1
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Kitasato L, Yamaoka-Tojo M, Suzuki M, Nakahara S, Iwaya T, Ogiso S, Murayama Y, Hashikata T, Misawa N, Kawashima R, Oikawa J, Nakamura M, Tokui Y, Naraba J, Nishii M, Kitasato H, Ako J. Fibroblasts activation by embryonic signal switching: A novel mechanism of placental growth factor-induced cardiac remodeling. Placenta 2024; 154:129-136. [PMID: 38971073 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiac remodeling is defined as cellular interstitial changes that lead dysfunction of the heart after injury. Placental growth factor (PlGF), a member of the VEGF family, has been reported to regulate cardiac hypertrophy in hemodynamic state. We therefore analyze the function of PlGF during cardiac remodeling using cardiac cells and fibroblasts, under Angiotensin II (AngII) stimulation. METHODS PlGF overexpressed mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from C57BL/6 mice, were made by deficient retrovirus vector, designated as C57/PlGF. Only retrovirus vector introduced C57 cells (C57/EV) were used as control. After AngII stimulation, wound scratching assay and MTT proliferation assay with or without p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB205580 were performed in retrovirally-introduced C57 cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, NF-kB activation, IL-6 and TNF-α production were also measured. Then we assessed AngII-induced cell proliferation of mouse cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) and rat primary cardiomyocytes incubating with C57/PlGF conditioned-medium. RESULTS The PlGF production in C57/PlGF were confirmed by ELISA (1093.48 ± 3.5 pg/ml, ±SE). AngII-induced cell migration, proliferation and H2O2 production were increased in C57/PlGF compared with C57/EV. SB205580 inhibited the AngII-induced cell proliferation in C57/PlGF. In C57/PlGF cells, NF-kB activation was higher, followed by up-regulation of IL-6 and TNF-α production. CFs and cardiomyocytes proliferation increased when stimulated with C57/PlGF conditioned-medium. DISCUSSION The activation of fibroblast is stimulated by PlGF signaling via p38 MAPK/NF-kB pathway accompanied by elevation of ROS and inflammatory response. Furthermore, these signals stimulate the activation of CFs and cardiomyocytes, indicating that high circulating level of PlGF have a potential to regulate cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kitasato
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374 Japan.
| | - Minako Yamaoka-Tojo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Machika Suzuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374 Japan
| | - Shohei Nakahara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374 Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Iwaya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374 Japan
| | - Sho Ogiso
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374 Japan
| | - Yusuke Murayama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374 Japan
| | - Takehiro Hashikata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374 Japan
| | - Nonoka Misawa
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Rei Kawashima
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Jun Oikawa
- Department of Kitasato Clinical Research Center, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374 Japan
| | - Masaki Nakamura
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374 Japan
| | - Yumi Tokui
- Department of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan; Department Environmental Microbiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Jun Naraba
- Department of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan; Department Environmental Microbiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Nishii
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hidero Kitasato
- Department of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan; Department Environmental Microbiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan; Shibasaburo Kitasato Memorial Museum, 3199 Kitazato, Oguni, Aso, Kumamoto, 869-2505, Japan
| | - Junya Ako
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374 Japan
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2
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Zhu Y, Ackers-Johnson M, Shanmugam MK, Pakkiri LS, Drum CL, Yanpu C, Kim J, Paltzer WG, Mahmoud AI, Wen Tan WL, Lee MCJ, Jianming J, Luu DAT, Ng SL, Li PYQ, Anhui W, Rong Q, Ong GJX, Ng Yu T, Haigh JJ, Tiang Z, Richards AM, Foo R. Asparagine Synthetase Marks a Distinct Dependency Threshold for Cardiomyocyte Dedifferentiation. Circulation 2024; 149:1833-1851. [PMID: 38586957 PMCID: PMC11147732 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.123.063965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult mammalian cardiomyocytes have limited proliferative capacity, but in specifically induced contexts they traverse through cell-cycle reentry, offering the potential for heart regeneration. Endogenous cardiomyocyte proliferation is preceded by cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation (CMDD), wherein adult cardiomyocytes revert to a less matured state that is distinct from the classical myocardial fetal stress gene response associated with heart failure. However, very little is known about CMDD as a defined cardiomyocyte cell state in transition. METHODS Here, we leveraged 2 models of in vitro cultured adult mouse cardiomyocytes and in vivo adeno-associated virus serotype 9 cardiomyocyte-targeted delivery of reprogramming factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and Myc) in adult mice to study CMDD. We profiled their transcriptomes using RNA sequencing, in combination with multiple published data sets, with the aim of identifying a common denominator for tracking CMDD. RESULTS RNA sequencing and integrated analysis identified Asparagine Synthetase (Asns) as a unique molecular marker gene well correlated with CMDD, required for increased asparagine and also for distinct fluxes in other amino acids. Although Asns overexpression in Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and Myc cardiomyocytes augmented hallmarks of CMDD, Asns deficiency led to defective regeneration in the neonatal mouse myocardial infarction model, increased cell death of cultured adult cardiomyocytes, and reduced cell cycle in Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and Myc cardiomyocytes, at least in part through disrupting the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway. CONCLUSIONS We discovered a novel gene Asns as both a molecular marker and an essential mediator, marking a distinct threshold that appears in common for at least 4 models of CMDD, and revealing an Asns/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 axis dependency for dedifferentiating cardiomyocytes. Further study will be needed to extrapolate and assess its relevance to other cell state transitions as well as in heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yike Zhu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Cardiovascular Metabolic Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore
| | - Matthew Ackers-Johnson
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Cardiovascular Metabolic Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore
| | - Muthu K Shanmugam
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Cardiovascular Metabolic Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore
| | - Leroy Sivappiragasam Pakkiri
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Cardiovascular Metabolic Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore
| | - Chester Lee Drum
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Cardiovascular Metabolic Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore
| | - Chen Yanpu
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Johnny Kim
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Rhein/Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Wyatt G. Paltzer
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ahmed I. Mahmoud
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Wilson Lek Wen Tan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Cardiovascular Metabolic Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore
| | - Mick Chang Jie Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Cardiovascular Metabolic Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore
| | - Jiang Jianming
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Cardiovascular Metabolic Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore
| | - Danh Anh Tuan Luu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Cardiovascular Metabolic Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore
| | - Shi Ling Ng
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Cardiovascular Metabolic Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore
| | - Peter Yi Qing Li
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Cardiovascular Metabolic Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore
| | - Wang Anhui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Peking University
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodelling, Peking University
| | - Qi Rong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Peking University
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodelling, Peking University
| | - Gabriel Jing Xiang Ong
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Cardiovascular Metabolic Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore
| | - Timothy Ng Yu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Cardiovascular Metabolic Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore
| | - Jody J. Haigh
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- VIB, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zenia Tiang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Cardiovascular Metabolic Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore
| | - A. Mark Richards
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Cardiovascular Metabolic Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore
- Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Roger Foo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Cardiovascular Metabolic Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
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3
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Bailey LR, Bugg D, Reichardt IM, Ortaç CD, Nagle A, Gunaje J, Martinson A, Johnson R, MacCoss MJ, Sakamoto T, Kelly DP, Regnier M, Davis JM. MBNL1 Regulates Programmed Postnatal Switching Between Regenerative and Differentiated Cardiac States. Circulation 2024; 149:1812-1829. [PMID: 38426339 PMCID: PMC11147738 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.123.066860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discovering determinants of cardiomyocyte maturity is critical for deeply understanding the maintenance of differentiated states and potentially reawakening endogenous regenerative programs in adult mammalian hearts as a therapeutic strategy. Forced dedifferentiation paired with oncogene expression is sufficient to drive cardiac regeneration, but elucidation of endogenous developmental regulators of the switch between regenerative and mature cardiomyocyte cell states is necessary for optimal design of regenerative approaches for heart disease. MBNL1 (muscleblind-like 1) regulates fibroblast, thymocyte, and erythroid differentiation and proliferation. Hence, we examined whether MBNL1 promotes and maintains mature cardiomyocyte states while antagonizing cardiomyocyte proliferation. METHODS MBNL1 gain- and loss-of-function mouse models were studied at several developmental time points and in surgical models of heart regeneration. Multi-omics approaches were combined with biochemical, histological, and in vitro assays to determine the mechanisms through which MBNL1 exerts its effects. RESULTS MBNL1 is coexpressed with a maturation-association genetic program in the heart and is regulated by the MEIS1/calcineurin signaling axis. Targeted MBNL1 overexpression early in development prematurely transitioned cardiomyocytes to hypertrophic growth, hypoplasia, and dysfunction, whereas loss of MBNL1 function increased cardiomyocyte cell cycle entry and proliferation through altered cell cycle inhibitor transcript stability. Moreover, MBNL1-dependent stabilization of estrogen-related receptor signaling was essential for maintaining cardiomyocyte maturity in adult myocytes. In accordance with these data, modulating MBNL1 dose tuned the temporal window of neonatal cardiac regeneration, where increased MBNL1 expression arrested myocyte proliferation and regeneration and MBNL1 deletion promoted regenerative states with prolonged myocyte proliferation. However, MBNL1 deficiency was insufficient to promote regeneration in the adult heart because of cell cycle checkpoint activation. CONCLUSIONS Here, MBNL1 was identified as an essential regulator of cardiomyocyte differentiated states, their developmental switch from hyperplastic to hypertrophic growth, and their regenerative potential through controlling an entire maturation program by stabilizing adult myocyte mRNAs during postnatal development and throughout adulthood. Targeting loss of cardiomyocyte maturity and downregulation of cell cycle inhibitors through MBNL1 deletion was not sufficient to promote adult regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan R.J. Bailey
- Lab Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Darrian Bugg
- Lab Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Isabella M. Reichardt
- Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - C. Dessirée Ortaç
- Lab Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Abigail Nagle
- Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jagadambika Gunaje
- Lab Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Amy Martinson
- Lab Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - Tomoya Sakamoto
- Cardiovascular Institute, Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Daniel P. Kelly
- Cardiovascular Institute, Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael Regnier
- Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Center for Translational Muscle Research, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jennifer M. Davis
- Lab Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Center for Translational Muscle Research, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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4
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Alvarez-Argote S, Paddock SJ, Flinn MA, Moreno CW, Knas MC, Almeida VA, Buday SL, Bakhshian Nik A, Patterson M, Chen YG, Lin CW, O’Meara CC. IL-13 promotes functional recovery after myocardial infarction via direct signaling to macrophages. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e172702. [PMID: 38051583 PMCID: PMC10906228 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is great interest in identifying signaling pathways that promote cardiac repair after myocardial infarction (MI). Prior studies suggest a beneficial role for IL-13 signaling in neonatal heart regeneration; however, the cell types mediating cardiac regeneration and the extent of IL-13 signaling in the adult heart after injury are unknown. We identified an abundant source of IL-13 and the related cytokine, IL-4, in neonatal cardiac type 2 innate lymphoid cells, but this phenomenon declined precipitously in adult hearts. Moreover, IL-13 receptor deletion in macrophages impaired cardiac function and resulted in larger scars early after neonatal MI. By using a combination of recombinant IL-13 administration and cell-specific IL-13 receptor genetic deletion models, we found that IL-13 signaling specifically to macrophages mediated cardiac functional recovery after MI in adult mice. Single transcriptomics revealed a subpopulation of cardiac macrophages in response to IL-13 administration. These IL-13-induced macrophages were highly efferocytotic and were identified by high IL-1R2 expression. Collectively, we elucidated a strongly proreparative role for IL-13 signaling directly to macrophages following cardiac injury. While this pathway is active in proregenerative neonatal stages, reactivation of macrophage IL-13 signaling is required to promote cardiac functional recovery in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sydney L. Buday
