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Pan Q, Chen C, Yang YJ. Top Five Stories of the Cellular Landscape and Therapies of Atherosclerosis: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Curr Med Sci 2024; 44:1-27. [PMID: 38057537 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-023-2818-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is characterized by impairment and apoptosis of endothelial cells, continuous systemic and focal inflammation and dysfunction of vascular smooth muscle cells, which is documented as the traditional cellular paradigm. However, the mechanisms appear much more complicated than we thought since a bulk of studies on efferocytosis, transdifferentiation and novel cell death forms such as ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and extracellular trap were reported. Discovery of novel pathological cellular landscapes provides a large number of therapeutic targets. On the other side, the unsatisfactory therapeutic effects of current treatment with lipid-lowering drugs as the cornerstone also restricts the efforts to reduce global AS burden. Stem cell- or nanoparticle-based strategies spurred a lot of attention due to the attractive therapeutic effects and minimized adverse effects. Given the complexity of pathological changes of AS, attempts to develop an almighty medicine based on single mechanisms could be theoretically challenging. In this review, the top stories in the cellular landscapes during the initiation and progression of AS and the therapies were summarized in an integrated perspective to facilitate efforts to develop a multi-targets strategy and fill the gap between mechanism research and clinical translation. The future challenges and improvements were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Yue-Jin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.
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2
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Malhi NK, Southerland KW, Lai L, Chen ZB. Epigenetic Regulation of Angiogenesis in Peripheral Artery Disease. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2023; 19:47-57. [PMID: 38028966 PMCID: PMC10655766 DOI: 10.14797/mdcvj.1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) represents a global health concern with a rising prevalence attributed to factors such as obesity, diabetes, aging, and smoking. Among patients with PAD, chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) is the most severe manifestation, associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. While revascularization remains the primary therapy for CLTI, not all patients are candidates for such interventions, highlighting the need for alternative approaches. Impaired angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels, is a central feature of PAD, and despite decades of research, effective clinical treatments remain elusive. Epigenetics, the study of heritable changes in gene expression, has gained prominence in understanding PAD pathogenesis. Here, we explore the role of epigenetic regulation in angiogenesis within the context of PAD, with a focus on long non-coding RNAs and fibroblast-endothelial cell transdifferentiation. Additionally, we discuss the interplay between metabolic control and epigenetic regulation, providing insights into potential novel therapeutic avenues for improving PAD treatments. This review aims to offer a concise update on the application of epigenetics in angiogenesis and PAD research, inspiring further investigations in this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Li Lai
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, US
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3
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Liu X, Pang S, Jiang Y, Wang L, Liu Y. The Role of Macrophages in Atherosclerosis: Participants and Therapists. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2023:10.1007/s10557-023-07513-5. [PMID: 37864633 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-023-07513-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Currently, atherosclerosis, characterized by the dysfunction of lipid metabolism and chronic inflammation in the intimal space of the vessel, is considered to be a metabolic disease. As the most abundant innate immune cells in the body, macrophages play a key role in the onset, progression, or regression of atherosclerosis. For example, macrophages exhibit several polarization states in response to microenvironmental stimuli; an increasing proportion of macrophages, polarized toward M2, can suppress inflammation, scavenge cell debris and apoptotic cells, and contribute to tissue repair and fibrosis. Additionally, specific exosomes, generated by macrophages containing certain miRNAs and effective efferocytosis of macrophages, are crucial for atherosclerosis. Therefore, macrophages have emerged as a novel potential target for anti-atherosclerosis therapy. This article reviews the role of macrophages in atherosclerosis from different aspects: origin, phenotype, exosomes, and efferocytosis, and discusses new approaches for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuchao Pang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yangyang Jiang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Liu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China.
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4
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Cherouveim P, Mavrogianni D, Drakaki E, Potiris A, Zikopoulos A, Papamentzelopoulou M, Kouvoutsaki K, Machairiotis N, Karampitsakos T, Skentou C, Domali E, Vrachnis N, Drakakis P, Stavros S. ANRIL rs4977574 Gene Polymorphism in Women with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5944. [PMID: 37762885 PMCID: PMC10531795 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12185944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ANRIL rs4977574 gene polymorphism has been associated with arterial thrombosis and cardiovascular disease development. ANRIL rs4977574 gene polymorphism could also be associated with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) since there is increasing evidence in favor of a potential shared pathophysiological mechanism with cardiovascular disease, potentially through arterial thrombosis. This study's goal is to investigate the differences in ANRIL rs4977574 gene polymorphism between women with and without RPL, if any, as well as a potential association with the number of pregnancy losses. METHODS DNA was isolated from peripheral blood samples, and the sequence containing the polymorphism of interest was amplified with PCR. Results were visualized under UV light following electrophoresis in 3% agarose gel with ethidium bromide. ANRIL rs4977574 (A>G) prevalence was compared between 56 women with and 69 without RPL. Results were adjusted for women's age and BMI, while a stratified analysis was performed according to number of pregnancy losses. RESULTS Allele A was significantly more prevalent in the control group compared to RPL women [31 (44.9%) vs. 14 (25%), p = 0.021]. Although not reaching statistical significance, a gradually decreasing prevalence of allele A with an increasing number of pregnancy losses was observed [31 (44.9%) in control, eight (30.7%) with two, six (23.1%) with three, and 0 (0.0%) with four pregnancy losses, p = 0.078]. Results were also similar following adjustment. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study that demonstrates an association between RPL presence and ANRIL rs4977574 gene polymorphism (lower prevalence of allele A), while a difference according to the number of pregnancy losses cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Cherouveim
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Despoina Mavrogianni
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (D.M.); (E.D.); (M.P.); (K.K.); (E.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Eirini Drakaki
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (D.M.); (E.D.); (M.P.); (K.K.); (E.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Anastasios Potiris
- Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University General Hospital “ATTIKON”, Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece; (N.M.); (T.K.); (N.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Athanasios Zikopoulos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Treliske, Truro TR1 3LQ, UK;
| | - Myrto Papamentzelopoulou
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (D.M.); (E.D.); (M.P.); (K.K.); (E.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Konstantina Kouvoutsaki
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (D.M.); (E.D.); (M.P.); (K.K.); (E.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Nikolaos Machairiotis
- Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University General Hospital “ATTIKON”, Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece; (N.M.); (T.K.); (N.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Theodoros Karampitsakos
- Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University General Hospital “ATTIKON”, Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece; (N.M.); (T.K.); (N.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Chara Skentou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School of the University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece;
| | - Ekaterini Domali
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (D.M.); (E.D.); (M.P.); (K.K.); (E.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Nikolaos Vrachnis
- Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University General Hospital “ATTIKON”, Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece; (N.M.); (T.K.); (N.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Peter Drakakis
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (D.M.); (E.D.); (M.P.); (K.K.); (E.D.); (P.D.)
- Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University General Hospital “ATTIKON”, Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece; (N.M.); (T.K.); (N.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Sofoklis Stavros
- Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University General Hospital “ATTIKON”, Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece; (N.M.); (T.K.); (N.V.); (S.S.)
