1
|
Shu LX, Cao LL, Guo X, Wang ZB, Wang SZ. Mechanism of efferocytosis in atherosclerosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:831-840. [PMID: 38727748 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-024-02439-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease that occurs in the intima of large and medium-sized arteries with the immune system's involvement. It is a common pathological basis for high morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases. Abnormal proliferation of apoptotic cells and necrotic cells leads to AS plaque expansion, necrotic core formation, and rupture. In the early stage of AS, macrophages exert an efferocytosis effect to engulf and degrade apoptotic, dead, damaged, or senescent cells by efferocytosis, thus enabling the regulation of the organism. In the early stage of AS, macrophages rely on this effect to slow down the process of AS. However, in the advanced stage of AS, the efferocytosis of macrophages within the plaque is impaired, which leads to the inability of macrophages to promptly remove the apoptotic cells (ACs) from the organism promptly, causing exacerbation of AS. Moreover, upregulation of CD47 expression in AS plaques also protects ACs from phagocytosis by macrophages, resulting in a large amount of residual ACs in the plaque, further expanding the necrotic core. In this review, we discussed the molecular mechanisms involved in the process of efferocytosis and how efferocytosis is impaired and regulated during AS, hoping to provide new insights for treating AS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xia Shu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Liu-Li Cao
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Zong-Bao Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Shu-Zhi Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wei D, Tian X, Ren Z, Liu Z, Sun C. Mechanistic insights into the role of USP14 in adipose tissue macrophage recruitment and insulin resistance in obesity. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131645. [PMID: 38631582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity can cause metabolic syndromes. The critical link in disease progression is adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) recruitment, which drives low-level inflammation, triggering adipocyte dysfunction. It is unclear whether ubiquitin-specific proteinase 14 (USP14) affects metabolic disorders by mediating adipose tissue inflammation. In the present study, we showed that USP14 is highly expressed in ATMs of obese human patients and diet-induced obese mice. Mouse USP14 overexpression aggravated obesity-related insulin resistance by increasing the levels of pro-inflammatory ATMs, leading to adipose tissue inflammation, excessive lipid accumulation, and hepatic steatosis. In contrast, USP14 knockdown in adipose tissues alleviated the phenotypes induced by a high-fat diet. Co-culture experiments showed that USP14 deficiency in macrophages led to decreased adipocyte lipid deposition and enhanced insulin sensitivity, suggesting that USP14 plays an important role in ATMs. Mechanistically, USP14 interacted with TNF receptor-associated 6, preventing K48-linked ubiquitination as well as proteasome degradation, leading to increased pro-inflammatory polarization of macrophages. In contrast, the pharmacological inhibition of USP14 significantly ameliorated diet-induced hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance in mice. Our results demonstrated that macrophage USP14 restriction constitutes a key constraint on the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, thereby inhibiting obesity-related metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongqin Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shanxi, China
| | - Xin Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shanxi, China
| | - Zeyu Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shanxi, China
| | - Zunhai Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shanxi, China
| | - Chao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Imai T, Van TM, Pasparakis M, Polykratis A. Smooth muscle cell specific NEMO deficiency inhibits atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12538. [PMID: 35869246 PMCID: PMC9307802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16737-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of atherosclerotic plaques is the result of a chronic inflammatory response coordinated by stromal and immune cellular components of the vascular wall. While endothelial cells and leukocytes are well-recognised mediators of inflammation in atherosclerosis, the role of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) remains incompletely understood. Here we aimed to address the role of canonical NF-κB signalling in SMCs in the development of atherosclerosis. We investigated the role of NF-κB signalling in SMCs in atherosclerosis by employing SMC-specific ablation of NEMO, an IKK complex subunit that is essential for canonical NF-κB activation, in ApoE−/− mice. We show that SMC-specific ablation of NEMO (NEMOSMCiKO) inhibited high fat diet induced atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice. NEMOSMCiKO/ApoE−/− mice developed less and smaller atherosclerotic plaques, which contained fewer macrophages, decreased numbers of apoptotic cells and smaller necrotic areas and showed reduced inflammation compared to the plaques of ApoE−/− mice. In addition, the plaques of NEMOSMCiKO/ApoE−/− mice showed higher expression of α-SMA and lower expression of the transcriptional factor KLF4 compared to those of ApoE−/− mice. Consistently, in vitro, NEMO-deficient SMCs exhibited reduced proliferation and migration, as well as decreased KLF4 expression and lower production of IL-6 and MCP-1 upon inflammatory stimulus (TNF or LPS) compared to NEMO-expressing SMCs. In conclusion, NEMO-dependent activation of NF-κB signalling in SMCs critically contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by regulating SMC proliferation, migration and phenotype switching in response to inflammatory stimuli.