- Department of Physiology
- Cardiovascular Research Center
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy
| | | | - Michaela Patterson
- Cardiovascular Research Center
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy
| | - Yi-Guang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
| | - Chien-Wei Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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5
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Beisaw A, Wu CC. Cardiomyocyte maturation and its reversal during cardiac regeneration. Dev Dyn 2024; 253:8-27. [PMID: 36502296 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide. Due to the limited proliferative and regenerative capacity of adult cardiomyocytes, the lost myocardium is not replenished efficiently and is replaced by a fibrotic scar, which eventually leads to heart failure. Current therapies to cure or delay the progression of heart failure are limited; hence, there is a pressing need for regenerative approaches to support the failing heart. Cardiomyocytes undergo a series of transcriptional, structural, and metabolic changes after birth (collectively termed maturation), which is critical for their contractile function but limits the regenerative capacity of the heart. In regenerative organisms, cardiomyocytes revert from their terminally differentiated state into a less mature state (ie, dedifferentiation) to allow for proliferation and regeneration to occur. Importantly, stimulating adult cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation has been shown to promote morphological and functional improvement after myocardial infarction, further highlighting the importance of cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation in heart regeneration. Here, we review several hallmarks of cardiomyocyte maturation, and summarize how their reversal facilitates cardiomyocyte proliferation and heart regeneration. A detailed understanding of how cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation is regulated will provide insights into therapeutic options to promote cardiomyocyte de-maturation and proliferation, and ultimately heart regeneration in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arica Beisaw
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chi-Chung Wu
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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6
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Chen CC, Tran W, Song K, Sugimoto T, Obusan MB, Wang L, Sheu KM, Cheng D, Ta L, Varuzhanyan G, Huang A, Xu R, Zeng Y, Borujerdpur A, Bayley NA, Noguchi M, Mao Z, Morrissey C, Corey E, Nelson PS, Zhao Y, Huang J, Park JW, Witte ON, Graeber TG. Temporal evolution reveals bifurcated lineages in aggressive neuroendocrine small cell prostate cancer trans-differentiation. Cancer Cell 2023; 41:2066-2082.e9. [PMID: 37995683 PMCID: PMC10878415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Trans-differentiation from an adenocarcinoma to a small cell neuroendocrine state is associated with therapy resistance in multiple cancer types. To gain insight into the underlying molecular events of the trans-differentiation, we perform a multi-omics time course analysis of a pan-small cell neuroendocrine cancer model (termed PARCB), a forward genetic transformation using human prostate basal cells and identify a shared developmental, arc-like, and entropy-high trajectory among all transformation model replicates. Further mapping with single cell resolution reveals two distinct lineages defined by mutually exclusive expression of ASCL1 or ASCL2. Temporal regulation by groups of transcription factors across developmental stages reveals that cellular reprogramming precedes the induction of neuronal programs. TFAP4 and ASCL1/2 feedback are identified as potential regulators of ASCL1 and ASCL2 expression. Our study provides temporal transcriptional patterns and uncovers pan-tissue parallels between prostate and lung cancers, as well as connections to normal neuroendocrine cell states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chun Chen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wendy Tran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kai Song
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tyler Sugimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew B Obusan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katherine M Sheu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Donghui Cheng
- Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Ta
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Grigor Varuzhanyan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arthur Huang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Runzhe Xu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yuanhong Zeng
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amirreza Borujerdpur
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas A Bayley
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Miyako Noguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Mao
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and the First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jung Wook Park
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Owen N Witte
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Thomas G Graeber
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Metabolomics Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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7
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Salamon RJ, McKeon MC, Bae J, Zhang X, Paltzer WG, Wanless KN, Schuett AR, Nuttall DJ, Nemr SA, Sridharan R, Lee Y, Kamp TJ, Mahmoud AI. LRRC10 regulates mammalian cardiomyocyte cell cycle during heart regeneration. NPJ Regen Med 2023; 8:39. [PMID: 37507410 PMCID: PMC10382521 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-023-00316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat containing 10 (LRRC10) is a cardiomyocyte-specific protein, but its role in cardiac biology is little understood. Recently Lrrc10 was identified as required for endogenous cardiac regeneration in zebrafish; however, whether LRRC10 plays a role in mammalian heart regeneration remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that Lrrc10-/- knockout mice exhibit a loss of the neonatal mouse regenerative response, marked by reduced cardiomyocyte cytokinesis and increased cardiomyocyte binucleation. Interestingly, LRRC10 deletion disrupts the regenerative transcriptional landscape of the regenerating neonatal mouse heart. Remarkably, cardiac overexpression of LRRC10 restores cardiomyocyte cytokinesis, increases cardiomyocyte mononucleation, and the cardiac regenerative capacity of Lrrc10-/- mice. Our results are consistent with a model in which LRRC10 is required for cardiomyocyte cytokinesis as well as regulation of the transcriptional landscape during mammalian heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Salamon
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Megan C McKeon
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jiyoung Bae
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Xiaoya Zhang
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Wyatt G Paltzer
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Kayla N Wanless
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Alyssa R Schuett
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Dakota J Nuttall
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Stephen A Nemr
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Rupa Sridharan
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Timothy J Kamp
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Ahmed I Mahmoud
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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8
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Salameh S, Ogueri V, Posnack NG. Adapting to a new environment: postnatal maturation of the human cardiomyocyte. J Physiol 2023; 601:2593-2619. [PMID: 37031380 PMCID: PMC10775138 DOI: 10.1113/jp283792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The postnatal mammalian heart undergoes remarkable developmental changes, which are stimulated by the transition from the intrauterine to extrauterine environment. With birth, increased oxygen levels promote metabolic, structural and biophysical maturation of cardiomyocytes, resulting in mature muscle with increased efficiency, contractility and electrical conduction. In this Topical Review article, we highlight key studies that inform our current understanding of human cardiomyocyte maturation. Collectively, these studies suggest that human atrial and ventricular myocytes evolve quickly within the first year but might not reach a fully mature adult phenotype until nearly the first decade of life. However, it is important to note that fetal, neonatal and paediatric cardiac physiology studies are hindered by a number of limitations, including the scarcity of human tissue, small sample size and a heavy reliance on diseased tissue samples, often without age-matched healthy controls. Future developmental studies are warranted to expand our understanding of normal cardiac physiology/pathophysiology and inform age-appropriate treatment strategies for cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatha Salameh
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Vanessa Ogueri
- Children’s National Heart Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nikki Gillum Posnack
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Children’s National Heart Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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9
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Pang Q, You L, Meng X, Li Y, Deng T, Li D, Zhu B. Regulation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway: The promising targets for cardiovascular disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 213:115587. [PMID: 37187275 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Individuals have known that Janus kinase (JAK) signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway was involved in the growth of the cell, cell differentiation courses advancement, immune cellular survival, as well as hematopoietic system advancement. Researches in the animal models have already uncovered a JAK/STAT regulatory function in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI), acute myocardial infarction (MI), hypertension, myocarditis, heart failure, angiogenesis and fibrosis. Evidences originating in these studies indicate a therapeutic JAK/STAT function in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In this retrospection, various JAK/STAT functions in the normal and ill hearts were described. Moreover, the latest figures about JAK/STAT were summarized under the background of CVDs. Finally, we discussed the clinical transformation prospects and technical limitations of JAK/STAT as the potential therapeutic targets for CVDs. This collection of evidences has essential meanings for the clinical application of JAK/STAT as medicinal agents for CVDs. In this retrospection, various JAK/STAT functions in the normal and ill hearts were described. Moreover, the latest figures about JAK/STAT were summarized under the background of CVDs. Finally, we discussed the clinical transformation prospects and toxicity of JAK/STAT inhibitors as potential therapeutic targets for CVDs. This collection of evidences has essential meanings for the clinical application of JAK/STAT as medicinal agents for CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Pang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu You
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangmin Meng
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yumeng Li
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Deng
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Deyong Li
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bingmei Zhu
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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10
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Ceja L, Escopete SS, Hughes L, Lopez LV, Camberos V, Vallejos P, Wall NR, Kearns-Jonker M. Neonatal Cardiovascular-Progenitor-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Activate YAP1 in Adult Cardiac Progenitor Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098088. [PMID: 37175796 PMCID: PMC10179407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
New stem cell and extracellular-vesicle-based therapies have the potential to improve outcomes for the increasing number of patients with heart failure. Since neonates have a significantly enhanced regenerative ability, we hypothesized that extracellular vesicles isolated from Islet-1+ expressing neonatal human cardiovascular progenitors (CPCs) will induce transcriptomic changes associated with improved regenerative capability when co-cultured with CPCs derived from adult humans. In order to test this hypothesis, we isolated extracellular vesicles from human neonatal Islet-1+ CPCs, analyzed the extracellular vesicle content using RNAseq, and treated adult CPCs with extracellular vesicles derived from neonatal CPCs to assess their functional effect. AKT, ERBB, and YAP1 transcripts were elevated in adult CPCs treated with neonatal CPC-derived extracellular vesicles. YAP1 is lost after the neonatal period but can stimulate cardiac regeneration. Our results demonstrate that YAP1 and additional transcripts associated with improved cardiovascular regeneration, as well as the activation of the cell cycle, can be achieved by the treatment of adult CPCs with neonatal CPC-derived extracellular vesicles. Progenitor cells derived from neonates secrete extracellular vesicles with the potential to stimulate and potentially improve functional effects in adult CPCs used for cardiovascular repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Ceja
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Sean S Escopete
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Lorelei Hughes
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Larry V Lopez
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Victor Camberos
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Paul Vallejos
- Division of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Nathan R Wall
- Division of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Mary Kearns-Jonker
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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11
