1
|
Sinari S, Koska J, Hu Y, Furtado J, Jensen MK, Budoff MJ, Nedelkov D, McClelland RL, Billheimer D, Reaven P. Apo CIII Proteoforms, Plasma Lipids, and Cardiovascular Risk in MESA. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:1560-1571. [PMID: 37317850 PMCID: PMC10516344 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.319035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apo CIII (apolipoprotein CIII) is an important regulator of triglyceride metabolism and was associated with cardiovascular risk in several cohorts. It is present in 4 major proteoforms, a native peptide (CIII0a), and glycosylated proteoforms with zero (CIII0b), 1 (CIII1, most abundant), or 2 (CIII2) sialic acids, which may differentially modify lipoprotein metabolism. We studied the relationships of these proteoforms with plasma lipids and cardiovascular risk. METHODS Apo CIII proteoforms were measured by mass spectrometry immunoassay in baseline plasma samples of 5791 participants of Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, an observational community-based cohort. Standard plasma lipids were collected for up to 16 years and cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, resuscitated cardiac arrest, or stroke) were adjudicated for up to 17 years. RESULTS Apo CIII proteoform composition differed by age, sex, race and ethnicity, body mass index, and fasting glucose. Notably, CIII1 was lower in older participants, men and Black and Chinese (versus White) participants, and higher in obesity and diabetes. In contrast, CIII2 was higher in older participants, men, Black, and Chinese persons, and lower in Hispanic individuals and obesity. Higher CIII2 to CIII1 ratio (CIII2/III1) was associated with lower triglycerides and higher HDL (high-density lipoprotein) in cross-sectional and longitudinal models, independently of clinical and demographic risk factors and total apo CIII. The associations of CIII0a/III1 and CIII0b/III1 with plasma lipids were weaker and varied through cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Total apo CIII and CIII2/III1 were positively associated with cardiovascular disease risk (n=669 events, hazard ratios, 1.14 [95% CI, 1.04-1.25] and 1.21 [1.11-1.31], respectively); however, the associations were attenuated after adjustment for clinical and demographic characteristics (1.07 [0.98-1.16]; 1.07 [0.97-1.17]). In contrast, CIII0b/III1 was inversely associated with cardiovascular disease risk even after full adjustment including plasma lipids (0.86 [0.79-0.93]). CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate differences in clinical and demographic relationships of apo CIII proteoforms, and highlight the importance of apo CIII proteoform composition in predicting future lipid patterns and cardiovascular disease risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shripad Sinari
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | | | - Jeremy Furtado
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Majken K Jensen
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK
| | - Matthew J. Budoff
- Lundquist Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Torrance, CA
| | | | | | - Dean Billheimer
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Peter Reaven
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
CD14 +-Monocytes Exposed to Apolipoprotein CIII Express Tissue Factor. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032223. [PMID: 36768547 PMCID: PMC9916694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein CIII (ApoCIII) represents a key regulator of plasma lipid metabolism and a recognized risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Beyond the regulation of lipoprotein trafficking, ApoCIII is also involved in endothelial dysfunction and monocyte recruitment related to atherothrombosis. With tissue factor (TF) being the primary initiator of the blood coagulation cascade, we hypothesized that ApoCIII-treated monocytes could express it. Hence, human CD14+-monocytes and autologous neutrophils were incubated with ApoCIII and sera from human subjects containing previously measured ApoCIII amounts. By RT-qPCR and ELISA, CD14+-monocytes, but not neutrophils, were found to show increased mRNA expression and production of TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6 as well as TF mRNA once exposed to ultra-purified ApoCIII. By flow cytometry, CD14+-monocytes were found to rapidly express TF on their cell surface membrane when incubated with either ApoCIII or sera with known concentrations of ApoCIII. Finally, preincubation with specific ApoCIII-neutralizing antibodies significantly reduced the ability of most sera with known concentrations of ApoCIII to upregulate TF protein, other than partially inhibiting cytokine release, in CD14+-monocytes. In sum, herein we demonstrate that ApoCIII activates CD14+-monocytes to express TF. The data identify a potential mechanism which links circulating apolipoproteins with inflammation and atherothrombosis-related processes underlying cardiovascular risk.
Collapse
|
3
|
Fernandez ML. The Positive Association of Plasma Myristic Acid and Apolipoprotein CIII Concentrations. J Nutr 2020; 150:2613-2614. [PMID: 32805056 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luz Fernandez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Olivieri O, Speziali G, Castagna A, Pattini P, Udali S, Pizzolo F, Liesinger L, Gindlhuber J, Tomin T, Schittmayer M, Birner-Gruenberger R, Cecconi D, Girelli D, Friso S, Martinelli N. The Positive Association between Plasma Myristic Acid and ApoCIII Concentrations in Cardiovascular Disease Patients Is Supported by the Effects of Myristic Acid in HepG2 Cells. J Nutr 2020; 150:2707-2715. [PMID: 32710763 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the settings of primary and secondary prevention for coronary artery disease (CAD), a crucial role is played by some key molecules involved in triglyceride (TG) metabolism, such as ApoCIII. Fatty acid (FA) intake is well recognized as a main determinant of plasma lipids, including plasma TG concentration. OBJECTIVES The aim was to investigate the possible relations between the intakes of different FAs, estimated by their plasma concentrations, and circulating amounts of ApoCIII. METHODS Plasma samples were obtained from 1370 subjects with or without angiographically demonstrated CAD (mean ± SD age: 60.6 ± 11.0 y; males: 75.8%; BMI: 25.9 ± 4.6 kg/m2; CAD: 73.3%). Plasma lipid, ApoCIII, and FA concentrations were measured. Data were analyzed by regression models adjusted for FAs and other potential confounders, such as sex, age, BMI, diabetes, smoking, and lipid-lowering therapies. The in vitro effects of FAs were tested by incubating HepG2 hepatoma cells with increasing concentrations of selected FAs, and the mRNA and protein contents in the cells were quantified by real-time RT-PCR and LC-MS/MS analyses. RESULTS Among all the analyzed FAs, myristic acid (14:0) showed the most robust correlations with both TGs (R = 0.441, P = 2.6 × 10-66) and ApoCIII (R = 0.327, P = 1.1 × 10-31). By multiple regression analysis, myristic acid was the best predictor of both plasma TG and ApoCIII variability. Plasma TG and ApoCIII concentrations increased progressively at increasing concentrations of myristic acid, independently of CAD diagnosis and gender. Consistent with these data, in the in vitro experiments, an ∼2-fold increase in the expression levels of the ApoCIII mRNA and protein was observed after incubation with 250 μM myristic acid. A weaker effect (∼30% increase) was observed for palmitic acid, whereas incubation with oleic acid did not affect ApoCIII protein or gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Plasma myristic acid is associated with increased ApoCIII concentrations in cardiovascular patients. In vitro experiments indicated that myristic acid stimulates ApoCIII expression in HepG2 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Silvia Udali
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Laura Liesinger
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.,Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Diagnostic and Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Juergen Gindlhuber
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.,Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Diagnostic and Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tamara Tomin
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.,Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Diagnostic and Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Matthias Schittmayer
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.,Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Diagnostic and Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.,Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Diagnostic and Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Daniela Cecconi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun YN, Liu B, Wang JJ, Li XM, Zhu JY, Liu C, Yao J, Zhong YL, Jiang Q, Yan B. Identification of aberrantly expressed circular RNAs in hyperlipidemia-induced retinal vascular dysfunction in mice. Genomics 2020; 113:593-600. [PMID: 32991963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia-induced retinal vascular dysfunction is a complex pathological process. circRNAs are important regulators of biological processes and disease progression. However, the expression pattern of circRNAs in hyperlipidemia-induced retinal vascular dysfunction remains unclear. Herein, we used a murine model of hyperlipidemia and identified 317 differentially expressed circRNAs between hyperlipidemic retinas and normolipidemic retinas by circRNA microarrays. GO analysis indicated that the host genes of dysregulated circRNAs were targeted to cell differentiation (ontology: biological process), cytoplasm (ontology: cellular component), and protein binding (ontology: molecular function). Pathway analysis revealed that circRNAs-mediated network was mostly enriched in focal adhesion signaling. Notably, circLDB1 was significantly up-regulated in the serum of coronary artery disease patients and aqueous humor of age-related macular degeneration patients. circLDB1 regulated endothelial cell viability, proliferation, and apoptosis in vitro. Thus, circRNAs are the promising targets for the prediction and diagnosis of hyperlipidemia-induced vascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Sun
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ban Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Jian Wang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiu-Miao Li
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun-Ya Zhu
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chang Liu
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Yao
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Ling Zhong
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Jiang
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Biao Yan
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai 200031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tuktarov AM, Filippov AE, Obrezan AA, Kukol' LV. Possibilities of Pulse Wave Contour Analysis in Diagnostics of Early Vascular Aging. RATIONAL PHARMACOTHERAPY IN CARDIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.20996/1819-6446-2020-06-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Tuktarov
- St. Petersburg State University; LLC International Medical Center “SOGAZ”
| | - A. E. Filippov
- St. Petersburg State University; LLC International Medical Center “SOGAZ”