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang J, Zhou X, Lu J, Li M. miR-146-5p restrains calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells by suppressing TRAF6. Open Med (Wars) 2022; 17:1515-1527. [PMID: 36237831 PMCID: PMC9510824 DOI: 10.1515/med-2022-0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a prominent manifestation of advanced atherosclerosis. Tumor necrosis factor-receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) were reported to participate in atherosclerosis development. In this study, the role and mechanism of TRAF6 in vascular calcification were explored. To induce the vascular calcification, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) was applied to treat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). TRAF6 protein expression in VSMCs was assessed by western blotting. Osteogenic differentiation of VSMCs was assessed by alkaline phosphatase activity analysis. Mineral deposition in VSMCs was evaluated by von Kossa staining. VSMC proliferation, migration, apoptosis, inflammation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were detected using cell counting kit-8, Transwell, flow cytometry, reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining, respectively. Luciferase reporter assay was utilized to identify the binding relationship between miR-146-5p and TRAF6 in VSMCs. We found that Ox-LDL administration induced the calcification of VSMCs and elevated the TRAF6 level. TRAF6 knockdown restrained VSMC calcification, proliferation, migration, inflammation, and ROS generation caused by Ox-LDL. Mechanically, TRAF6 was targeted by miR-146-5p in VSMCs. Furthermore, TRAF6 overexpression offset the inhibitory effects of miR-146-5p upregulation on vascular calcification in VSMCs under the Ox-LDL condition. Overall, miR-146-5p restrains the calcification of VSMCs by suppressing TRAF6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin 150001 , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Xiaoman Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital , Wuhan 430030 , Hubei , China
| | - Jingwei Lu
- Department of Physical Examination, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin 150001 , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University , 37 Yiyuan Street, Nangang District , Harbin 150001 , Heilongjiang , China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gissler MC, Stachon P, Wolf D, Marchini T. The Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor Associated Factors (TRAFs) in Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:826630. [PMID: 35252400 PMCID: PMC8891542 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.826630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF receptor associated factors (TRAFs) represent a family of cytoplasmic signaling adaptor proteins that regulate, bundle, and transduce inflammatory signals downstream of TNF- (TNF-Rs), interleukin (IL)-1-, Toll-like- (TLRs), and IL-17 receptors. TRAFs play a pivotal role in regulating cell survival and immune cell function and are fundamental regulators of acute and chronic inflammation. Lately, the inhibition of inflammation by anti-cytokine therapy has emerged as novel treatment strategy in patients with atherosclerosis. Likewise, growing evidence from preclinical experiments proposes TRAFs as potent modulators of inflammation in atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation. Yet, TRAFs show a highly complex interplay between different TRAF-family members with partially opposing and overlapping functions that are determined by the level of cellular expression, concomitant signaling events, and the context of the disease. Therefore, inhibition of specific TRAFs may be beneficial in one condition and harmful in others. Here, we carefully discuss the cellular expression and signaling events of TRAFs and evaluate their role in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. We also highlight metabolic effects of TRAFs and discuss the development of TRAF-based therapeutics in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Colin Gissler
- Cardiology and Angiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Peter Stachon
- Cardiology and Angiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Cardiology and Angiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- *Correspondence: Dennis Wolf
| | - Timoteo Marchini
