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Cao Zhang AM, Ziogos E, Harb T, Gerstenblith G, Leucker TM. Emerging clinical role of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibition-Part one: Pleiotropic pro-atherosclerotic effects of PCSK9. Eur J Clin Invest 2024:e14273. [PMID: 38922860 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is primarily recognized for its role in lipid metabolism, but recent evidence suggests that it may have broader implications due to its diverse tissue expression. OBJECTIVE This review aims to explore the multifaceted functions of PCSK9, highlighting its pro-atherosclerotic effects, including its impact on circulating lipoprotein variables, non-low-density lipoprotein receptors, and various cell types involved in atherosclerotic plaque development. CONCLUSIONS PCSK9 exhibits diverse roles beyond lipid metabolism, potentially contributing to atherosclerosis through multiple pathways. Understanding these mechanisms could offer new insights into therapeutic strategies targeting PCSK9 for cardiovascular disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Cao Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Efthymios Ziogos
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tarek Harb
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gary Gerstenblith
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thorsten M Leucker
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Mandrycky C, Ishida T, Rayner SG, Heck AM, Hadland B, Zheng Y. Under pressure: integrated endothelial cell response to hydrostatic and shear stresses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.30.596749. [PMID: 38854073 PMCID: PMC11160699 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.30.596749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Blood flow within the vasculature is a critical determinant of endothelial cell (EC) identity and functionality, yet the intricate interplay of various hemodynamic forces and their collective impact on endothelial and vascular responses are not fully understood. Specifically, the role of hydrostatic pressure in the EC flow response is understudied, despite its known significance in vascular development and disease. To address this gap, we developed in vitro models to investigate how pressure influences EC responses to flow. Our study demonstrates that elevated pressure conditions significantly modify shear-induced flow alignment and increase endothelial cell density. Bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing analyses revealed that, while shear stress remains the primary driver of flow-induced transcriptional changes, pressure modulates shear-induced signaling in a dose-dependent manner. These pressure-responsive transcriptional signatures identified in human ECs were conserved during the onset of circulation in early mouse embryonic vascular development, where pressure was notably associated with transcriptional programs essential to arterial and hemogenic EC fates. Our findings suggest that pressure plays a synergistic role with shear stress on ECs and emphasizes the need for an integrative approach to endothelial cell mechanotransduction, one that encompasses the effects induced by pressure alongside other hemodynamic forces.
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Baek KI, Ryu K. Role of Flow-Sensitive Endothelial Genes in Atherosclerosis and Antiatherogenic Therapeutics Development. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2024; 17:609-623. [PMID: 38010480 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-023-10463-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is the underlying cause of cardiovascular disease which initiates from endothelial dysfunction from genetic and environmental risk factors, including biomechanical forces: blood flow. Endothelial cells (ECs) lining the inner arterial wall regions exposed to disturbed flow are prone to atherosclerosis development, whereas the straight regions exposed to stable flow are spared from the disease. These flow patterns induce genome- and epigenome-wide changes in gene expression in ECs. Through the sweeping changes in gene expression, disturbed flow reprograms ECs from athero-protected cell types under the stable flow condition to pro-atherogenic cell conditions. The pro-atherogenic changes induced by disturbed flow, in combination with additional risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, lead to the progression of atherosclerosis. The flow-sensitive genes and proteins are critical in understanding the mechanisms and serve as novel targets for antiatherogenic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung In Baek
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kitae Ryu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Suwon, 17, Wauan-Gil, Bongdam-Eup, Hwaseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 18323, Republic of Korea.
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Chandurkar MK, Mittal N, Royer-Weeden SP, Lehmann SD, Michels EB, Haarman SE, Severance SA, Rho Y, Han SJ. Transient low shear-stress preconditioning influences long-term endothelial traction and alignment under high shear flow. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 326:H1180-H1192. [PMID: 38457352 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00067.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) within the vascular system encounter fluid shear stress (FSS). High, laminar FSS promotes vasodilation and anti-inflammatory responses, whereas low or disturbed FSS induces dysfunction and inflammation. However, the adaptation of endothelial cells (ECs) to dynamically changing FSS patterns remains underexplored. Here, by combining traction force microscopy with a custom flow chamber, we examined human umbilical vein endothelial cells adapting their traction during transitions from short-term low shear to long-term high shear stress. We discovered that the initial low FSS elevates the traction by only half of the amount in response to direct high FSS even after flow changes to high FSS. However, in the long term under high FSS, the flow started with low FSS triggers a substantial second rise in traction for over 10 h. In contrast, the flow started directly with high FSS results in a quick traction surge followed by a huge reduction below the baseline traction in <30 min. Importantly, we find that the orientation of traction vectors is steered by initial shear exposure. Using Granger causality analysis, we show that the traction that aligns in the flow direction under direct high FSS functionally causes cell alignment toward the flow direction. However, EC traction that orients perpendicular to the flow that starts with temporary low FSS functionally causes cell orientation perpendicular to the flow. Taken together, our findings elucidate the significant influence of initial short-term low FSS on lasting changes in endothelial traction that induces EC alignment.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In our study, we uncover that preconditioning with low shear stress yields enduring impacts on endothelial cell traction and orientation, persisting even after transitioning to high-shear conditions. Using Granger causality analysis, we demonstrate a functional link between the direction of cell traction and subsequent cellular alignment across varying shear environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanish K Chandurkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States
| | - Nikhil Mittal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States
| | - Shaina P Royer-Weeden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States
| | - Steven D Lehmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States
| | - Etienne B Michels
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States
| | - Samuel E Haarman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States
| | - Scott A Severance
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States
| | - Yeonwoo Rho
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States
| | - Sangyoon J Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States
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5
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Iruela-Arispe ML. Hemodynamic Forces and Atherosclerosis: HEG1 at the Center of the Jigsaw Puzzle. Circulation 2024; 149:1202-1204. [PMID: 38588335 PMCID: PMC11003718 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.124.067882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Luisa Iruela-Arispe
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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6
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Mao B, Zhao Z, Wei M, Liu X, Zhao R, Zhang W, Duan M. Study on the related factors of TCM constitution and hemodynamics in patients with coronary heart disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1383082. [PMID: 38529331 PMCID: PMC10961412 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1383082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The concepts of "individualization" and "preventive treatment" should be incorporated into the precise diagnosis and treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD). Both hemodynamics and Chinese medicine constitution studies align with these two concepts. Methods This study utilized data from 81 patients with CHD, including 12 patients with balanced constitution (BC), 20 patients with blood stasis constitution (BSC), 17 patients with phlegm-dampness constitution (PDC), 15 patients with qi-deficiency constitution (QDC), and 17 patients with other constitutions. Clinical data provided information on the patients' blood property, heart function, degree of coronary stenosis, coronary hemodynamics, and so on. These parameters were compared between patients with balanced constitution vs. biased constitutions as well as between those with blood stasis constitution, phlegm-dampness constitution, and qi-deficiency constitution. Results Compared to biased constitution (BC), patients with balanced constitution exhibited lower total cholesterol (TC) levels and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. Additionally, they had lighter stenosis degrees in the Left anterior descending branch (LAD) and Left circumflex branch (LCX) branches. The hemodynamic condition of the LAD and LCX was better for those with balanced constitution; however there was no difference in heart function. Among the groups categorized by blood stasis, phlegm dampness or qi deficiency constituions, patients classified under phlegm dampness had higher levels of LDL compared to those classified under blood stasis or qi deficiency, while patients classified under qi deficiency had higher levels of blood glucose compared to those classified under blood stasis or phlegm dampness. Hemodynamic environments also differed among the LAD and LCX for each group but there were no significant differences observed in heart function or degree of coronary stenosis among these three groups. Conclusion The balanced constitution demonstrates superior blood property, degree of coronary artery stenosis, and coronary hemodynamics compared to the biased constitution. Furthermore, among the three constitutions with CHD, variations in blood property and certain hemodynamic parameters are observed. These findings emphasize the significant clinical value of incorporating physical factors into the diagnosis and treatment of patients with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan Mao
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhou Zhao
- Cardiac Surgery Department, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinzhu Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoqi Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | | | - Mengyao Duan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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7
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Chandurkar MK, Mittal N, Royer-Weeden SP, Lehmann SD, Rho Y, Han SJ. Low Shear in Short-Term Impacts Endothelial Cell Traction and Alignment in Long-Term. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.20.558732. [PMID: 37790318 PMCID: PMC10542130 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.20.558732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Within the vascular system, endothelial cells (ECs) are exposed to fluid shear stress (FSS), a mechanical force exerted by blood flow that is critical for regulating cellular tension and maintaining vascular homeostasis. The way ECs react to FSS varies significantly; while high, laminar FSS supports vasodilation and suppresses inflammation, low or disturbed FSS can lead to endothelial dysfunction and increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Yet, the adaptation of ECs to dynamically varying FSS remains poorly understood. This study focuses on the dynamic responses of ECs to brief periods of low FSS, examining its impact on endothelial traction-a measure of cellular tension that plays a crucial role in how endothelial cells respond to mechanical stimuli. By integrating traction force microscopy (TFM) with a custom-built flow chamber, we analyzed how human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) adjust their traction in response to shifts from low to high shear stress. We discovered that initial exposure to low FSS prompts a marked increase in traction force, which continues to rise over 10 hours before slowly decreasing. In contrast, immediate exposure to high FSS causes a quick spike in traction followed by a swift reduction, revealing distinct patterns of traction behavior under different shear conditions. Importantly, the direction of traction forces and the resulting cellular alignment under these conditions indicate that the initial shear experience dictates long-term endothelial behavior. Our findings shed light on the critical influence of short-lived low-shear stress experiences in shaping endothelial function, indicating that early exposure to low FSS results in enduring changes in endothelial contractility and alignment, with significant consequences for vascular health and the development of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanish K. Chandurkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Nikhil Mittal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Shaina P. Royer-Weeden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Steven D. Lehmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Yeonwoo Rho