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Yuan S, Li Y, Wang L, Xu F, Chen J, Levin MG, Xiong Y, Voight BF, Damrauer SM, Gill D, Burgess S, Åkesson A, Michaëlsson K, Li X, Shen X, Larsson SC. Deciphering the genetic architecture of atrial fibrillation offers insights into disease prediction, pathophysiology and downstream sequelae. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.07.20.23292938. [PMID: 37546828 PMCID: PMC10402218 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.20.23292938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Aims The study aimed to discover novel genetic loci for atrial fibrillation (AF), explore the shared genetic etiologies between AF and other cardiovascular and cardiometabolic traits, and uncover AF pathogenesis using Mendelian randomization analysis. Methods and results We conducted a genome-wide association study meta-analysis including 109,787 AF cases and 1,165,920 controls of European ancestry and identified 215 loci, among which 91 were novel. We performed Genomic Structural Equation Modeling analysis between AF and four cardiovascular comorbidities (coronary artery disease, ischemic stroke, heart failure, and vneous thromboembolism) and found 189 loci shared across these diseases as well as a universal genetic locus shared by atherosclerotic outcomes (i.e., rs1537373 near CDKN2B). Three genetic loci (rs10740129 near JMJD1C, rs2370982 near NRXN3, and rs9931494 near FTO) were associated with AF and cardiometabolic traits. A polygenic risk score derived from this genome-wide meta-analysis was associated with AF risk (odds ratio 2.36, 95% confidence interval 2.31-2.41 per standard deviation increase) in the UK biobank. This score, combined with age, sex, and basic clinical features, predicted AF risk (AUC 0.784, 95% CI 0.781-0.787) in Europeans. Phenome-wide association analysis of the polygenic risk score identified many AF-related comorbidities of the circulatory, endocrine, and respiratory systems. Phenome-wide and multi-omic Mendelian randomization analyses identified associations of blood lipids and pressure, diabetes, insomnia, obesity, short sleep, and smoking, 27 blood proteins, one gut microbe (genus.Catenibacterium), and 11 blood metabolites with risk to AF. Conclusions This genome-wide association study and trans-omic Mendelian randomization analysis provides insights into disease risk prediction, pathophysiology and downstream sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuying Li
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lijuan Wang
- School of Public Health and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengzhe Xu
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Public Health and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Michael G Levin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benjamin F. Voight
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott M Damrauer
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dipender Gill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Burgess
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Agneta Åkesson
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Michaëlsson
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Li
- School of Public Health and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xia Shen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Center for Intelligent Medicine Research, Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), Fudan University, Guangzhou, China
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Susanna C. Larsson
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit of Medical Epidemiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Ghorbaninejad M, Abdollahpour-Alitappeh M, Shahrokh S, Fayazzadeh S, Asadzadeh-Aghdaei H, Meyfour A. TGF-β receptor I inhibitor may restrict the induction of EMT in inflamed intestinal epithelial cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:665-676. [PMID: 36775873 PMCID: PMC10408554 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231151959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the extensive body of research, understanding the exact molecular mechanisms governing inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) still demands further investigation. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling possesses a multifacial effect on a broad range of context-dependent cellular responses. However, long-term TGF-β1 activity may trigger epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), followed by fibrosis. This study aimed to determine the role of epithelial TGF-β1 signaling in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis. The expression of TGF-β1 signaling components and EMT-related and epithelial tight junction markers was examined in IBD patients (n = 60) as well as LPS-induced Caco-2/RAW264.7 co-culture model using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining. Furthermore, the effect of A83-01, as a TGF-β receptor I (TβRI) inhibitor, on the inflamed epithelial cells was evaluated in vitro. To evaluate the cytotoxic effects of the TβRI inhibitor, a cell viability assay was performed by the MTS method. Considering the activation of canonical and non-canonical TGF-β1 signaling pathways in IBD patients, expression results indicated that administering A83-01 in inflamed Caco-2 cells substantially blocked the expression level of TGF-β1, SMAD4, and PI3K and the phosphorylation of p-SMAD2/3, p-AKT, and p-RPS6 as well as prevented downregulation of LncGAS5 and LncCDKN2B. Further analysis revealed that the inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling in inflamed epithelial cells by the small molecule could suppress the EMT-related markers as well as improve the expression of epithelial adherens and tight junctions. Collectively, these findings indicated that the inhibition of the TGF-β1 signaling could suppress the induction of EMT in inflamed epithelial cells as well as exert a protective effect on preserving tight junction integrity. There is a pressing need to determine the exact cellular mechanisms by which TGF-β1 exerts its effect on IBD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Ghorbaninejad
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717413, Iran
| | | | - Shabnam Shahrokh
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717413, Iran
| | - Sara Fayazzadeh
- Bioinformatics and Computational Omics Lab (BioCOOL), Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-154, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh-Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717413, Iran
| | - Anna Meyfour
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717413, Iran
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Guo J, Xie X, Wu J, Yang L, Ruan Q, Xu X, Wei D, Wen Y, Wang T, Hu Y, Lin Y, Chen M, Wu J, Lin S, Li H, Wu S. Association between fine particulate matter and coronary heart disease: A miRNA microarray analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 313:120163. [PMID: 36122657 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have reported an association between residential surrounding particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) and coronary heart disease (CHD). However, the underlying biological mechanism remains unclear. To fill this research gap, this study enrolled a residentially stable sample of 942 patients with CHD and 1723 controls. PM2.5 concentration was obtained from satellite-based annual global PM2.5 estimates for the period 1998-2019. MicroRNA microarray and pathway analysis of target genes was performed to elucidate the potential biological mechanism by which PM2.5 increases CHD risk. The results showed that individuals exposed to high PM2.5 concentrations had higher risks of CHD than those exposed to low PM2.5 concentrations (odds ratio = 1.22, 95% confidence interval: 1.00, 1.47 per 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5). Systolic blood pressure mediated 6.6% of the association between PM2.5 and CHD. PM2.5 and miR-4726-5p had an interaction effect on CHD development. Bioinformatic analysis demonstrated that miR-4726-5p may affect the occurrence of CHD by regulating the function of RhoA. Therefore, individuals in areas with high PM2.5 exposure and relative miR-4726-5p expression have a higher risk of CHD than their counterparts because of the interaction effect of PM2.5 and miR-4726-5p on blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Xiaoxu Xie
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Jieyu Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Le Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Qishuang Ruan
- Department of Orthopedics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Xingyan Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Donghong Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Yeying Wen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Tinggui Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Yuduan Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Yawen Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Mingjun Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Jiadong Wu
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Shaowei Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Huangyuan Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Siying Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
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8
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Callaghan B, Lester K, Lane B, Fan X, Goljanek-Whysall K, Simpson DA, Sheridan C, Willoughby CE. Genome-wide transcriptome profiling of human trabecular meshwork cells treated with TGF-β2. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9564. [PMID: 35689009 PMCID: PMC9187693 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a complex neurodegenerative disease resulting in progressive optic neuropathy and is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is the predominant form affecting 65.5 million people globally. Despite the prevalence of POAG and the identification of over 120 glaucoma related genetic loci, the underlaying molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signalling pathway is implicated in the molecular pathology of POAG. To gain a better understanding of the role TGF-β2 plays in the glaucomatous changes to the molecular pathology in the trabecular meshwork, we employed RNA-Seq to delineate the TGF-β2 induced changes in the transcriptome of normal primary human trabecular meshwork cells (HTM). We identified a significant number of differentially expressed genes and associated pathways that contribute to the pathogenesis of POAG. The differentially expressed genes were predominantly enriched in ECM regulation, TGF-β signalling, proliferation/apoptosis, inflammation/wound healing, MAPK signalling, oxidative stress and RHO signalling. Canonical pathway analysis confirmed the enrichment of RhoA signalling, inflammatory-related processes, ECM and cytoskeletal organisation in HTM cells in response to TGF-β2. We also identified novel genes and pathways that were affected after TGF-β2 treatment in the HTM, suggesting additional pathways are activated, including Nrf2, PI3K-Akt, MAPK and HIPPO signalling pathways. The identification and characterisation of TGF-β2 dependent differentially expressed genes and pathways in HTM cells is essential to understand the patho-physiology of glaucoma and to develop new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breedge Callaghan
- Genomic Medicine Group, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Karen Lester
- Genomic Medicine Group, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK.,Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Brian Lane
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.,Translational Radiobiology Group, Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Christie NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Xiaochen Fan
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Katarzyna Goljanek-Whysall
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.,School of Medicine, Physiology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 W5P7, Ireland
| | - David A Simpson
- The Wellcome - Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
| | - Carl Sheridan
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Colin E Willoughby
- Genomic Medicine Group, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK. .,Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.
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9
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Jarr KU, Kojima Y, Weissman IL, Leeper NJ. 2021 Jeffrey M. Hoeg Award Lecture: Defining the Role of Efferocytosis in Cardiovascular Disease: A Focus on the CD47 (Cluster of Differentiation 47) Axis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:e145-e154. [PMID: 35387480 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.317049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A key feature of atherogenesis is the accumulation of diseased and dying cells within the lesional necrotic core. While the burden of intraplaque apoptotic cells may be driven in part by an increase in programmed cell death, mounting evidence suggests that their presence may primarily be dictated by a defect in programmed cell removal, or efferocytosis. In this brief review, we will summarize the evidence suggesting that inflammation-dependent changes within the plaque render target cells inedible and reduce the appetite of lesional phagocytes. We will present the genetic causation studies, which indicate these phenomena promote lesion expansion and plaque vulnerability, and the interventional data which suggest that these processes can be reversed. Particular emphasis is provided related to the antiphagocytic CD47 (cluster of differentiation 47) do not eat me axis, which has emerged as a novel antiatherosclerotic translational target that is predicted to provide benefit independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Uwe Jarr
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (K.-U.J., Y.K., N.J.L.)
| | - Yoko Kojima
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (K.-U.J., Y.K., N.J.L.)
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (I.L.W.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Nicholas J Leeper
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (K.-U.J., Y.K., N.J.L.).,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (N.J.L.), Stanford University, CA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (N.J.L.)