- Cardiology and Angiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu X, Shao Y, Tu J, Sun J, Li L, Tao J, Chen J. Trimethylamine-N-oxide-stimulated hepatocyte-derived exosomes promote inflammation and endothelial dysfunction through nuclear factor-kappa B signaling. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 9:1670. [PMID: 34988179 PMCID: PMC8667148 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-5043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) has been proven to be a new proatherogenic compound for promoting inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Hepatocyte-derived exosomes (Exos), including those derived from hepatocytes, play a pivotal role in the regulation of inflammation and endothelial function. As TMAO is produced in the liver, hepatocytes may be the potential target of TMAO. However, it is not yet clear whether TMAO can directly stimulate hepatocytes to produce Exos to mediate the detrimental effects of TMAO on vascular endothelial cells (VECs). Methods Hepatocytes treated with TMAO and Exos (TMAO-Exos) were isolated from the supernatant, and added to human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). The expressions of interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Cell apoptosis was evaluated using Hoechst 33342 staining and flow cytometry assay, and cell migration was assessed by scratch and transwell assay. C57BL/6 mice were treated with Exos for 24 h and the thoracic aortas were isolated, then the in vitro aortic ring bioassay was conducted to determine the changes of vasodilation. The expressions of cluster of differentiation 81, tumor susceptibility gene 101, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65, and Phospho-NF-κB p65 were detected by western blotting. The micro ribonucleic acid (miRNA) profiles of the Exos were then identified using RNA-sequencing and validated by qPCR. The miRNA-messenger RNA networks were constructed, and the biological functions of the target genes were annotated using bioinformatics methods. Results TMAO was found to stimulate hepatocytes to release Exos that could be taken up by HAECs, thus inducing inflammation and cell apoptosis, impairing cell migration, and inhibiting endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Additionally, the miRNAs such as miR-302d-3p carried by the TMAO-Exos were quite different to those in the TMAO-free group. A further analysis showed that the potential target genes for these miRNAs, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase 8, caspase 9 and BCL2-like 11, appeared to be involved with inflammation and endothelial function. Finally, we found that NF-κB signaling could be activated by TMAO-Exos. Conclusions These novel findings provide evidence that TMAO can indirectly talk to VECs by promoting hepatocytes to produce Exos that carry important genetic information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijia Shao
- Department of Hypertension and Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiazichao Tu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiapan Sun
- Department of Hypertension and Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, China
| | - Lifu Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Tao
- Department of Hypertension and Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, China
| | - Jimei Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Revealing the Common Mechanisms of Scutellarin in Angina Pectoris and Ischemic Stroke Treatment via a Network Pharmacology Approach. Chin J Integr Med 2020; 27:62-69. [PMID: 32447519 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-020-2716-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the shared mechanisms of scutellarin in angina pectoris (AP) and ischemic stroke (IS) treatment. METHODS A network pharmacology approach was used to detect the potential mechanisms of scutellarin in AP and IS treatment by target prediction, protein-protein interaction (PPI) data collection, network construction, network analysis, and enrichment analysis. Furthermore, molecular docking simulation was employed to analyze the interaction between scutellarin and core targets. RESULTS Two networks were established, including a disease-target network and a PPI network of scutellarin targets against AP and IS. Network analysis showed that 14 targets, namely, AKT1, VEGFA, JUN, ALB, MTOR, ESR1, MAPK8, HSP90AA1, NOS3, SERPINE1, FGA, F2, FOXO3, and STAT1, might be the therapeutic targets of scutellarin in AP and IS. Among them, NOS3 and F2 were recognized as the core targets. Additionally, molecular docking simulation confifirmed that scutellarin exhibited a relatively high potential for binding to the active sites of NOS3 and F2. Furthermore, enrichment analysis indicated that scutellarin might exert a therapeutic role in both AP and IS by regulating several important pathways, such as coagulation cascades, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) signaling pathway, forkhead box O (FoxO) signaling pathway, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, adipocytokine signaling pathway, insulin signaling pathway, insulin resistance, and estrogen signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS The shared underlying mechanisms of scutellarin on AP and IS treatment might be strongly associated with its vasorelaxant, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative effects as well as its effect on improving lipid metabolism.
