inflammation and removal of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL). We hypothesized that aberrant states of nIgM may exist in persons with osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Herein, we characterized and compared the levels of nIgM specific for phosphorylcholine (anti-PC), double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA), and galactosyl (anti-Gal) in persons with OA, RA and healthy controls (HC). Levels of anti-PC nIgM in OA patients were significantly lower than both HC and RA patients in an age-adjusted analysis (P<0.05). In contrast, anti-Gal nIgM levels were significantly higher in RA patients than OA patients (P<0.05) and markedly increased in comparison to HC. Anti-PC nIgM significantly correlated with anti-dsDNA and anti-Gal nIgM levels in HC and RA (P<0.05) but not in OA patients. Elevated CRP levels were associated with RA conditions and old ages in general. There was no significant correlation between anti-PC nIgM and CRP or oxLDL levels. Our study highlights for the first time the evidence of aberrant state of nIgM in human OA compared to healthy individuals that implicates a deficiency in immune responses to oxLDL which may contribute to the metabolic syndromes in the development of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tue G Nguyen
- Autoimmunity and Immunotherapy Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia; Perinatal Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia.
| | - Kelly J McKelvey
- Perinatal Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia; Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Lyn M March
- Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia; Department of Rheumatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - David J Hunter
- Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia; Department of Rheumatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Meilang Xue
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia; Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Christopher J Jackson
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia; Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Morris
- Perinatal Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia; Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
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17
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Stancel N, Chen CC, Ke LY, Chu CS, Lu J, Sawamura T, Chen CH. Interplay between CRP, Atherogenic LDL, and LOX-1 and Its Potential Role in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Clin Chem 2015; 62:320-7. [PMID: 26607724 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2015.243923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that the classic acute-phase protein C-reactive protein (CRP) has proinflammatory effects on vascular cells and may play a causal role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease. A growing body of evidence has suggested that interplay between CRP, lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1), and atherogenic LDL may underlie the mechanism of endothelial dysfunction that leads to atherosclerosis. CONTENT We review the biochemical evidence for an association of CRP, LOX-1, and either oxidized LDL (OxLDL) or electronegative L5 LDL with the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease. Artificially oxidized OxLDL has been studied extensively for its role in atherogenesis, as has electronegative L5 LDL, which is present at increased levels in patients with increased cardiovascular risks. OxLDL and L5 have been shown to stimulate human aortic endothelial cells to produce CRP, indicating that CRP is synthesized locally in the endothelium. The ligand-binding face (B-face) of CRP has been shown to bind the LOX-1 scavenger receptor and increase LOX-1 expression in endothelial cells, thereby promoting the uptake of OxLDL or L5 by LOX-1 into endothelial cells to induce endothelial dysfunction. SUMMARY CRP and LOX-1 may form a positive feedback loop with OxLDL or L5 in atherogenesis, whereby increased levels of atherogenic LDL in patients with cardiovascular risks induce endothelial cells to express CRP, which may in turn increase the expression of LOX-1 to promote the uptake of atherogenic LDL into endothelial cells. Further research is needed to confirm a causal role for CRP in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Stancel
- Department of Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX
| | - Chih-Chieh Chen
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU) Hospital, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yin Ke
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU) Hospital, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Chu
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU) Hospital, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, KMU Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jonathan Lu
- Department of Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan;
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Department of Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX; Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU) Hospital, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Cardiovascular Research Center, China Medical University (CMU) Hospital, CMU, Taichung, Taiwan; Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Current affiliation: New York Heart Research Foundation, Mineola, NY.