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10
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Chen F, Li J, She J, Chen T, Yuan Z. Exosomal microRNA-16-5p from macrophage exacerbates atherosclerosis via modulating mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7. Microvasc Res 2022; 142:104368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2022.104368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Zhang Y, Mu Y, Ding H, Du B, Zhou M, Li Q, Gong S, Zhang F, Geng D, Wang Y. 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Promotes Angiogenesis After Cerebral Ischemia Injury in Rats by Upregulating the TGF-β/Smad2/3 Signaling Pathway. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:769717. [PMID: 35369317 PMCID: PMC8966232 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.769717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a disease with high morbidity, disability and mortality, which seriously endangers the life span and quality of life of people worldwide. Angiogenesis and neuroprotection are the key to the functional recovery of penumbra function after acute cerebral infarction. In this study, we used the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model to investigate the effects of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-D3) on transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad2/3 signaling pathway. Cerebral infarct volume was measured by TTC staining. A laser speckle flow imaging system was used to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) around the ischemic cortex of the infarction, followed by platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1/CD31) and isolectin-B4 (IB4) immunofluorescence. The expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR), TGF-β, Smad2/3, p-Smad2, p-Smad3, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was analyzed by western blot and RT-qPCR. Results showed that compared with the sham group, the cerebral infarction volume was significantly increased while the CBF was reduced remarkably in the MCAO group. 1,25-D3 reduced cerebral infarction volume, increased the recovery of CBF and expressions of VDR, TGF-β, p-Smad2, p-Smad3, and VEGF, significantly increased IB4+ tip cells and CD31+ vascular length in the peri-infarct area compared with the DMSO group. The VDR antagonist pyridoxal-5-phosphate (P5P) partially reversed the neuroprotective effects of 1,25-D3 described above. In summary, 1,25-D3 plays a neuroprotective role in stroke by activating VDR and promoting the activation of TGF-β, which in turn up-regulates the TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling pathway, increases the release of VEGF and thus promotes angiogenesis, suggesting that this signaling pathway may be an effective target for ischemic stroke treatment. 1,25-D3 is considered to be a neuroprotective agent and is expected to be an effective drug for the treatment of ischemic stroke and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yingfeng Mu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Ding
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Bo Du
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Mingyue Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shitong Gong
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Fuchi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, China
| | - Deqin Geng
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Deqin Geng
| | - Yanqiang Wang
- Department of Neurology II, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- *Correspondence: Yanqiang Wang
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12
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The Role of ANRIL in Atherosclerosis. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:8859677. [PMID: 35186169 PMCID: PMC8849964 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8859677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There is a huge number of noncoding RNA (ncRNA) transcripts in the cell with important roles in modulation of different mechanisms. ANRIL is a long ncRNA with 3.8 kb length that is transcribed in the opposite direction of the INK4/ARF locus in chromosome 9p21. It was shown that polymorphisms within this locus are associated with vascular disorders, notably coronary artery disease (CAD), which is considered as a risk factor for life-threatening events like myocardial infarction and stroke. ANRIL is subjected to a variety of splicing patterns producing multiple isoforms. Linear isoforms could be further transformed into circular ones by back-splicing. ANRIL regulates genes in atherogenic network in a positive or negative manner. This regulation is implemented both locally and remotely. While CAD is known as a proliferative disorder and cell proliferation plays a crucial role in the progression of atherosclerosis, the functions of ANRIL and CAD development are intertwined remarkably. This makes ANRIL a suitable target for diagnostic, prognostic, and even therapeutic aims. In this review, we tried to present a comprehensive appraisal on different aspects of ANRIL including its location, structure, isoforms, expression, and functions. In each step, the contribution of ANRIL to atherosclerosis is discussed.
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Expression ratio of circular to linear ANRIL in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1802. [PMID: 35110626 PMCID: PMC8810852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05731-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary arteries are still in charge of significant annual morbidity and mortality despite intense therapeutic advancements. Genome-born elements contribute substantially to the atherosclerosis process. ANRIL is one of the long non-coding RNAs with outstanding functions particularly regulation of genes involved in atherosclerosis development. In this study, we measured ANRIL expression (circular-, linear-, and circular/linear ratio) in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) compared with peers without CAD. Among hypertensive patients who were candidates of angiography, 25 subjects with CAD and the equal number without CAD were considered as the case and control groups, respectively. Different categories of data were recorded through a predefined questionnaire. Before angiography, blood samples were obtained. After RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, quantitative PCR was performed using specific primers for circular and linear ANRIL. Age and gender were not different between the groups. Most of the parameters of the lipid profile besides creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were remarkably worse in the case group. Circular ANRIL was significantly lower in the case group while linear counterparts were significantly higher in this group. Circular/linear ratio was also significantly lower in the case group. To overcome growing devastating trend of CAD, scrutinizing different factors involved in the initiation and development of atherosclerosis is a must. Atheroprotective role of circular ANRIL and atheroprogressive role of linear ANRIL were shown in our patients with hypertension.
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Subramaniam N, Nair R, Marsden PA. Epigenetic Regulation of the Vascular Endothelium by Angiogenic LncRNAs. Front Genet 2021; 12:668313. [PMID: 34512715 PMCID: PMC8427604 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.668313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional properties of the vascular endothelium are diverse and heterogeneous between vascular beds. This is especially evident when new blood vessels develop from a pre-existing closed cardiovascular system, a process termed angiogenesis. Endothelial cells are key drivers of angiogenesis as they undergo a highly choreographed cascade of events that has both exogenous (e.g., hypoxia and VEGF) and endogenous regulatory inputs. Not surprisingly, angiogenesis is critical in health and disease. Diverse therapeutics target proteins involved in coordinating angiogenesis with varying degrees of efficacy. It is of great interest that recent work on non-coding RNAs, especially long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), indicates that they are also important regulators of the gene expression paradigms that underpin this cellular cascade. The protean effects of lncRNAs are dependent, in part, on their subcellular localization. For instance, lncRNAs enriched in the nucleus can act as epigenetic modifiers of gene expression in the vascular endothelium. Of great interest to genetic disease, they are undergoing rapid evolution and show extensive inter- and intra-species heterogeneity. In this review, we describe endothelial-enriched lncRNAs that have robust effects in angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noeline Subramaniam
- Marsden Lab, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Marsden Lab, Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ranju Nair
- Marsden Lab, Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Marsden Lab, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Philip A. Marsden
- Marsden Lab, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Marsden Lab, Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Marsden Lab, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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15
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Wild-Type and Mutant FUS Expression Reduce Proliferation and Neuronal Differentiation Properties of Neural Stem Progenitor Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147566. [PMID: 34299185 PMCID: PMC8304973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nervous system development involves proliferation and cell specification of progenitor cells into neurons and glial cells. Unveiling how this complex process is orchestrated under physiological conditions and deciphering the molecular and cellular changes leading to neurological diseases is mandatory. To date, great efforts have been aimed at identifying gene mutations associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Mutations in the RNA/DNA binding protein Fused in Sarcoma/Translocated in Liposarcoma (FUS/TLS) have been associated with motor neuron degeneration in rodents and humans. Furthermore, increased levels of the wild-type protein can promote neuronal cell death. Despite the well-established causal link between FUS mutations and ALS, its role in neural cells remains elusive. In order to shed new light on FUS functions we studied its role in the control of neural stem progenitor cell (NSPC) properties. Here, we report that human wild-type Fused in Sarcoma (WT FUS), exogenously expressed in mouse embryonic spinal cord-derived NSPCs, was localized in the nucleus, caused cell cycle arrest in G1 phase by affecting cell cycle regulator expression, and strongly reduced neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, the expression of the human mutant form of FUS (P525L-FUS), associated with early-onset ALS, drives the cells preferentially towards a glial lineage, strongly reducing the number of developing neurons. These results provide insight into the involvement of FUS in NSPC proliferation and differentiation into neurons and glia.
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16
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Zhao Y, Fu X, Lopez JI, Rowan A, Au L, Fendler A, Hazell S, Xu H, Horswell S, Shepherd STC, Spain L, Byrne F, Stamp G, O'Brien T, Nicol D, Augustine M, Chandra A, Rudman S, Toncheva A, Pickering L, Sahai E, Larkin J, Bates PA, Swanton C, Turajlic S, Litchfield K. Selection of metastasis competent subclones in the tumour interior. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:1033-1045. [PMID: 34002049 PMCID: PMC7611703 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01456-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The genetic evolutionary features of solid tumour growth are becoming increasingly well described, but the spatial and physical nature of subclonal growth remains unclear. Here, we utilize 102 macroscopic whole-tumour images from clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients, with matched genetic and phenotypic data from 756 biopsies. Utilizing a digital image processing pipeline, a renal pathologist marked the boundaries between tumour and normal tissue and extracted positions of boundary line and biopsy regions to X and Y coordinates. We then integrated coordinates with genomic data to map exact spatial subclone locations, revealing how genetically distinct subclones grow and evolve spatially. We observed a phenotype of advanced and more aggressive subclonal growth in the tumour centre, characterized by an elevated burden of somatic copy number alterations and higher necrosis, proliferation rate and Fuhrman grade. Moreover, we found that metastasizing subclones preferentially originate from the tumour centre. Collectively, these observations suggest a model of accelerated evolution in the tumour interior, with harsh hypoxic environmental conditions leading to a greater opportunity for driver somatic copy number alterations to arise and expand due to selective advantage. Tumour subclone growth is predominantly spatially contiguous in nature. We found only two cases of subclone dispersal, one of which was associated with metastasis. The largest subclones spatially were dominated by driver somatic copy number alterations, suggesting that a large selective advantage can be conferred to subclones upon acquisition of these alterations. In conclusion, spatial dynamics is strongly associated with genomic alterations and plays an important role in tumour evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Fu
- Biomolecular Modelling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Jose I Lopez
- Department of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, Biocruces-Bizkaia Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Andrew Rowan
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Lewis Au
- Cancer Dynamics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Renal and Skin Unit, the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Annika Fendler
- Cancer Dynamics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Steve Hazell
- Department of Pathology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Hang Xu
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stuart Horswell
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Scott T C Shepherd
- Cancer Dynamics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Renal and Skin Unit, the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lavinia Spain
- Cancer Dynamics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Renal and Skin Unit, the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Fiona Byrne
- Cancer Dynamics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Gordon Stamp
- Experimental Histopathology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Tim O'Brien
- Urology Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - David Nicol
- Department of Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Marcellus Augustine
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Ashish Chandra
- Department of Pathology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sarah Rudman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Lisa Pickering
- Renal and Skin Unit, the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Erik Sahai
- Tumour Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - James Larkin
- Renal and Skin Unit, the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Paul A Bates
- Biomolecular Modelling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| | - Charles Swanton
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK.