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Shakked A, Petrover Z, Aharonov A, Ghiringhelli M, Umansky KB, Kain D, Elkahal J, Divinsky Y, Nguyen PD, Miyara S, Friedlander G, Savidor A, Zhang L, Perez DE, Sarig R, Lendengolts D, Bueno-Levy H, Kastan N, Levin Y, Bakkers J, Gepstein L, Tzahor E. Redifferentiated cardiomyocytes retain residual dedifferentiation signatures and are protected against ischemic injury. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2023; 2:383-398. [PMID: 37974970 PMCID: PMC10653068 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-023-00250-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte proliferation and dedifferentiation have fueled the field of regenerative cardiology in recent years, whereas the reverse process of redifferentiation remains largely unexplored. Redifferentiation is characterized by the restoration of function lost during dedifferentiation. Previously, we showed that ERBB2-mediated heart regeneration has these two distinct phases: transient dedifferentiation and redifferentiation. Here we survey the temporal transcriptomic and proteomic landscape of dedifferentiation-redifferentiation in adult mouse hearts and reveal that well-characterized dedifferentiation features largely return to normal, although elements of residual dedifferentiation remain, even after the contractile function is restored. These hearts appear rejuvenated and show robust resistance to ischemic injury, even 5 months after redifferentiation initiation. Cardiomyocyte redifferentiation is driven by negative feedback signaling and requires LATS1/2 Hippo pathway activity. Our data reveal the importance of cardiomyocyte redifferentiation in functional restoration during regeneration but also protection against future insult, in what could lead to a potential prophylactic treatment against ischemic heart disease for at-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avraham Shakked
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zachary Petrover
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alla Aharonov
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Matteo Ghiringhelli
- Sohnis Research Laboratory for Cardiac Electrophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Kfir-Baruch Umansky
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - David Kain
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jacob Elkahal
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yalin Divinsky
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Phong Dang Nguyen
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shoval Miyara
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gilgi Friedlander
- Mantoux Bioinformatics Institute of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alon Savidor
- De Botton Protein Profiling Institute of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dahlia E. Perez
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rachel Sarig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Daria Lendengolts
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hanna Bueno-Levy
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nathaniel Kastan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yishai Levin
- De Botton Protein Profiling Institute of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jeroen Bakkers
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lior Gepstein
- Sohnis Research Laboratory for Cardiac Electrophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eldad Tzahor
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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12
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Bailey LRJ, Bugg D, Reichardt IM, Ortaç CD, Gunaje J, Johnson R, MacCoss MJ, Sakamoto T, Kelly DP, Regnier M, Davis JM. MBNL1 regulates programmed postnatal switching between regenerative and differentiated cardiac states. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.16.532974. [PMID: 36993225 PMCID: PMC10055038 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.16.532974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Discovering determinants of cardiomyocyte maturity and the maintenance of differentiated states is critical to both understanding development and potentially reawakening endogenous regenerative programs in adult mammalian hearts as a therapeutic strategy. Here, the RNA binding protein Muscleblind-like 1 (MBNL1) was identified as a critical regulator of cardiomyocyte differentiated states and their regenerative potential through transcriptome-wide control of RNA stability. Targeted MBNL1 overexpression early in development prematurely transitioned cardiomyocytes to hypertrophic growth, hypoplasia, and dysfunction, whereas loss of MBNL1 function increased cardiomyocyte cell cycle entry and proliferation through altered cell cycle inhibitor transcript stability. Moreover, MBNL1-dependent stabilization of the estrogen-related receptor signaling axis was essential for maintaining cardiomyocyte maturity. In accordance with these data, modulating MBNL1 dose tuned the temporal window of cardiac regeneration, where enhanced MBNL1 activity arrested myocyte proliferation, and MBNL1 deletion promoted regenerative states with prolonged myocyte proliferation. Collectively these data suggest MBNL1 acts as a transcriptome-wide switch between regenerative and mature myocyte states postnatally and throughout adulthood.
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13
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Siatra P, Vatsellas G, Chatzianastasiou A, Balafas E, Manolakou T, Papapetropoulos A, Agapaki A, Mouchtouri ET, Ruchaya PJ, Korovesi AG, Mavroidis M, Thanos D, Beis D, Kokkinopoulos I. Return of the Tbx5; lineage-tracing reveals ventricular cardiomyocyte-like precursors in the injured adult mammalian heart. NPJ Regen Med 2023; 8:13. [PMID: 36869039 PMCID: PMC9984483 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-023-00280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The single curative measure for heart failure patients is a heart transplantation, which is limited due to a shortage of donors, the need for immunosuppression and economic costs. Therefore, there is an urgent unmet need for identifying cell populations capable of cardiac regeneration that we will be able to trace and monitor. Injury to the adult mammalian cardiac muscle, often leads to a heart attack through the irreversible loss of a large number of cardiomyocytes, due to an idle regenerative capability. Recent reports in zebrafish indicate that Tbx5a is a vital transcription factor for cardiomyocyte regeneration. Preclinical data underscore the cardioprotective role of Tbx5 upon heart failure. Data from our earlier murine developmental studies have identified a prominent unipotent Tbx5-expressing embryonic cardiac precursor cell population able to form cardiomyocytes, in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo. Using a developmental approach to an adult heart injury model and by employing a lineage-tracing mouse model as well as the use of single-cell RNA-seq technology, we identify a Tbx5-expressing ventricular cardiomyocyte-like precursor population, in the injured adult mammalian heart. The transcriptional profile of that precursor cell population is closer to that of neonatal than embryonic cardiomyocyte precursors. Tbx5, a cardinal cardiac development transcription factor, lies in the center of a ventricular adult precursor cell population, which seems to be affected by neurohormonal spatiotemporal cues. The identification of a Tbx5-specific cardiomyocyte precursor-like cell population, which is capable of dedifferentiating and potentially deploying a cardiomyocyte regenerative program, provides a clear target cell population for translationally-relevant heart interventional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Siatra
- grid.417593.d0000 0001 2358 8802Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Giannis Vatsellas
- grid.417593.d0000 0001 2358 8802Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece ,grid.417593.d0000 0001 2358 8802Greek Genome Center, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasia Chatzianastasiou
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Balafas
- grid.417593.d0000 0001 2358 8802Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Manolakou
- grid.417593.d0000 0001 2358 8802Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Papapetropoulos
- grid.417593.d0000 0001 2358 8802Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece ,grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Agapaki
- grid.417593.d0000 0001 2358 8802Histochemistry Facility, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni-Taxiarchia Mouchtouri
- grid.417593.d0000 0001 2358 8802Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Prashant J. Ruchaya
- grid.60969.300000 0001 2189 1306School of Health, Sport and Biosciences, University of East London, London, UK
| | - Artemis G. Korovesi
- grid.417593.d0000 0001 2358 8802Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece ,grid.417593.d0000 0001 2358 8802Greek Genome Center, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Manolis Mavroidis
- grid.417593.d0000 0001 2358 8802Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Thanos
- grid.417593.d0000 0001 2358 8802Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece ,grid.417593.d0000 0001 2358 8802Greek Genome Center, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Beis
- grid.417593.d0000 0001 2358 8802Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kokkinopoulos
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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14
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Li R, Xiang C, Li Y, Nie Y. Targeting immunoregulation for cardiac regeneration. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2023; 177:1-8. [PMID: 36801268 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Inducing endogenous cardiomyocyte proliferation and heart regeneration is a promising strategy to treat ischemic heart failure. The immune response has recently been considered critical in cardiac regeneration. Thus, targeting the immune response is a potent strategy to improve cardiac regeneration and repair after myocardial infarction. Here we reviewed the characteristics of the relationship between the postinjury immune response and heart regenerative capacity and summarized the latest studies focusing on inflammation and heart regeneration to identify potent targets of the immune response and strategies in the immune response to promote cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruopu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Chenying Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yixun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yu Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Fuwai Central-China Hospital, Central China Branch of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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15
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Zhang Z, Freeman M, Zhang Y, El-Nachef D, Davenport G, Williams A, MacLellan WR. Hippo signaling and histone methylation control cardiomyocyte cell cycle re-entry through distinct transcriptional pathways. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281610. [PMID: 36780463 PMCID: PMC9925018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Accumulating data demonstrates that new adult cardiomyocytes (CMs) are generated throughout life from pre-existing CMs, although the absolute magnitude of CM self-renewal is very low. Modifying epigenetic histone modifications or activating the Hippo-Yap pathway have been shown to promote adult CM cycling and proliferation. Whether these interventions work through common pathways or act independently is unknown. For the first time we have determined whether lysine demethylase 4D (KDM4D)-mediated CM-specific H3K9 demethylation and Hippo pathways inhibition have additive or redundant roles in promoting CM cell cycle re-entry. METHODS AND RESULTS We found that activating Yap1 in cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM) through overexpressing Hippo pathway inhibitor, miR-199, preferentially increased S-phase CMs, while H3K9me3 demethylase KDM4D preferentially increased G2/M markers in CMs. Together KDM4D and miR-199 further increased total cell number of NRVMs in culture. Inhibition of Hippo signaling via knock-down of Salvador Family WW Domain Containing Protein 1 (Sav1) also led to S-phase reactivation and additional cell cycle re-entry was seen when combined with KDM4D overexpression. Inducible activating KDM4D (iKDM4D) in adult transgenic mice together with shRNA mediated knock-down of Sav1 (iKDM4D+Sav1-sh) resulted in a significant increase in cycling CMs compared to either intervention alone. KDM4D preferentially induced expression of genes regulating late (G2/M) phases of the cell cycle, while miR-199 and si-Sav1 preferentially up-regulated genes involved in G1/S phase. KDM4D upregulated E2F1 and FoxM1 expression, whereas miR-199 and si-Sav1 induced Myc. Using transgenic mice over-expressing KDM4D together with Myc, we demonstrated that KDM4D/Myc significantly increased CM cell cycling but did not affect cardiac function. CONCLUSIONS KDM4D effects on CM cell cycle activity are additive with the Hippo-Yap1 pathway and appear to preferentially regulate different cell cycle regulators. This may have important implications for strategies that target cardiac regeneration in treating heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhe Zhang
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Miles Freeman
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yiqiang Zhang
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, John A. Burn School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Danny El-Nachef
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - George Davenport
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Allison Williams
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - W. Robb MacLellan
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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16
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Filosa A, Sawamiphak S. Heart development and regeneration-a multi-organ effort. FEBS J 2023; 290:913-930. [PMID: 34894086 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Development of the heart, from early morphogenesis to functional maturation, as well as maintenance of its homeostasis are tasks requiring collaborative efforts of cardiac tissue and different extra-cardiac organ systems. The brain, lymphoid organs, and gut are among the interaction partners that can communicate with the heart through a wide array of paracrine signals acting at local or systemic level. Disturbance of cardiac homeostasis following ischemic injury also needs immediate response from these distant organs. Our hearts replace dead muscles with non-contractile fibrotic scars. We have learned from animal models capable of scarless repair that regenerative capability of the heart does not depend only on competency of the myocardium and cardiac-intrinsic factors but also on long-range molecular signals originating in other parts of the body. Here, we provide an overview of inter-organ signals that take part in development and regeneration of the heart. We highlight recent findings and remaining questions. Finally, we discuss the potential of inter-organ modulatory approaches for possible therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Filosa