Collapse
|
8
|
Tajbakhsh A, Kovanen PT, Rezaee M, Banach M, Sahebkar A. Ca 2+ Flux: Searching for a Role in Efferocytosis of Apoptotic Cells in Atherosclerosis. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8122047. [PMID: 31766552 PMCID: PMC6947386 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8122047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In atherosclerosis, macrophages in the arterial wall ingest plasma lipoprotein-derived lipids and become lipid-filled foam cells with a limited lifespan. Thus, efficient removal of apoptotic foam cells by efferocytic macrophages is vital to preventing the dying foam cells from forming a large necrotic lipid core, which, otherwise, would render the atherosclerotic plaque vulnerable to rupture and would cause clinical complications. Ca2+ plays a role in macrophage migration, survival, and foam cell generation. Importantly, in efferocytic macrophages, Ca2+ induces actin polymerization, thereby promoting the formation of a phagocytic cup necessary for efferocytosis. Moreover, in the efferocytic macrophages, Ca2+ enhances the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Various Ca2+ antagonists have been seminal for the demonstration of the role of Ca2+ in the multiple steps of efferocytosis by macrophages. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo experiments and clinical investigations have revealed the capability of Ca2+ antagonists in attenuating the development of atherosclerotic plaques by interfering with the deposition of lipids in macrophages and by reducing plaque calcification. However, the regulation of cellular Ca2+ fluxes in the processes of efferocytic clearance of apoptotic foam cells and in the extracellular calcification in atherosclerosis remains unknown. Here, we attempted to unravel the molecular links between Ca2+ and efferocytosis in atherosclerosis and to evaluate cellular Ca2+ fluxes as potential treatment targets in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tajbakhsh
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Rezaee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948, Iran
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), 93-338 Lodz, Poland
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948, Iran
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +98-51-1800-2288; Fax: +98-51-1800-2287
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Das A, Sudhahar V, Ushio-Fukai M, Fukai T. Novel interaction of antioxidant-1 with TRAF4: role in inflammatory responses in endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C1161-C1171. [PMID: 31553645 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00264.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (NOX)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) and copper (Cu), an essential micronutrient, have been implicated in vascular inflammatory diseases. We reported that in proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α-stimulated endothelial cells (ECs), cytosolic Cu chaperone antioxidant-1 (Atox1) functions as a Cu-dependent transcription factor for the NOX organizer p47phox, thereby increasing ROS-dependent inflammatory gene expression. However, the role and mechanism of Atox1 nuclear translocation in inflamed ECs remain unclear. Using enface staining and nuclear fractionation, here we show that Atox1 was localized in the nucleus in inflamed aortas from ApoE-/- mice with angiotensin II infusion on a high-fat diet, while it was found in cytosol in those from control mice. In cultured human ECs, TNF-α stimulation promoted Atox1 nuclear translocation within 15 min, which was associated with Atox1 binding to TNF-α receptor-associated factor 4 (TRAF4) in a Cu-dependent manner. TRAF4 depletion by siRNA significantly inhibited Atox1 nuclear translocation, p47phox expression, and ROS production as well as its downstream VCAM1/ICAM1 expression and monocyte adhesion to inflamed ECs, which were rescued by overexpression of nuclear targeted Atox1. Furthermore, Atox1 colocalized with TRAF4 at the nucleus in TNF-α-stimulated inflamed ECs and vessels. In summary, Cu-dependent Atox1 binding to TRAF4 plays an important role in Atox1 nuclear translocation and ROS-dependent inflammatory responses in TNF-α-stimulated ECs. Thus the Atox1-TRAF4 axis is a novel therapeutic target for vascular inflammatory disease such as atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Archita Das
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Varadarajan Sudhahar
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Masuko Ushio-Fukai
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Tohru Fukai
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jean-Charles PY, Wu JH, Zhang L, Kaur S, Nepliouev I, Stiber JA, Brian L, Qi R, Wertman V, Shenoy SK, Freedman NJ. USP20 (Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 20) Inhibits TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor)-Triggered Smooth Muscle Cell Inflammation and Attenuates Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:2295-2305. [PMID: 30354204 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective- Signaling that activates NFκB (nuclear factor κB) in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is integral to atherosclerosis and involves reversible ubiquitination that activates proteins downstream of proatherogenic receptors. Deubiquitination of these proteins is mediated by USP20 (ubiquitin-specific protease 20), among other deubiquitinases. We sought to determine whether USP20 activity in SMCs decreases atherosclerosis. Approach and Results- To address this question, we used male Ldlr-/- mice without (control) or with SMC-specific expression of murine USP20 (SMC-USP20-transgenic) or its dominant-negative (DN; C154S/H643Q) mutant (SMC-DN-USP20-transgenic). Before the appearance of intimal macrophages, NFκB activation in aortic medial SMCs was greater in SMC-DN-USP20-transgenic than in control mice. After 16 weeks on a Western diet, SMC-DN-USP20-transgenic mice had 46% greater brachiocephalic artery atheroma area than control