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Olivieri O, Turcato G, Moruzzi S, Castagna A, Girelli D, Pizzolo F, Friso S, Sandri M, Bassi A, Martinelli N. Not Just Arterial Damage: Increased Incidence of Venous Thromboembolic Events in Cardiovascular Patients With Elevated Plasma Levels of Apolipoprotein CIII. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 8:e010973. [PMID: 30646800 PMCID: PMC6497332 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.010973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Apolipoprotein CIII (apo CIII) is a crucial player in triglyceride‐rich lipoprotein metabolism, but may also act pleiotropically, provoking inflammatory responses and stimulating coagulation. Elevated apoCIII plasma levels have been associated with increased activity of coagulation factors. Since these features of prothrombotic diathesis are linked with venous thromboembolism (VTE), we hypothesized that apo CIII plays a role in VTE. Methods and Results We recorded nonfatal VTE events in 1020 patients (age 63.3±11.4 years; 29.1% women) with or without coronary artery disease (79.1% with coronary artery disease and 20.9% without coronary artery disease) during a long follow‐up. Complete plasma lipid and apolipoproteins were available for all patients. Forty‐five patients (4.4%) experienced nonfatal VTE events during a median follow‐up period of 144 months. Apo CIII plasma concentration at enrollment was higher in patients with VTE compared with patients without VTE (12.2 [95% CI, 11.10–13.5] mg/dL vs 10.6 [95% CI, 10.4–10.9] mg/dL, respectively; P=0.011). Patients with apo CIII levels above the median value (10.6 mg/dL) exhibited an increased risk of VTE (incidence rate, 6.0 [95% CI, 4.0–8.0] vs 1.8 [95% CI, 0.7–2.9] VTE events/1000 person‐years; unadjusted hazard ratio [HR], 3.42 [95% CI, 1.73–6.75]; P<0.001). This association was confirmed after adjustment for sex, age, coronary artery disease diagnosis, body mass index, hypertension, and anticoagulant treatment at enrollment (HR, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.31–5.37 [P=0.007]), with inclusion of lipid parameters in the Cox model (HR, 3.74; 95% CI, 1.24–11.33 [P=0.019]), and even with exclusion of patients who died at follow‐up (HR, 3.92; 95% CI, 1.68–9.14 [P=0.002]) or patients taking anticoagulants (HR, 3.39; 95% CI, 1.72–6.69 [P<0.001]). Conclusions Our results suggest that high plasma apo CIII concentrations may predict an increased risk of VTE in patients with cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliviero Olivieri
- 1 Unit of Internal Medicine Department of Medicine University of Verona Italy
| | | | | | - Annalisa Castagna
- 1 Unit of Internal Medicine Department of Medicine University of Verona Italy
| | - Domenico Girelli
- 1 Unit of Internal Medicine Department of Medicine University of Verona Italy
| | - Francesca Pizzolo
- 1 Unit of Internal Medicine Department of Medicine University of Verona Italy
| | - Simonetta Friso
- 1 Unit of Internal Medicine Department of Medicine University of Verona Italy
| | - Marco Sandri
- 1 Unit of Internal Medicine Department of Medicine University of Verona Italy
| | - Antonella Bassi
- 1 Unit of Internal Medicine Department of Medicine University of Verona Italy.,3 Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology University Hospital of Verona Italy
| | - Nicola Martinelli
- 1 Unit of Internal Medicine Department of Medicine University of Verona Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Olivieri O, Cappellari M, Turcato G, Bonetti B, Girelli D, Pizzolo F, Friso S, Bassi A, Castagna A, Martinelli N. Increased Incidence of Ischemic Cerebrovascular Events in Cardiovascular Patients With Elevated Apolipoprotein CIII. Stroke 2019; 51:61-68. [PMID: 31795904 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.026811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- Apo CIII (apolipoprotein CIII), a crucial regulator of lipoprotein metabolism, has been associated with increased activity of coagulation factors and thrombin generation and, in turn, with an increased risk of thromboembolic events in both arterial and venous districts. Thus, we hypothesized that it may affect the risk of acute ischemic cerebrovascular events in cardiovascular patients. Methods- We systematically checked medical records and quantified cerebral ischemic events in a cohort of 950 subjects (median age 65 with interquartile range, 55-79 years; 30.7% females) with or without angiographically defined coronary artery disease (CAD: 774 CAD and 176 CAD-free, respectively). All the subjects, enrolled between May 1999 and December 2006, were prospectively followed until death or July 31, 2018. Assessments of complete plasma lipid and apolipoprotein profiles, including Apo A-I, B, CIII, and E, were available for all subjects at enrollment. Results- After a median follow-up of 130 months (interquartile range, 69-189), 95 subjects (10%) suffered ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) events. Stroke/TIA subjects had higher Apo CIII plasma concentration (11.4; interquartile range: 9.3-14.4 mg/dL) at enrollment than those without stroke/TIA (10.4, interquartile range: 8.7-13.0 mg/dL). Subjects with Apo CIII levels above the median value (10.6 mg/dL) exhibited an ≈2-fold increased risk of stroke/TIA, even after adjustment for potential confounders, including sex, age, CAD diagnosis, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, oral anticoagulant treatment, and all plasma lipid parameters (hazard ratio: 2.23 [95% CI, 1.21-4.13]). This result was confirmed in CAD and CAD-free populations, separately, and even by a propensity score matching method, in which 98 CAD and 98 CAD-free subjects were one-to-one matched for all clinical and laboratory characteristics. Conclusions- These findings suggest that a high Apo CIII plasma concentration may predict an increased risk of ischemic stroke/TIA in cardiovascular patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliviero Olivieri
- From the Department of Medicine, Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, Italy (O.O., D.G., F.P., S.F., A.C., N.M.)
| | | | | | | | - Domenico Girelli
- From the Department of Medicine, Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, Italy (O.O., D.G., F.P., S.F., A.C., N.M.)
| | - Francesca Pizzolo
- From the Department of Medicine, Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, Italy (O.O., D.G., F.P., S.F., A.C., N.M.)
| | - Simonetta Friso
- From the Department of Medicine, Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, Italy (O.O., D.G., F.P., S.F., A.C., N.M.)
| | - Antonella Bassi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Hospital of Verona, Italy (A.B.)
| | - Annalisa Castagna
- From the Department of Medicine, Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, Italy (O.O., D.G., F.P., S.F., A.C., N.M.)
| | - Nicola Martinelli
- From the Department of Medicine, Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, Italy (O.O., D.G., F.P., S.F., A.C., N.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang ZH, Pryor M, Noguchi A, Sampson M, Johnson B, Pryor M, Donkor K, Amar M, Remaley AT. Dietary Palmitoleic Acid Attenuates Atherosclerosis Progression and Hyperlipidemia in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Deficient Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1900120. [PMID: 30921498 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Palmitoleic acid (palmitoleate; C16:1 n-7), an omega-7 monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) found in plants and marine sources, has been shown to favorably modulate lipid and glucose metabolism. However, its impact on atherosclerosis has not been examined in detail. METHODS AND RESULTS LDL receptor knock out (LDLR-KO) mice are fed a Western diet supplemented with 5% (w/w) palmitoleate concentrate, oleic-rich olive oil, or none (control) for 12 weeks. Dietary palmitoleate increases hepatic C16:1 levels, improves plasma and hepatic lipid/lipoprotein profiles (≈40% decrease in triglycerides), and reduces the atherosclerotic plaque area by ≈45% compared with control or olive oil group (p < 0.05). These favorable changes are accompanied by the downregulation of key genes, such as Srebp1c, Scd1, Il-1β, and Tnfα. ApoB-depleted plasma from mice fed palmitoleate has increased cholesterol efflux capacity by 20% from ABCA1-expressing cells (p < 0.05). A beneficial effect of palmitoleate on glucose metabolism (54% decreased in HOMA-IR, p < 0.05) is also observed. CONCLUSIONS Dietary-supplemented palmitoleate reduces atherosclerosis development in LDLR-KO mice, and is associated with improvement of lipid and glucose metabolism and favorable changes in regulatory genes involved in lipogenesis and inflammation. These findings imply the potential role of dietary palmitoleate in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and diet-induced metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hong Yang
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Milton Pryor
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Audrey Noguchi
- Murine Phenotyping Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Maureen Sampson
- Clinical Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Brittany Johnson
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Matthew Pryor
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kwame Donkor
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Marcelo Amar
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sahebkar A, Simental-Mendía LE, Mikhailidis DP, Pirro M, Banach M, Sirtori CR, Reiner Ž. Effect of omega-3 supplements on plasma apolipoprotein C-III concentrations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Med 2018; 50:565-575. [PMID: 30102092 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2018.1511919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein C-III (apo C-III) is a key regulator of triglycerides metabolism. The aim of this meta-analysis was to assess the effect of fish omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on apo C-III levels. METHODS Randomized placebo-controlled trials investigating the impact of omega-3 on apo C-III levels were searched in PubMed-Medline, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Google Scholar. A random-effects model and generic inverse variance method were used for quantitative data synthesis. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using the leave-one-out method. A weighted random-effects meta-regression was performed to evaluate the impact of potential confounders on glycemic parameters. RESULTS This meta-analysis comprising 2062 subjects showed a significant reduction of apo C-III concentrations following treatment with omega-3 (WMD: -22.18 mg/L, 95% confidence interval: -31.61, -12.75, p < .001; I2: 88.24%). Subgroup analysis showed a significant reduction of plasma apo C-III concentrations by eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ethyl esters but not omega-3 carboxylic acids or omega-3 ethyl esters. There was a greater apo C-III reduction with only EPA as compared with supplements containing EPA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or only DHA. A positive association between the apo C-III-lowering effect of omega-3 with baseline apo C-III concentrations and treatment duration was found. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis has shown that omega-3 PUFAs might significantly decrease apo C-III. Key messages Omega-3 PUFA supplements significantly reduce apo C-III plasma levels, particularly in hypertriglyceridemic patients when applied in appropriate dose (more than 2 g/day) Triglyceride (TG)-lowering effect is achieved via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α Further studies should address the effect of omega-3 PUFAs alone or with other lipid-lowering drugs in order to provide a final answer whether apo C-III could be an important target for prevention of cardiovascular disease New apo C-III antisense oligonucleotide drug (Volanesorsen) showed to be promising in decreasing elevated TGs by reducing levels of apo C-III mRNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Sahebkar
- a Biotechnology Research Center , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | | | - Dimitri P Mikhailidis
- c Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus , University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL) , London , United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Pirro