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Suphansa Sawamiphak
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany
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17
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Cao Y, Li Y, Han W, Jia X, Zhu P, Wei B, Cong X, Wang Z. Sodium Butyrate Ameliorates Type 2 Diabetes-Related Sarcopenia Through IL-33-Independent ILC2s/IL-13/STAT3 Signaling Pathway. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:343-358. [PMID: 36733489 PMCID: PMC9888475 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s392350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Sarcopenia has been described as a new complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM and sarcopenia impact each other, resulting in a variety of adverse outcomes such as frailty, disability, poor quality of life and increased mortality. Sodium butyrate (NaB) is reported to play a protective role against T2DM. The present study aimed to investigate whether NaB could ameliorate T2DM-related sarcopenia and the underlying mechanisms. Materials and Methods The male db/db mice at 7-weeks were used as T2DM-related sarcopenia animal model with C57BL/6J mice as control. Mice were grouped according to whether they received NaB orally as follows: C57BL/6J+water group, C57BL/6J+NaB group, db/db+water group, and db/db+NaB group. Then, db/db mice receiving NaB orally were administered with inhibitors of group 2 innate lymphocytes (ILC2s), anti-CD90.2 by intraperitoneal injection divided into db/db+NaB+PBS group and db/db+NaB+anti-CD90.2 group. NaB dissolved in water at 150 mM. The skeletal muscle mass was measured by dural X-ray (DXA) test. ILC2s in spleen and skeletal muscle were evaluated by flow cytometry. The expressions of IL-33, IL-13, STAT3, P-STAT3, GATA-3 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) were assessed by ELISA or WB. The morphology of skeletal muscle fibers was assessed by immunofluorescence staining. Results The proportion of ILC2s and the expressions of ILC2s markers IL-13 and GATA-3 were all significantly decreased in db/db mice, and these changes were improved by NaB. NaB increased the proportion of slow-twitch fibers in gastrocnemius, thus partially reversing the reduced exercise capacity of db/db mice. The expression of slow-twitch fibers marker PGC-1α induced by NaB was increased via activation of ILC2s/IL-13/STAT3 pathway. On the other way, IL-33 was not necessary for the activation of ILC2s/IL-13/STAT3 pathway. After depletion of ILC2s by anti-CD90.2, the ameliorating effect of NaB on T2DM-related sarcopenia was partially antagonized. Conclusion These results indicated that NaB could ameliorate type 2 diabetes-related sarcopenia by activating IL-33-independent ILC2s/IL-13/STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China,State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Jinan, People’s Republic of China,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulin Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China,State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Jinan, People’s Republic of China,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenqiang Han
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China,State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Jinan, People’s Republic of China,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China,State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Jinan, People’s Republic of China,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China,State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Jinan, People’s Republic of China,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Wei
- Shandong Asia-Pacific Highvarve Organisms Science and Technology Co, Ltd, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Cong
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China,Jinan Kuoda Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Jinan, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Xiaoyan Cong; Zhihao Wang, Email ;
| | - Zhihao Wang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Bakhshian Nik A, Alvarez-Argote S, O'Meara CC. Interleukin 4/13 signaling in cardiac regeneration and repair. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H833-H844. [PMID: 36149768 PMCID: PMC9602781 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00310.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 4 (IL4) and interleukin 13 (IL13) are closely related cytokines that have been classically attributed to type II immunity, namely, differentiation of T-helper 2 (TH2) cells and alternative activation of macrophages. Although the role of IL4/13 has been well described in various contexts such as defense against helminth parasites, pathogenesis of allergic disease, and several models of wound healing, relatively little is known about the role of IL4/13 in the heart following injury. Emerging literature has identified various roles for IL4/13 in animal models of cardiac regeneration as well as in the adult mammalian heart following myocardial injury. Notably, although IL4 and IL13 signal to hematopoietic cell types following myocardial infarction (MI) to promote wound healing phenotypes, there is substantial evidence that these cytokines can signal directly to non-hematopoietic cell types in the heart during development, homeostasis, and following injury. Comprehensive understanding of the molecular and cellular actions of IL4/13 in the heart is still lacking, but overall evidence to date suggests that activation of these cytokines results in beneficial outcomes with respect to cardiac repair. Here, we aim to comprehensively review the role of IL4 and IL13 and their prospective mechanisms in cardiac regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirala Bakhshian Nik
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Santiago Alvarez-Argote
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Caitlin C O'Meara
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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19
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Li Z, Yao F, Yu P, Li D, Zhang M, Mao L, Shen X, Ren Z, Wang L, Zhou B. Postnatal state transition of cardiomyocyte as a primary step in heart maturation. Protein Cell 2022; 13:842-862. [PMID: 35394262 PMCID: PMC9237199 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-022-00908-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatal heart maturation is the basis of normal cardiac function and provides critical insights into heart repair and regenerative medicine. While static snapshots of the maturing heart have provided much insight into its molecular signatures, few key events during postnatal cardiomyocyte maturation have been uncovered. Here, we report that cardiomyocytes (CMs) experience epigenetic and transcriptional decline of cardiac gene expression immediately after birth, leading to a transition state of CMs at postnatal day 7 (P7) that was essential for CM subtype specification during heart maturation. Large-scale single-cell analysis and genetic lineage tracing confirm the presence of transition state CMs at P7 bridging immature state and mature states. Silencing of key transcription factor JUN in P1-hearts significantly repressed CM transition, resulting in perturbed CM subtype proportions and reduced cardiac function in mature hearts. In addition, transplantation of P7-CMs into infarcted hearts exhibited cardiac repair potential superior to P1-CMs. Collectively, our data uncover CM state transition as a key event in postnatal heart maturation, which not only provides insights into molecular foundations of heart maturation, but also opens an avenue for manipulation of cardiomyocyte fate in disease and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, 518057, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
- Key Laboratory of Pluripotent Stem Cells in Cardiac Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Fang Yao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, 518057, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
- Key Laboratory of Pluripotent Stem Cells in Cardiac Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Peng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Dandan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Lin Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Xiaomeng Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Zongna Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Li Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.
- Key Laboratory of Pluripotent Stem Cells in Cardiac Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bingying Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.
- Key Laboratory of Pluripotent Stem Cells in Cardiac Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Sikorski V, Vento A, Kankuri E. Emerging roles of the RNA modifications N6-methyladenosine and adenosine-to-inosine in cardiovascular diseases. MOLECULAR THERAPY - NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 29:426-461. [PMID: 35991314 PMCID: PMC9366019 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases lead the mortality and morbidity disease metrics worldwide. A multitude of chemical base modifications in ribonucleic acids (RNAs) have been linked with key events of cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. Named either RNA epigenetics or epitranscriptomics, the post-transcriptional RNA modifications, their regulatory pathways, components, and downstream effects substantially contribute to the ways our genetic code is interpreted. Here we review the accumulated discoveries to date regarding the roles of the two most common epitranscriptomic modifications, N6-methyl-adenosine (m6A) and adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing, in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilbert Sikorski
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Vento
- Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esko Kankuri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Corresponding author Esko Kankuri, M.D. Ph.D., Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, PO Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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21
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de Sena-Tomás C, Aleman AG, Ford C, Varshney A, Yao D, Harrington JK, Saúde L, Ramialison M, Targoff KL. Activation of Nkx2.5 transcriptional program is required for adult myocardial repair. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2970. [PMID: 35624100 PMCID: PMC9142600 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30468-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiac developmental network has been associated with myocardial regenerative potential. However, the embryonic signals triggered following injury have yet to be fully elucidated. Nkx2.5 is a key causative transcription factor associated with human congenital heart disease and one of the earliest markers of cardiac progenitors, thus it serves as a promising candidate. Here, we show that cardiac-specific RNA-sequencing studies reveal a disrupted embryonic transcriptional profile in the adult Nkx2.5 loss-of-function myocardium. nkx2.5-/- fish exhibit an impaired ability to recover following ventricular apex amputation with diminished dedifferentiation and proliferation. Complex network analyses illuminate that Nkx2.5 is required to provoke proteolytic pathways necessary for sarcomere disassembly and to mount a proliferative response for cardiomyocyte renewal. Moreover, Nkx2.5 targets embedded in these distinct gene regulatory modules coordinate appropriate, multi-faceted injury responses. Altogether, our findings support a previously unrecognized, Nkx2.5-dependent regenerative circuit that invokes myocardial cell cycle re-entry, proteolysis, and mitochondrial metabolism to ensure effective regeneration in the teleost heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen de Sena-Tomás
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Angelika G Aleman
- Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Caitlin Ford
- Department of Genetics & Development, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Akriti Varshney
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute & Systems Biology Institute Australia, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Di Yao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jamie K Harrington
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Leonor Saúde
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mirana Ramialison
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute & Systems Biology Institute Australia, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute & Department of Peadiatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Kimara L Targoff
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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22
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Pettinato AM, Ladha FA, Hinson JT. The Cardiac Sarcomere and Cell Cycle. Curr Cardiol Rep 2022; 24:623-630. [PMID: 35380383 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-022-01682-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The lack of adult human cardiomyocyte proliferative capacity impairs cardiac regeneration such as after myocardial injury. The sarcomere, a specialized actin cytoskeletal structure that is essential for twitch contraction in cardiomyocytes, has been considered a critical factor limiting adult human cardiomyocyte proliferation through incompletely understood mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS This review summarizes known and emerging regulatory mechanisms connecting the human cardiomyocyte sarcomere to cell cycle regulation including structural and signaling mechanisms. Cardiac regeneration could be augmented through targeting the inhibitory effects of the sarcomere on cardiomyocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Feria A Ladha
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - J Travis Hinson
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA. .,The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Drive, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA. .,Cardiology Center, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA. .,UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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23
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Li H, Zhan J, Chen C, Wang D. MicroRNAs in cardiovascular diseases. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2022; 2:140-168. [PMID: 37724243 PMCID: PMC10471109 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2021-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, despite the wide diversity of molecular targets identified and the development of therapeutic methods. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small (about 22 nucleotides) non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that negatively regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in the cytoplasm and play complicated roles in different CVDs. While miRNA overexpression in one type of cell protects against heart disease, it promotes cardiac dysfunction in another type of cardiac cell. Moreover, recent studies have shown that, apart from cytosolic miRNAs, subcellular miRNAs such as mitochondria- and nucleus-localized miRNAs are dysregulated in CVDs. However, the functional properties of cellular- and subcellular-localized miRNAs have not been well characterized. In this review article, by carefully revisiting animal-based miRNA studies in CVDs, we will address the regulation and functional properties of miRNAs in various CVDs. Specifically, the cell-cell crosstalk and subcellular perspective of miRNAs are highlighted. We will provide the background for attractive molecular targets that might be useful in preventing the progression of CVDs and heart failure (HF) as well as insights for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaping Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiabing Zhan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