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Sangyoon J. Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
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8
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Tamargo IA, Baek KI, Kim Y, Park C, Jo H. Flow-induced reprogramming of endothelial cells in atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Cardiol 2023; 20:738-753. [PMID: 37225873 PMCID: PMC10206587 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00883-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic diseases such as myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke and peripheral artery disease continue to be leading causes of death worldwide despite the success of treatments with cholesterol-lowering drugs and drug-eluting stents, raising the need to identify additional therapeutic targets. Interestingly, atherosclerosis preferentially develops in curved and branching arterial regions, where endothelial cells are exposed to disturbed blood flow with characteristic low-magnitude oscillatory shear stress. By contrast, straight arterial regions exposed to stable flow, which is associated with high-magnitude, unidirectional shear stress, are relatively well protected from the disease through shear-dependent, atheroprotective endothelial cell responses. Flow potently regulates structural, functional, transcriptomic, epigenomic and metabolic changes in endothelial cells through mechanosensors and mechanosignal transduction pathways. A study using single-cell RNA sequencing and chromatin accessibility analysis in a mouse model of flow-induced atherosclerosis demonstrated that disturbed flow reprogrammes arterial endothelial cells in situ from healthy phenotypes to diseased ones characterized by endothelial inflammation, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, endothelial-to-immune cell-like transition and metabolic changes. In this Review, we discuss this emerging concept of disturbed-flow-induced reprogramming of endothelial cells (FIRE) as a potential pro-atherogenic mechanism. Defining the flow-induced mechanisms through which endothelial cells are reprogrammed to promote atherosclerosis is a crucial area of research that could lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets to combat the high prevalence of atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Tamargo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kyung In Baek
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yerin Kim
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christian Park
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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9
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Rahaman SG, Mahanty M, Mukherjee P, Dutta B, Rahaman SO. Mechanosensing and Mechanosignal Transduction in Atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2023; 25:711-721. [PMID: 37615786 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-023-01139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to summarize the latest findings on mechanosensing in atherosclerosis, elucidating the molecular mechanisms, cellular players, and potential therapeutic targets. RECENT FINDINGS Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-laden plaque within arterial walls, is a major contributor to cardiovascular disease-related mortality and morbidity. Interestingly, atherosclerosis predominantly occurs in arterial areas with curves and branches. In these regions, endothelial cells encounter irregular blood flow with distinctive low-intensity fluctuating shear stress. On the other hand, straight sections of arteries, subjected to a consistent flow and related high-intensity, one-way shear stress, are relatively safeguarded against atherosclerosis due to shear-dependent, disease-preventing endothelial cell reactions. In recent years, researchers have been investigating the role of mechanosensing in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. At the core of mechanosensing is the ability of various cells to sense and respond to biomechanical forces in their environment. In the context of atherosclerosis, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and immune cells are subjected to various mechanical or physical stimuli, including shear stress, cyclic strain, and matrix stiffness. These mechanical cues play a crucial role in regulating cellular behavior and contribute to the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that various mechanical or physical cues play a critical role in the development and promotion of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneha G Rahaman
- University of Maryland, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Manisha Mahanty
- University of Maryland, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Pritha Mukherjee
- University of Maryland, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Bidisha Dutta
- University of Maryland, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Shaik O Rahaman
- University of Maryland, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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10
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Le NT. The significance of ERK5 catalytic-independent functions in disease pathways. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1235217. [PMID: 37601096 PMCID: PMC10436230 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1235217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5), also known as BMK1 or MAPK7, represents a recent addition to the classical mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. This family includes well-known members such as ERK1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), as well as atypical MAPKs such as ERK3, ERK4, ERK7 (ERK8), and Nemo-like kinase (NLK). Comprehensive reviews available elsewhere provide detailed insights into ERK5, which interested readers can refer to for in-depth knowledge (Nithianandarajah-Jones et al., 2012; Monti et al., Cancers (Basel), 2022, 14). The primary aim of this review is to emphasize the essential characteristics of ERK5 and shed light on the intricate nature of its activation, with particular attention to the catalytic-independent functions in disease pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhat-Tu Le
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
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Yao G, Li H, Zuo X, Wang C, Xiao Y, Zhao Y, Wang X. Oscillatory shear stress promotes vein graft intimal hyperplasia via NADPH oxidase-related pathways. Front Surg 2023; 10:1073557. [PMID: 36860953 PMCID: PMC9968757 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2023.1073557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Uncontrolled intimal hyperplasia (IH) after autologous saphenous vein grafting triggers a high restenosis rate; however, its association with the activation of NADPH oxidase (NOX)-related pathways is unclear. Here, we investigated the effects and mechanism of oscillatory shear stress (OSS) on grafted vein IH. Methods Thirty male New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into control, high-OSS (HOSS), and low-OSS (LOSS) groups, and the vein grafts were harvested after 4 weeks. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson staining assays were used to observe morphological and structural changes. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect α-SMA, PCNA, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression. Immunofluorescence staining was used to observe reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the tissues. Western blotting was used to determine the expression levels of pathway-related proteins (NOX1, NOX2, AKT, p-AKT, and BIRC5), PCNA, BCL-2, BAX, and caspase-3/cleaved caspase-3 in tissues. Results Blood flow velocity was lower in the LOSS group than in the HOSS group, while vessel diameter did not change significantly. Shear rate was elevated in both HOSS and LOSS groups but was higher in the HOSS group. Additionally, vessel diameter increased with time in the HOSS and LOSS groups, whereas flow velocity did not. Intimal hyperplasia was significantly lower in the LOSS group than in the HOSS group. IH was dominated by smooth muscle fibers in the grafted veins and collagen fibers in the media. OSS restriction significantly reduced the α-SMA, PCNA, MMP-2, and MMP-9 levels. Moreover, ROS production and the expression of NOX1, NOX2, p-AKT, BIRC5, PCNA, BCL-2, BAX, and cleaved caspase-3 were phase-reduced in LOSS compared to the levels in the HOSS group. Total AKT was not differentially expressed among the three groups. Conclusion OSS promotes the proliferation, migration, and survival of subendothelial vascular smooth muscle cells in grafted veins, which may be related to the regulation of downstream p-AKT/BIRC5 levels through the increased production of ROS by NOX. Drugs inhibiting this pathway might be used to prolong vein graft survival time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Yao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Department of Emergency, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangyi Zuo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunkai Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yelei Xiao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuehu Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Correspondence: Xuehu Wang
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12
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Sunderland K, Jia W, He W, Jiang J, Zhao F. Impact of spatial and temporal stability of flow vortices on vascular endothelial cells. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2023; 22:71-83. [PMID: 36271263 PMCID: PMC9975038 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01632-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intracranial aneurysms (IAs) are pathological dilations of cerebrovascular vessels due to degeneration of the mechanical strength of the arterial wall, precluded by altered cellular functionality. The presence of swirling hemodynamic flow (vortices) is known to alter vascular endothelial cell (EC) morphology and protein expression indicative of IAs. Unfortunately, less is known if vortices with varied spatial and temporal stability lead to differing levels of EC change. The aim of this work is to investigate vortices of varying spatial and temporal stability impact on ECs. METHODS Vortex and EC interplay was investigated by a novel combination of parallel plate flow chamber (PPFC) design and computational analysis. ECs were exposed to laminar (7.5 dynes/[Formula: see text] wall shear stress) or low (<1 dynes/[Formula: see text]) stress vortical flow using PPFCs. Immunofluorescent imaging analyzed EC morphology, while ELISA tests quantified VE-cadherin (cell-cell adhesion), VCAM-1 (macrophage-EC adhesion), and cleaved caspase-3 (apoptotic signal) expression. PPFC flow was simulated, and vortex stability was calculated via the temporally averaged degree of (volume) overlap (TA-DVO) of vortices within a given area. RESULTS EC morphological changes were independent of vortex stability. Increased stability promoted VE-cadherin degradation (correlation coefficient r = [Formula: see text]0.84) and 5-fold increased cleaved caspase-3 post 24 h in stable (TA-DVO 0.736 ± 0.05) vs unstable (TA-DVO 0.606 [Formula: see text]0.2) vortices. ECs in stable vortices displayed a 4.5-fold VCAM-1 increase than unstable counterparts after 12 h. CONCLUSION This work demonstrates highly stable disturbed flow imparts increased inflammatory signaling, degraded cell-cell adhesion, and increased cellular apoptosis than unstable vortices. Such knowledge offers novel insight toward understanding IA development and rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Sunderland
- Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Wenkai Jia
- Biomedical Engineering, Texas A &M University, 400 Bizzell St, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Weilue He
- Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Jingfeng Jiang
- Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA.