- d Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine , University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Maciej Banach
- e Department of Hypertension , WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland.,f Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI) , Lodz , Poland
| | - Cesare R Sirtori
- g Centro Dislipidemie , A.S.S.T. Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda , Milan , Italy
| | - Željko Reiner
- h Department of Internal medicine, School of Medicine , University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rygiel K. Hypertriglyceridemia - Common Causes, Prevention and Treatment Strategies. Curr Cardiol Rev 2018; 14:67-76. [PMID: 29366425 PMCID: PMC5872265 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x14666180123165542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevention and treatment of dyslipidemias represent the key issues of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) prophylaxis. Consequently, the effective management of different types of lipid disorders, including hypertriglyceridemia, should be a priority for the healthcare practitioners (e.g.: cardiology and endocrinology specialists, primary care physicians, dietitians, and pharmacists), who provide medical care, as well as for the patients, who receive this care, and need to be directly engaged in it, in order to improve their outcomes. The aim of this review is to facilitate the translation of current trends in hypertriglyceridemia management into a daily practice. The article focuses on the common causes and consequences of hypertriglyceridemia, and discusses diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic options for patients with high Triglyceride (TG) levels and CVD risk. CONCLUSION This review presents the main practice-related strategies, based on the current guidelines for the management of dyslipidemias and CVD risk, according to the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS), and the American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA), including both non-pharmacological, and pharmacological approaches. It also addresses the beneficial impact of pharmaceutical Care (PC) interventions on clinical outcomes of patients with lipid disorders and CVD risk (in light of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) data), and underlines the importance of close cooperation between physicians and pharmacists, who manage such patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Rygiel
- Department of Family Practice, Medical University of Silesia (SUM), Katowice-Zabrze, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bai C, Ji Y. Research progress of hypertriglyceridemia and coronary heart disease. HEART AND MIND 2018. [DOI: 10.4103/hm.hm_2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
13
|
Masuda D, Kobayashi T, Sairyou M, Hanada H, Ohama T, Koseki M, Nishida M, Maeda N, Kihara S, Minami T, Yanagi K, Sakata Y, Yamashita S. Effects of a Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitor Sitagliptin on Glycemic Control and Lipoprotein Metabolism in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (GLORIA Trial). J Atheroscler Thromb 2017; 25:512-520. [PMID: 29199201 PMCID: PMC6005231 DOI: 10.5551/jat.41343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The morbidity of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) deteriorates in combination with dyslipidemia. The accumulation of remnant lipoproteins in patients with fasting and postprandial hypertriglyceridemia is highly atherogenic. The current study investigated whether the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin ameliorates dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia. Methods: We enrolled 38 patients with type 2 DM (20 males and 18 females, 65.7 ± 9.9 years old, HbA1c levels < 8.4%), and all patients gave written informed consent. Sitagliptin (50 mg/day) was added to current antidiabetic treatments and increased to 100 mg/day to achieve low HbA1c levels (< 7.4%). Glucose and lipoprotein metabolism profiles were analyzed at 0, 4, and 12 weeks after sitagliptin administration. Results: Sitagliptin significantly decreased fasting levels of triglyceride (TG) (161 ± 90 vs. 130 ± 66 mg/dl, p < 0.01) and non-HDL-C (129 ± 29 vs. 116 ± 20 mg/dl, p < 0.01) in combination with glucose (150 ± 47 vs. 129 ± 27 mg/dl, p < 0.01) and HbA1c (7.1 ± 0.6 vs. 6.6 ± 0.7 mg/dl, p < 0.001). Sitagliptin also significantly decreased the fasting levels of apolipoprotein (apo) B-48 (7.8 ± 6.7 vs. 5.6 ± 4.0 µg/ml, p < 0.01), remnant lipoprotein cholesterol (15.3 ± 9.5 vs. 12.0 ± 7.9 mg/dl, p < 0.05) and other apolipoproteins, such as apoB, apoC-II, apoC-III, and apoE. Analyses of the lipoprotein profiles of fasting sera revealed that sitagliptin significantly decreased cholesterol and TG levels of lipoprotein fractions in the size of very low density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein. Conclusions: These findings indicated that sitagliptin administration ameliorated the lipid and lipoprotein profiles in patients with diabetes, which may be due to the decrease in atherogenic remnant lipoproteins (UMIN#000013218). Abbreviations:apoapolipoprotein ASCVDatherosclerotic cardiovascular disease CHDcoronary heart disease CLEIAchemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay CMChylomicron DPP-4dipeptidyl peptidase-4 FFAsfree fatty acids HPLChigh-performance liquid chromatography IMTintima-media thickness LDLlow-density lipoprotein LPLlipoprotein lipase PHTGpostprandial hypertriglyceridemia RemL-Cremnant lipoprotein cholesterol RLP-Cremnant-like particle cholesterol TGtriglyceride TRLtriglyceride-rich lipoprotein VLDLvery low density lipoprotein
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisaku Masuda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine.,Rinku General Medical Center
| | - Takuya Kobayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine.,Rinku General Medical Center
| | - Masami Sairyou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hiroyuki Hanada
- Division of Laboratory for Clinical Investigation, Department of Medical Technology, Osaka University Hospital
| | - Tohru Ohama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Masahiro Koseki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine.,Health Care Center, Osaka University
| | - Makoto Nishida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine.,Health Care Center, Osaka University
| | - Norikazu Maeda
- Department of Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Shinji Kihara
- Department of Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Yasushi Sakata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Shizuya Yamashita
- Department of Community Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine.,Rinku General Medical Center
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tao Y, Xiong Y, Wang H, Chu S, Zhong R, Wang J, Wang G, Ren X, Yu J. APOC3 induces endothelial dysfunction through TNF-α and JAM-1. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:153. [PMID: 27619170 PMCID: PMC5020557 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0326-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The fatality rate for cardiovascular disease (CVD) has increased in recent years and higher levels of triglyceride have been shown to be an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic CVD. Dysfunction of endothelial cells (ECs) is also a key factor of CVD. APOC3 is an important molecule in lipid metabolism that is closely associated with hyperlipidemia and an increased risk of developing CVD. But the direct effects of APOC3 on ECs were still unknown. This study was aimed at determining the effects of APOC3 on inflammation, chemotaxis and exudation in ECs. Methods ELISA, qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry and transwell assays were used to investigate the effects of APOC3 on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). SiRNA-induced TNF-α and JAM-1 silencing were used to observe how APOC3 influenced the inflammatory process in the ECs. Results Our results showed that APOC3 was closely associated with the inflammatory process in ECs, and that this process was characterized by the increased expression of TNF-α. Inflammatory processes further disrupted the tight junctions (TJs) between HUVECs by causing increased expression of JAM-1. JAM-1 was involved in maintaining the integrity of TJs, and it promoted the assembly of platelets and the exudation of leukocytes. Changes in its expression promoted chemotaxis and the exudation of ECs, which contributed to atherosclerosis. While the integrity of the TJs was disrupted, the adhesion of THP-1 cells to HUVECs was also increased by APOC3. Conclusions In this study, we describe the mechanism by which APOC3 causes inflammation, chemotaxis and the exudation of ECs, and we suggest that controlling the inflammatory reactions that are caused by APOC3 may be a new method to treat CVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Tao
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Nantong University, 20 Xi Si Road, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yisong Xiong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Military General Hospital, 270 Tian Hui Road, Chengdu, 610000, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Nantong University, 20 Xi Si Road, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaopeng Chu
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Nantong University, 20 Xi Si Road, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Renqian Zhong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Feng Yang Road, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Nantong University, 20 Xi Si Road, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Guihua Wang
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Nantong University, 20 Xi Si Road, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiumei Ren
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Nantong University, 20 Xi Si Road, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Yu
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Nantong University, 20 Xi Si Road, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Public Health, Nantong University, 9 Se Yuan Road, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang X, Ye P, Cao R, Yang X, Xiao W, Zhang Y, Bai Y, Wu H. Triglycerides are a predictive factor for arterial stiffness: a community-based 4.8-year prospective study. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:97. [PMID: 27192979 PMCID: PMC4870778 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0266-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have disclosed an independent effect of triglycerides on coronary heart disease despite achievement of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals with statin therapy. Arterial stiffness has been increasingly recognized as a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerotic disease. The association between triglycerides and arterial stiffness is not well characterized. We aimed to determine the relationship between triglycerides and arterial stiffness in a community-based longitudinal sample from Beijing, China. METHODS We related levels of plasma TGs to measures of arterial stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity [PWV] and carotid-radial PWV) in 1447 subjects (mean age, 61.3 years) from a community-based population in Beijing, China. RESULTS After a median follow-up interval of 4.8 years, multiple linear regression analysis revealed that TGs were independently associated with carotid-femoral PWV (β = 0.747, P < 0.001) and carotid-radial PWV (β = 0.367, P = 0.001). In the group older than 65 years, the association between baseline TG levels and follow-up carotid-femoral PWV (β = 1.094, P = 0.001) and carotid-radial PWV (β = 0.524, P = 0.002) were strengthened. In forward stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis, every SD increase in TGδ was associated with a 1.296-increased likelihood of the presence of carotid-femoral PWVδII (OR [per SD increase in TGδ]: 1.296; 95% CI: 1.064 ~ 1.580; P = 0.010) in Model 2, whereas the relationship between TGδ and carotid-radial PWVδII disappeared. In addition, the relationship was strengthened between TGδ and the presence of carotid-femoral PWVδII (OR 1.526, 95% CI: 1.088-2.141, P = 0.014) in the group older than 65 years but not carotid-radial PWVδII. No association was noted in subjects younger than 65 years. CONCLUSIONS Lower triglyceride levels were significantly associated with decreases in carotid-femoral PWV, indicating that achieving low TG levels may be an additional therapeutic consideration in subjects with atherosclerotic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Wang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road #28, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Ping Ye