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24
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Miklas JW, Levy S, Hofsteen P, Mex DI, Clark E, Muster J, Robitaille AM, Sivaram G, Abell L, Goodson JM, Pranoto I, Madan A, Chin MT, Tian R, Murry CE, Moon RT, Wang Y, Ruohola-Baker H. Amino acid primed mTOR activity is essential for heart regeneration. iScience 2022; 25:103574. [PMID: 34988408 PMCID: PMC8704488 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart disease is the leading cause of death with no method to repair damaged myocardium due to the limited proliferative capacity of adult cardiomyocytes. Curiously, mouse neonates and zebrafish can regenerate their hearts via cardiomyocyte de-differentiation and proliferation. However, a molecular mechanism of why these cardiomyocytes can re-enter cell cycle is poorly understood. Here, we identify a unique metabolic state that primes adult zebrafish and neonatal mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes to proliferate. Zebrafish and neonatal mouse hearts display elevated glutamine levels, predisposing them to amino-acid-driven activation of TOR, and that TOR activation is required for zebrafish cardiomyocyte regeneration in vivo. Through a multi-omics approach with cellular validation we identify metabolic and mitochondrial changes during the first week of regeneration. These data suggest that regeneration of zebrafish myocardium is driven by metabolic remodeling and reveals a unique metabolic regulator, TOR-primed state, in which zebrafish and mammalian cardiomyocytes are regeneration competent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W. Miklas
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Shiri Levy
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Peter Hofsteen
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Diego Ic Mex
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Elisa Clark
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jeanot Muster
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Aaron M. Robitaille
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Gargi Sivaram
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lauren Abell
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jamie M. Goodson
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Inez Pranoto
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anup Madan
- Covance Genomics Laboratory, Redmond, WA 98052, USA
| | - Michael T. Chin
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rong Tian
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Charles E. Murry
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Randall T. Moon
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Yuliang Wang
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Hannele Ruohola-Baker
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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25
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Yang W, Lin J, Zhou J, Zheng Y, Jiang S, He S, Li D. Innate Lymphoid Cells and Myocardial Infarction. Front Immunol 2021; 12:758272. [PMID: 34867998 PMCID: PMC8636005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.758272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction results from obstruction of a coronary artery that causes insufficient blood supply to the myocardium and leads to ischemic necrosis. It is one of the most common diseases threatening human health and is characterized by high morbidity and mortality. Atherosclerosis is the pathological basis of myocardial infarction, and its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are an important part of the human immune system and participate in many processes, including inflammation, metabolism and tissue remodeling, and play an important role in atherosclerosis. However, their specific roles in myocardial infarction are unclear. This review describes the current understanding of the relationship between innate lymphoid cells and myocardial infarction during the acute phase of myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, and heart repair and regeneration following myocardial infarction. We suggest that this review may provide new potential intervention targets and ideas for treatment and prevention of myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenling Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jibin Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuqi Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shijiu Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaolin He
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dazhu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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26
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Paddock SJ, Swift SK, Alencar-Almeida V, Kenarsary A, Alvarez-Argote S, Flinn MA, Patterson M, O'Meara CC. IL4Rα signaling promotes neonatal cardiac regeneration and cardiomyocyte cell cycle activity. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 161:62-74. [PMID: 34343540 PMCID: PMC8629844 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal heart regeneration depends on proliferation of pre-existing cardiomyocytes, yet the mechanisms driving regeneration and cardiomyocyte proliferation are not comprehensively understood. We recently reported that the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 13 (IL13), promotes neonatal cardiac regeneration; however, the signaling pathway and cell types mediating this regenerative response remain unknown. Here, we hypothesized that expression of the type II heterodimer receptor for IL13, comprised of IL4Rα and IL13Rα1, expressed directly on cardiomyocytes mediates cardiomyocyte cell cycle and heart regeneration in neonatal mice. Our data demonstrate that indeed global deletion of one critical subunit of the type II receptor, IL4Rα (IL4Rα-/-), decreases cardiomyocyte proliferation during early postnatal development and significantly impairs cardiac regeneration following injury in neonatal mice. While multiple myocardial cell types express IL4Rα, we demonstrate that IL4Rα deletion specifically in cardiomyocytes mediates cell cycle activity and neonatal cardiac regeneration. This demonstrates for the first time a functional role for IL4Rα signaling directly on cardiomyocytes in vivo. Reciprocally, we examined the therapeutic benefit of activating the IL4Rα receptor in non-regenerative hearts via IL13 administration. Following myocardial infarction, administration of IL13 reduced scar size and promoted cardiomyocyte DNA synthesis and karyokinesis, but not complete cytokinesis, in 6-day old non-regenerative mice. Our data demonstrate a novel role for IL4Rα signaling directly on cardiomyocytes during heart regeneration and suggest the potential for type II receptor activation as one potential therapeutic target for promoting myocardial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Paddock
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Samantha K Swift
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America; Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Victor Alencar-Almeida
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Aria Kenarsary
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America; Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Santiago Alvarez-Argote
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Michael A Flinn
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Michaela Patterson
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America; Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Caitlin C O'Meara
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America.
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27
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Li S, Ma W, Cai B. Targeting cardiomyocyte proliferation as a key approach of promoting heart repair after injury. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2021; 2:34. [PMID: 35006441 PMCID: PMC8607366 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-021-00047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction (MI) is a major contributor to human mortality and morbidity. The mammalian adult heart almost loses its plasticity to appreciably regenerate new cardiomyocytes after injuries, such as MI and heart failure. The neonatal heart exhibits robust proliferative capacity when exposed to varying forms of myocardial damage. The ability of the neonatal heart to repair the injury and prevent pathological left ventricular remodeling leads to preserved or improved cardiac function. Therefore, promoting cardiomyocyte proliferation after injuries to reinitiate the process of cardiomyocyte regeneration, and suppress heart failure and other serious cardiovascular problems have become the primary goal of many researchers. Here, we review recent studies in this field and summarize the factors that act upon the proliferation of cardiomyocytes and cardiac repair after injury and discuss the new possibilities for potential clinical treatment strategies for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuainan Li
- Department of Pharmacy at The Second Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Pharmacology at College of Pharmacy (The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Wenya Ma
- Department of Pharmacy at The Second Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Pharmacology at College of Pharmacy (The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Benzhi Cai
- Department of Pharmacy at The Second Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Pharmacology at College of Pharmacy (The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China. .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, the Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China. .,Research Unit of Noninfectious Chronic Diseases in Frigid Zone, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China.
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28
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NRG1/ErbB signalling controls the dialogue between macrophages and neural crest-derived cells during zebrafish fin regeneration. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6336. [PMID: 34732706 PMCID: PMC8566576 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26422-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish species, such as zebrafish (Danio rerio), can regenerate their appendages after amputation through the formation of a heterogeneous cellular structure named blastema. Here, by combining live imaging of triple transgenic zebrafish embryos and single-cell RNA sequencing we established a detailed cell atlas of the regenerating caudal fin in zebrafish larvae. We confirmed the presence of macrophage subsets that govern zebrafish fin regeneration, and identified a foxd3-positive cell population within the regenerating fin. Genetic depletion of these foxd3-positive neural crest-derived cells (NCdC) showed that they are involved in blastema formation and caudal fin regeneration. Finally, chemical inhibition and transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that these foxd3-positive cells regulate macrophage recruitment and polarization through the NRG1/ErbB pathway. Here, we show the diversity of the cells required for blastema formation, identify a discrete foxd3-positive NCdC population, and reveal the critical function of the NRG1/ErbB pathway in controlling the dialogue between macrophages and NCdC. Some fish can regenerate appendages by formation of a structure called the blastema. Here, the authors use single-cell RNA sequencing to characterize the cells required for blastema formation and fin regeneration and identified neural crest cells that orchestrate regeneration via the NRG1/ErbB axis
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29
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Huang Y, Li L, Chen H, Liao Q, Yang X, Yang D, Xia X, Wang H, Wang WE, Chen L, Zeng C. The Protective Role of Yin-Yang 1 in Cardiac Injury and Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e021895. [PMID: 34713723 PMCID: PMC8751820 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.021895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Exploring potential therapeutic target is of great significance for myocardial infarction (MI) and post-MI heart failure. Transcription factor Yin-Yang 1 (YY1) is an essential regulator of apoptosis and angiogenesis, but its role in MI is unclear. Methods and Results The expression of YY1 was assessed in the C57BL/6J mouse heart following MI. Overexpression or silencing of YY1 in the mouse heart was achieved by adeno-associated virus 9 injection. The survival, cardiac function, and scar size, as well as the apoptosis, angiogenesis, cardiac fibrosis, T helper 2 lymphocyte cytokine production, and macrophage polarization were assessed. The effects of YY1 on Akt phosphorylation and vascular endothelial growth factor production were also investigated. The expression of YY1 in heart was significantly stimulated by MI. The survival rate, cardiac function, scar size, and left ventricular volume of mice were improved by YY1 overexpression but worsened by YY1 silencing. YY1 alleviated cardiac apoptosis and fibrosis, promoted angiogenesis, T helper 2 cytokine production, and M2 macrophage polarization in the post-MI heart, it also enhanced the tube formation and migration ability of endothelial cells. Enhanced Akt phosphorylation, along with the increased vascular endothelial growth factor levels were observed in presence of YY1 overexpression. Conclusions YY1 ameliorates cardiac injury and remodeling after MI by repressing cardiomyocyte apoptosis and boosting angiogenesis, which might be ascribed to the enhancement of Akt phosphorylation and the subsequent vascular endothelial growth factor up-regulation. Increased T helper 2 cytokine production and M2 macrophage polarization may also be involved in YY1's cardioprotective effects. These findings supported YY1 as a potential target for therapeutic investigation of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- Department of Cardiology Daping Hospital Third Military Medical University Chongqing P. R. China.,Department of Cardiology Fujian Heart Medical Center Fujian Institute of Coronary Heart Disease Fujian Medical University Union Hospital Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - Liangpeng Li
- Department of Cardiology Daping Hospital Third Military Medical University Chongqing P. R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center Chongqing Institute of Cardiology Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Department of Cardiology Daping Hospital Third Military Medical University Chongqing P. R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center Chongqing Institute of Cardiology Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Qiao Liao