mice. Congruently, aortic atherosclerosis assessed en face was 21% greater than control in SMC-DN-USP20-transgenic mice and 13% less than control in SMC-USP20-transgenic mice. In response to TNF (tumor necrosis factor), SMCs from SMC-DN-USP20-transgenic mice showed ≈3-fold greater NFκB activation than control SMCs. Silencing USP20 in SMCs with siRNA (small interfering RNA) augmented NFκB activation by ≈50% in response to either TNF or IL-1β (interleukin-1β). Coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed that USP20 associates with several components of the TNFR1 (TNF receptor-1) signaling pathway, including RIPK1 (receptor-interacting protein kinase 1), a critical checkpoint in TNF-induced NFκB activation and inflammation. TNF evoked ≈2-fold more RIPK1 ubiquitination in SMC-DN-USP20-transgenic than in control SMCs, and RIPK1 was deubiquitinated by purified USP20 in vitro. Conclusions- USP20 attenuates TNF- and IL-1β-evoked atherogenic signaling in SMCs, by deubiquitinating RIPK1, among other signaling intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves Jean-Charles
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Jiao-Hui Wu
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Lisheng Zhang
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Suneet Kaur
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Igor Nepliouev
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Jonathan A Stiber
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Leigh Brian
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Rui Qi
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Virginia Wertman
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Sudha K Shenoy
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Cell Biology (S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Neil J Freedman
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (P.-Y.J.-C., J.-H.W., L.Z., S.K., I.N., J.A.S., L.B., R.Q., V.W., S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Cell Biology (S.K.S., N.J.F.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ni X, Kou W, Gu J, Wei P, Wu X, Peng H, Tao J, Yan W, Yang X, Lebid A, Park BV, Chen Z, Tian Y, Fu J, Newman S, Wang X, Shen H, Li B, Blazar BR, Wang X, Barbi J, Pan F, Lu L. TRAF6 directs FOXP3 localization and facilitates regulatory T-cell function through K63-linked ubiquitination. EMBO J 2019; 38:embj.201899766. [PMID: 30886050 PMCID: PMC6484404 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial mediators of immune control. The characteristic gene expression and suppressive functions of Tregs depend considerably on the stable expression and activity of the transcription factor FOXP3. Transcriptional regulation of the Foxp3 gene has been studied in depth, but both the expression and function of this factor are also modulated at the protein level. However, the molecular players involved in posttranslational FOXP3 regulation are just beginning to be elucidated. Here, we found that TRAF6‐deficient Tregs were dysfunctional in vivo; mice with Treg‐restricted deletion of TRAF6 were resistant to implanted tumors and displayed enhanced anti‐tumor immunity. We further determined that FOXP3 undergoes K63‐linked ubiquitination at lysine 262 mediated by the E3 ligase TRAF6. In the absence of TRAF6 activity or upon mutation of the ubiquitination site, FOXP3 displayed aberrant, perinuclear accumulation and disrupted regulatory function. Thus, K63‐linked ubiquitination by TRAF6 ensures proper localization of FOXP3 and facilitates the transcription factor's gene‐regulating activity in Tregs. These results implicate TRAF6 as a key posttranslational, Treg‐stabilizing regulator that may be targeted in novel tolerance‐breaking therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuhao Ni
- Translational Medicine Research Center of Affiliated Jiangning Hospital, Liver Transplantation Center of First Affiliated Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Immunology and Hematopoiesis Division, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wei Kou
- Department of Otolaryngology, Pediatric Research Institute The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Gu
- Translational Medicine Research Center of Affiliated Jiangning Hospital, Liver Transplantation Center of First Affiliated Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Wei
- Immunology and Hematopoiesis Division, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, Pediatric Research Institute The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- Translational Medicine Research Center of Affiliated Jiangning Hospital, Liver Transplantation Center of First Affiliated Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Translational Medicine Research Center of Affiliated Jiangning Hospital, Liver Transplantation Center of First Affiliated Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinhui Tao
- Immunology and Hematopoiesis Division, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wei Yan
- Translational Medicine Research Center of Affiliated Jiangning Hospital, Liver Transplantation Center of First Affiliated Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Immunology and Hematopoiesis Division, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andriana Lebid
- Immunology and Hematopoiesis Division, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin V Park
- Immunology and Hematopoiesis Division, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zuojia Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yizhu Tian
- Translational Medicine Research Center of Affiliated Jiangning Hospital, Liver Transplantation Center of First Affiliated Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Fu
- Immunology and Hematopoiesis Division, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie Newman
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongbin Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Xuehao Wang
- Translational Medicine Research Center of Affiliated Jiangning Hospital, Liver Transplantation Center of First Affiliated Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Joseph Barbi