| | - Feng Zhao
- Biomedical Engineering, Texas A &M University, 400 Bizzell St, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Sedlak J, Clyne A. Application of Shear Stress to Endothelial Cells Using a Parallel Plate Flow Chamber. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2600:81-90. [PMID: 36587091 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2851-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cell response to shear stress from the flowing blood plays an important role in diseases such as atherosclerosis. It is therefore essential to study how different flow regimes, including both atheroprotective laminar flow and atheropromoting disturbed flow, impact endothelial cell function. Shear stress effects can be studied in vitro using a variety of techniques, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. In this chapter, we describe how to use a parallel plate flow chamber to study the impact of both laminar and disturbed flow on endothelial cell monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alisa Clyne
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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14
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Stefopoulos G, Lendenmann T, Schutzius TM, Giampietro C, Roy T, Chala N, Giavazzi F, Cerbino R, Poulikakos D, Ferrari A. Bistability of Dielectrically Anisotropic Nematic Crystals and the Adaptation of Endothelial Collectives to Stress Fields. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102148. [PMID: 35344288 PMCID: PMC9165505 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial monolayers physiologically adapt to flow and flow-induced wall shear stress, attaining ordered configurations in which elongation, orientation, and polarization are coherently organized over many cells. Here, with the flow direction unchanged, a peculiar bi-stable (along the flow direction or perpendicular to it) cell alignment is observed, emerging as a function of the flow intensity alone, while cell polarization is purely instructed by flow directionality. Driven by the experimental findings, the parallelism between endothelia is delineated under a flow field and the transition of dual-frequency nematic liquid crystals under an external oscillatory electric field. The resulting physical model reproduces the two stable configurations and the energy landscape of the corresponding system transitions. In addition, it reveals the existence of a disordered, metastable state emerging upon system perturbation. This intermediate state, experimentally demonstrated in endothelial monolayers, is shown to expose the cellular system to a weakening of cell-to-cell junctions to the detriment of the monolayer integrity. The flow-adaptation of monolayers composed of healthy and senescent endothelia is successfully predicted by the model with adjustable nematic parameters. These results may help to understand the maladaptive response of in vivo endothelial tissues to disturbed hemodynamics and the progressive functional decay of senescent endothelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Stefopoulos
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process EngineeringETH ZurichSonneggstrasse 3Zurich8092Switzerland
| | - Tobias Lendenmann
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process EngineeringETH ZurichSonneggstrasse 3Zurich8092Switzerland
| | - Thomas M. Schutzius
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process EngineeringETH ZurichSonneggstrasse 3Zurich8092Switzerland
| | - Costanza Giampietro
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process EngineeringETH ZurichSonneggstrasse 3Zurich8092Switzerland
- Experimental Continuum MechanicsEMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyÜberlandstrasse 129Dübendorf8600Switzerland
- Institute for Mechanical Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process EngineeringETH ZurichLeonhardstrasse 21Zurich8092Switzerland
| | - Tamal Roy
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process EngineeringETH ZurichSonneggstrasse 3Zurich8092Switzerland
| | - Nafsika Chala
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process EngineeringETH ZurichSonneggstrasse 3Zurich8092Switzerland
| | - Fabio Giavazzi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina TraslazionaleUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia F.lli Cervi 93Segrate20090Italy
| | - Roberto Cerbino
- Faculty of PhysicsUniversity of ViennaBoltzmanngasse 5ViennaAustria
| | - Dimos Poulikakos
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process EngineeringETH ZurichSonneggstrasse 3Zurich8092Switzerland
| | - Aldo Ferrari
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process EngineeringETH ZurichSonneggstrasse 3Zurich8092Switzerland
- Experimental Continuum MechanicsEMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyÜberlandstrasse 129Dübendorf8600Switzerland
- Institute for Mechanical Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process EngineeringETH ZurichLeonhardstrasse 21Zurich8092Switzerland
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15
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Benincasa G, Coscioni E, Napoli C. Cardiovascular risk factors and molecular routes underlying endothelial dysfunction: Novel opportunities for primary prevention. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Fallon ME, Mathews R, Hinds MT. In Vitro Flow Chamber Design for the Study of Endothelial Cell (Patho)Physiology. J Biomech Eng 2022; 144:020801. [PMID: 34254640 PMCID: PMC8628846 DOI: 10.1115/1.4051765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the native vasculature, flowing blood produces a frictional force on vessel walls that affects endothelial cell function and phenotype. In the arterial system, the vasculature's local geometry directly influences variations in flow profiles and shear stress magnitudes. Straight arterial sections with pulsatile shear stress have been shown to promote an athero-protective endothelial phenotype. Conversely, areas with more complex geometry, such as arterial bifurcations and branch points with disturbed flow patterns and lower, oscillatory shear stress, typically lead to endothelial dysfunction and the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Many studies have investigated the regulation of endothelial responses to various shear stress environments. Importantly, the accurate in vitro simulation of in vivo hemodynamics is critical to the deeper understanding of mechanotransduction through the proper design and use of flow chamber devices. In this review, we describe several flow chamber apparatuses and their fluid mechanics design parameters, including parallel-plate flow chambers, cone-and-plate devices, and microfluidic devices. In addition, chamber-specific design criteria and relevant equations are defined in detail for the accurate simulation of shear stress environments to study endothelial cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E. Fallon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 S Bond Ave CH13B, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Rick Mathews
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 S Bond Ave CH13B, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Monica T. Hinds
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 S Bond Ave CH13B, Portland, OR 97239
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17
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Li M, Jiao Q, Xin W, Niu S, Liu M, Song Y, Wang Z, Yang X, Liang D. The Emerging Role of Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors in Cardiovascular Disorders: Insights Into Atherosclerosis: A Mini Review. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:782098. [PMID: 35047576 PMCID: PMC8761945 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.782098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease accounts for one-third of global deaths. However, the mechanism of atherosclerosis is not fully understood. It is well-known that the Rho GTPase family, especially Rho A, plays a vital role in the development and progression of arteriosclerosis. Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (Rho GEFs), which act upstream of Rho GTPases, are also involved in the atheromatous pathological process. Despite some research on the role of Rho GEFS in the regulation of atherosclerosis, the number of studies is small relative to studies on the essential function of Rho GEFs. Some studies have preliminarily revealed Rho GEF regulation of atherosclerosis by experiments in vivo and in vitro. Herein, we review the advances in research on the relationship and interaction between Rho GEFs and atheroma to provide a potential reference for further study of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingzheng Jiao
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Gucheng County Hospital, Hengshui Gucheng, Hebei, China
| | - Wenqiang Xin
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shulin Niu
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingming Liu
- Department of Neurology and Immunology, Institute of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanxin Song
- Department of Nursing, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zengguang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Zengguang Wang
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Xinyu Yang
| | - Degang Liang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Degang Liang
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18
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Kant S, Tran KV, Kvandova M, Caliz AD, Yoo HJ, Learnard H, Dolan AC, Craige SM, Hall JD, Jiménez JM, St. Hilaire C, Schulz E, Kröller-Schön S, Keaney JF. PGC1α Regulates the Endothelial Response to Fluid Shear Stress via Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Control of Heme Oxygenase-1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:19-34. [PMID: 34789002 PMCID: PMC8702461 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.317066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fluid shear stress (FSS) is known to mediate multiple phenotypic changes in the endothelium. Laminar FSS (undisturbed flow) is known to promote endothelial alignment to flow, which is key to stabilizing the endothelium and rendering it resistant to atherosclerosis and thrombosis. The molecular pathways responsible for endothelial responses to FSS are only partially understood. In this study, we determine the role of PGC1α (peroxisome proliferator gamma coactivator-1α)-TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase)-HMOX1 (heme oxygenase-1) during shear stress in vitro and in vivo. Approach and Results: Here, we have identified PGC1α as a flow-responsive gene required for endothelial flow alignment in vitro and in vivo. Compared with oscillatory FSS (disturbed flow) or static conditions, laminar FSS (undisturbed flow) showed increased PGC1α expression and its transcriptional coactivation. PGC1α was required for laminar FSS-induced expression of TERT in vitro and in vivo via its association with ERRα(estrogen-related receptor alpha) and KLF (Kruppel-like factor)-4 on the TERT promoter. We found that TERT inhibition attenuated endothelial flow alignment, elongation, and nuclear polarization in response to laminar FSS in vitro and in vivo. Among the flow-responsive genes sensitive to TERT status, HMOX1 was required for endothelial alignment to laminar FSS. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest an important role for a PGC1α-TERT-HMOX1 axis in the endothelial stabilization response to laminar FSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kant
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Equal contribution
| | - Khanh-Van Tran
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
- Equal contribution
| | - Miroslava Kvandova
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Equal contribution
| | - Amada D. Caliz
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Hyung-Jin Yoo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Heather Learnard
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Ana C. Dolan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Siobhan M. Craige
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blackburg, VA 24061
| | - Joshua D. Hall
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Juan M. Jiménez
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Cynthia St. Hilaire
- Division of Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, and the Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Eberhard Schulz
- Department of Cardiology, Allgemeines Krankenhaus, Celle, Germany
| | | | - John F. Keaney
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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19