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18
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Thengchaisri N, Hein TW, Ren Y, Kuo L. Endothelin-1 impairs coronary arteriolar dilation: Role of p38 kinase-mediated superoxide production from NADPH oxidase. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015. [PMID: 26211713 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoactive peptide, are implicated as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases by exerting vasoconstriction. The aim of this study was to address whether ET-1, at sub-vasomotor concentrations, elicits adverse effects on coronary microvascular function. Porcine coronary arterioles (50-100μm) were isolated, cannulated and pressurized without flow for in vitro study. Diameter changes were recorded using a videomicrometer. Arterioles developed basal tone (60±3μm) and dilated to the endothelium-dependent nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vasodilators serotonin (1nmol/L to 0.1μmol/L) and adenosine (1nmol/L to 10μmol/L). Treating the vessels with a clinically relevant sub-vasomotor concentration of ET-1 (10pmol/L, 60min) significantly attenuated arteriolar dilations to adenosine and serotonin but not to endothelium-independent vasodilator sodium nitroprusside. The arteriolar wall contains ETA receptors and the adverse effect of ET-1 was prevented by ETA receptor antagonist BQ123, the superoxide scavenger Tempol, the NADPH oxidase inhibitors apocynin and VAS2870, the NOX2-based NADPH oxidase inhibitor gp91 ds-tat, or the p38 kinase inhibitor SB203580. However, ETB receptor antagonist BQ788, H2O2 scavenger catalase, scrambled gp91 ds-tat, or inhibitors of xanthine oxidase (allopurinol), PKC (Gö 6983), Rho kinase (Y27632), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SP600125) did not protect the vessel. Immunohistochemical staining showed that ET-1 elicited Tempol-, apocynin- and SB203580-sensitive superoxide productions in the arteriolar wall. Our results indicate that exposure of coronary arterioles to a pathophysiological, sub-vasomotor concentration of ET-1 leads to vascular dysfunction by impairing endothelium-dependent NO-mediated dilation via p38 kinase-mediated production of superoxide from NADPH oxidase following ETA receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naris Thengchaisri
- Department of Medical Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504, USA; Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Travis W Hein
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Lih Kuo
- Department of Medical Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504, USA; Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
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MicroRNA-26a prevents endothelial cell apoptosis by directly targeting TRPC6 in the setting of atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9401. [PMID: 25801675 PMCID: PMC4371083 DOI: 10.1038/srep09401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease, is the major cause of life-threatening complications such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Endothelial apoptosis plays a vital role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. Although a subset of microRNAs (miRs) have been identified as critical regulators of atherosclerosis, studies on their participation in endothelial apoptosis in atherosclerosis have been limited. In our study, we found that miR-26a expression was substantially reduced in the aortic intima of ApoE−/− mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). Treatment of human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) suppressed miR-26a expression. Forced expression of miR-26a inhibited endothelial apoptosis as evidenced by MTT assay and TUNEL staining results. Further analysis identified TRPC6 as a target of miR-26a, and TRPC6 overexpression abolished the anti-apoptotic effect of miR-26a. Moreover, the cytosolic calcium and the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway were found to mediate the beneficial effects of miR-26a on endothelial apoptosis. Taken together, our study reveals a novel role of miR-26a in endothelial apoptosis and indicates a therapeutic potential of miR-26a for atherosclerosis associated with apoptotic cell death.
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20
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Sawamura T, Wakabayashi I, Okamura T. LOX-1 in atherosclerotic disease. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 440:157-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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21
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Dollard J, Kearney P, Clarke G, Moloney G, Cryan JF, Dinan TG. A prospective study of C-reactive protein as a state marker in Cardiac Syndrome X. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 43:27-32. [PMID: 25064176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac Syndrome X (CSX), the presence of angina pectoris despite normal epicardial coronary arteries seen on invasive angiography, is known to be associated with an elevation of several inflammatory biomarkers, suggesting a possible role for inflammation in its pathogenesis. We sought to establish if C-reactive protein (CRP) levels varied with disease severity and so whether it is a state or trait marker. We studied 16 CSX patients with typical angina pectoris, normal coronary arteries and an electrically positive exercise stress test (EST) and 13 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC). CSX patients were followed up at a subsequent visit with repeated exercise stress testing and CRP measurement. We found that CRP levels were significantly higher in the CSX group compared to the HC (1.5 [0.8-4.5] v 0.8 [0.4-1.4] mg/L, p=0.02). This elevation in CRP persisted throughout the study length. CRP correlated with time to symptoms on EST at enrolment and at the second visit (r=-0.690, df=10, p=0.013 and r=-0.899, df=4, p=0.015, respectively). At the follow-up visit, 50% of CSX patients developed electrically and symptomatically negative ESTs. The mean CRP of this group was significantly lower than that of the CSX patients with ongoing symptoms and positive ESTs (1.2±0.2 v 2.8±0.6mg/L, p=0.018) and did not differ significantly from that of healthy controls. CRP levels also dropped in patients whose symptoms improved while they increased in patients who became more symptomatic (p=0.027). We conclude that the results of this small study support the concept of CSX being an inflammatory-mediated condition with CRP levels prospectively varying with functional measures of disease severity. This indicates that CRP is a state marker in CSX.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Dollard
- Department of Cardiology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland; Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Peter Kearney
- Department of Cardiology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Moloney
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Obradovic MM, Trpkovic A, Bajic V, Soskic S, Jovanovic A, Stanimirovic J, Panic M, Isenovic ER. Interrelatedness between C-reactive protein and oxidized low-density lipoprotein. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 53:29-34. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2014-0590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractC-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of inflammation. Atherosclerosis is now recognized as inflammatory disease, and it seems that CRP directly contributes to atherogenesis. Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) molecule increases the uptake of lipid products by macrophages leading to cholesterol accumulation and subsequent foam cell formation. The elevated levels of high sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) and oxidized LDL (OxLDL) in the blood were found to be associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In this review, we highlighted the evidence that CRP and OxLDL are involved in interrelated (patho) physiological pathways. The findings on association between hsCRP and OxLDL in the clinical setting will be also summarized.