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road #28, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Ruihua Cao
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road #28, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road #28, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Wenkai Xiao
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road #28, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road #28, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yongyi Bai
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road #28, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Hongmei Wu
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road #28, Beijing, 100853, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Han SH, Nicholls SJ, Sakuma I, Zhao D, Koh KK. Hypertriglyceridemia and Cardiovascular Diseases: Revisited. Korean Circ J 2016; 46:135-44. [PMID: 27014342 PMCID: PMC4805556 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2016.46.2.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Residual cardiovascular risk and failure of high density lipoprotein cholesterol raising treatment have refocused interest on targeting hypertriglyceridemia. Hypertriglyceridemia, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, and remnant cholesterol have demonstrated to be important risk factors for cardiovascular disease; this has been demonstrated in experimental, genetic, and epidemiological studies. Fibrates can reduce cardiovascular event rates with or without statins. High dose omega-3 fatty acids continue to be evaluated and new specialized targeting treatment modulating triglyceride pathways, such as inhibition of apolipoprotein C-III and angiopoietin-like proteins, are being tested with regard to their effects on lipid profiles and cardiovascular outcomes. In this review, we will discuss the role of hypertriglyceridemia, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and remnant cholesterol on cardiovascular disease, and the potential implications for treatment stargeting hypertriglyceridemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hwan Han
- Department of Cardiology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Stephen J Nicholls
- Department of Cardiology, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ichiro Sakuma
- Department of Cardiovascular Medinine, Hokko Memorial Clinic, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Dong Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kwang Kon Koh
- Department of Cardiology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hui Z, Zhou X, Li R. Effect of 3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone on endothelial dysfunction in obese rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:1149-1154. [PMID: 25693637 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.962060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT 3,4-Dihydroxyacetophenone (DHAP) has been reported to possess cardiovascular pharmacological effects. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to determine whether DHAP could improve endothelial function in obese rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats were randomly divided into control, obesity, and DHAP groups and fed a normal, high-fat, and high-fat plus DHAP (10 mg kg(-1) d(-1)) diet, respectively, for 8 weeks. Endothelial-dependent vasodilatation was assessed. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity and nitric oxide (NO) production in endothelial cells were determined. Nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB) expression and superoxide production in aorta were evaluated. RESULTS DHAP treatment significantly decreased plasma triglycerides (0.94 ± 0.31 mmol/l versus 1.36 ± 0.29 mmol/l, p < 0.05) and free fatty acids (0.53 ± 0.15 mmol/l versus 0.99 ± 0.24 mmol/l, p < 0.05), reduced serum tumor necrosis factor α (35.56 ± 9.28 pg/ml versus 68.3 ± 10.24 pg/ml, p < 0.05) and malondialdehyde (2.94 ± 0.58 pg/ml versus 6.45 ± 0.70 pg/ml, p < 0.05), and increased serum adiponectin levels (164.5 ± 34.5 μg/l versus 84.5 ± 20.4 μg/l, p < 0.05). DHAP enhanced endothelial-dependent vasodilatation and improved endothelial function in obese rats (p < 0.05). eNOS activity and NO production in endothelial cells significantly decreased and NF-κB activation and superoxide production in aorta significantly increased in obese rats compared with the control group (p < 0.05). However, DHAP treatment significantly up-regulated the eNOS-NO pathway and decreased NF-κB activation and superoxide production (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION DHAP improved endothelial function in obese rats. This beneficial effect may be associated with up-regulation of the eNOS-NO pathway by improving lipid metabolism and reducing oxidative stress and inflammation activity.
Collapse
|
18
|
Hopkins PN, Brinton EA, Nanjee MN. Hyperlipoproteinemia type 3: the forgotten phenotype. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2015; 16:440. [PMID: 25079293 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-014-0440-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyperlipoproteinemia type 3 (HLP3) is caused by impaired removal of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRL) leading to accumulation of TGRL remnants with abnormal composition. High levels of these remnants, called β-VLDL, promote lipid deposition in tuberous xanthomas, atherosclerosis, premature coronary artery disease, and early myocardial infarction. Recent genetic and molecular studies suggest more genes than previously appreciated may contribute to the expression of HLP3, both through impaired hepatic TGRL processing or removal and increased TGRL production. HLP3 is often highly amenable to appropriate treatment. Nevertheless, most HLP3 probably goes undiagnosed, in part because of lack of awareness of the relatively high prevalence (about 0.2% in women and 0.4-0.5% in men older than 20 years) and largely because of infrequent use of definitive diagnostic methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, 420 Chipeta Way, Room 1160, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this article is to summarize the recent epidemiological, basic science, and pharmaceutical research linking apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) with the development and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD). RECENT FINDINGS ApoC-III is an important emerging target linking hypertriglyceridemia with CVD. ApoC-III is a potent modulator of many established CVD risk factors, and is found on chylomicrons, very-low density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein particles. Recent studies show that in humans, apoC-III levels are an independent risk factor for CVD, and its presence on lipoproteins may promote their atherogenicity. This year, two large-scale epidemiological studies have linked mutations in apoC-III with increased incidence of CVD and hypertriglyceridemia. ApoC-III raises plasma triglycerides through inhibition of lipoprotein lipase, stimulation of very-low density lipoprotein secretion, and is a novel factor in modulating intestinal triglyceride trafficking. ApoC-III also stimulates inflammatory processes in the vasculature and the pancreas. The combination of raising plasma triglycerides and independently stimulating inflammatory processes makes apoC-III a valuable target for reducing the residual CVD risk in patients already on statin therapy, or for whom triglycerides are poorly controlled. Clinical trials on apoC-III antisense oligonucleotides are in progress. SUMMARY ApoC-III is a potent direct modulator of established CVD risk factors: plasma triglycerides and inflammation. Recent findings show that changes in apoC-III levels are directly associated with changes in cardiovascular risk and the atherogenicity of the lipoproteins on which apoC-III resides. Emerging roles of apoC-III include a role in directing the atherogenicity of high-density lipoprotein, intestinal dietary triglyceride trafficking, and modulating pancreatic β-cell survival. The combination of these roles makes apoC-III an important therapeutic target for the management and prevention of CVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison B Kohan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen Y, Duan Y, Yang X, Sun L, Liu M, Wang Q, Ma X, Zhang W, Li X, Hu W, Miao RQ, Xiang R, Hajjar DP, Han J. Inhibition of ERK1/2 and activation of LXR synergistically reduce atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:948-59. [PMID: 25810299 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.305116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Activation of liver X receptor (LXR) inhibits atherosclerosis but induces hypertriglyceridemia. In vitro, it has been shown that mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) inhibitor synergizes LXR ligand-induced macrophage ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux. In this study, we determined whether MEK1/2 (U0126) and LXR ligand (T0901317) can have a synergistic effect on the reduction of atherosclerosis while eliminating LXR ligand-induced fatty livers and hypertriglyceridemia. We also set out to identify the cellular mechanisms of the actions. APPROACH AND RESULTS Wild-type mice were used to determine the effect of U0126 on a high-fat diet or high-fat diet plus T0901317-induced transient dyslipidemia and liver injury. ApoE deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice or mice with advanced lesions were used to determine the effect of the combination of T0901317 and U0126 on atherosclerosis and hypertriglyceridemia. We found that U0126 protected animals against T0901317-induced transient or long-term hepatic lipid accumulation, liver injury, and hypertriglyceridemia. Meanwhile, the combination of T0901317 and U0126 inhibited the development of atherosclerosis in a synergistic manner and reduced advanced lesions. Mechanistically, in addition to synergistic induction of macrophage ABCA1 expression, the combination of U0126 and T0901317 maintained arterial wall integrity, inhibited macrophage accumulation in aortas and formation of macrophages/foam cells, and activated reverse cholesterol transport. The inhibition of T0901317-induced lipid accumulation by the combined U0126 might be attributed to inactivation of lipogenesis and activation of lipolysis/fatty acid oxidation pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that the combination of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 inhibitor and LXR ligand can function as a novel therapy to synergistically reduce atherosclerosis while eliminating LXR-induced deleterious effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanli Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology (Y.C., Y.D., J.H.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy (Y.C., Y.D., R.X., J.H.), College of Life Sciences (Y.D., X.Y., L.S., M.L., Q.W., X.M., W.Z., X.L., J.H.), Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (W.H., R.Q.M.); and Department of Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (D.P.H.)