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Botts SR, Fish JE, Howe KL. Dysfunctional Vascular Endothelium as a Driver of Atherosclerosis: Emerging Insights Into Pathogenesis and Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:787541. [PMID: 35002720 PMCID: PMC8727904 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.787541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the chronic accumulation of cholesterol-rich plaque within arteries, is associated with a broad spectrum of cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction, aortic aneurysm, peripheral vascular disease, and stroke. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of mortality in high-income countries and recent years have witnessed a notable increase in prevalence within low- and middle-income regions of the world. Considering this prominent and evolving global burden, there is a need to identify the cellular mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis to discover novel therapeutic targets for preventing or mitigating its clinical sequelae. Despite decades of research, we still do not fully understand the complex cell-cell interactions that drive atherosclerosis, but new investigative approaches are rapidly shedding light on these essential mechanisms. The vascular endothelium resides at the interface of systemic circulation and the underlying vessel wall and plays an essential role in governing pathophysiological processes during atherogenesis. In this review, we present emerging evidence that implicates the activated endothelium as a driver of atherosclerosis by directing site-specificity of plaque formation and by promoting plaque development through intracellular processes, which regulate endothelial cell proliferation and turnover, metabolism, permeability, and plasticity. Moreover, we highlight novel mechanisms of intercellular communication by which endothelial cells modulate the activity of key vascular cell populations involved in atherogenesis, and discuss how endothelial cells contribute to resolution biology - a process that is dysregulated in advanced plaques. Finally, we describe important future directions for preclinical atherosclerosis research, including epigenetic and targeted therapies, to limit the progression of atherosclerosis in at-risk or affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R. Botts
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason E. Fish
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kathryn L. Howe
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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20
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King O, Sunyovszki I, Terracciano CM. Vascularisation of pluripotent stem cell-derived myocardium: biomechanical insights for physiological relevance in cardiac tissue engineering. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:1117-1136. [PMID: 33855631 PMCID: PMC8245389 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The myocardium is a diverse environment, requiring coordination between a variety of specialised cell types. Biochemical crosstalk between cardiomyocytes (CM) and microvascular endothelial cells (MVEC) is essential to maintain contractility and healthy tissue homeostasis. Yet, as myocytes beat, heterocellular communication occurs also through constantly fluctuating biomechanical stimuli, namely (1) compressive and tensile forces generated directly by the beating myocardium, and (2) pulsatile shear stress caused by intra-microvascular flow. Despite endothelial cells (EC) being highly mechanosensitive, the role of biomechanical stimuli from beating CM as a regulatory mode of myocardial-microvascular crosstalk is relatively unexplored. Given that cardiac biomechanics are dramatically altered during disease, and disruption of myocardial-microvascular communication is a known driver of pathological remodelling, understanding the biomechanical context necessary for healthy myocardial-microvascular interaction is of high importance. The current gap in understanding can largely be attributed to technical limitations associated with reproducing dynamic physiological biomechanics in multicellular in vitro platforms, coupled with limited in vitro viability of primary cardiac tissue. However, differentiation of CM from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) has provided an unlimited source of human myocytes suitable for designing in vitro models. This technology is now converging with the diverse field of tissue engineering, which utilises in vitro techniques designed to enhance physiological relevance, such as biomimetic extracellular matrix (ECM) as 3D scaffolds, microfluidic perfusion of vascularised networks, and complex multicellular architectures generated via 3D bioprinting. These strategies are now allowing researchers to design in vitro platforms which emulate the cell composition, architectures, and biomechanics specific to the myocardial-microvascular microenvironment. Inclusion of physiological multicellularity and biomechanics may also induce a more mature phenotype in stem cell-derived CM, further enhancing their value. This review aims to highlight the importance of biomechanical stimuli as determinants of CM-EC crosstalk in cardiac health and disease, and to explore emerging tissue engineering and hPSC technologies which can recapitulate physiological dynamics to enhance the value of in vitro cardiac experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oisín King
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, ICTEM 4th floor, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Ilona Sunyovszki
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, ICTEM 4th floor, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Cesare M Terracciano
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, ICTEM 4th floor, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
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21
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Wang L, Tang C. Targeting Platelet in Atherosclerosis Plaque Formation: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249760. [PMID: 33371312 PMCID: PMC7767086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides their role in hemostasis and thrombosis, it has become increasingly clear that platelets are also involved in many other pathological processes of the vascular system, such as atherosclerotic plaque formation. Atherosclerosis is a chronic vascular inflammatory disease, which preferentially develops at sites under disturbed blood flow with low speeds and chaotic directions. Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension are all risk factors for atherosclerosis. When the vascular microenvironment changes, platelets can respond quickly to interact with endothelial cells and leukocytes, participating in atherosclerosis. This review discusses the important roles of platelets in the plaque formation under pro-atherogenic factors. Specifically, we discussed the platelet behaviors under disturbed flow, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia conditions. We also summarized the molecular mechanisms involved in vascular inflammation during atherogenesis based on platelet receptors and secretion of inflammatory factors. Finally, we highlighted the studies of platelet migration in atherogenesis. In general, we elaborated an atherogenic role of platelets and the aspects that should be further studied in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China;
| | - Chaojun Tang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China;
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-512-6588-0899
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22
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Leisegang MS, Bibli SI, Günther S, Pflüger-Müller B, Oo JA, Höper C, Seredinski S, Yekelchyk M, Schmitz-Rixen T, Schürmann C, Hu J, Looso M, Sigala F, Boon RA, Fleming I, Brandes RP. Pleiotropic effects of laminar flow and statins depend on the Krüppel-like factor-induced lncRNA MANTIS. Eur Heart J 2020; 40:2523-2533. [PMID: 31222221 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To assess the functional relevance and therapeutic potential of the pro-angiogenic long non-coding RNA MANTIS in vascular disease development. METHODS AND RESULTS RNA sequencing, CRISPR activation, overexpression, and RNAi demonstrated that MANTIS, especially its Alu-element, limits endothelial ICAM-1 expression in different types of endothelial cells. Loss of MANTIS increased endothelial monocyte adhesion in an ICAM-1-dependent manner. MANTIS reduced the binding of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling factor BRG1 at the ICAM-1 promoter. The expression of MANTIS was induced by laminar flow and HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitors (statins) through mechanisms involving epigenetic rearrangements and the transcription factors KLF2 and KLF4. Mutation of the KLF binding motifs in the MANTIS promoter blocked the flow-induced MANTIS expression. Importantly, the expression of MANTIS in human carotid artery endarterectomy material was lower compared with healthy vessels and this effect was prevented by statin therapy. Interestingly, the protective effects of statins were mediated in part through MANTIS, which was required to facilitate the atorvastatin-induced changes in endothelial gene expression. Moreover, the beneficial endothelial effects of statins in culture models (spheroid outgrowth, proliferation, telomerase activity, and vascular organ culture) were lost upon knockdown of MANTIS. CONCLUSION MANTIS is tightly regulated by the transcription factors KLF2 and KLF4 and limits the ICAM-1 mediated monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and thus potentially atherosclerosis development in humans. The beneficial effects of statin treatment and laminar flow are dependent on MANTIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias S Leisegang
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sofia-Iris Bibli
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute for Vascular Signalling, Goethe University, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Günther
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, ECCPS Bioinformatics and Sequencing Facility, Ludwigstr. 43, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Beatrice Pflüger-Müller
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - James A Oo
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Cindy Höper
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sandra Seredinski
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michail Yekelchyk
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, ECCPS Bioinformatics and Sequencing Facility, Ludwigstr. 43, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitz-Rixen
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christoph Schürmann
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jiong Hu
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute for Vascular Signalling, Goethe University, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mario Looso
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, ECCPS Bioinformatics and Sequencing Facility, Ludwigstr. 43, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Fragiska Sigala
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, University of Athens Medical School, Hippocration Hospital, Etheros 7-9, Athens, Greece
| | - Reinier A Boon
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Germany.,Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1118, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute for Vascular Signalling, Goethe University, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ralf P Brandes
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany
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23