- Department of Cardiology Daping Hospital Third Military Medical University Chongqing P. R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center Chongqing Institute of Cardiology Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Department of Cardiology Daping Hospital Third Military Medical University Chongqing P. R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center Chongqing Institute of Cardiology Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Dezhong Yang
- Department of Cardiology Daping Hospital Third Military Medical University Chongqing P. R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center Chongqing Institute of Cardiology Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Xuewei Xia
- Department of Cardiology Daping Hospital Third Military Medical University Chongqing P. R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center Chongqing Institute of Cardiology Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Hongyong Wang
- Department of Cardiology Daping Hospital Third Military Medical University Chongqing P. R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center Chongqing Institute of Cardiology Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Wei Eric Wang
- Department of Cardiology Daping Hospital Third Military Medical University Chongqing P. R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center Chongqing Institute of Cardiology Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Lianglong Chen
- Department of Cardiology Fujian Heart Medical Center Fujian Institute of Coronary Heart Disease Fujian Medical University Union Hospital Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology Daping Hospital Third Military Medical University Chongqing P. R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center Chongqing Institute of Cardiology Chongqing P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury Daping Hospital The Third Military Medical University Chongqing P. R. China.,Department of Cardiology of Chongqing General Hospital Cardiovascular Research Center of Chongqing College University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing P. R. China.,Department of Cardiology Fujian Heart Medical Center Fujian Institute of Coronary Heart Disease Fujian Medical University Union Hospital Fuzhou P. R. China
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30
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Bongiovanni C, Sacchi F, Da Pra S, Pantano E, Miano C, Morelli MB, D'Uva G. Reawakening the Intrinsic Cardiac Regenerative Potential: Molecular Strategies to Boost Dedifferentiation and Proliferation of Endogenous Cardiomyocytes. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:750604. [PMID: 34692797 PMCID: PMC8531484 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.750604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable efforts carried out to develop stem/progenitor cell-based technologies aiming at replacing and restoring the cardiac tissue following severe damages, thus far no strategies based on adult stem cell transplantation have been demonstrated to efficiently generate new cardiac muscle cells. Intriguingly, dedifferentiation, and proliferation of pre-existing cardiomyocytes and not stem cell differentiation represent the preponderant cellular mechanism by which lower vertebrates spontaneously regenerate the injured heart. Mammals can also regenerate their heart up to the early neonatal period, even in this case by activating the proliferation of endogenous cardiomyocytes. However, the mammalian cardiac regenerative potential is dramatically reduced soon after birth, when most cardiomyocytes exit from the cell cycle, undergo further maturation, and continue to grow in size. Although a slow rate of cardiomyocyte turnover has also been documented in adult mammals, both in mice and humans, this is not enough to sustain a robust regenerative process. Nevertheless, these remarkable findings opened the door to a branch of novel regenerative approaches aiming at reactivating the endogenous cardiac regenerative potential by triggering a partial dedifferentiation process and cell cycle re-entry in endogenous cardiomyocytes. Several adaptations from intrauterine to extrauterine life starting at birth and continuing in the immediate neonatal period concur to the loss of the mammalian cardiac regenerative ability. A wide range of systemic and microenvironmental factors or cell-intrinsic molecular players proved to regulate cardiomyocyte proliferation and their manipulation has been explored as a therapeutic strategy to boost cardiac function after injuries. We here review the scientific knowledge gained thus far in this novel and flourishing field of research, elucidating the key biological and molecular mechanisms whose modulation may represent a viable approach for regenerating the human damaged myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bongiovanni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Sacchi
- National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Da Pra
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elvira Pantano
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Miano
- National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Bruno Morelli
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele D'Uva
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Bologna, Italy
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31
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Hong T, Li S, Guo X, Wei Y, Zhang J, Su X, Zhou M, Jin H, Miao Q, Shen L, Zhu M, He B. IL-13 Derived Type 2 Innate Lymphocytes Ameliorates Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis Through STAT3 Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:742662. [PMID: 34616745 PMCID: PMC8488199 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.742662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of cardiomyopathy during sepsis means higher mortality and prolonged length of hospital stay. Many efforts have been made to alleviate the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes in sepsis. The huge potential of IL-13 in tissue repair has attracted increasing attention. In the present study, we used LPS-treated mice or primary cardiomyocytes as a sepsis model to explore the anti-apoptotic ability of IL-13. It was found that an increased level of exogenous IL-13 was beneficial to the recovery of heart function in sepsis, and this anti-apoptotic effect of IL-13 was probably through enhancing the phosphorylation of STAT3 Ser727. In addition, we identified that the heart protective effect of IL-13 was associated with type 2 innate lymphocytes (ILC2). All these findings may provide a potential promising treatment for sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Hong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Saiqi Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yazhong Wei
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Su
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haizhen Jin
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Miao
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minfang Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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32
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Gene Therapy: Targeting Cardiomyocyte Proliferation to Repopulate the Ischemic Heart. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 78:346-360. [PMID: 34516452 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Adult mammalian cardiomyocytes show scarce division ability, which makes the heart ineffective in replacing lost contractile cells after ischemic cardiomyopathy. In the past decades, there have been increasing efforts in the search for novel strategies to regenerate the injured myocardium. Among them, gene therapy is one of the most promising ones, based on recent and emerging studies that support the fact that functional cardiomyocyte regeneration can be accomplished by the stimulation and enhancement of the endogenous ability of these cells to achieve cell division. This capacity can be targeted by stimulating several molecules, such as cell cycle regulators, noncoding RNAs, transcription, and metabolic factors. Therefore, the proposed target, together with the selection of the vector used, administration route, and the experimental animal model used in the development of the therapy would determine the success in the clinical field.
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33
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San1 deficiency leads to cardiomyopathy due to excessive R-loop-associated DNA damage and cardiomyocyte hypoplasia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166237. [PMID: 34339838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
R-loops are naturally occurring transcriptional intermediates containing RNA/DNA hybrids. Excessive R-loops cause genomic instability, DNA damage, and replication stress. Senataxin-associated exonuclease (San1) is a protein that interacts with Senataxin (SETX), a helicase resolving R-loops. It remains unknown if R-loops-induced DNA damage plays a role in the heart, especially in the proliferative neonatal cardiomyocytes (CMs). San1-/- mice were generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. The newborn San1-/- mice show no overt phenotype, but their hearts were smaller with larger, yet fewer CMs. CM proliferation was impaired with reduced cell cycle-related transcripts and proteins. S9.6 staining revealed that excessive R-loops accumulated in the nucleus of neonatal San1-/- CMs. Increased γH2AX staining on newborn and adult heart sections exhibited increased DNA damage. Similarly, San1-/- AC16-cardiomyocytes showed cumulative R-loops and DNA damage, leading to the activation of cell cycle checkpoint kinase ATR and PARP1 hyperactivity, arresting G2/M cell-cycle and CM proliferation. Together, the present study uncovers an essential role of San1 in resolving excessive R-loops that lead to DNA damage and repressing CM proliferation, providing new insights into a novel biological function of San1 in the neonatal heart. San1 may serve as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of hypoplastic cardiac disorders.
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34
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Song J, Frieler RA, Vigil TM, Ma J, Brombacher F, Goonewardena SN, Goldstein DR, Mortensen RM. Inactivation of Interleukin-4 Receptor α Signaling in Myeloid Cells Protects Mice From Angiotensin II/High Salt-Induced Cardiovascular Dysfunction Through Suppression of Fibrotic Remodeling. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e017329. [PMID: 34132103 PMCID: PMC8403318 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.017329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Hypertension‐induced cardiovascular remodeling is characterized by chronic low‐grade inflammation. Interleukin‐4 receptor α (IL‐4Rα) signaling is importantly involved in cardiovascular remodeling, however, the target cell type(s) is unclear. Here, we investigated the role of myeloid‐specific IL‐4Rα signaling in cardiovascular remodeling induced by angiotensin II and high salt. Methods and Results Myeloid IL‐4Rα deficiency suppressed both the in vitro and in vivo expression of alternatively activated macrophage markers including Arg1 (arginase 1), Ym1 (chitinase 3‐like 3), and Relmα/Fizz1 (resistin‐like molecule α). After angiotensin II and high salt treatment, myeloid‐specific IL‐4Rα deficiency did not change hypertrophic remodeling within the heart and aorta. However, myeloid IL‐4Rα deficiency resulted in a substantial reduction in fibrosis through the suppression of profibrotic pathways and the enhancement of antifibrotic signaling. Decreased fibrosis was associated with significant preservation of myocardial function in MyIL4RαKO mice and was mediated by attenuated alternative macrophage activation. Conclusions Myeloid IL‐4Rα signaling is substantially involved in fibrotic cardiovascular remodeling by controlling alternative macrophage activation and regulating fibrosis‐related signaling. Inhibiting myeloid IL‐4Rα signaling may be a potential strategy to prevent hypertensive cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrui Song
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor MI.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
| | - Ryan A Frieler
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
| | - Thomas M Vigil
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery Shanxi Province People's Hospital Taiyuan P.R. China
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology University of Cape TownDivision of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Cape Town South Africa
| | - Sascha N Goonewardena
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
| | - Daniel R Goldstein
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI.,Institute of Gerontology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
| | - Richard M Mortensen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI.,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI.,Department of Pharmacology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
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35
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Maldonado-Velez G, Firulli AB. Mechanisms Underlying Cardiomyocyte Development: Can We Exploit Them to Regenerate the Heart? Curr Cardiol Rep 2021; 23:81. [PMID: 34081213 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-021-01510-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW It is well established that the adult mammalian cardiomyocytes retain a low capacity for cell cycle activity; however, it is insufficient to effectively respond to myocardial injury and facilitate cardiac regenerative repair. Lessons learned from species in which cardiomyocytes do allow for proliferative regeneration/repair have shed light into the mechanisms underlying cardiac regeneration post-injury. Importantly, many of these mechanisms are conserved across species, including mammals, and efforts to tap into these mechanisms effectively within the adult heart are currently of great interest. RECENT FINDINGS Targeting the endogenous gene regulatory networks (GRNs) shown to play roles in the cardiac regeneration of conducive species is seen as a strong approach, as delivery of a single or combination of genes has promise to effectively enhance cell cycle activity and CM proliferation in adult hearts post-myocardial infarction (MI). In situ re-induction of proliferative gene regulatory programs within existing, local, non-damaged cardiomyocytes helps overcome significant technical hurdles, such as successful engraftment of implanted cells or achieving complete cardiomyocyte differentiation from cell-based approaches. Although many obstacles currently exist and need to be overcome to successfully translate these approaches to clinical settings, the current efforts presented here show great promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Maldonado-Velez
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research Department of Pediatrics, Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA
| | - Anthony B Firulli
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research Department of Pediatrics, Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA.