| | - Yajun Duan
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology (Y.C., Y.D., J.H.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy (Y.C., Y.D., R.X., J.H.), College of Life Sciences (Y.D., X.Y., L.S., M.L., Q.W., X.M., W.Z., X.L., J.H.), Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (W.H., R.Q.M.); and Department of Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (D.P.H.)
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology (Y.C., Y.D., J.H.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy (Y.C., Y.D., R.X., J.H.), College of Life Sciences (Y.D., X.Y., L.S., M.L., Q.W., X.M., W.Z., X.L., J.H.), Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (W.H., R.Q.M.); and Department of Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (D.P.H.)
| | - Lei Sun
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology (Y.C., Y.D., J.H.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy (Y.C., Y.D., R.X., J.H.), College of Life Sciences (Y.D., X.Y., L.S., M.L., Q.W., X.M., W.Z., X.L., J.H.), Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (W.H., R.Q.M.); and Department of Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (D.P.H.)
| | - Mengyang Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology (Y.C., Y.D., J.H.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy (Y.C., Y.D., R.X., J.H.), College of Life Sciences (Y.D., X.Y., L.S., M.L., Q.W., X.M., W.Z., X.L., J.H.), Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (W.H., R.Q.M.); and Department of Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (D.P.H.)
| | - Qixue Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology (Y.C., Y.D., J.H.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy (Y.C., Y.D., R.X., J.H.), College of Life Sciences (Y.D., X.Y., L.S., M.L., Q.W., X.M., W.Z., X.L., J.H.), Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (W.H., R.Q.M.); and Department of Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (D.P.H.)
| | - Xingzhe Ma
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology (Y.C., Y.D., J.H.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy (Y.C., Y.D., R.X., J.H.), College of Life Sciences (Y.D., X.Y., L.S., M.L., Q.W., X.M., W.Z., X.L., J.H.), Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (W.H., R.Q.M.); and Department of Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (D.P.H.)
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology (Y.C., Y.D., J.H.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy (Y.C., Y.D., R.X., J.H.), College of Life Sciences (Y.D., X.Y., L.S., M.L., Q.W., X.M., W.Z., X.L., J.H.), Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (W.H., R.Q.M.); and Department of Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (D.P.H.)
| | - Xiaoju Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology (Y.C., Y.D., J.H.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy (Y.C., Y.D., R.X., J.H.), College of Life Sciences (Y.D., X.Y., L.S., M.L., Q.W., X.M., W.Z., X.L., J.H.), Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (W.H., R.Q.M.); and Department of Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (D.P.H.)
| | - Wenquan Hu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology (Y.C., Y.D., J.H.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy (Y.C., Y.D., R.X., J.H.), College of Life Sciences (Y.D., X.Y., L.S., M.L., Q.W., X.M., W.Z., X.L., J.H.), Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (W.H., R.Q.M.); and Department of Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (D.P.H.)
| | - Robert Q Miao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology (Y.C., Y.D., J.H.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy (Y.C., Y.D., R.X., J.H.), College of Life Sciences (Y.D., X.Y., L.S., M.L., Q.W., X.M., W.Z., X.L., J.H.), Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (W.H., R.Q.M.); and Department of Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (D.P.H.)
| | - Rong Xiang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology (Y.C., Y.D., J.H.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy (Y.C., Y.D., R.X., J.H.), College of Life Sciences (Y.D., X.Y., L.S., M.L., Q.W., X.M., W.Z., X.L., J.H.), Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (W.H., R.Q.M.); and Department of Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (D.P.H.)
| | - David P Hajjar
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology (Y.C., Y.D., J.H.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy (Y.C., Y.D., R.X., J.H.), College of Life Sciences (Y.D., X.Y., L.S., M.L., Q.W., X.M., W.Z., X.L., J.H.), Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (W.H., R.Q.M.); and Department of Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (D.P.H.)
| | - Jihong Han
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology (Y.C., Y.D., J.H.), Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy (Y.C., Y.D., R.X., J.H.), College of Life Sciences (Y.D., X.Y., L.S., M.L., Q.W., X.M., W.Z., X.L., J.H.), Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (W.H., R.Q.M.); and Department of Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (D.P.H.).
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Effect of 3,4-Dihydroxyacetophenone on Endothelial Dysfunction in Streptozotocin-induced Rats With Type 2 Diabetes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2015; 65:22-7. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
22
|
Skulas-Ray AC, Alaupovic P, Kris-Etherton PM, West SG. Dose-response effects of marine omega-3 fatty acids on apolipoproteins, apolipoprotein-defined lipoprotein subclasses, and Lp-PLA2 in individuals with moderate hypertriglyceridemia. J Clin Lipidol 2014; 9:360-7. [PMID: 26073395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein (apo) distribution and lipoprotein (Lp)-associated markers of inflammation, such as lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), influence the atherogenicity of circulating lipids and lipoproteins. Little evidence exists regarding the dose-response effects of the marine omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on apos, apo-defined Lps, and Lp-PLA2. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 0, 0.85, and 3.4 g/d of EPA + DHA on Lp-PLA2 mass and activity in individuals with moderate hypertriglyceridemia. We also measured effects on concentrations of apoAI, apoAII, apoB, apoC, apoD, and apoE-defined Lp subclasses. METHODS The study was a randomized, doubleblind, crossover design with 8-week treatment periods and 6-week washout periods. During the 3 treatment periods, subjects (n = 25) received 0 g/d EPA + DHA, 0.85 g/d EPA + DHA (low dose), and 3.4 g/d EPA + DHA (high dose) in random order. RESULTS apoB and apoC-III were significantly decreased by the high dose relative to placebo and low dose (P < .01), as was very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < .005). The low dose had no effect on Lp outcomes compared with placebo. The high- and low-dose effects differed significantly for heparin-precipitated apoC-III, LpB, LpA-I, and apoB/apoA-I ratio (P < .05). There was a trend for a decreased Lp-PLA2 mass with the high dose (P = .1). CONCLUSION The effects of 3.4 g/d EPA + DHA on apoB and apoC-III may reduce atherosclerotic plaque progression in individuals with elevated triglycerides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann C Skulas-Ray
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Petar Alaupovic
- Lipid and Lipoprotein Laboratory, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Penny M Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Sheila G West
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Birner-Gruenberger R, Schittmayer M, Holzer M, Marsche G. Understanding high-density lipoprotein function in disease: recent advances in proteomics unravel the complexity of its composition and biology. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 56:36-46. [PMID: 25107698 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although the epidemiology of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and cardiovascular risk has been consistent, pharmacologic interventions to increase HDL-cholesterol by delaying HDL catabolism did not translate into reduction in cardiovascular risk. HDL particles are small, protein-rich when compared to other plasma lipoprotein classes. Latest progresses in proteomics technology have dramatically increased our understanding of proteins carried by HDL. In addition to proteins with well-established functions in lipid transport, iron transport proteins, members of the complement pathway, and proteins involved in immune function and acute phase response were repeatedly identified on HDL particles. With the unraveling of the complexity of the HDL proteome, different laboratories have started to monitor its changes in various disease states. In addition, dynamic aspects of HDL subgroups are being discovered. These recent studies clearly illustrate the promise of HDL proteomics for deriving new biomarkers for disease diagnosis and to measure the effectiveness of current and future treatment regimens. This review summarizes recent advances in proteomics and lipidomics helping to understand HDL function in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed, Graz, Austria.