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Ziyrek M, Sertdemir AL, Duran M. Effect of Coronary Artery Bifurcation Angle on Atherosclerotic Lesion Localization Distance to the Bifurcation Site. J Saudi Heart Assoc 2020; 32:399-407. [PMID: 33299782 PMCID: PMC7721449 DOI: 10.37616/2212-5043.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Although percutaneous coronary interventions become a common treatment modality for coronary artery diseases, lesion localization make these procedures more complex. As the lesion localizes near to the bifurcation site, more complex PCI procedures, overqualified equipments are needed and complication risk increases. Previous studies have demonstrated the strong correlation between wide angulation and significant coronary stenosis. However, a paucity of data exists about the association between bifurcation angle and lesion localization distance. In this study we analysed the effect of coronary bifurcation angle and left main coronary artery length on the atherosclerotic lesion localization. Methods Patients, who underwent coronary angiography between 01.01.2017- 31.12.2019 were scanned. Patients having atherosclerotic lesions causing more than 50% luminal narrowing and Medina classification score (0,0,0) were evaluated. After exclusion, 467 patients were included. 5 bifurcation subgroups (LAD-CX, LAD-Dx, CX-OM, RCA-RV, RPD-RPL) were formed. Distance of lesion to the bifurcation site, bifurcation angle and left main coronary artery length were analysed by 2 experienced cardiologists with invasive quantitaive coronary angiography (QCA) by using “extreme angio and cardiac pacs” software system. Results There was a strong inverse correlation between bifurcation angle and lesion localization distance to the bifurcation site (r = −0.706; p < 0.0001). There was a nonsignificant negative correlation between Left-main coronary artery length and lesion localization. Regression analysis revealed that bifurcation angle is an independent risk factor for predicting the localization of an atheroslerotic lesion in 5 mm length from the point of bifurcation site (β = −0.074, p < 0.0001). A cut-off value of 80.5° coronary bifurcation angle was found to have 84.1% sensitivity and 81.3% specificity in prediction of atherosclerotic lesion localization in 5 mm length from the point of bifurcation site. Conclusion In this study we showed that as the bifurcation angle increases, atherosclerotic lesions tend to approach to the bifurcation site. Since invertentions encompassing bifurcation sites are more complex, lesions with increased angulation may need extra care as they are more likely to present with further complications. Furthermore, bifurcation angle is an independent risk factor for lesion localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Ziyrek
- Konya Education and Training Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet L Sertdemir
- Konya Education and Training Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Duran
- Konya Education and Training Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Konya, Turkey
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Qu D, Wang L, Huo M, Song W, Lau CW, Xu J, Xu A, Yao X, Chiu JJ, Tian XY, Huang Y. Focal TLR4 activation mediates disturbed flow-induced endothelial inflammation. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:226-236. [PMID: 30785200 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Disturbed blood flow at arterial branches and curvatures modulates endothelial function and predisposes the region to endothelial inflammation and subsequent development of atherosclerotic lesions. Activation of the endothelial Toll-like receptors (TLRs), in particular TLR4, contributes to vascular inflammation. Therefore, we investigate whether TLR4 can sense disturbed flow (DF) to mediate the subsequent endothelial inflammation. METHODS AND RESULTS En face staining of endothelium revealed that TLR4 expression, activation, and its downstream inflammatory markers were elevated in mouse aortic arch compared with thoracic aorta, which were absent in Tlr4mut mice. Similar results were observed in the partial carotid ligation model where TLR4 signalling was activated in response to ligation-induced flow disturbance in mouse carotid arteries, and such effect was attenuated in Tlr4mut mice. DF in vitro increased TLR4 expression and activation in human endothelial cells (ECs) and promoted monocyte-EC adhesion, which were inhibited in TLR4-knockdown ECs. Among endogenous TLR4 ligands examined as candidate mediators of DF-induced TLR4 activation, fibronectin containing the extra domain A (FN-EDA) expressed by ECs was increased by DF and was revealed to directly interact with and activate TLR4. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate the indispensable role of TLR4 in DF-induced endothelial inflammation and pinpoint FN-EDA as the endogenous TLR4 activator in this scenario. This novel mechanism of vascular inflammation under DF condition may serve as a critical initiating step in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Qu
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Wang
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingyu Huo
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wencong Song
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Wai Lau
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yao
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jeng-Jiann Chiu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Xiao Yu Tian
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Xu S. Therapeutic potential of blood flow mimetic compounds in preventing endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104737. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Shimokawa H. Reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular health and disease: special references to nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and Rho-kinase. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2020; 66:83-91. [PMID: 32231403 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.19-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) plays an important role in regulating cardiovascular homeostasis. Endothelial cells synthesize and release endothelium-derived relaxing factors (EDRFs), including vasodilator prostaglandins, nitric oxide (NO), and endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization (EDH) factors. Importantly, the contribution of EDRFs to endothelium-dependent vasodilatation markedly varies in a vessel size-dependent manner; NO mainly mediates vasodilatation of relatively large vessels, while EDH factors in small resistance vessels. We have previously identified that endothelium-derived hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an EDH factor especially in microcirculation. Several lines of evidence indicate the importance of the physiological balance between NO and H2O2/EDH factor. Rho-kinase was identified as the effectors of the small GTP-binding protein, RhoA. Both endothelial NO production and NO-mediated signaling in VSMC are targets and effectors of the RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway. In endothelial cells, the RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway negatively regulates NO production. On the contrary, the pathway enhances VSMC contraction with resultant occurrence of coronary artery spasm and promotes the development of oxidative stress and vascular remodeling. In this review, I will briefly summarize the current knowledge on the regulatory roles of endothelium-derived relaxing factors, with special references to NO and H2O2/EDH factor, in relation to Rho-kinase, in cardiovascular health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Shimokawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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Bailey KA, Moreno E, Haj FG, Simon SI, Passerini AG. Mechanoregulation of p38 activity enhances endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated inflammation by arterial endothelium. FASEB J 2019; 33:12888-12899. [PMID: 31499005 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900236r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial up-regulation of VCAM-1 at susceptible sites in arteries modulates the recruitment efficiency of inflammatory monocytes that initiates atherosclerotic lesion formation. We reported that hydrodynamic shear stress (SS) mechanoregulates inflammation in human aortic endothelial cells through endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress via activation of the transcription factor x-box binding protein 1 (XBP1). Here, a microfluidic flow channel that produces a linear gradient of SS along a continuous monolayer of endothelium was used to delve the mechanisms underlying transcriptional regulation of TNF-α-stimulated VCAM-1 expression. High-resolution immunofluorescence imaging enabled continuous detection of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1)-dependent, outside-in signaling as a function of SS magnitude. Differential expression of VCAM-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) was regulated by the spatiotemporal activation of MAPKs, ER stress markers, and transcription factors, which was dependent on the mechanosensing of SS through PECAM-1 and PI3K. Inhibition of p38 specifically abrogated the rise to peak VCAM-1 at low SS (2 dyn/cm2), whereas inhibition of ERK1/2 attenuated peak ICAM-1 at high SS (12 dyn/cm2). A shear stress-regulated temporal rise in p38 phosphorylation activated the nuclear translocation of XBP1, which together with the transcription factor IFN regulatory factor 1, promoted maximum VCAM-1 expression. These data reveal a mechanism by which SS sensitizes the endothelium to a cytokine-induced ER stress response to spatially regulate inflammation promoting atherosclerosis.-Bailey, K. A., Moreno, E., Haj, F. G., Simon, S. I., Passerini, A. G. Mechanoregulation of p38 activity enhances endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated inflammation by arterial endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Bailey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Emily Moreno
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Fawaz G Haj
- Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Scott I Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Anthony G Passerini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Sheinberg DL, McCarthy DJ, Elwardany O, Bryant JP, Luther E, Chen SH, Thompson JW, Starke RM. Endothelial dysfunction in cerebral aneurysms. Neurosurg Focus 2019; 47:E3. [PMID: 31389675 DOI: 10.3171/2019.4.focus19221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction is known to contribute to cerebral aneurysm (CA) pathogenesis. Evidence shows that damage or injury to the EC layer is the first event in CA formation. The mechanisms behind EC dysfunction in CA disease are interrelated and include hemodynamic stress, hazardous nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity, oxidative stress, estrogen imbalance, and endothelial cell-to-cell junction compromise. Abnormal variations in hemodynamic stress incite pathological EC transformation and inflammatory zone formation, ultimately leading to destruction of the vascular wall and aneurysm dilation. Hemodynamic stress activates key molecular pathways that result in the upregulation of chemotactic cytokines and adhesion molecules, leading to inflammatory cell recruitment and infiltration. Concurrently, oxidative stress damages EC-to-EC junction proteins, resulting in interendothelial gap formation. This further promotes leukocyte traffic into the vessel wall and the release of matrix metalloproteinases, which propagates vascular remodeling and breakdown. Abnormal hemodynamic stress and inflammation also trigger adverse changes in NOS activity, altering proper EC mediation of vascular tone and the local inflammatory environment. Additionally, the vasoprotective hormone estrogen modulates gene expression that often suppresses these harmful processes. Crosstalk between these sophisticated pathways contributes to CA initiation, progression, and rupture. This review aims to outline the complex mechanisms of EC dysfunction in CA pathogenesis.
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PAR-1 is a novel mechano-sensor transducing laminar flow-mediated endothelial signaling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15172. [PMID: 30310081 PMCID: PMC6181929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33222-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) is involved in cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory responses in endothelial cells (ECs). However, the role of PAR-1 in laminar flow-mediated atheroprotective responses remains unknown. Herein, we investigated whether PAR-1 regulates laminar flow-mediated mechanotransduction in ECs. Confocal analysis showed that PAR-1 was internalized into early endosomes in response to laminar flow. In addition, flow cytometry analysis showed that cell surface expression of PAR-1 was reduced by laminar flow, suggesting that PAR-1 was activated in response to laminar flow. Depletion of PAR-1 using human PAR-1 siRNA inhibited unidirectional laminar flow-mediated actin stress fiber formation and cellular alignment as well as atheroprotective gene expressions in HUVECs. Moreover, PAR-1 knockdown inhibited laminar flow-stimulated eNOS phosphorylation, and inhibited the phosphorylations of Src, AMPK, ERK5 and HDAC5. Furthermore, PAR-1 depletion inhibited laminar flow-mediated anti-inflammatory responses as demonstrated by reduced TNFα-induced VCAM-1 expression and by monocyte adhesion to HUVECs, and prevented laminar flow-mediated anti-apoptotic response. An investigation of the role of PAR-1 in vasomotor modulation using mouse aortic rings revealed that acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation was diminished in PAR-1 deficient mice compared to littermate controls. Taken together, these findings suggest that PAR-1 be viewed as a novel pharmacologic target for the treatment of vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis.