- Department of Medical Oncology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK.
| | - Samra Turajlic
- Cancer Dynamics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
- Renal and Skin Unit, the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Kevin Litchfield
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK.
- Tumour Immunogenomics and Immunosurveillance Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK.
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Alsaigh T, Di Bartolo BA, Mulangala J, Figtree GA, Leeper NJ. Bench-to-Bedside in Vascular Medicine: Optimizing the Translational Pipeline for Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease. Circ Res 2021; 128:1927-1943. [PMID: 34110900 PMCID: PMC8208504 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.318265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease is a growing worldwide problem with a wide spectrum of clinical severity and is projected to consume >$21 billion per year in the United States alone. While vascular researchers have brought several therapies to the clinic in recent years, few of these approaches have leveraged advances in high-throughput discovery screens, novel translational models, or innovative trial designs. In the following review, we discuss recent advances in unbiased genomics and broader omics technology platforms, along with preclinical vascular models designed to enhance our understanding of disease pathobiology and prioritize targets for additional investigation. Furthermore, we summarize novel approaches to clinical studies in subjects with claudication and ischemic ulceration, with an emphasis on streamlining and accelerating bench-to-bedside translation. By providing a framework designed to enhance each aspect of future clinical development programs, we hope to enrich the pipeline of therapies that may prevent loss of life and limb for those with peripheral arterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Alsaigh
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Belinda A. Di Bartolo
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Health, Kolling Institute and Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Australia
| | | | - Gemma A. Figtree
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Health, Kolling Institute and Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Australia
| | - Nicholas J. Leeper
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
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18
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Dead cell and debris clearance in the atherosclerotic plaque: Mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities to promote inflammation resolution. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105699. [PMID: 34087352 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytic clearance of dead cells and debris is critical for inflammation resolution and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Consequently, defective clearance of dead cells and debris is associated with initiation and exacerbation of several autoimmune disorders and chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis. The progressive loss of dead cell clearance capacity within the atherosclerotic plaque leads to accumulation of necrotic cells, chronic non-resolving inflammation, and expansion of the necrotic core, which triggers atherosclerotic plaque rupture and clinical manifestation of acute thrombotic cardiovascular adverse events. In this review, we describe the fundamental molecular and cellular mechanisms of dead cell clearance and how it goes awry in atherosclerosis. Finally, we highlight novel therapeutic strategies that enhance dead cell and debris clearance within the atherosclerotic plaque to promote inflammation resolution and atherosclerotic plaque stabilization.
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Abstract
Billions of cells undergo apoptosis daily and are swiftly removed by macrophages through an evolutionarily conserved program termed "efferocytosis". Consequently, macromolecules within an apoptotic cell significantly burden a phagocyte with nutrients, such as lipids, oligonucleotides, and amino acids. In response to this nutrient overload, metabolic reprogramming must occur for the process of efferocytosis to remain non-phlogistic and to execute successive rounds of efferocytosis. The inability to undergo metabolic reprogramming after efferocytosis drives inflammation and impairs its resolution, often promoting many chronic inflammatory diseases. This is particularly evident for atherosclerosis, as metabolic reprogramming alters macrophage function in every stage of atherosclerosis, from the early formation of benign lesions to the progression of clinically relevant atheromas and during atherosclerosis regression upon aggressive lipid-lowering. This Review focuses on the metabolic pathways utilized upon apoptotic cell ingestion, the consequences of these metabolic pathways in macrophage function thereafter, and the role of metabolic reprogramming during atherosclerosis. Due to the growing interest in this new field, I introduce a new term, "efferotabolism", as a means to define the process by which macrophages break down, metabolize, and respond to AC-derived macromolecules. Understanding these aspects of efferotabolism will shed light on novel strategies to combat atherosclerosis and compromised inflammation resolution.
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20
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Jia X, Sun B, Tu Q, Qi H, Li L, Liu X, Yan L, Dai H, Kong Q, Tang C, Zhao X. Smad4 deficiency substitutes Cdkn2b but not Cdkn2a downregulation in pancreatic cancer following induction of genetic events in adult mice. Pancreatology 2021; 21:418-427. [PMID: 33483239 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minor progress in pancreatic cancer treatment and prognosis implies that more reliable animal models are urgently needed to decipher its molecular mechanisms and preclinical research. We recently reported a genetically engineered adult mouse model where Cdkn2b downregulation was required together with Cdkn2a downregulation to inactivate the Rb pathway. Besides, the role of Smad4, which is mutated more frequently than Cdkn2b in human pancreatic cancer, was determined critical on the development of the pancreas tumor by some reports. However, the impact of Smad4 deficiency in combination with PDAC-relevant mutations, such as Cdkn2a when induced in adult pancreas has not been completely elucidated in mice. METHODS Lentiviral delivered oncogene/tumor suppressors in adult pancreas. The development of pancreatic cancer was monitored. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunofluorescence were performed for pathological identification of the pancreatic cancer. Real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence and western blot were used to test gene expression. RESULTS Loss of Smad4 could cooperate with alterations of KRAS, Trp53, and Cdkn2a to induce pancreatic cancer in adult mice. The role of Smad4 was mainly in downregulating the expression of Cdkn2b and further inducing phosphorylation of the Rb1 protein. CONCLUSIONS These findings show an essential role of Smad4 deficiency in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) formation. This model better recapitulates the adult onset, clonal origin, and genetic alterations in human PDAC and can be simply generated on a large-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Jia
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models/Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiu Tu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Central Laboratory of Yan'an Hospital, Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Huaxin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Central Laboratory of Yan'an Hospital, Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiuyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lanzhen Yan
- Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models/Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongjuan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qingpeng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chengwei Tang
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models/Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China; KIZ-SU Joint Laboratory of Animal Model and Drug Development, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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21
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Zheng Y, Ling Y, Zhang DY, Tan CP, Zhang H, Yang GG, Wang H, Ji LN, Mao ZW. Regulating Tumor N 6 -Methyladenosine Methylation Landscape using Hypoxia-Modulating OsS x Nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2005086. [PMID: 33284508 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The epigenetic dysregulation and hypoxia are two important factors that drive tumor malignancy, and N6 -methyladenosine (m6 A) in mRNA is involved in the regulation of gene expression. Herein, a nanocatalyst OsSx -PEG (PEG = poly(ethylene glycol)) nanoparticles (NPs) as O2 modulator is developed to improve tumor hypoxia. OsSx -PEG NPs can significantly downregulate genes involved in hypoxia pathway. Interestingly, OsSx -PEG NPs elevate RNA m6 A methylation levels to cause the m6 A-dependent mRNA degradation of the hypoxia-related genes. Moreover, OsSx -PEG NPs can regulate the expression of RNA m6 A methyltransferases and demethylases. Finally, DOX@OsSx -PEG (DOX = doxorubicin; utilized as a model drug) NPs modulate tumor hypoxia and regulate mRNA m6 A methylation of hypoxia-related genes in vivo. As the first report about relationship between catalytic nanomaterials and RNA modifications, the research opens a new avenue for unveiling the underlying action mechanisms of hypoxia-modulating nanomaterials and shows potential of regulating RNA modification to overcome chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yuyi Ling
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dong-Yang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Cai-Ping Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Gang-Gang Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Liang-Nian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zong-Wan Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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22
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Wang Y, Nanda V, Direnzo D, Ye J, Xiao S, Kojima Y, Howe KL, Jarr KU, Flores AM, Tsantilas P, Tsao N, Rao A, Newman AAC, Eberhard AV, Priest JR, Ruusalepp A, Pasterkamp G, Maegdefessel L, Miller CL, Lind L, Koplev S, Björkegren JLM, Owens GK, Ingelsson E, Weissman IL, Leeper NJ. Clonally expanding smooth muscle cells promote atherosclerosis by escaping efferocytosis and activating the complement cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15818-15826. [PMID: 32541024 PMCID: PMC7354942 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006348117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the process underlying heart attack and stroke. Despite decades of research, its pathogenesis remains unclear. Dogma suggests that atherosclerotic plaques expand primarily via the accumulation of cholesterol and inflammatory cells. However, recent evidence suggests that a substantial portion of the plaque may arise from a subset of "dedifferentiated" vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) which proliferate in a clonal fashion. Herein we use multicolor lineage-tracing models to confirm that the mature SMC can give rise to a hyperproliferative cell which appears to promote inflammation via elaboration of complement-dependent anaphylatoxins. Despite being extensively opsonized with prophagocytic complement fragments, we find that this cell also escapes immune surveillance by neighboring macrophages, thereby exacerbating its relative survival advantage. Mechanistic studies indicate this phenomenon results from a generalized opsonin-sensing defect acquired by macrophages during polarization. This defect coincides with the noncanonical up-regulation of so-called don't eat me molecules on inflamed phagocytes, which reduces their capacity for programmed cell removal (PrCR). Knockdown or knockout of the key antiphagocytic molecule CD47 restores the ability of macrophages to sense and clear opsonized targets in vitro, allowing for potent and targeted suppression of clonal SMC expansion in the plaque in vivo. Because integrated clinical and genomic analyses indicate that similar pathways are active in humans with cardiovascular disease, these studies suggest that the clonally expanding SMC may represent a translational target for treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Vivek Nanda