| | - Matthias Schittmayer
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Holzer
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Goyal SN, Haiderali S, Reddy M N, Arya DS, Patil CR. Prediabetes: grounds of pitfall signalling alteration for cardiovascular disease. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10366a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediabetes manifested by impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose offers high risk of myocardial dysfunction by causing endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, atherosclerosis and genetic alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sameer N. Goyal
- Cardiovascular Pharmacology Division
- Department of Pharmacology
- R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Dhule, India
| | - Shaikh Haiderali
- Cardiovascular Pharmacology Division
- Department of Pharmacology
- R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Dhule, India
| | - Navya Reddy M
- Cardiovascular Pharmacology Division
- Department of Pharmacology
- R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Dhule, India
| | - Dharamvir Singh Arya
- Department of Pharmacology
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi-110029, India
| | - Chandragouda R. Patil
- Cardiovascular Pharmacology Division
- Department of Pharmacology
- R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Dhule, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Olivieri O, Martinelli N, Baroni M, Branchini A, Girelli D, Friso S, Pizzolo F, Bernardi F. Factor II activity is similarly increased in patients with elevated apolipoprotein CIII and in carriers of the factor II 20210A allele. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000440. [PMID: 24242684 PMCID: PMC3886756 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background Few studies have so far investigated the relationship between apolipoprotein CIII (Apo CIII) and coagulation pathway in subjects with or without coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods and Results Serum Apo CIII concentrations and plasma coagulant activities of factor II (FII:c), factor V (FV:c), and factor VIII (FVIII:c), and activated factor VII (FVIIa) were analyzed in a total of 933 subjects, with (n=687) or without (n=246) angiographically demonstrated CAD and not taking anticoagulant drugs. Activated factor X (FXa) generation assay was performed on plasma from subgroups of subjects with low and high levels of Apo CIII. A statistical incremental concentration of FII:c, FV:c, and FVIIa levels was observed through the quartiles of Apo CIII distribution in the population considered as a whole. Significant results were confirmed for FII:c in CAD and CAD‐free subgroup when separately considered. Subjects within the highest Apo CIII quartile (>12.6 mg/dL) had high FII:c levels not statistically different from those of carriers of 20210A allele (n=40; 4.28%). In a multiple linear model, Apo CIII was the best predictor of FII:c variability, after adjustment for age, gender, plasma lipids, CRP, creatinine, diagnosis, and carriership of 20210A allele. FXa generation was increased and its lag time shortened in plasmas with high Apo CIII levels. However, after thrombin inhibition by hirudin, differences between low and high Apo C‐III samples disappeared. Conclusions Elevated concentrations of Apo CIII are associated with an increase of thrombin activity to an extent comparable with the carriership of G20210A gene variant and mainly modulating the thrombin generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliviero Olivieri
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Azar M, Lyons TJ, Alaupovic P, Stoner JA, Quiroga C, Kaufman DG, Lopes-Virella M, Klein RL, Jenkins AJ. Apolipoprotein-defined and NMR lipoprotein subclasses in the veterans affairs diabetes trial. J Diabetes Complications 2013; 27:627-32. [PMID: 23911536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The VADT was a randomized clinical trial designed to assess the effect of intensive vs. standard glucose management on cardiovascular events in Type 2 diabetes. At the end of the study, intensive management failed to improve outcomes. We performed plasma lipoprotein subclass analyses to yield new information on the effects of study randomization on cardiovascular risk. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study of a subset of the VADT (740 men: 368 intensive; 372 standard), conducted at least six months (mean±SD: 2.1±0.8years) post-randomization. Conventional lipids, apolipoprotein-defined (ADLS) lipoprotein subclasses, ApoCIII, ApoE, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) lipoprotein subclasses were determined. RESULTS In intensive vs. standard groups, conventional lipids and ADLS did not differ significantly. However, with intensive treatment, NMR-determined large and medium VLDL subclasses and VLDL diameter were lower, LDL diameter was higher, medium HDL was higher, and small HDL was lower (all p<0.05). Also, ApoCIII levels were lower (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS In a subset of diabetic men from the VADT, intensive glucose management did not affect conventional lipids or ADLS, but had some beneficial effects on particle characteristics as defined by NMR and on ApoCIII.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madona Azar
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center and Section of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kataoka Y, Uno K, Puri R, Nicholls SJ. Epanova® and hypertriglyceridemia: pharmacological mechanisms and clinical efficacy. Future Cardiol 2013; 9:177-86. [DOI: 10.2217/fca.13.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
While LDL-cholesterol lowering has become the cornerstone of cardiovascular risk reduction strategies, considerable interest in additional targeting of hypertriglyceridemia continues. While ω-3 fatty acids are commonly used in clinical practice for triglyceride lowering, no large-scale clinical trial evaluating their impact on clinical events has been performed. As a result, there remains a lack of consensus with regards to their optimal clinical use. Epanova® (Omthera Pharmaceuticals Inc., NJ, USA) is a novel ω-3 free fatty acid formulation, developed to maximize eicosapentenoic acid and docosahexenoic acid bioavailability with low-fat diets, suggesting a potential therapeutic advantage compared with ω-3-acid ethyl esters in the treatment of patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Additional human studies are needed to define more clearly the cellular and molecular basis for the triglyceride-lowering effects of Epanova and this drug’s favorable cardiovascular effects, particularly in patients with hypertriglyceridemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kataoka
- South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Level 9, 121 King William Street, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Kiyoko Uno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rishi Puri
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Stephen J Nicholls
- South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Level 9, 121 King William Street, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Marsche G, Saemann MD, Heinemann A, Holzer M. Inflammation alters HDL composition and function: Implications for HDL-raising therapies. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 137:341-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
30
|
Modulation of lipoprotein metabolism by antisense technology: preclinical drug discovery methodology. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1027:309-24. [PMID: 23912993 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-369-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are a new class of specific therapeutic agents that alter the intermediary metabolism of mRNA, resulting in the suppression of disease-associated gene products. ASOs exert their pharmacological effects after hybridizing, via Watson-Crick base pairing, to a specific target RNA. If appropriately designed, this event results in the recruitment of RNase H, the degradation of targeted mRNA or pre-mRNA, and subsequent inhibition of the synthesis of a specific protein. A key advantage of the technology is the ability to selectively inhibit targets that cannot be modulated by traditional therapeutics such as structural proteins, transcription factors, and, of topical interest, lipoproteins. In this chapter, we will first provide an overview of antisense technology, then more specifically describe the status of lipoprotein-related genes that have been studied using the antisense platform, and finally, outline the general methodology required to design and evaluate the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of those drugs.
Collapse
|
31
|
Schwartz EA, Reaven PD. Lipolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, vascular inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:858-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
32
|
Chan DC, Wong AT, Yamashita S, Watts GF. Apolipoprotein B-48 as a determinant of endothelial function in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Effect of fenofibrate treatment. Atherosclerosis 2012; 221:484-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
33
|
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia is a prevalent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and increasingly important in the setting of current obesity and insulin resistance epidemics. High triglyceride (TG) levels are markers for several types of atherogenic lipoproteins. Patients who have hypertriglyceridemia may be at significant risk for CVD even if low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels are at goal, and therefore warrant treatment that optimizes diet, reduces overweight, and promotes regular exercise. High-risk patients with hypertriglyceridemia, such as those with diabetes, CVD, or metabolic syndrome, may benefit from additional drug treatment aside from a statin to address other lipid abnormalities. In this discussion, we review the role of hypertriglyceridemia and its associated atherogenic lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the relevance of a high TG level as a predictor of CVD, the cardiovascular outcomes from TG-lowering intervention trials, and the current guidelines for treating hypertriglyceridemia.