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36
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Li YF, Wang YX, Wang H, Ma Y, Wang LS. Posttranslational Modifications: Emerging Prospects for Cardiac Regeneration Therapy. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2021; 15:49-60. [PMID: 34031843 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-021-10135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) following ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains a hard nut to crack and a leading cause of death worldwide. Cardiac regeneration aims to promote cardiomyocyte (CM) proliferation by transitioning the cell cycle state of CMs from arrest to re-entry. Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) have recently attracted extensive attention in the field of cardiac regeneration due to their reversibility and effects on the stability, activity, and subcellular localization of target proteins. The balance of PTMs is disrupted when neonatal CMs withdraw from the cell cycle, resulting in significant dysfunction of downstream substrate protein localization, expression, and activity, ultimately limiting the maintenance of cardiac regeneration ability. In this review, we summarize recent research concerning the role of PTMs in cardiac regeneration, while focusing on phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, methylation, and neddylation, and the effects of these modifications on CM proliferation, which may provide potential targets for future treatments for IHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fei Li
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Ya-Xin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yao Ma
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Lian-Sheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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37
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Qian N, Gao Y, Wang J, Wang Y. Emerging role of interleukin-13 in cardiovascular diseases: A ray of hope. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:5351-5357. [PMID: 33943014 PMCID: PMC8184673 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the great progress made in the treatment for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the morbidity and mortality of CVDs remains high due to the lack of effective treatment strategy. Inflammation is a central pathophysiological feature of the heart in response to both acute and chronic injury, while the molecular basis and underlying mechanisms remains obscure. Interleukin (IL)-13, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, has been known as a critical mediator in allergy and asthma. Recent studies appraise the role of IL-13 in CVDs, revealing that IL-13 is not only involved in more obvious cardiac inflammatory diseases such as myocarditis but also relevant to acute or chronic CVDs of other origins, such as myocardial infarction and heart failure. The goal of this review is to summarize the advancement in our knowledge of the regulations and functions of IL-13 in CVDs and to discuss the possible mechanisms of IL-13 involved in CVDs. We highlight that IL-13 may be a promising target for immunotherapy in CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningjing Qian
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian'an Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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38
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Inácio JM, von Gilsa Lopes J, Silva AM, Cristo F, Marques S, Futschik ME, Belo JA. DAND5 Inactivation Enhances Cardiac Differentiation in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:629430. [PMID: 33928078 PMCID: PMC8078107 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.629430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the clues of a regenerative mechanism for the mammalian adult heart would save millions of lives in the near future. Heart failure due to cardiomyocyte loss is still one of the significant health burdens worldwide. Here, we show the potential of a single molecule, DAND5, in mouse pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes specification and proliferation. Dand5 loss-of-function generated the double of cardiac beating foci compared to the wild-type cells. The early formation of cardiac progenitor cells and the increased proliferative capacity of Dand5 KO mESC-derived cardiomyocytes contribute to the observed higher number of derived cardiac cells. Transcriptional profiling sequencing and quantitative RT-PCR assays showed an upregulation of early cardiac gene networks governing cardiomyocyte differentiation, cell cycling, and cardiac regenerative pathways but reduced levels of genes involved in cardiomyocyte maturation. These findings prompt DAND5 as a key driver for the generation and expansion of pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes systems with further clinical application purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Inácio
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João von Gilsa Lopes
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Mafalda Silva
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fernando Cristo
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Marques
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Matthias E Futschik
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Medical School, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - José António Belo
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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39
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Chen F, Chen J, Wang H, Tang H, Huang L, Wang S, Wang X, Fang X, Liu J, Li L, Ouyang K, Han Z. Histone Lysine Methyltransferase SETD2 Regulates Coronary Vascular Development in Embryonic Mouse Hearts. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:651655. [PMID: 33898448 PMCID: PMC8063616 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.651655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart defects are the most common birth defect and have a clear genetic component, yet genomic structural variations or gene mutations account for only a third of the cases. Epigenomic dynamics during human heart organogenesis thus may play a critical role in regulating heart development. However, it is unclear how histone mark H3K36me3 acts on heart development. Here we report that histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETD2, an H3K36me3 methyltransferase, is a crucial regulator of the mouse heart epigenome. Setd2 is highly expressed in embryonic stages and accounts for a predominate role of H3K36me3 in the heart. Loss of Setd2 in cardiac progenitors results in obvious coronary vascular defects and ventricular non-compaction, leading to fetus lethality in mid-gestation, without affecting peripheral blood vessel, yolk sac, and placenta formation. Furthermore, deletion of Setd2 dramatically decreased H3K36me3 level and impacted the transcriptional landscape of key cardiac-related genes, including Rspo3 and Flrt2. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that SETD2 plays a primary role in H3K36me3 and is critical for coronary vascular formation and heart development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengling Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiewen Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huayuan Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shijia Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xi Fang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kunfu Ouyang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhen Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
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40
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Cutie S, Huang GN. Vertebrate cardiac regeneration: evolutionary and developmental perspectives. CELL REGENERATION 2021; 10:6. [PMID: 33644818 PMCID: PMC7917145 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-020-00068-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac regeneration is an ancestral trait in vertebrates that is lost both as more recent vertebrate lineages evolved to adapt to new environments and selective pressures, and as members of certain species developmentally progress towards their adult forms. While higher vertebrates like humans and rodents resolve cardiac injury with permanent fibrosis and loss of cardiac output as adults, neonates of these same species can fully regenerate heart structure and function after injury - as can adult lower vertebrates like many teleost fish and urodele amphibians. Recent research has elucidated several broad factors hypothesized to contribute to this loss of cardiac regenerative potential both evolutionarily and developmentally: an oxygen-rich environment, vertebrate thermogenesis, a complex adaptive immune system, and cancer risk trade-offs. In this review, we discuss the evidence for these hypotheses as well as the cellular participators and molecular regulators by which they act to govern heart regeneration in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Cutie
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Guo N Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA. .,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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41
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Song J, Frieler RA, Whitesall SE, Chung Y, Vigil TM, Muir LA, Ma J, Brombacher F, Goonewardena SN, Lumeng CN, Goldstein DR, Mortensen RM. Myeloid interleukin-4 receptor α is essential in postmyocardial infarction healing by regulating inflammation and fibrotic remodeling. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H323-H337. [PMID: 33164548 PMCID: PMC7847075 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00251.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 receptor α (IL4Rα) signaling plays an important role in cardiac remodeling during myocardial infarction (MI). However, the target cell type(s) of IL4Rα signaling during this remodeling remains unclear. Here, we investigated the contribution of endogenous myeloid-specific IL4Rα signaling in cardiac remodeling post-MI. We established a murine myeloid-specific IL4Rα knockout (MyIL4RαKO) model with LysM promoter-driven Cre recombination. Macrophages from MyIL4RαKO mice showed significant downregulation of alternatively activated macrophage markers but an upregulation of classical activated macrophage markers both in vitro and in vivo, indicating the successful inactivation of IL4Rα signaling in macrophages. To examine the role of myeloid IL4Rα during MI, we subjected MyIL4RαKO and littermate floxed control (FC) mice to MI. We found that cardiac function was significantly impaired as a result of myeloid-specific IL4Rα deficiency. This deficiency resulted in a dysregulated inflammatory response consisting of decreased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Myeloid IL4Rα deficiency also led to reduced collagen 1 deposition and an imbalance of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)/tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), with upregulated MMPs and downregulated TIMPs, which resulted in insufficient fibrotic remodeling. In conclusion, this study identifies that myeloid-specific IL4Rα signaling regulates inflammation and fibrotic remodeling during MI. Therefore, myeloid-specific activation of IL4Rα signaling could offer protective benefits after MI.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study showed, for the first time, the role of endogenous IL4Rα signaling in myeloid cells during cardiac remodeling and the underlying mechanisms. We identified myeloid cells are the critical target cell types of IL4Rα signaling during cardiac remodeling post-MI. Deficiency of myeloid IL4Rα signaling causes deteriorated cardiac function post-MI, due to dysregulated inflammation and insufficient fibrotic remodeling. This study sheds light on the potential of activating myeloid-specific IL4Rα signaling to modify remodeling post-MI. This brings hope to patients with MI and diminishes side effects by cell type-specific instead of whole body treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrui Song
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ryan A Frieler
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Steven E Whitesall
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yutein Chung
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Thomas M Vigil
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lindsey A Muir
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanxi Province People's Hospital, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sascha N Goonewardena
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Carey N Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Daniel R Goldstein
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Richard M Mortensen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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42
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Zhu Y, Do VD, Richards AM, Foo R. What we know about cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 152:80-91. [PMID: 33275936 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes (CMs) lost during cardiac injury and heart failure (HF) cannot be replaced due to their limited proliferative capacity. Regenerating the failing heart by promoting CM cell-cycle re-entry is an ambitious solution, currently vigorously pursued. Some genes have been proven to promote endogenous CM proliferation, believed to be preceded by CM dedifferentiation, wherein terminally differentiated CMs are initially reversed back to the less mature state which precedes cell division. However, very little else is known about CM dedifferentiation which remains poorly defined. We lack robust molecular markers and proper understanding of the mechanisms driving dedifferentiation. Even the term dedifferentiation is debated because there is no objective evidence of pluripotency, and could rather reflect CM plasticity instead. Nonetheless, the significance of CM transition states on cardiac function, and whether they necessarily lead to CM proliferation, remains unclear. This review summarises the current state of knowledge of both natural and experimentally induced CM dedifferentiation in non-mammalian vertebrates (primarily the zebrafish) and mammals, as well as the phenotypes and molecular mechanisms involved. The significance and potential challenges of studying CM dedifferentiation are also discussed. In summary, CM dedifferentiation, essential for CM plasticity, may have an important role in heart regeneration, thereby contributing to the prevention and treatment of heart disease. More attention is needed in this field to overcome the technical limitations and knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yike Zhu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency of Science Research and Technology, Singapore
| | - Vinh Dang Do
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency of Science Research and Technology, Singapore
| | - A Mark Richards
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore
| | - Roger Foo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency of Science Research and Technology, Singapore.
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43
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Zhen Y. Reactivation of Atrium Genes Is a Primer for Heart Infarction or Regeneration. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:575275. [PMID: 33244469 PMCID: PMC7683795 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.575275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The inability of the adult heart to repair or regenerate is manifested in prevalent morbidity and mortality related to myocardial infarction and heart failure. However, the cue to the reactivation of cardiomyocyte proliferation in the adult remains largely unknown. In the present study, three independent datasets were explored using bioinformatics analysis methods to solve the problem. Our results revealed that atrium genes were upregulated in response to the injury, which indicates the possible cell type withdraw and reinitiation of proliferation capability. Our findings might provide an alternative viewpoint on the cardiomyocyte regeneration or myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisong Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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44
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Meng F, Martin JF. Embryonic ECM Protein SLIT2 and NPNT Promote Postnatal Cardiomyocyte Cytokinesis. Circ Res 2020; 127:908-910. [PMID: 32910739 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.317798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fansen Meng
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (F.M., J.F.M.)
| | - James F Martin
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (F.M., J.F.M.).,Cardiomyocyte Renewal Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.F.M.)