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Trpkovic A, Resanovic I, Stanimirovic J, Radak D, Mousa SA, Cenic-Milosevic D, Jevremovic D, Isenovic ER. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein as a biomarker of cardiovascular diseases. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2014; 52:70-85. [DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2014.992063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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C-Reactive Protein: An In-Depth Look into Structure, Function, and Regulation. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:653045. [PMID: 27433484 PMCID: PMC4897210 DOI: 10.1155/2014/653045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the adult population worldwide, with atherosclerosis being its key pathophysiologic component. Atherosclerosis possesses a fundamental chronic inflammatory aspect, and the involvement of numerous inflammatory molecules has been studied in this scenario, particularly C-reactive protein (CRP). CRP is a plasma protein with strong phylogenetic conservation and high resistance to proteolysis, predominantly synthesized in the liver in response to proinflammatory cytokines, especially IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF. CRP may intervene in atherosclerosis by directly activating the complement system and inducing apoptosis, vascular cell activation, monocyte recruitment, lipid accumulation, and thrombosis, among other actions. Moreover, CRP can dissociate in peripheral tissue—including atheromatous plaques—from its native pentameric form into a monomeric form, which may also be synthesized de novo in extrahepatic sites. Each form exhibits distinct affinities for ligands and receptors, and exerts different effects in the progression of atherosclerosis. In view of epidemiologic evidence associating high CRP levels with cardiovascular risk—reflecting the biologic impact it bears on atherosclerosis—measurement of serum levels of high-sensitivity CRP has been proposed as a tool for assessment of cardiovascular risk.
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Wang Y, Wang Q, Guo C, Wang S, Wang X, An L, Cao X, Qiu Y, Wang G, Li H, Ma X. Association between CRP gene polymorphisms and the risk of preeclampsia in Han Chinese women. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2014; 18:775-80. [PMID: 25314633 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2014.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an inflammatory marker, C-reactive protein (CRP) has elevated expression in preeclampsia (PE), which is implicated in the pathogenesis of PE, but there has been a lack of information on the possible association between genetic variants of CRP and PE. In this study, we aimed to assess the genetic association between CRP polymorphisms and the risk of PE in Han Chinese Women. METHODS Five single-nucleotide polymorphisms of CRP, rs2794521 (T>C), rs3091244 (C>T>A), rs3093068 (C>G), rs876538 (C>T), and rs1205 (C>T) were genotyped using the Sequenom method in 181 PE patients and 203 controls. RESULTS The T allele frequency for rs2794521 was significantly higher in PE patients than in controls (odds ratios [OR]=4.091; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.533-10.917; p=0.002). The TT genotype of rs2794521 conferred a risk for PE (TT vs. TC+CC: OR=4.062; 95% CI: 1.499-11.008; p=0.003) and severe PE (TT vs. TC+CC: OR=9.577; 95% CI: 1.267-72.397; p=0.006). The other four polymorphic loci were not different between the groups. The CRP H2 haplotype (T-C-C-G-C) was associated with PE (OR=2.129; 95% CI: 1.47-3.085; p<0.001), whereas the H1 haplotype (C-C-C-G-C) offered protection (OR=0.23; 95% CI: 0.066-0.8; p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS The CRP variant rs2794521 shows a strong association with PE in Han Chinese women. Pregnant women with the TT genotype of rs2794521 have higher odds of having PE, which further supports a possible role for CRP in PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wang
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang, China
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