Collapse
|
34
|
Brautbar A, Virani SS, Belmont J, Nambi V, Jones PH, Ballantyne CM. LPL gene variants affect apoC-III response to combination therapy of statins and fenofibric acid in a randomized clinical trial of individuals with mixed dyslipidemia. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:556-560. [PMID: 22236405 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m020404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ApoC-III is a proatherogenic protein associated with elevated triglycerides; its deficiency is associated with reduced atherosclerosis. Mixed dyslipidemia, characterized by elevated triglyceride and apoC-III levels and low HDL cholesterol level, with or without elevated LDL cholesterol, increases cardiovascular disease risk and is commonly treated with combined statin and fibrate therapy. We sought to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with apoC-III level response to combination therapy with statins and fenofibric acid (FA) in individuals with mixed dyslipidemia. Participants (n = 1,250) in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled study examining response to FA alone and in combination with statin were genotyped for candidate SNPs. Multivariate linear regression and two-way ANOVA for percent change in apoC-III level were performed. SNPs in the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene region, rs1801177 (P = 4.7 × 10(-8)), rs7016529 (P = 1.2 × 10(-6)), and rs249 (P = 4.1 × 10(-5)), were associated with apoC-III response to combination therapy. A haplotype composed of the minor alleles of these SNPs, with 2% population frequency, was associated with an unexpected apoC-III increase in response to statins and FA. This is the first report to show that genetic variation within the LPL gene region can affect the response of apoC-III levels to combined statin and FA therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Brautbar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI; Sections of Cardiovascular Research and Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
| | - Salim S Virani
- Sections of Cardiovascular Research and Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX; and; Health Policy and Quality Program, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center Health Services Research and Development Center of Excellence, Houston, TX
| | - John Belmont
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Vijay Nambi
- Sections of Cardiovascular Research and Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX; and
| | - Peter H Jones
- Sections of Cardiovascular Research and Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX; and
| | - Christie M Ballantyne
- Sections of Cardiovascular Research and Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and; Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX; and
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Crooke RM, Graham MJ. Therapeutic potential of antisense oligonucleotides for the management of dyslipidemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.11.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
36
|
Yu J, Huang J, Liang Y, Qin B, He S, Xiao J, Wang H, Zhong R. Lack of association between apolipoprotein C3 gene polymorphisms and risk of coronary heart disease in a Han population in East China. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:200. [PMID: 22054125 PMCID: PMC3221453 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) gene have been found association with hypertriglyceridemia(HTG), but the link with coronary heart disease(CHD) risk between ethnicities was still controversial. Among them, reseachers paid more attentions to the promoter polymorphisms T-455C and C-482T because both of them located in insulin-responsive element (IRE) and insulin was thought to exert its action by down-regulating APOC3 gene expression. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the two polymorphisms of APOC3 with CHD in a Han population in East China. Methods TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays were carried out to detect the genotypes of APOC3 gene, including the T-455C and C-482T, in 286 subjects with CHD and 325 controls without CHD. The levels of serum lipid profiles were also detected by biochemical methods. Results There was no difference of genotype frequencies and allele frequencies between the CHD population and the controls(P > 0.05). Compared with the most common genotype -455TT or -482CC, the variants had neither significantly increased CHD risk, nor the lipid variables showed any statistically relevant differences in the research population. The adjusted OR of CHD were 5.67 [0.27-18.74] and 0.75 [0.20-2.73] in carriers of the APOC3 -455C and -482T variants, respectively(P > 0.05). There was also no significant difference in APOC3 haplotype distribution in CHD and controls, but there was a strong linkage disequilibrium between T-455C and C-482T with D' = 0.9293, 0.8881, respectively(P < 0.0001). Conclusions Our data did not support a relationship between the two polymorphisms of APOC3 gene and risk of CHD in the Han population in East China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University and Clinical Immunology Center of PLA, 415 Feng Yang Road, Shanghai 200003, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Maki KC, Bays HE, Dicklin MR, Johnson SL, Shabbout M. Effects of prescription omega-3-acid ethyl esters, coadministered with atorvastatin, on circulating levels of lipoprotein particles, apolipoprotein CIII, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 mass in men and women with mixed dyslipidemia. J Clin Lipidol 2011; 5:483-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
38
|
Mendivil CO, Rimm EB, Furtado J, Chiuve SE, Sacks FM. Low-density lipoproteins containing apolipoprotein C-III and the risk of coronary heart disease. Circulation 2011; 124:2065-72. [PMID: 21986282 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.056986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) that contains apolipoprotein (apo) C-III makes up only 10% to 20% of plasma LDL but has a markedly altered metabolism and proatherogenic effects on vascular cells. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined the association between plasma LDL with apoC-III and coronary heart disease in 320 women and 419 men initially free of cardiovascular disease who developed a fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction during 10 to 14 years of follow-up and matched controls who remained free of coronary heart disease. Concentrations of LDL with apoC-III (measured as apoB in this fraction) were associated with risk of coronary heart disease in multivariable analysis that included the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, apoB, triglycerides, or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and other risk factors. In all models, the relative risks for the top versus bottom quintile of LDL with apoC-III were greater than those for LDL without apoC-III. When included in the same multivariable-adjusted model, the risk associated with LDL with apoC-III (relative risk for top versus bottom quintile, 2.38; 95% confidence interval, 1.54-3.68; P for trend <0.001) was significantly greater than that associated with LDL without apoC-III (relative risk for top versus bottom quintile, 1.25; 95% confidence interval, 0.76-2.05; P for trend=0.97; P for interaction <0.001). This divergence in association with coronary heart disease persisted even after adjustment for plasma triglycerides. CONCLUSIONS The risk of coronary heart disease contributed by LDL appeared to result to a large extent from LDL that contains apoC-III.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos O Mendivil
- Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
van de Woestijne AP, Monajemi H, Kalkhoven E, Visseren FLJ. Adipose tissue dysfunction and hypertriglyceridemia: mechanisms and management. Obes Rev 2011; 12:829-40. [PMID: 21749607 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2011.00900.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Elevated plasma triglyceride levels, as often seen in obese subjects, are independently associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. By secreting adipokines (such as adiponectin and leptin) and other proteins (such as lipoprotein lipase and cholesteryl ester transferase protein), adipose tissue affects triglyceride metabolism. In obesity, adipocyte hypertrophy leads to many changes in adipocyte function and production of anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, free fatty acids are released into the circulation contributing to insulin resistance. Adipose tissue dysfunction will eventually lead to abnormalities in lipid metabolism, such as hypertriglyceridemia (due to increased hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein production and decreased triglyceride hydrolysis), small dense low-density lipoprotein particles, remnant lipoproteins and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, all associated with a higher risk for the development of cardiovascular diseases. The clinical implications of elevated plasma triglycerides are still a matter of debate. Understanding the pathophysiology of adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity, which is becoming a pandemic condition, is essential for designing appropriate therapeutic interventions. Lifestyle changes are important to improve adipose tissue function in obese patients. Pharmacological interventions to improve adipose tissue function need further evaluation. Although statins are not very potent in reducing plasma triglycerides, they remain the mainstay of therapy for cardiovascular risk reduction in high-risk patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A P van de Woestijne
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands Department of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Størling J, Juntti-Berggren L, Olivecrona G, Prause MC, Berggren PO, Mandrup-Poulsen T. Apolipoprotein CIII reduces proinflammatory cytokine-induced apoptosis in rat pancreatic islets via the Akt prosurvival pathway. Endocrinology 2011; 152:3040-8. [PMID: 21693679 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein CIII (ApoCIII) is mainly synthesized in the liver and is important for triglyceride metabolism. The plasma concentration of ApoCIII is elevated in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), and in vitro ApoCIII causes apoptosis in pancreatic β-cells in the absence of inflammatory stress. Here, we investigated the effects of ApoCIII on function, signaling, and viability in intact rat pancreatic islets exposed to proinflammatory cytokines to model the intraislet inflammatory milieu in T1D. In contrast to earlier observations in mouse β-cells, exposure of rat islets to ApoCIII alone (50 μg/ml) did not cause apoptosis. In the presence of the islet-cytotoxic cytokines IL-1β + interferon-γ, ApoCIII reduced cytokine-mediated islet cell death and impairment of β-cell function. ApoCIII had no effects on mitogen-activated protein kinases (c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38, and ERK) and had no impact on IL-1β-induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation. However, ApoCIII augmented cytokine-mediated nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible NO synthase expression. Further, ApoCIII caused degradation of the nuclear factor κB-inhibitor inhibitor of κB and stimulated Ser473-phosphorylation of the survival serine-threonine kinase Akt. Inhibition of the Akt signaling pathway by the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase inhibitor LY294002 counteracted the antiapoptotic effect of ApoCIII on cytokine-induced apoptosis. We conclude that ApoCIII in the presence of T1D-relevant proinflammatory cytokines reduces rat pancreatic islet cell apoptosis via Akt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Størling