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O'Brien J, Reid CM, Andrianopoulos N, Ajani AE, Clark DJ, Krum H, Loane P, Freeman M, Sebastian M, Brennan AL, Shaw J, Dart AM, Duffy SJ. Heart Rate as a Predictor of Outcome Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Am J Cardiol 2018; 122:1113-1120. [PMID: 30107905 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Data from previous studies of patients with heart failure and coronary artery disease suggest that those with higher resting heart rates (HRs) have worse cardiovascular outcomes. We sought to evaluate whether HR immediately before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is an independent predictor for 30-day outcome. We analyzed the outcome of 3,720 patients who had HR recorded before PCI from the Melbourne Interventional Group registry. HR and outcomes were analyzed by quintiles, and secondarily by dichotomizing into <70 or ≥70 beats/min. Patients with cardiogenic shock, intra-aortic balloon pump or inotropic support, and out-of-hospital arrest were excluded. The mean ± SD HR was 70.9 ± 14.7 beats/min. HR by quintile was 55 ± 5, 64 ± 2, 70 ± 1, 77 ± 3, and 93 ± 13 beats/min, respectively. Patients with higher HR were more likely to be women, current smokers, have higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, recent heart failure, lower ejection fraction, and ST-elevation myocardial infarction as the indication for the PCI (all p ≤0.002). However, rates of treated hypertension, multivessel disease, previous myocardial infarction, PCI, and coronary bypass surgery were lower (all p ≤0.004). Increased HR was associated with higher 30-day mortality (p for trend = 0.04), target vessel revascularization (p for trend = 0.003), and 30-day major adverse cardiac events (MACE) (p for trend = 0.004). In a multivariable analysis, HR was an independent predictor of 30-day MACE (OR 1.21 per quintile; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06 to 1.39, p = 0.004). When dichotomized into <70 or ≥70 beats/min, HR independently predicted both 30-day MACE (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.36, p = 0.02) and 30-day mortality (OR 2.80, 95% CI 1.10 to 7.08, p = 0.03). In conclusion, HR immediately before PCI is an independent predictor of adverse 30-day cardiovascular outcomes.
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Wall shear stress promotes intimal hyperplasia through the paracrine H 2O 2-mediated NOX-AKT-SVV axis. Life Sci 2018; 207:61-71. [PMID: 29847774 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Oscillatory wall shear stress (WSS)-linked oxidative stress promotes intimal hyperplasia (IH) development, but the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used an in vivo rabbit carotid arterial stenosis model representing different levels of WSS and found that WSS was increased at 1 month with 50% stenosis and was accompanied by VSMCs proliferation and interstitial collagen accumulation. Increased WSS promoted the expression of NOX, AKT, and survivin (SVV) and the proliferation/migration of VSMCs and reduced apoptosis. KEY FINDINGS Our in vitro study suggested that H2O2 promoted proliferation and migration while suppressing apoptosis in cultured human umbilical vascular endothelial cells. SIGNIFICANCE We demonstrated that the elevation of WSS promotes VSMC proliferation and migration through the H2O2-mediated NOX-AKT-SVV axis, thereby accelerating IH development.
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Characterization of multi-cellular dynamics of angiogenesis and vascular remodelling by intravital imaging of the wounded mouse cornea. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10672. [PMID: 30006556 PMCID: PMC6045577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28770-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishment of the functional blood vasculature involves extensive cellular rearrangement controlled by growth factors, chemokines and flow-mediated shear forces. To record these highly dynamic processes in mammalians has been technically demanding. Here we apply confocal and wide field time-lapse in vivo microscopy to characterize the remodelling vasculature of the wounded mouse cornea. Using mouse lines with constitutive or inducible endogenous fluorescent reporters, in combination with tracer injections and mosaic genetic recombination, we follow processes of sprouting angiogenesis, sprout fusion, vessel expansion and pruning in vivo, at subcellular resolution. We describe the migratory behaviour of endothelial cells of perfused vessels, in relation to blood flow directionality and vessel identity. Live-imaging following intravascular injection of fluorescent tracers, allowed for recording of VEGFA-induced permeability. Altogether, live-imaging of the remodelling vasculature of inflamed corneas of mice carrying endogenous fluorescent reporters and conditional alleles, constitutes a powerful platform for investigation of cellular behaviour and vessel function.
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Abstract
The human body is endowed with an uncanny ability to distinguish self from foreign. The implantation of a foreign object inside a mammalian host activates complex signaling cascades, which lead to biological encapsulation of the implant. This reaction by the host system to a foreign object is known as foreign body response (FBR). Over the last few decades, it has been increasingly important to have a deeper insight into the mechanisms of FBR is needed to develop biomaterials for better integration with living systems. In the light of recent advances in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, particularly in the field of biosensors and biodegradable tissue engineering scaffolds, the classical concepts related to the FBR have acquired new dimensions. The aim of this review is to provide a holistic view of the FBR, while critically analyzing the challenges, which need to be addressed in the future to overcome this innate response. In particular, this review discusses the relevant experimental methodology to assess the host response. The role of erosion and degradation behavior on FBR with biodegradable polymers is largely explored. Apart from the discussion on temporal progression of FBR, an emphasis has been given to the design of next-generation biomaterials with favorable host response.
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Xu S, Liu B, Yin M, Koroleva M, Mastrangelo M, Ture S, Morrell CN, Zhang DX, Fisher EA, Jin ZG. A novel TRPV4-specific agonist inhibits monocyte adhesion and atherosclerosis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:37622-37635. [PMID: 27191895 PMCID: PMC5122337 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
TRPV4 ion channel mediates vascular mechanosensitivity and vasodilation. Here, we sought to explore whether non-mechanical activation of TRPV4 could limit vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. We found that GSK1016790A, a potent and specific small-molecule agonist of TRPV4, induces the phosphorylation and activation of eNOS partially through the AMPK pathway. Moreover, GSK1016790A inhibited TNF-α-induced monocyte adhesion to human endothelial cells. Mice given GSK1016790A showed increased phosphorylation of eNOS and AMPK in the aorta and decreased leukocyte adhesion to TNF-α-inflamed endothelium. Importantly, oral administration of GSK1016790A reduced atherosclerotic plaque formation in ApoE deficient mice fed a Western-type diet. Together, the present study suggests that pharmacological activation of TRPV4 may serve as a potential therapeutic approach to treat atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suowen Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Meimei Yin
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Marina Koroleva
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michael Mastrangelo
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sara Ture
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Craig N Morrell
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - David X Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Edward A Fisher
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and The Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zheng Gen Jin
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
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Wu LH, Chang HC, Ting PC, Wang DL. Laminar shear stress promotes mitochondrial homeostasis in endothelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:5058-5069. [PMID: 29219180 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) are constantly subjected to flow-induced shear stress that is crucial for endothelial functions. Laminar shear stress (LSS) exerts atheroprotection to ECs. Mitochondrial homeostasis is essential for cellular survival. However, the effects of LSS on mitochondrial homeostasis in ECs remain unclear. Mitochondrial homeostasis in ECs exposed to LSS was examined. Cultured human umbilical vein ECs were subjected to LSS (12 dynes/cm2 ) generated by a parallel-plate flow chamber system. ECs subjected to LSS demonstrated an increment of mitochondria in tubular form coupled with the increase of fusion proteins (Mfn2, OPA1) and the decrease of fission protein (Fis1). An increase of both long- and short- OPA1 along with a higher protease YME1L level were observed. LSS triggered a rapid phosphorylation on S637 but a decrease on S616 of fission-controlled protein Drp1. Consistently, Drp1 translocation to mitochondria was decreased in sheared ECs, suggesting that LSS promotes mitochondrial fusion. Enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis in sheared ECs was shown by the increase of mitochondrial mass and its regulatory proeins (PGC1α, TFAM, Nrf1). LSS enhances the expression of mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes and improves mitochondrial functions indicated by the increase of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and ATP generation. TNFα treatment decreased mitochondrial tubular network and its functions in ECs. LSS mitigated TNFα-induced mitochondrial impairments in ECs. Our results clearly indicate that LSS promotes mitochondrial homeostasis and attenuates inflammation-induced mitochondrial impairments in ECs. Our results provide novel insights into the manner of mitochondrial dynamics and functions modulated by LSS that contribute to endothelial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hong Wu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chun Chang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ching Ting
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Danny L Wang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Activation and inflammation of the venous endothelium in vein graft disease. Atherosclerosis 2017; 265:266-274. [PMID: 28865843 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The long saphenous vein is the most commonly used conduit in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery when bypassing multiple diseased arteries; however, its use is complicated by the development of vascular inflammation, intimal hyperplasia and accelerated atherosclerosis leading to compromised graft efficacy. Despite refinement of surgical techniques to improve graft patency, late vein graft failure remains a significant problem. Moreover, there is a lack of pharmacological interventions proven to be effective in the treatment of late vein graft failure. A greater understanding of the molecular nature of the disease and the interactions between endothelial and smooth muscle cells as a result of alterations in local haemodynamics may assist with designing future beneficial pharmacological interventions. Venous endothelial cells (ECs) are physiologically adapted to chronic low shear stress; however, once the graft is implanted into the arterial circulation, they become suddenly exposed to acute high levels of shear stress. A small number of in vitro and ex vivo studies have demonstrated that acute high shear stress is associated with the activation of a pro-inflammatory profile in saphenous vein ECs, which may be mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signalling pathways. The impact of acute changes in shear stress on venous ECs and the role of ECs in the development of intimal hyperplasia remains incomplete and is the subject of this review.