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Daniel Direnzo
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jianqin Ye
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Sophia Xiao
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Yoko Kojima
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Kathryn L Howe
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Kai-Uwe Jarr
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Alyssa M Flores
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Pavlos Tsantilas
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Noah Tsao
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Abhiram Rao
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Alexandra A C Newman
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - Anne V Eberhard
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - James R Priest
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Arno Ruusalepp
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia 50406
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK partner site), 10785 Munich, Germany
| | - Clint L Miller
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Simon Koplev
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574
| | - Johan L M Björkegren
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574
| | - Gary K Owens
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Nicholas J Leeper
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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23
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Liang J, Zhang H, Sun X, Liao L, Li X, Hu X, Du J, Zhuang X, Liao X. Association between calf girth and peripheral artery disease in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. J Cardiol 2020; 76:273-279. [PMID: 32439339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of peripheral artery disease (PAD) is associated with impaired calf muscle. We sought to investigate the association between gender-specific calf girth and the prevalence of PAD among participants from a community-based cohort study. METHODS A total 13,808 participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study without prior PAD were included in the final analysis. Calf girth was measured at baseline (1985-1987). A hospital diagnosis with an ICD-9 code defined incident PAD during follow up. Cox regression analysis adjusted for demographic variables and other covariates was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between calf girth and PAD. RESULTS After a medium follow-up of 25.2 years, the overall prevalence of PAD in our study was 5.2% (721/13,808), 335 patients were women and 386 were men. The adjusted HR for PAD with calf girth as continuous variables was 0.99 (95% CI 0.95-1.04) in females and 0.93 (95% CI 0.88-0.99) in males, respectively. Moreover, interaction for gender was statistically significant between calf girth and PAD in overall population (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed a linear association of calf girth with the prevalence of PAD among male participants in ARIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Liang
- Cardiology Department, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Huanji Zhang
- Cardiology Department, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiuting Sun
- Cardiology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lizhen Liao
- Department of Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Cardiology Department, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xun Hu
- Cardiology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianhang Du
- Cardiology Department, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- Cardiology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Center for Information Technology & Statistics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xinxue Liao
- Cardiology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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24
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Wong D, Turner AW, Miller CL. Genetic Insights Into Smooth Muscle Cell Contributions to Coronary Artery Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 39:1006-1017. [PMID: 31043074 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease is a complex cardiovascular disease involving an interplay of genetic and environmental influences over a lifetime. Although considerable progress has been made in understanding lifestyle risk factors, genetic factors identified from genome-wide association studies may capture additional hidden risk undetected by traditional clinical tests. These genetic discoveries have highlighted many candidate genes and pathways dysregulated in the vessel wall, including those involving smooth muscle cell phenotypic modulation and injury responses. Here, we summarize experimental evidence for a few genome-wide significant loci supporting their roles in smooth muscle cell biology and disease. We also discuss molecular quantitative trait locus mapping as a powerful discovery and fine-mapping approach applied to smooth muscle cell and coronary artery disease-relevant tissues. We emphasize the critical need for alternative genetic strategies, including cis/trans-regulatory network analysis, genome editing, and perturbations, as well as single-cell sequencing in smooth muscle cell tissues and model organisms, under both normal and disease states. By integrating multiple experimental and analytical modalities, these multidimensional datasets should improve the interpretation of coronary artery disease genome-wide association studies and molecular quantitative trait locus signals and inform candidate targets for therapeutic intervention or risk prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Wong
- From the Center for Public Health Genomics (D.W., A.W.T., C.L.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (D.W., C.L.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Adam W Turner
- From the Center for Public Health Genomics (D.W., A.W.T., C.L.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Clint L Miller
- From the Center for Public Health Genomics (D.W., A.W.T., C.L.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (D.W., C.L.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville.,Department of Biomedical Engineering (C.L.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville.,Department of Public Health Sciences (C.L.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
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25
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Bäck M, Yurdagul A, Tabas I, Öörni K, Kovanen PT. Inflammation and its resolution in atherosclerosis: mediators and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 16:389-406. [PMID: 30846875 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-019-0169-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a lipid-driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima in which the balance of pro-inflammatory and inflammation-resolving mechanisms dictates the final clinical outcome. Intimal infiltration and modification of plasma-derived lipoproteins and their uptake mainly by macrophages, with ensuing formation of lipid-filled foam cells, initiate atherosclerotic lesion formation, and deficient efferocytotic removal of apoptotic cells and foam cells sustains lesion progression. Defective efferocytosis, as a sign of inadequate inflammation resolution, leads to accumulation of secondarily necrotic macrophages and foam cells and the formation of an advanced lesion with a necrotic lipid core, indicative of plaque vulnerability. Resolution of inflammation is mediated by specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators derived from omega-3 fatty acids or arachidonic acid and by relevant proteins and signalling gaseous molecules. One of the major effects of inflammation resolution mediators is phenotypic conversion of pro-inflammatory macrophages into macrophages that suppress inflammation and promote healing. In advanced atherosclerotic lesions, the ratio between specialized pro-resolving mediators and pro-inflammatory lipids (in particular leukotrienes) is strikingly low, providing a molecular explanation for the defective inflammation resolution features of these lesions. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms of the formation of clinically dangerous atherosclerotic lesions and the potential of pro-resolving mediator therapy to inhibit this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Bäck
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arif Yurdagul
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ira Tabas
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland.,Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri T Kovanen
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
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26
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Pérez-Cremades D, Cheng HS, Feinberg MW. Noncoding RNAs in Critical Limb Ischemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:523-533. [PMID: 31893949 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease, caused by chronic arterial occlusion of the lower extremities, affects over 200 million people worldwide. Peripheral artery disease can progress into critical limb ischemia (CLI), its more severe manifestation, which is associated with higher risk of limb amputation and cardiovascular death. Aiming to improve tissue perfusion, therapeutic angiogenesis held promise to improve ischemic limbs using delivery of growth factors but has not successfully translated into benefits for patients. Moreover, accumulating studies suggest that impaired downstream signaling of these growth factors (or angiogenic resistance) may significantly contribute to CLI, particularly under harsh environments, such as diabetes mellitus. Noncoding RNAs are essential regulators of gene expression that control a range of pathophysiologies relevant to CLI, including angiogenesis/arteriogenesis, hypoxia, inflammation, stem/progenitor cells, and diabetes mellitus. In this review, we summarize the role of noncoding RNAs, including microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs, as functional mediators or biomarkers in the pathophysiology of CLI. A better understanding of these ncRNAs in CLI may provide opportunities for new targets in the prevention, diagnosis, and therapeutic management of this disabling disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pérez-Cremades
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.P.-C., H.S.C., M.W.F.).,Department of Physiology, University of Valencia and INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Spain (D.P.-C.)
| | - Henry S Cheng
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.P.-C., H.S.C., M.W.F.)
| | - Mark W Feinberg
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.P.-C., H.S.C., M.W.F.)