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45
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Ren AJ, Chen C, Zhang S, Liu M, Wei C, Wang K, Ma X, Song Y, Wang R, Zhang H, Chen YX, Wu H, Xie Z, Zhang Y, Zhang WJ. Zbtb20 deficiency causes cardiac contractile dysfunction in mice. FASEB J 2020; 34:13862-13876. [PMID: 32844471 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000160rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The zinc-finger protein ZBTB20 regulates development and metabolism in multiple systems, and is essential for postnatal survival in mice. However, its potential role in the cardiovascular system remains undefined. Here, we demonstrate that ZBTB20 is critically involved in the regulation of cardiac contractility and blood pressure in mice. At the age of 16 days, the relatively healthy Zbtb20-null mice exhibited hypotension without obvious change of heart rate or other evidence for heart failure. Moreover, Zbtb20 deletion led to a marked reduction in heart size, left ventricular wall thickness, and cell size of cardiomyocytes, which was largely proportional to the decreased body growth. Notably, echocardiographic and hemodynamic analyses showed that cardiac contractility was greatly impaired in the absence of ZBTB20. Mechanistically, ZBTB20 deficiency decreased cardiac ATP contents, and compromised the enzyme activity of mitochondrial complex I in heart as well as L-type calcium current density in cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, the developmental activation of some mitochondrial function-related genes was significantly attenuated in Zbtb20-null myocardium, which included Hspb8, Ckmt2, Cox7a1, Tfrc, and Ogdhl. Put together, these results suggest that ZBTB20 plays a crucial role in the regulation of heart development, energy metabolism, and contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Jing Ren
- Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Sha Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengna Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunchun Wei
- Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianhua Ma
- Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Song
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Xia Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhifang Xie
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Youyi Zhang
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weiping J Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital, Tianjin, China
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46
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Flinn MA, Otten C, Brandt ZJ, Bostrom JR, Kenarsary A, Wan TC, Auchampach JA, Abdelilah-Seyfried S, O'Meara CC, Link BA. Llgl1 regulates zebrafish cardiac development by mediating Yap stability in cardiomyocytes. Development 2020; 147:147/16/dev193581. [PMID: 32843528 DOI: 10.1242/dev.193581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo-Yap pathway regulates multiple cellular processes in response to mechanical and other stimuli. In Drosophila, the polarity protein Lethal (2) giant larvae [L(2)gl], negatively regulates Hippo-mediated transcriptional output. However, in vertebrates, little is known about its homolog Llgl1. Here, we define a novel role for vertebrate Llgl1 in regulating Yap stability in cardiomyocytes, which impacts heart development. In contrast to the role of Drosophila L(2)gl, Llgl1 depletion in cultured rat cardiomyocytes decreased Yap protein levels and blunted target gene transcription without affecting Yap transcript abundance. Llgl1 depletion in zebrafish resulted in larger and dysmorphic cardiomyocytes, pericardial effusion, impaired blood flow and aberrant valvulogenesis. Cardiomyocyte Yap protein levels were decreased in llgl1 morphants, whereas Notch, which is regulated by hemodynamic forces and participates in valvulogenesis, was more broadly activated. Consistent with the role of Llgl1 in regulating Yap stability, cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of Yap in Llgl1-depleted embryos ameliorated pericardial effusion and restored blood flow velocity. Altogether, our data reveal that vertebrate Llgl1 is crucial for Yap stability in cardiomyocytes and its absence impairs cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Flinn
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Cécile Otten
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zachary J Brandt
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jonathan R Bostrom
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Aria Kenarsary
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Genomics Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Tina C Wan
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - John A Auchampach
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Salim Abdelilah-Seyfried
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute for Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Caitlin C O'Meara
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Genomics Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Brian A Link
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA .,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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47
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Lumley AI, Zhang L, Ernens I, Leszek P, Devaux Y. The Long Noncoding RNA Landscape of Cardiac Regeneration in Zebrafish. Can J Cardiol 2020; 37:484-492. [PMID: 32835855 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel therapeutic targets of heart failure (HF) are needed. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are engaged during cardiac regeneration. Unlike in humans, zebrafish naturally undergo cardiac regeneration after HF. We aimed to describe the landscape of lncRNAs during regeneration in a zebrafish model of HF and to investigate their human homologs. METHODS HF was established in adult zebrafish through thrice-weekly incubations with an anemia-inducing drug, phenylhydrazine hydrochloride (PHZ). After 5 weeks, PHZ treatment ceased and the fish were followed through a regeneration period of 14 days. Total RNA was extracted from the hearts of adult zebrafish after establishment of HF and at 2, 5, and 9 days after treatment cessation (9 hearts per condition at each time point). Gene regulation patterns were characterized with the use of bioinformatics and validated with the use of quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS We obtained 14,340 lncRNAs from the reannotated Affymetrix zebrafish microarray. Of these, 187 lncRNAs were found to be differentially expressed (false discovery rate < 0.05 and fold change ≥ 2) at at least 1 time point. 85% of differentially expressed lncRNAs overlapped or were close to (distance < 10 kb) protein-coding genes which were mostly related to muscle development in Gene Ontology analyses. Fifty-seven lncRNAs had human homologs, according to orientation relative to their conserved protein-coding neighbours. CONCLUSIONS LncRNAs are differentially expressed during regeneration after HF in adult zebrafish and could be potential future therapeutic targets. The extent to which lncRNAs contribute to cardiac regeneration is a worthy avenue for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew I Lumley
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Lu Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Isabelle Ernens
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Przemyslaw Leszek
- Heart Failure and Transplantology Department, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yvan Devaux
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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48
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Zheng M, Jacob J, Hung SH, Wang J. The Hippo Pathway in Cardiac Regeneration and Homeostasis: New Perspectives for Cell-Free Therapy in the Injured Heart. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071024. [PMID: 32664346 PMCID: PMC7407108 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intractable cardiovascular diseases are leading causes of mortality around the world. Adult mammalian hearts have poor regenerative capacity and are not capable of self-repair after injury. Recent studies of cell-free therapeutics such as those designed to stimulate endogenous cardiac regeneration have uncovered new feasible therapeutic avenues for cardiac repair. The Hippo pathway, a fundamental pathway with pivotal roles in cell proliferation, survival and differentiation, has tremendous potential for therapeutic manipulation in cardiac regeneration. In this review, we summarize the most recent studies that have revealed the function of the Hippo pathway in heart regeneration and homeostasis. In particular, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of how the Hippo pathway maintains cardiac homeostasis by directing cardiomyocyte chromatin remodeling and regulating the cell-cell communication between cardiomyocytes and non-cardiomyocytes in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Joan Jacob
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and UTHealth, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.J.); (S.-H.H.)
| | - Shao-Hsi Hung
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and UTHealth, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.J.); (S.-H.H.)
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-7135-005-723
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49
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Wu CC, Jeratsch S, Graumann J, Stainier DYR. Modulation of Mammalian Cardiomyocyte Cytokinesis by the Extracellular Matrix. Circ Res 2020; 127:896-907. [PMID: 32564729 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.316303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE After birth, cycling mammalian CMs (cardiomyocytes) progressively lose the ability to undergo cytokinesis and hence they become binucleated, which leads to cell cycle exit and loss of regenerative capacity. During late embryonic and early postnatal heart growth, CM development is accompanied by an expansion of the cardiac fibroblast (cFb) population and compositional changes in the ECM (extracellular matrix). Whether and how these changes influence cardiomyocyte cytokinesis is currently unknown. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the role of postnatal cFbs and the ECM in cardiomyocyte cytokinesis and identify ECM proteins that promote cardiomyocyte cytokinesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Using primary rat cardiomyocyte cultures, we found that a proportion of postnatal, but not embryonic, cycling cardiomyocytes fail to progress through cytokinesis and subsequently binucleate, consistent with published reports of in vitro and in vivo observations. Direct coculture with postnatal cFbs increased cardiomyocyte binucleation, which could be inhibited by RGD peptide treatment. In contrast, cFb-conditioned medium or transwell coculture did not significantly increase cardiomyocyte binucleation, suggesting that cFbs inhibit cardiomyocyte cytokinesis through ECM modulation rather than by secreting diffusible factors. Furthermore, we found that both embryonic and postnatal CMs binucleate at a significantly higher rate when cultured on postnatal cFb-derived ECM compared with embryonic cFb-derived ECM. These cytokinetic defects correlate with cardiomyocyte inefficiency in mitotic rounding, a process which is key to successful cytokinesis. To identify ECM proteins that modulate cardiomyocyte cytokinesis, we compared the composition of embryonic and postnatal cFb-derived ECM by mass spectrometry followed by functional assessment. We found that 2 embryonically enriched ECM proteins, SLIT2 and NPNT (nephronectin), promote cytokinesis of postnatal CMs in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS We identified the postnatal cardiac ECM as a nonpermissive environment for cardiomyocyte cytokinesis and uncovered novel functions for the embryonic ECM proteins SLIT2 and NPNT (nephronectin) in promoting postnatal cardiomyocyte cytokinesis. Graphic Abstract: A graphic abstract is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chung Wu
- From the Department of Developmental Genetics (C.-C.W., D.Y.R.S.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner site Rhein Main (C.-C.W., S.J., J.G., D.Y.R.S.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Sylvia Jeratsch
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner site Rhein Main (C.-C.W., S.J., J.G., D.Y.R.S.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (S.J., J.G.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Johannes Graumann
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner site Rhein Main (C.-C.W., S.J., J.G., D.Y.R.S.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (S.J., J.G.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- From the Department of Developmental Genetics (C.-C.W., D.Y.R.S.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner site Rhein Main (C.-C.W., S.J., J.G., D.Y.R.S.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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50
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Cutie S, Payumo AY, Lunn D, Huang GN. In vitro and in vivo roles of glucocorticoid and vitamin D receptors in the control of neonatal cardiomyocyte proliferative potential. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 142:126-134. [PMID: 32289320 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte (CM) proliferative potential varies considerably across species. While lower vertebrates and neonatal mammals retain robust capacities for CM proliferation, adult mammalian CMs lose proliferative potential due to cell-cycle withdrawal and polyploidization, failing to mount a proliferative response to regenerate lost CMs after cardiac injury. The decline of murine CM proliferative potential occurs in the neonatal period when the endocrine system undergoes drastic changes for adaptation to extrauterine life. We recently demonstrated that thyroid hormone (TH) signaling functions as a primary factor driving CM proliferative potential loss in vertebrates. Whether other hormonal pathways govern this process remains largely unexplored. Here we showed that agonists of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) suppressed neonatal CM proliferation. We next examined CM nucleation and proliferation in neonatal mutant mice lacking GR or VDR specifically in CMs, but we observed no difference between mutant and control littermates at postnatal day 14. Additionally, we generated compound mutant mice that lack GR or VDR and express dominant-negative TH receptor alpha in their CMs, and similarly observed no increase in CM proliferative potential compared to dominant-negative TH receptor alpha mice alone. Thus, although GR and VDR activation is sufficient to inhibit CM proliferation, they seem to be dispensable for neonatal CM cell-cycle exit and polyploidization in vivo. In addition, given the recent report that VDR activation in zebrafish promotes CM proliferation and tissue regeneration, our results suggest distinct roles of VDR in zebrafish and rodent CM cell-cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Cutie
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alexander Y Payumo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Dominic Lunn
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Guo N Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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