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Shalaby SY, Chitragari G, Sumpio BJ, Sumpio BE. Shear Stress Induces Change in Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 5 Levels with Sustained Activation under Disturbed and Continuous Laminar Flow. Int J Angiol 2017; 26:109-115. [PMID: 28566937 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1599057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) has been reported to regulate endothelial integrity and protect from vascular dysfunction under laminar flow. Previously reported research indicates that under laminar flow ERK5 is activated with production of atheroprotective molecules. However, the characterization of ERK5 activation and levels under different flow patterns has not been investigated. Confluent HUVECs were serum-starved then seeded on glass slides. HUVECs incubated in 1% FBS were exposed to continuous laminar flow (CLF), to-and-fro flow (TFF), or pulsatile forward flow (PFF) in a parallel plate flow chamber. At the end of experimentation, cell lysates were immunoblotted with antibodies to phospho-ERK5 and total ERK5. ERK5 activation was assessed by the levels of phosphorylated ERK5. The densitometric mean ± SEM is calculated and analyzed by ANOVA. p < 0.05 is considered significant. Levels of ERK5 decreased with all flow conditions with the largest decrease in TFF flow condition. TFF and CLF exhibited sustained ERK5 phosphorylation in HUVECs stimulated for up to 4 hours. PFF had transient phosphorylation of ERK5 at 2 hours, which then became undetectable at 4 hours of exposure to flow. Also, TFF and CLF both showed decreased levels at 4 hours, suggesting a decrease in activation for these flow conditions. Exposure of HUVEC to different types of shear stress results in varying patterns of activation of ERK5. Activation of ERK5 with TFF suggests a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling under disturbed flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Shalaby
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - G Chitragari
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - B J Sumpio
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - B E Sumpio
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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Lee ES, Boldo LS, Fernandez BO, Feelisch M, Harmsen MC. Suppression of TAK1 pathway by shear stress counteracts the inflammatory endothelial cell phenotype induced by oxidative stress and TGF-β1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42487. [PMID: 28209993 PMCID: PMC5314358 DOI: 10.1038/srep42487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is characterised by aberrant redox signalling and an inflammatory phenotype. Shear stress antagonises endothelial dysfunction by increasing nitric oxide formation, activating anti-inflammatory pathways and suppressing inflammatory pathways. The TAK1 (MAP3K7) is a key mediator of inflammation and non-canonical TGF-β signalling. While the individual roles of TAK1, ERK5 (MAPK7) and TGF-β pathways in endothelial cell regulation are well characterised, an integrative understanding of the orchestration of these pathways and their crosstalk with the redox system under shear stress is lacking. We hypothesised that shear stress counteracts the inflammatory effects of oxidative stress and TGF-β1 on endothelial cells by restoring redox balance and repressing the TAK1 pathway. Using human umbilical vein endothelial cells, we here show that TGF-β1 aggravates oxidative stress-mediated inflammatory activation and that shear stress activates ERK5 signalling while attenuating TGF-β signalling. ERK5 activation restores redox balance, but fails to repress the inflammatory effect of TGF-β1 which is suppressed upon TAK1 inhibition. In conclusion, shear stress counteracts endothelial dysfunction by suppressing the pro-inflammatory non-canonical TGF-β pathway and by activating the ERK5 pathway which restores redox signalling. We propose that a pharmacological compound that abates TGF-β signalling and enhances ERK5 signalling may be useful to counteract endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee Soo Lee
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, NL-9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Llorenç Solé Boldo
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, NL-9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Bernadette O Fernandez
- University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Southampton, SO166YD, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Feelisch
- University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Southampton, SO166YD, United Kingdom
| | - Martin C Harmsen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, NL-9713 GZ, The Netherlands
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Cheang WS, Wong WT, Zhao L, Xu J, Wang L, Lau CW, Chen ZY, Ma RCW, Xu A, Wang N, Tian XY, Huang Y. PPARδ Is Required for Exercise to Attenuate Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetic Mice. Diabetes 2017; 66:519-528. [PMID: 27856609 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity has profound benefits on health, especially on cardiometabolic wellness. Experiments in rodents with trained exercise have shown that exercise improves vascular function and reduces vascular inflammation by modulating the balance between nitric oxide (NO) and oxidative stress. However, the upstream regulator of exercise-induced vascular benefits is unclear. We aimed to investigate the involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) in exercise-induced vascular functional improvement. We show that PPARδ is a crucial mediator for exercise to exert a beneficial effect on the vascular endothelium in diabetic mice. In db/db mice and high-fat diet-induced obese mice, 4 weeks of treadmill exercise restored endothelium-dependent vasodilation of aortas and flow-mediated vasodilation in mesenteric resistance arteries, whereas genetic ablation of Ppard abolished such improvements. Exercise induces AMPK activation and subsequent PPARδ activation, which help to reduce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stress, thus increasing NO bioavailability in endothelial cells and vascular tissues. Chemical chaperones 4-phenylbutyric acid and tauroursodeoxycholic acid decrease ER stress and protect against endothelial dysfunction in diabetic mice. The results demonstrate that PPARδ-mediated inhibition of ER stress contributes to the vascular benefits of exercise and provides potentially effective targets for treating diabetic vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai San Cheang
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Shenzhen Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Wing Tak Wong
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lei Zhao
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Shenzhen Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jian Xu
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Shenzhen Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Shenzhen Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chi Wai Lau
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Shenzhen Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Zhen Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ronald Ching Wan Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Aimin Xu
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Nanping Wang
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao Yu Tian
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Shenzhen Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yu Huang
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Shenzhen Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Flow signaling and atherosclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:1835-1858. [PMID: 28039525 PMCID: PMC5391278 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis rarely develops in the region of arteries exposed to undisturbed flow (u-flow, unidirectional flow). Instead, atherogenesis occurs in the area exposed to disturbed flow (d-flow, multidirectional flow). Based on these general pathohistological observations, u-flow is considered to be athero-protective, while d-flow is atherogenic. The fact that u-flow and d-flow induce such clearly different biological responses in the wall of large arteries indicates that these two types of flow activate each distinct intracellular signaling cascade in vascular endothelial cells (ECs), which are directly exposed to blood flow. The ability of ECs to differentially respond to the two types of flow provides an opportunity to identify molecular events that lead to endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. In this review, we will focus on various molecular events, which are differentially regulated by these two flow types. We will discuss how various kinases, ER stress, inflammasome, SUMOylation, and DNA methylation play roles in the differential flow response, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis. We will also discuss the interplay among the molecular events and how they coordinately regulate flow-dependent signaling and cellular responses. It is hoped that clear understanding of the way how the two flow types beget each unique phenotype in ECs will lead us to possible points of intervention against endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases.
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Williams DF. Biocompatibility Pathways: Biomaterials-Induced Sterile Inflammation, Mechanotransduction, and Principles of Biocompatibility Control. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 3:2-35. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David F. Williams
- Wake Forest Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Richard H. Dean Biomedical Building, 391 Technology Way, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
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42
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Wong WT, Ma S, Tian XY, Gonzalez AB, Ebong EE, Shen H. Targeted Delivery of Shear Stress-Inducible Micrornas by Nanoparticles to Prevent Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Lesions. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2016; 12:152-156. [PMID: 27826369 DOI: 10.14797/mdcj-12-3-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular wall disease, and endothelial cell dysfunction plays an important role in its development and progression. Under the influence of laminar shear stress, however, the endothelium releases homeostatic factors such as nitric oxide and expresses of vasoprotective microRNAs that are resistant to atherosclerosis. Adhesion molecules such as E-selectin, exhibited on the endothelial surface, recruit monocytes that enter the vessel wall to form foam cells. Accumulation of these foam cells form fatty streaks that may progress to atherosclerotic plaques in the blood vessel wall. Interestingly, E-selectin may also serve as an affinity moiety for targeted drug delivery against atherosclerosis. We have recently developed an E-selectin-targeted platform that enriches therapeutic microRNAs in the inflamed endothelium to inhibit formation of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Tak Wong
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Shuangtao Ma
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiao Yu Tian
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Eno E Ebong
- Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Haifa Shen
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
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43
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Mason JC. Cytoprotective pathways in the vascular endothelium. Do they represent a viable therapeutic target? Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 86:41-52. [PMID: 27520362 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The vascular endothelium is a critical interface, which separates the organs from the blood and its contents. The endothelium has a wide variety of functions and maintenance of endothelial homeostasis is a multi-dimensional active process, disruption of which has potentially deleterious consequences if not reversed. Vascular injury predisposes to endothelial apoptosis, dysfunction and development of atherosclerosis. Endothelial dysfunction is an end-point, a central feature of which is increased ROS generation, a reduction in endothelial nitric oxide synthase and increased nitric oxide consumption. A dysfunctional endothelium is a common feature of diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes mellitus and chronic renal impairment. The endothelium is endowed with a variety of constitutive and inducible mechanisms that act to minimise injury and facilitate repair. Endothelial cytoprotection can be enhanced by exogenous factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor, prostacyclin and laminar shear stress. Target genes include endothelial nitric oxide synthase, heme oxygenase-1, A20 and anti-apoptotic members of the B cell lymphoma protein-2 family. In light of the importance of endothelial function, and the link between its disruption and the risk of atherothrombosis, interest has focused on therapeutic conditioning and reversal of endothelial dysfunction. A detailed understanding of cytoprotective signalling pathways, their regulation and target genes is now required to identify novel therapeutic targets. The ultimate aim is to add vasculoprotection to current therapeutic strategies for systemic inflammatory diseases, in an attempt to reduce vascular injury and prevent or retard atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Mason
- Vascular Science, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