- Hagedorn Research Institute, Niels Steensens Vej 1, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Besler C, Heinrich K, Rohrer L, Doerries C, Riwanto M, Shih DM, Chroni A, Yonekawa K, Stein S, Schaefer N, Mueller M, Akhmedov A, Daniil G, Manes C, Templin C, Wyss C, Maier W, Tanner FC, Matter CM, Corti R, Furlong C, Lusis AJ, von Eckardstein A, Fogelman AM, Lüscher TF, Landmesser U. Mechanisms underlying adverse effects of HDL on eNOS-activating pathways in patients with coronary artery disease. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:2693-708. [PMID: 21701070 DOI: 10.1172/jci42946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapies that raise levels of HDL, which is thought to exert atheroprotective effects via effects on endothelium, are being examined for the treatment or prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the endothelial effects of HDL are highly heterogeneous, and the impact of HDL of patients with CAD on the activation of endothelial eNOS and eNOS-dependent pathways is unknown. Here we have demonstrated that, in contrast to HDL from healthy subjects, HDL from patients with stable CAD or an acute coronary syndrome (HDLCAD) does not have endothelial antiinflammatory effects and does not stimulate endothelial repair because it fails to induce endothelial NO production. Mechanistically, this was because HDLCAD activated endothelial lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1), triggering endothelial PKCβII activation, which in turn inhibited eNOS-activating pathways and eNOS-dependent NO production. We then identified reduced HDL-associated paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity as one molecular mechanism leading to the generation of HDL with endothelial PKCβII-activating properties, at least in part due to increased formation of malondialdehyde in HDL. Taken together, our data indicate that in patients with CAD, HDL gains endothelial LOX-1- and thereby PKCβII-activating properties due to reduced HDL-associated PON1 activity, and that this leads to inhibition of eNOS-activation and the subsequent loss of the endothelial antiinflammatory and endothelial repair-stimulating effects of HDL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Besler
- Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Nowakowska Fortuna E, Herlitz H, Saeed A, Attman PO, Jensen G, Alaupovic P, Guron G. Lipoprotein abnormalities in patients with atherosclerotic renovascular disease. Kidney Blood Press Res 2011; 34:311-9. [PMID: 21613792 DOI: 10.1159/000325648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with atherosclerotic renovascular disease (ARVD) have a high risk of cardiovascular death. The primary aim was to characterize abnormalities in apolipoprotein (Apo)-defined lipoprotein (Lp) subclasses in patients with ARVD. METHODS Baseline measurements were performed on 42 patients with ARVD 4 weeks after renal angioplasty (PTRA). All patients were on statin treatment. Twenty age-matched healthy subjects without medications served as controls. Subsequently, patients were randomized to treatment with either candesartan (n = 21), or antihypertensive treatment without inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (n = 21) and followed for 11 months. RESULTS At baseline, ApoC-III (12.7 ± 4.6 vs. 8.8 ± 2.6 (SD) mg/dl, p < 0.05), LpB:C:E (13.3 ± 5.4 vs. 8.4 ± 4.3 mg/dl, p < 0.05), and the sum of ApoC-III-containing lipoproteins, i.e. LpB:C + LpB:C:E + LpA-II:B:C:D:E (46 ± 15 vs. 37 ± 8 mg/dl, p < 0.05), were significantly elevated in ARVD patients versus healthy controls. Multiple regression analyses showed that only plasma renin activity was independently associated with ApoC-III levels at baseline (p < 0.05, r = 0.74). Treatment with candesartan did not correct abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS Patients with ARVD treated with statins have an atherogenic lipoprotein profile characterized by elevated levels of ApoC-III-containing, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins that could accelerate atherosclerotic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Nowakowska Fortuna
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Nephrology, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Miller M, Stone NJ, Ballantyne C, Bittner V, Criqui MH, Ginsberg HN, Goldberg AC, Howard WJ, Jacobson MS, Kris-Etherton PM, Lennie TA, Levi M, Mazzone T, Pennathur S. Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011; 123:2292-333. [PMID: 21502576 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0b013e3182160726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1269] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
44
|
Markers of vascular disease in plasma from patients with chronic kidney disease identified by proteomic analysis. J Hypertens 2011; 29:783-90. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3283441129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
45
|
Sacks Editorial Board FM, Zheng C, Cohn Editorial Board JS. Complexities of plasma apolipoprotein C-III metabolism. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:1067-1070. [PMID: 21421846 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.e015701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frank M Sacks Editorial Board
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
| | - Chunyu Zheng
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ke LY, Engler DA, Lu J, Matsunami RK, Chan HC, Wang GJ, Yang CY, Chang JG, Chen CH. Chemical composition-oriented receptor selectivity of L5, a naturally occurring atherogenic low-density lipoprotein. PURE APPL CHEM 2011; 83:10.1351/PAC-CON-10-12-07. [PMID: 24198440 PMCID: PMC3816395 DOI: 10.1351/pac-con-10-12-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Anion-exchange chromatography resolves human plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) into 5 subfractions, with increasing negative surface charge in the direction of L1 to L5. Unlike the harmless L1 to L4, the exclusively atherogenic L5 is rejected by the normal LDL receptor (LDLR) but endocytosed into vascular endothelial cells through the lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1). Analysis with SDS-PAGE and 2-dimensional electrophoresis showed that the protein framework of L1 was composed mainly of apolipoprotein (apo) B100, with an isoelectric point (pI) of 6.620. There was a progressively increased association of additional proteins, including apoE (pI 5.5), apoAI (pI 5.4), apoCIII (pI 5.1), and apo(a) (pI 5.5), from L1 to L5. LC/MSE was used to quantify protein distribution in all subfractions. On the basis of weight percentages, L1 contained 99% apoB-100 and trace amounts of other proteins. In contrast, L5 contained 60% apoB100 and substantially increased amounts of apo(a), apoE, apoAI, and apoCIII. The compositional characteristics contribute to L5's electronegativity, rendering it unrecognizable by LDLR. LOX-1, which has a high affinity for negatively charged ligands, is known to mediate the signaling of proinflammatory cytokines. Thus, the chemical composition-oriented receptor selectivity hinders normal metabolism of L5, enhancing its atherogenicity through abnormal receptors, such as LOX-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Yin Ke
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - David A. Engler
- The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan Lu
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Hua-Chen Chan
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- L5 Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guei-Jane Wang
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- L5 Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Yuh Yang
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- L5 Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jan-Gowth Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- L5 Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hermans MP, Fruchart JC. Reducing residual vascular risk in patients with atherogenic dyslipidemia: where do we go from here? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
48
|
Hypertriglyceridemia and delayed clearance of fat load in transgenic rabbits expressing human apolipoprotein CIII. Transgenic Res 2010; 20:867-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-010-9467-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
49
|
Karalis IK, Bergheanu SC, Wolterbeek R, Dallinga-Thie GM, Hattori H, van Tol A, Liem AH, Wouter Jukema J. Effect of increasing doses of Rosuvastatin and Atorvastatin on apolipoproteins, enzymes and lipid transfer proteins involved in lipoprotein metabolism and inflammatory parameters. Curr Med Res Opin 2010; 26:2301-13. [PMID: 20731529 DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2010.509264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This paper contains detailed results of a sub-population of the prospective randomized RADAR (Rosuvastatin and Atorvastatin in different Dosages And Reverse cholesterol transport) study. OBJECTIVE Statin treatment results in substantially decreased incidence of cardiovascular events but the exact pathophysiological mechanism of their beneficial effect is yet unclear. We aimed to examine the effects of up-titrated doses of two widely used statins (atorvastatin (ATOR) and rosuvastatin (ROSU)) on parameters involved in lipoprotein metabolism, in patients with low high density lipoprotein cholesterol values (HDL-C). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this RADAR substudy, 80 patients, aged 40-80 years, with known cardiovascular disease and low HDL-C (<1.0 mmol/l), were randomized to receive, after an initial 6 week dietary run-in phase, either ATOR 20 mg (n = 41) or ROSU 10 mg (n = 39). The doses were up-titrated (in 6 week intervals) to 80 mg of ATOR or 40 mg of ROSU at 12 weeks. Serum lipoproteins and lipoprotein metabolism parameters were measured at baseline and at 6 and 18 weeks of follow up. RESULTS Both statins significantly reduced total cholesterol (TChol) and non-HDL-C values with ROSU being more effective for the doses studied (p < 0.05). No statistically significant effect on HDL-C was observed for either statin. Apolipoproteins (apo) B, CI, CIII, AV and E were significantly reduced in both groups (p < 0.05), while the ratio of HDL particles containing both apoAI and apoAII (LpAI-AII) over HDL containing apoAI alone (LpAI) was changed for both statins with the decrease of LpAI being more prominent in the ATOR group (p = 0.028). Cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) mass and activity, phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) activity and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) mass and activity were all significantly reduced in both treatment groups over the follow-up period (p < 0.001). ATOR displayed a more prominent decrease of PLTP activity compared to ROSU (p = 0.043), while ROSU displayed a more prominent decrease of Lp-PLA2 activity compared to ATOR (p = 0.04). Both statins effectively reduced, in a dose-dependent way, high sensitivity C-reactive protein values over time, while no effect on the levels of circulating inter cellular adhesion molecule 1 (cICAM-1) was observed. CONCLUSIONS The effects of statin treatment extend further and beyond a mere TChol and LDL cholesterol reduction, as demonstrated by the aforementioned alterations of lipoproteins, enzymes and lipid transfer proteins involved in lipoprotein metabolism and pro-atherogenic and inflammatory molecules. ROSU and ATOR displayed a similar pattern of effect on lipid metabolism with discrete differences in the magnitude of this effect in certain variables. Despite the limitations of small population size and lack of clinical end points, reported data provide an insight for the possible pathophysiological mechanisms implicated in the effect of increasing dosages of different statin treatments.
Collapse
|
50
|
Li R, Lau WB, Ma XL. Adiponectin resistance and vascular dysfunction in the hyperlipidemic state. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010; 31:1258-66. [PMID: 20802503 PMCID: PMC4012912 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin plays an important role in the stimulation of vascular nitric oxide production, with both short term (vasomotility and anti-thrombotic effects) and long term (smooth muscle cell growth and migration inhibition) benefits. Impaired vasodilatory response to insulin, the hallmark of vascular insulin resistance (IR), has important implications for circulatory pathophysiology. An association between adipokines and IR has been observed in both diabetic and nondiabetic states. Adiponectin (APN) is an insulin-sensitizing adipokine known to stimulate skeletal muscle fatty acid (FA) oxidation and reduce lipid accumulation. Recent demonstrations of potential cross-talk between APN and insulin in vascular function regulation are particularly interesting. The lipid accumulation observed after chronic high-fat (HF) diets and in the obese state may reduce vascular response to APN, a pathologic state termed as APN resistance. This review highlights the importance of insulin sensitivity and APN activity in the maintenance of endothelial function. It explores the relationships between vascular IR and APN resistance in the hyperlipidemic pathological condition, representative of the metabolic syndrome. The investigation of vascular insulin and APN resistance provides not only better understanding of vascular pathophysiology, but also an opportunity for therapeutic targeting in individuals affected by the metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Xi-an 710032, China
| | - Wayne Bond Lau
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Xin Liang Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Xi-an 710032, China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| |
Collapse
|