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27
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Chen L, Qu H, Guo M, Zhang Y, Cui Y, Yang Q, Bai R, Shi D. ANRIL and atherosclerosis. J Clin Pharm Ther 2019; 45:240-248. [PMID: 31703157 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE The 3.8-kb-long antisense non-coding RNA at the INK4 locus (ANRIL) is transcribed from the short arm of human chromosome 9 on P21 and is associated with malfunction of the vascular endothelium, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation/migration/senescence/apoptosis, mononuclear cell adhesion and proliferation, glycolipid metabolism disorder and DNA damage. Hence, ANRIL plays an important role in atherogenesis. Moreover, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified ANRIL as a biomarker that is closely related to coronary heart disease (CHD). The objective of this review was to discuss the pathological mechanism of ANRIL in atherosclerotic development and its significance as a predictor of cardiovascular disease. METHODS Review of the PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane databases for articles demonstrating the roles of ANRIL in the development of atherosclerotic diseases. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The abnormal expression of ANRIL is linked to vascular endothelium injury; the proliferation, migration, senescence and apoptosis of VSMCs; mononuclear cell adhesion and proliferation; glycolipid metabolism disorder; DNA damage; and competing endogenous RNAs. Moreover, ANRIL accelerates the progression of CHD by regulating its single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION Considering that ANRIL accelerates atherosclerosis (AS) development and is a risk factor for CHD, it is reasonable for us to explore an efficacious ANRIL-based therapy for AS in CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Peking University Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Medical School (Xi yuan), Beijing, China
| | - Hua Qu
- Graduate School of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Guo
- Cardiovascular Diseases Center, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Cardiovascular Diseases Center, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cui
- Cardiovascular Diseases Center, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoning Yang
- Cardiovascular Diseases Center, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruina Bai
- Cardiovascular Diseases Center, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dazhuo Shi
- Cardiovascular Diseases Center, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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28
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Yao F, Yu P, Li Y, Yuan X, Li Z, Zhang T, Liu F, Wang Y, Wang Y, Li D, Ma B, Shu C, Kong W, Zhou B, Wang L. Histone Variant H2A.Z Is Required for the Maintenance of Smooth Muscle Cell Identity as Revealed by Single-Cell Transcriptomics. Circulation 2019; 138:2274-2288. [PMID: 29871976 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.033114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone variants endow chromatin with specific structures, and play essential roles in development and diseases. However, little is known about their roles in controlling cell identity in vascular diseases. METHODS Given the cell heterogeneity in atherosclerotic lesions, we applied single-cell RNA-Sequencing to analyze diseased human arteries, and identified histone variant H2A.Z as a key histone signature to maintain vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) identity. RESULTS We show that H2A.Z occupies genomic regions near VSMC marker genes, and its occupancy is decreased in VSMCs undergoing dedifferentiation. Mechanistically, H2A.Z occupancy preferentially promotes nucleosome turnover, and facilitates the recruitment of SMAD3 and MED1, thereby activating VSMC marker gene expression. In addition, H2A.Z expression is dramatically reduced at both mRNA and protein levels in diseased human vascular tissues compared to those in normal arteries. Notably, in vivo overexpression of H2A.Z rescues injury-induced loss of VSMC identity and neointima formation. CONCLUSIONS Together, our data introduce dynamic occupancy of a histone variant as a novel regulatory basis contributing to cell fate decisions, and imply H2A.Z as a potential intervention node for vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (F.Y., P.Y., X.Y., Z.L., F.L., Y.W., D.L., B.Z., L.W.), Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Peng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (F.Y., P.Y., X.Y., Z.L., F.L., Y.W., D.L., B.Z., L.W.), Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Air Force General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China (Y.L.)
| | - Xinli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (F.Y., P.Y., X.Y., Z.L., F.L., Y.W., D.L., B.Z., L.W.), Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (F.Y., P.Y., X.Y., Z.L., F.L., Y.W., D.L., B.Z., L.W.), Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (T.Z.)
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (F.Y., P.Y., X.Y., Z.L., F.L., Y.W., D.L., B.Z., L.W.), Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Yingbao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (F.Y., P.Y., X.Y., Z.L., F.L., Y.W., D.L., B.Z., L.W.), Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China (Y.W., B.M., W.K.)
| | | | - Dandan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (F.Y., P.Y., X.Y., Z.L., F.L., Y.W., D.L., B.Z., L.W.), Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Baihui Ma
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China (Y.W., B.M., W.K.)
| | - Chang Shu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (C.S.), Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China (Y.W., B.M., W.K.)
| | - Bingying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (F.Y., P.Y., X.Y., Z.L., F.L., Y.W., D.L., B.Z., L.W.), Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (F.Y., P.Y., X.Y., Z.L., F.L., Y.W., D.L., B.Z., L.W.), Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
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29
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Hypoxia Promotes Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation through microRNA-Mediated Suppression of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080802. [PMID: 31370272 PMCID: PMC6721514 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation is essential to maintain vascular homeostasis. Hypoxia induces abnormal proliferation of VSMCs and causes vascular proliferative disorders, such as pulmonary hypertension and atherosclerosis. As several cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) complexes and CDK inhibitors (CKIs) control cell proliferation, in this study, we investigated CKIs involved in the hypoxia-induced proliferation process of human primary pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells to understand the underlying molecular mechanism. We demonstrated that p15, p16, and p21 are downregulated in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells when exposed to hypoxia. In addition, we identified novel hypoxia-induced microRNAs (hypoxamiRs) including miR-497, miR-1268a, and miR-665 that are upregulated under hypoxia and post-transcriptionally regulate p15, p16, and p21 genes, respectively, by directly targeting their 3'UTRs. These miRNAs promoted the proliferation of VSMCs, and their inhibition decreased VSMC proliferation even in hypoxic conditions. Overall, this study revealed that miRNA-mediated regulatory mechanism of CKIs is essential for hypoxia-induced proliferation of VSMCs. These findings provide insights for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of vascular proliferative disorders.
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30
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Williams R. Circulation Research "In This Issue" Anthology. Circ Res 2019; 120:e58-e84. [PMID: 28596178 DOI: 10.1161/res.0000000000000152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Cooke
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX (J.P.C.); and Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (N.J.L.).
| | - Nicholas J Leeper
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX (J.P.C.); and Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (N.J.L.)
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Scruggs AM, Koh HB, Tripathi P, Leeper NJ, White ES, Huang SK. Loss of CDKN2B Promotes Fibrosis via Increased Fibroblast Differentiation Rather Than Proliferation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 59:200-214. [PMID: 29420051 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0298oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating lung disease characterized by excessive scarring and fibroblast activation. We previously showed that fibroblasts from patients with IPF are hypermethylated at the CDKN2B gene locus, resulting in decreased CDKN2B expression. Here, we examine how diminished CDKN2B expression in normal and IPF fibroblasts affect fibroblast function, and how loss of CDKN2B contributes to IPF pathogenesis. We first confirmed that protein expression of CDKN2B was diminished in IPF lungs in situ. Loss of CDKN2B was especially notable in regions of increased myofibroblasts and fibroblastic foci. The degree of CDKN2B hypermethylation was particularly elevated in patients with radiographic honeycombing, a marker of more advanced fibrosis, and increased DNA methylation correlated with decreased expression. Although CDKN2B is traditionally considered a cell cycle inhibitor, loss of CDKN2B did not result in an increase in fibroblast proliferation, but instead was associated with an increase in myofibroblast differentiation. An increase in myofibroblast differentiation was not observed when CDKN2A was silenced. Loss of CDKN2B was associated with an increase in the transcription factors serum response factor and myocardin-related transcription factor A, and overexpression of CDKN2B in IPF fibroblasts inhibited myofibroblast differentiation. Finally, decreased CDKN2B expression was noted in fibroblasts from a murine model of fibrosis, and Cdkn2b-/- mice developed greater histologic fibrosis after bleomycin injury. These findings identify a novel function for CDKN2B that differs from its conventional designation as a cell cycle inhibitor and demonstrate the importance of this protein in pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Scruggs
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Hailey B Koh
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Priya Tripathi
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Nicholas J Leeper
- 2 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Eric S White
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Steven K Huang
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
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Dark-colored maple syrup treatment induces S-phase cell cycle arrest via reduced proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in colorectal cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:2713-2720. [PMID: 30854045 PMCID: PMC6365951 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.9928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Maple syrup is a natural sweetener that is consumed worldwide. It has been previously reported that dark-colored maple syrup exerts an inhibitory effect on colorectal cancer (CRC) proliferation and invasion. In the present study, the underlying mechanism of CRC cell growth inhibition was examined with dark-colored maple syrup treatment using a shotgun liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based global proteomic approach. Applying a semi-quantitative method based on spectral counting, 388 proteins were identified with expression changes of >1.5-fold following dark-colored maple syrup treatment. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that these proteins possessed cell cycle-associated functions. It was also indicated that CRC cells treated with dark-colored maple syrup exhibited decreased proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression and S-phase cell cycle arrest. Dark-colored maple syrup treatment also resulted in altered expression of cell cycle-associated genes, including cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4 and CDK6. In conclusion, these data suggested that dark-colored maple syrup induced S-phase cell cycle arrest in CRC cells by reducing the expression of PCNA and regulating cell cycle-associated genes. These findings suggest that dark-colored maple syrup may be a source of compounds for the development of novel drugs for colorectal cancer treatment.