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Ren X, Qiao A, Song H, Song G, Jiao L. Influence of Bifurcation Angle on In-Stent Restenosis at the Vertebral Artery Origin: A Simulation Study of Hemodynamics. J Med Biol Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-016-0155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Lee JA, Marshman LAG, Moran CS, Kuma L, Guazzo EP, Anderson DS, Golledge J. A small animal model for early cerebral aneurysm pathology. J Clin Neurosci 2016; 34:259-263. [PMID: 27476892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2016.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies, using systemic hypertension and elastase infusion, have induced cerebral aneurysm (CA) formation in mice. However, the CAs induced were rapidly formed, relatively large, and often ruptured. These features are not completely representative of human CAs. We set out to develop a mouse model representative of the early pathological features of human CA. Twenty male C57/BL6 mice were placed in a stereotactic frame. Low dose elastase solution (2μl/min) was manually injected into the right basal cistern. Human angiotensin II (0.11μl/h) was infused subcutaneously. Mice were observed for 2-3weeks prior to euthanasia. Early CA histopathological features including endothelial change (EC) and internal elastic lamina degeneration (IELD) were systematically sought at major cerebral arterial bifurcations. Brains were harvested from 11 of 15 mice, yielding 27 bifurcations. Sub-arachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) without CA formation was observed in one brain. Macroscopic CA without SAH was observed in another brain. Early CA features were observed in 8/11 (73%) brains. All bifurcations with IELD demonstrated EC: where EC was absent, IELD was also absent. EC severity appeared to correlate with IELD severity. EC and IELD were both severe within the CA. Using lower dose elastase solution than previously employed, we developed a model of early CA pathology. Our model demonstrated that the spectrum of known early CA pathology can be created at multiple bifurcations in mice, with EC severity appearing to correlate with IELD severity. This model permits the study of factors which potentially advance or retard the progression of CA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Townsville Hospital, 100 Angus Smith Drive, Douglas, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia; Vascular Biology Unit, Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Douglas, Townsville, QLD, Australia; School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Douglas, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Laurence A G Marshman
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Townsville Hospital, 100 Angus Smith Drive, Douglas, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia; School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Douglas, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
| | - Corey S Moran
- Vascular Biology Unit, Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Douglas, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Leslie Kuma
- Department of Pathology, The Townsville Hospital, Douglas, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Eric P Guazzo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Townsville Hospital, 100 Angus Smith Drive, Douglas, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia; School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Douglas, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - David S Anderson
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Townsville Hospital, 100 Angus Smith Drive, Douglas, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia
| | - Jonathan Golledge
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The Townsville Hospital, Douglas, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Vascular Biology Unit, Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Douglas, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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Abstract
Twenty years ago, Rho-kinase was identified as an important downstream effector of the small GTP-binding protein, RhoA. Thereafter, a series of studies demonstrated the important roles of Rho-kinase in the cardiovascular system. The RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway is now widely known to play important roles in many cellular functions, including contraction, motility, proliferation, and apoptosis, and its excessive activity induces oxidative stress and promotes the development of cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, the important role of Rho-kinase has been demonstrated in the pathogenesis of vasospasm, arteriosclerosis, ischemia/reperfusion injury, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, and heart failure. Cyclophilin A is secreted by vascular smooth muscle cells and inflammatory cells and activated platelets in a Rho-kinase-dependent manner, playing important roles in a wide range of cardiovascular diseases. Thus, the RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway plays crucial roles under both physiological and pathological conditions and is an important therapeutic target in cardiovascular medicine. Recently, functional differences between ROCK1 and ROCK2 have been reported in vitro. ROCK1 is specifically cleaved by caspase-3, whereas granzyme B cleaves ROCK2. However, limited information is available on the functional differences and interactions between ROCK1 and ROCK2 in the cardiovascular system in vivo. Herein, we will review the recent advances about the importance of RhoA/Rho-kinase in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Shimokawa
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Shinichiro Sunamura
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kimio Satoh
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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McCormick ME, Tzima E. Pulling on my heartstrings: mechanotransduction in cardiac development and function. Curr Opin Hematol 2016; 23:235-42. [PMID: 26906028 PMCID: PMC4823169 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Endothelial cells line the surface of the cardiovascular system and display a large degree of heterogeneity due to developmental origin and location. Despite this heterogeneity, all endothelial cells are exposed to wall shear stress (WSS) imparted by the frictional force of flowing blood, which plays an important role in determining the endothelial cell phenotype. Although the effects of WSS have been greatly studied in vascular endothelial cells, less is known about the role of WSS in regulating cardiac function and cardiac endothelial cells. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances in genetic and imaging technologies have enabled a more thorough investigation of cardiac hemodynamics. Using developmental models, shear stress sensing by endocardial endothelial cells has been shown to play an integral role in proper cardiac development including morphogenesis and formation of the conduction system. In the adult, less is known about hemodynamics and endocardial endothelial cells, but a clear role for WSS in the development of coronary and valvular disease is increasingly appreciated. SUMMARY Future research will further elucidate a role for WSS in the developing and adult heart, and understanding this dynamic relationship may represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E. McCormick
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ellie Tzima
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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Xu S, Ha CH, Wang W, Xu X, Yin M, Jin FQ, Mastrangelo M, Koroleva M, Fujiwara K, Jin ZG. PECAM1 regulates flow-mediated Gab1 tyrosine phosphorylation and signaling. Cell Signal 2015; 28:117-124. [PMID: 26706435 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction, characterized by impaired activation of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) and ensued decrease of NO production, is a common mechanism of various cardiovascular pathologies, including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Laminar blood flow-mediated specific signaling cascades modulate vascular endothelial cells (ECs) structure and functions. We have previously shown that flow-stimulated Gab1 (Grb2-associated binder-1) tyrosine phosphorylation mediates eNOS activation in ECs, which in part confers laminar flow atheroprotective action. However, the molecular mechanisms whereby flow regulates Gab1 tyrosine phosphorylation and its downstream signaling events remain unclear. Here we show that platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM1), a key molecule in an endothelial mechanosensing complex, specifically mediates Gab1 tyrosine phosphorylation and its downstream Akt and eNOS activation in ECs upon flow rather than hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) stimulation. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting PECAM1 abolished flow- but not HGF-induced Gab1 tyrosine phosphorylation and Akt, eNOS activation as well as Gab1 membrane translocation. Protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP2, which has been shown to interact with Gab1, was involved in flow signaling and HGF signaling, as SHP2 siRNA diminished the flow- and HGF-induced Gab1 tyrosine phosphorylation, membrane localization and downstream signaling. Pharmacological inhibition of PI3K decreased flow-, but not HGF-mediated Gab1 phosphorylation and membrane localization as well as eNOS activation. Finally, we observed that flow-mediated Gab1 and eNOS phosphorylation in vivo induced by voluntary wheel running was reduced in PECAM1 knockout mice. These results demonstrate a specific role of PECAM1 in flow-mediated Gab1 tyrosine phosphorylation and eNOS signaling in ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suowen Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Chang Hoon Ha
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Weiye Wang
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Xiangbin Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Meimei Yin
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Felix Q Jin
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Michael Mastrangelo
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Marina Koroleva
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Keigi Fujiwara
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Zheng Gen Jin
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Abstract
Vascular homeostasis is regulated by complex interactions between many vascular cell components, including endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), adventitial inflammatory cells, and autonomic nervous system. The balance between oxidant and antioxidant systems determines intracellular redox status, and their imbalance can cause oxidative stress. Excessive oxidative stress is one of the important stimuli that induce cellular damage and dysregulation of vascular cell components, leading to vascular diseases through multiple pathways. Cyclophilin A (CyPA) is one of the causative proteins that mediate oxidative stress-induced cardiovascular dysfunction. CyPA was initially discovered as the intracellular receptor of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine 30 years ago. However, recent studies have established that CyPA is secreted from vascular cell components, such as endothelial cells and VSMCs. Extracellular CyPA augments the development of cardiovascular diseases. CyPA secretion is regulated by Rho-kinase, which contributes to the pathogenesis of vasospasm, arteriosclerosis, ischemia/reperfusion injury, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, and heart failure. We recently reported that plasma CyPA levels are significantly higher in patients with coronary artery disease, which is associated with increased numbers of stenotic coronary arteries and the need for coronary intervention in such patients. Furthermore, we showed that the vascular erythropoietin (Epo)/Epo receptor system plays an important role in production of nitric oxide and maintenance of vascular redox state and homeostasis, with a potential mechanistic link to the Rho-kinase-CyPA pathway. In this article, I review the data on the protective role of the vascular Epo/Epo receptor system and discuss the roles of the CyPA/Rho-kinase system in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimio Satoh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
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50
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Activation of Apoptotic Signal in Endothelial Cells through Intracellular Signaling Molecules Blockade in Tumor-Induced Angiogenesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:908757. [PMID: 26346668 PMCID: PMC4539440 DOI: 10.1155/2015/908757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-induced angiogenesis is the bridge between avascular and vascular tumor growth phases. In tumor-induced angiogenesis, endothelial cells start to migrate and proliferate toward the tumor and build new capillaries toward the tumor. There are two stages for sprout extension during angiogenesis. The first stage is prior to anastomosis, when single sprouts extend. The second stage is after anastomosis when closed flow pathways or loops are formed and blood flows in the closed loops. Prior to anastomosis, biochemical and biomechanical signals from extracellular matrix regulate endothelial cell phenotype; however, after anastomosis, blood flow is the main regulator of endothelial cell phenotype. In this study, the critical signaling pathways of each stage are introduced. A Boolean network model is used to map environmental and flow induced signals to endothelial cell phenotype (proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and lumen formation). Using the Boolean network model, blockade of intracellular signaling molecules of endothelial cell is investigated prior to and after anastomosis and the cell fate is obtained in each case. Activation of apoptotic signal in endothelial cell can prevent the extension of new vessels and may inhibit angiogenesis. It is shown that blockade of a few signaling molecules in endothelial cell activates apoptotic signal that are proposed as antiangiogenic strategies.
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