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Tajbakhsh A, Gheibi Hayat SM, Butler AE, Sahebkar A. Effect of soluble cleavage products of important receptors/ligands on efferocytosis: Their role in inflammatory, autoimmune and cardiovascular disease. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 50:43-57. [PMID: 30639340 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Efferocytosis, the clearance of apoptotic cells (ACs), is a physiologic, multifaceted and dynamic process and a fundamental mechanism for the preservation of tissue homeostasis by avoiding unwanted inflammation and autoimmune responses through special phagocytic receptors. Defective efferocytosis is associated with several disease states, including cardiovascular disease and impaired immune surveillance, as occurs in cancer and autoimmune disease. A major cause of defective efferocytosis is non-functionality of surface receptors on either the phagocytic cells or the ACs, such as TAM family tyrosine kinase, which turns to a soluble form by cleavage/shedding or alternative splicing. Recently, soluble forms have featured prominently as potential biomarkers, indicative of prognosis and enabling targeted therapy using several commonly employed drugs and inhibitors, such as bleomycin, dexamethasone, statins and some matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors such as TAPI-1 and BB3103. Importantly, to design drug carriers with enhanced circulatory durability, the adaptation of soluble forms of physiological receptors/ligands has been purported. Research has shown that soluble forms are more effective than antibody forms in enabling targeted treatment of certain conditions, such as autoimmune diseases. In this review, we sought to summarize the current knowledge of these soluble products, how they are generated, their interactions, roles, and their potential use as biomarkers in prognosis and treatment related to inflammatory, cardiovascular, and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tajbakhsh
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Alexandra E Butler
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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35
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Tauran Y, Poulain S, Lereau-Bernier M, Danoy M, Shinohara M, Segard BD, Kato S, Kido T, Miyajima A, Sakai Y, Plessy C, Leclerc E. Analysis of the transcription factors and their regulatory roles during a step-by-step differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into hepatocyte-like cells. Mol Omics 2019; 15:383-398. [DOI: 10.1039/c9mo00122k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells have been investigated through a sequential in vitro step-by-step differentiation into hepatocyte-like cells using nanoCAGE, an original method for promoters, transcription factors, and transcriptome analysis.
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Nanda V, Wang T, Pjanic M, Liu B, Nguyen T, Matic LP, Hedin U, Koplev S, Ma L, Franzén O, Ruusalepp A, Schadt EE, Björkegren JLM, Montgomery SB, Snyder MP, Quertermous T, Leeper NJ, Miller CL. Functional regulatory mechanism of smooth muscle cell-restricted LMOD1 coronary artery disease locus. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007755. [PMID: 30444878 PMCID: PMC6268002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified multiple new loci which appear to alter coronary artery disease (CAD) risk via arterial wall-specific mechanisms. One of the annotated genes encodes LMOD1 (Leiomodin 1), a member of the actin filament nucleator family that is highly enriched in smooth muscle-containing tissues such as the artery wall. However, it is still unknown whether LMOD1 is the causal gene at this locus and also how the associated variants alter LMOD1 expression/function and CAD risk. Using epigenomic profiling we recently identified a non-coding regulatory variant, rs34091558, which is in tight linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the lead CAD GWAS variant, rs2820315. Herein we demonstrate through expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) and statistical fine-mapping in GTEx, STARNET, and human coronary artery smooth muscle cell (HCASMC) datasets, rs34091558 is the top regulatory variant for LMOD1 in vascular tissues. Position weight matrix (PWM) analyses identify the protective allele rs34091558-TA to form a conserved Forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) binding motif, which is disrupted by the risk allele rs34091558-A. FOXO3 chromatin immunoprecipitation and reporter assays show reduced FOXO3 binding and LMOD1 transcriptional activity by the risk allele, consistent with effects of FOXO3 downregulation on LMOD1. LMOD1 knockdown results in increased proliferation and migration and decreased cell contraction in HCASMC, and immunostaining in atherosclerotic lesions in the SMC lineage tracing reporter mouse support a key role for LMOD1 in maintaining the differentiated SMC phenotype. These results provide compelling functional evidence that genetic variation is associated with dysregulated LMOD1 expression/function in SMCs, together contributing to the heritable risk for CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Nanda
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ting Wang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Milos Pjanic
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Boxiang Liu
- Department of Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Trieu Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ljubica Perisic Matic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon Koplev
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America
| | - Lijiang Ma
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America
| | - Oscar Franzén
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America
- Clinical Gene Networks AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arno Ruusalepp
- Clinical Gene Networks AB, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eric E. Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America
| | - Johan L. M. Björkegren
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Vascular Biology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translation Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Stephen B. Montgomery
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Snyder
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Leeper
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Clint L. Miller
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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37
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Tajbakhsh A, Rezaee M, Kovanen PT, Sahebkar A. Efferocytosis in atherosclerotic lesions: Malfunctioning regulatory pathways and control mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 188:12-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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38
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Spin JM, Li DY, Maegdefessel L, Tsao PS. Non-coding RNAs in aneurysmal aortopathy. Vascul Pharmacol 2018; 114:110-121. [PMID: 29909014 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aortic aneurysms represent a major public health burden, and currently have no medical treatment options. The pathophysiology behind these aneurysms is complex and variable, depending on location and underlying cause, and generally involves progressive dysfunction of all elements of the aortic wall. Changes in smooth muscle behavior, endothelial signaling, extracellular matrix remodeling, and to a variable extent inflammatory signaling and cells, all contribute to the dilation of the aorta, ultimately resulting in high mortality and morbidity events including dissection and rupture. A large number of researchers have identified non-coding RNAs as crucial regulators of aortic aneurysm development, both in humans and in animal models. While most work to-date has focused on microRNAs, intriguing information has also begun to emerge regarding the role of long-non-coding RNAs. This review summarizes the currently available data regarding the involvement of non-coding RNAs in aneurysmal aortopathies. Going forward, these represent key potential therapeutic targets that might be leveraged in the future to slow or prevent aortic aneurysm formation, progression and rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Spin
- Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Y Li
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- Vascular Biology Unit, Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philip S Tsao
- Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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Schubert AK, Smink JJ, Arp M, Ringe J, Hegewald AA, Sittinger M. Quality Assessment of Surgical Disc Samples Discriminates Human Annulus Fibrosus and Nucleus Pulposus on Tissue and Molecular Level. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061761. [PMID: 29899321 PMCID: PMC6032144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A discrimination of the highly specialised annulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) cells in the mature human intervertebral disc (IVD) is thus far still not possible in a reliable way. The aim of this study was to identify molecular markers that distinguish AF and NP cells in human disc tissue using microarray analysis as a screening tool. AF and NP samples were obtained from 28 cervical discs. First, all samples underwent quality sorting using two novel scoring systems for small-sized disc tissue samples including macroscopic, haptic and histological evaluation. Subsequently, samples with clear disc characteristics of either AF or NP that were free from impurities of foreign tissue (IVD score) and with low signs of disc degeneration on cellular level (DD score) were selected for GeneChip analysis (HGU1332P). The 11 AF and 9 NP samples showed distinctly different genome-wide transcriptomes. The majority of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) could be specifically assigned to the AF, whereas no DEG was exclusively expressed in the NP. Nevertheless, we identified 11 novel marker genes that clearly distinguished AF and NP, as confirmed by quantitative gene expression analysis. The novel established scoring systems and molecular markers showed the identity of AF and NP in disc starting material and are thus of great importance in the quality assurance of cell-based therapeutics in regenerative treatment of disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Schubert
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Tissue Engineering Laboratory and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
- CO.DON AG, 14513 Teltow, Germany.
| | | | - Mirko Arp
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Jochen Ringe
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Tissue Engineering Laboratory and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Aldemar A Hegewald
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, Helios Baltic Sea Hospital Damp, 24351 Damp, Germany.
| | - Michael Sittinger
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Tissue Engineering Laboratory and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie Lin
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (J.L.) and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute (J.L.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.M.)
| | - Kiran Musunuru
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (J.L.) and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute (J.L.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.M.)
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41
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Mehramiz M, Ghasemi F, Esmaily H, Tayefi M, Hassanian SM, Sadeghzade M, Sadabadi F, Moohebati M, Azarpazhooh MR, Parizadeh SMR, Heidari-Bakavoli A, Safarian M, Nematy M, Ebrahimi M, Ryzhikov M, Ferns GA, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Avan A. Interaction between a variant of CDKN2A/B-gene with lifestyle factors in determining dyslipidemia and estimated cardiovascular risk: A step toward personalized nutrition. Clin Nutr 2018; 37:254-261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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42
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Lin J, Musunuru K. From Genotype to Phenotype: A Primer on the Functional Follow-up of Genome-Wide Association Studies in Cardiovascular Disease. CIRCULATION. GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2018; 11:e001946. [PMID: 29915816 PMCID: PMC6003539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have implicated many human genomic loci in the development of complex traits. The loci identified by these studies are potentially involved in novel pathways that contribute to disease pathophysiology. However, eventual therapeutic targeting of these pathways relies on bridging the gap between genetic association and function, a task that first requires validation of causal genetic variants, casual genes, and directionality of effect. Executing this task requires basic knowledge of interpreting GWAS results and prioritizing candidates for further study, in addition to understanding the experimental methods available for evaluating candidate variants. Here we review the basic genetic principles of genome-wide association studies, the computational and experimental tools used for identifying causal variants and genes, and salient illustrative examples of how cardiovascular loci have undergone functional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie Lin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Kiran Musunuru
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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43
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Yurdagul A, Doran AC, Cai B, Fredman G, Tabas IA. Mechanisms and Consequences of Defective Efferocytosis in Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018. [PMID: 29379788 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00086e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient clearance of apoptotic cells, termed efferocytosis, critically regulates normal homeostasis whereas defective uptake of apoptotic cells results in chronic and non-resolving inflammatory diseases, such as advanced atherosclerosis. Monocyte-derived macrophages recruited into developing atherosclerotic lesions initially display efficient efferocytosis and temper inflammatory responses, processes that restrict plaque progression. However, during the course of plaque development, macrophages undergo cellular reprogramming that reduces efferocytic capacity, which results in post-apoptotic necrosis of apoptotic cells and inflammation. Furthermore, defective efferocytosis in advanced atherosclerosis is a major driver of necrotic core formation, which can trigger plaque rupture and acute thrombotic cardiovascular events. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate efferocytosis, how efferocytosis promotes the resolution of inflammation, and how defective efferocytosis leads to the formation of clinically dangerous atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Yurdagul
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Physiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Amanda C Doran
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Physiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bishuang Cai
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Physiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gabrielle Fredman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Ira A Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Physiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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44
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Yurdagul A, Doran AC, Cai B, Fredman G, Tabas IA. Mechanisms and Consequences of Defective Efferocytosis in Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 4:86. [PMID: 29379788 PMCID: PMC5770804 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient clearance of apoptotic cells, termed efferocytosis, critically regulates normal homeostasis whereas defective uptake of apoptotic cells results in chronic and non-resolving inflammatory diseases, such as advanced atherosclerosis. Monocyte-derived macrophages recruited into developing atherosclerotic lesions initially display efficient efferocytosis and temper inflammatory responses, processes that restrict plaque progression. However, during the course of plaque development, macrophages undergo cellular reprogramming that reduces efferocytic capacity, which results in post-apoptotic necrosis of apoptotic cells and inflammation. Furthermore, defective efferocytosis in advanced atherosclerosis is a major driver of necrotic core formation, which can trigger plaque rupture and acute thrombotic cardiovascular events. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate efferocytosis, how efferocytosis promotes the resolution of inflammation, and how defective efferocytosis leads to the formation of clinically dangerous atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Yurdagul
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Physiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Amanda C Doran
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Physiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bishuang Cai
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Physiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gabrielle Fredman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Ira A Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Physiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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45
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Robinet P, Milewicz DM, Cassis LA, Leeper NJ, Lu HS, Smith JD. Consideration of Sex Differences in Design and Reporting of Experimental Arterial Pathology Studies-Statement From ATVB Council. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:292-303. [PMID: 29301789 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There are many differences in arterial diseases between men and women, including prevalence, clinical manifestations, treatments, and prognosis. The new policy of the National Institutes of Health, which requires the inclusion of sex as a biological variable for preclinical studies, aims to foster new mechanistic insights and to enhance our understanding of sex differences in human diseases. The purpose of this statement is to suggest guidelines for designing and reporting sex as a biological variable in animal models of atherosclerosis, thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms, and peripheral arterial disease. We briefly review sex differences of these human diseases and their animal models, followed by suggestions on experimental design and reporting of animal studies for these vascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Robinet
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (P.R., J.D.S.); Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (D.M.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (L.A.C.) and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology (H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, CA (N.J.L.)
| | - Dianna M Milewicz
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (P.R., J.D.S.); Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (D.M.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (L.A.C.) and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology (H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, CA (N.J.L.)
| | - Lisa A Cassis
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (P.R., J.D.S.); Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (D.M.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (L.A.C.) and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology (H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, CA (N.J.L.)
| | - Nicholas J Leeper
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (P.R., J.D.S.); Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (D.M.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (L.A.C.) and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology (H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, CA (N.J.L.)
| | - Hong S Lu
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (P.R., J.D.S.); Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (D.M.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (L.A.C.) and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology (H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, CA (N.J.L.)
| | - Jonathan D Smith
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (P.R., J.D.S.); Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (D.M.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (L.A.C.) and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology (H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, CA (N.J.L.).
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Fracassi F, Niccoli G, Vetrugno V, Cauteruccio M, Buffon A, Gatto I, Giarretta I, Tondi P, Pola R, Crea F. The 9p21 Rs 1333040 polymorphism is associated with coronary microvascular obstruction in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated by primary angioplasty. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL-ACUTE CARDIOVASCULAR CARE 2017; 8:703-707. [PMID: 28984467 DOI: 10.1177/2048872617735808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microvascular obstruction (MVO) after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) leads to higher incidence of both early and late complications. A number of single nucleotide polymorphisms in 9p21 chromosome have been shown to affect angiogenesis in response to ischaemia. In particular, Rs1333040 with its three genotypic vriants C/C, T/C and T/T might influence the occurrence of MVO after pPCI. METHODS We enrolled ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients undergoing pPCI. The Rs1333040 polymorphism was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism using restriction endonucleases (Bsml). Two expert operators unaware of the patients' identity performed the angiographic analysis; collaterals were assessed applying Rentrop's classification. Angiographic MVO was defined as a post-pPCI Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI)<3 or TIMI 3 with myocardial blush grade 0 or 1, whereas electrocardiographic MVO was defined as ST segment resolution <70% one hour after pPCI. RESULTS Among our 133 STEMI patients (mean age 63 ± 11 years, men 72%), 35 (26%) and 53 (40%) respectively experienced angiographic or electrocardiographic MVO. Angiographic and electrocardiographic MVO were different among the three variants (p= 0.03 and p=0.02 respectively). In particular, T/T genotype was associated with a higher incidence of both angiographic and electrocardiographic MVO compared with C/C genotype (p=0.04 and p=0.03 respectively). Moreover, Rentrop score <2 detection rate differed among the three genotypes (p=0.03). In particular T/T genotype was associated with a higher incidence of a Rentrop score <2 as compared with C/C genotype (p= 0.02). CONCLUSION Rs1333040 polymorphism genetic variants portend different MVO incidence. In particular, T/T genotype is related to angiographic and electrocardiographic MVO and to worse collaterals towards the culprit artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Fracassi
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Niccoli
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Vetrugno
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Cauteruccio
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Buffon
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Gatto
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Igor Giarretta
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Tondi
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Pola
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Crea
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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47
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Association analyses based on false discovery rate implicate new loci for coronary artery disease. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1385-1391. [PMID: 28714975 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in coronary artery disease (CAD) had identified 66 loci at 'genome-wide significance' (P < 5 × 10-8) at the time of this analysis, but a much larger number of putative loci at a false discovery rate (FDR) of 5% (refs. 1,2,3,4). Here we leverage an interim release of UK Biobank (UKBB) data to evaluate the validity of the FDR approach. We tested a CAD phenotype inclusive of angina (SOFT; ncases = 10,801) as well as a stricter definition without angina (HARD; ncases = 6,482) and selected cases with the former phenotype to conduct a meta-analysis using the two most recent CAD GWAS. This approach identified 13 new loci at genome-wide significance, 12 of which were on our previous list of loci meeting the 5% FDR threshold, thus providing strong support that the remaining loci identified by FDR represent genuine signals. The 304 independent variants associated at 5% FDR in this study explain 21.2% of CAD heritability and identify 243 loci that implicate pathways in blood vessel morphogenesis as well as lipid metabolism, nitric oxide signaling and inflammation.
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Abstract
The necrotic core has long been a hallmark of the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque. Although apoptotic cells are cleared quickly in almost all other tissue beds, their removal appears to be significantly impaired in the diseased blood vessel. Emerging evidence indicates that this phenomenon is caused by a defect in efferocytosis, the process by which apoptotic tissue is recognized for engulfment by phagocytic cells such as macrophages. Genetic and experimental data suggest that efferocytosis is impaired during atherogenesis caused by dysregulation of so-called eat me ligands, which govern the edibility of cells undergoing programmed cell death. The following is a summary of recent data indicating that efferocytosis is a major unappreciated driver of lesion expansion but also a reversible defect that can potentially be targeted as a means to prevent plaque progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kojima
- From Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery (Y.K., N.J.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (I.L.W.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.J.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- From Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery (Y.K., N.J.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (I.L.W.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.J.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Nicholas J Leeper
- From Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery (Y.K., N.J.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (I.L.W.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.J.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA.
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49
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Zeng L, Dang TA, Schunkert H. Genetics links between transforming growth factor β pathway and coronary disease. Atherosclerosis 2016; 253:237-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Hess
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (D.L.H.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.H.A.), and the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Brian H Annex
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (D.L.H.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (B.H.A.), and the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville.
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