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Fan Pan
- Immunology and Hematopoiesis Division, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ling Lu
- Translational Medicine Research Center of Affiliated Jiangning Hospital, Liver Transplantation Center of First Affiliated Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China .,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xu M, Liu PP, Li H. Innate Immune Signaling and Its Role in Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:893-948. [PMID: 30565509 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00065.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is an evolutionarily conserved system that senses and defends against infection and irritation. Innate immune signaling is a complex cascade that quickly recognizes infectious threats through multiple germline-encoded cell surface or cytoplasmic receptors and transmits signals for the deployment of proper countermeasures through adaptors, kinases, and transcription factors, resulting in the production of cytokines. As the first response of the innate immune system to pathogenic signals, inflammatory responses must be rapid and specific to establish a physical barrier against the spread of infection and must subsequently be terminated once the pathogens have been cleared. Long-lasting and low-grade chronic inflammation is a distinguishing feature of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, which are currently major public health problems. Cardiometabolic stress-induced inflammatory responses activate innate immune signaling, which directly contributes to the development of cardiometabolic diseases. Additionally, although the innate immune elements are highly conserved in higher-order jawed vertebrates, lower-grade jawless vertebrates lack several transcription factors and inflammatory cytokine genes downstream of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) pathways, suggesting that innate immune signaling components may additionally function in an immune-independent way. Notably, recent studies from our group and others have revealed that innate immune signaling can function as a vital regulator of cardiometabolic homeostasis independent of its immune function. Therefore, further investigation of innate immune signaling in cardiometabolic systems may facilitate the discovery of new strategies to manage the initiation and progression of cardiometabolic disorders, leading to better treatments for these diseases. In this review, we summarize the current progress in innate immune signaling studies and the regulatory function of innate immunity in cardiometabolic diseases. Notably, we highlight the immune-independent effects of innate immune signaling components on the development of cardiometabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Medical Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Animal Experiment Center, Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario , Canada
| | - Peter P Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Medical Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Animal Experiment Center, Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario , Canada
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Medical Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Animal Experiment Center, Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tajbakhsh A, Rezaee M, Kovanen PT, Sahebkar A. Efferocytosis in atherosclerotic lesions: Malfunctioning regulatory pathways and control mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 188:12-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
14
|
miR-146a deficiency in hematopoietic cells is not involved in the development of atherosclerosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198932. [PMID: 29902229 PMCID: PMC6002112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis involves activation of the IRAK1/TRAF6/NF-κB inflammatory cascade, which is negatively regulated by miR146a. Previous studies showed that the TT genotype of rs2431697, located near the miR-146a gene, drives lower miR-146a transcription and predicts adverse cardiovascular events in anticoagulated atrial fibrillation patients. Moreover, systemic miR-146a administration protects mice from atherosclerosis. Here we evaluated the ability of miR-146a expression in the hematopoietic component to regulate atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor-null mice (Ldlr-/-). Methods and results Lethally-irradiated Ldlr-/- mice transplanted with bone marrow from wild-type or miR-146a-null mice were fed an atherogenic diet for 8 and 20 weeks. Irak1, Traf6 and MIR146A expression were quantified in thoracic aorta by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Aortic plaque size and composition were characterized by Oil-Red staining and immunohistochemistry and leukocyte recruitment by intravital microscopy. Blood cell counts were similar in fat-fed Ldlr-/-mice with or without hematopoietic miR-146a expression. However, plasma cholesterol decreased in fat-fed Ldlr-/-mice transplanted with bone marrow deficient for miR-146a. Finally, aortic atherosclerosis burden and recruitment of leukocytes into the vessel wall were undistinguishable between the two groups, despite higher levels of Irak1 and Traf6 mRNA and protein in the aorta of fat-fed mice lacking hematopoietic miR-146a expression. Conclusions miR-146a deficiency exclusively in hematopoietic cells modulates cholesterol levels in plasma and the expression of its targets in the artery wall of fat-fed Ldlr-/- mice, but does not accelerate atherosclerosis. Atheroprotection upon systemic miR-146a administration may therefore be caused by specific effects on vascular cells.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abdullah M, Berthiaume JM, Willis MS. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 as a nuclear factor kappa B-modulating therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases: at the heart of it all. Transl Res 2018; 195:48-61. [PMID: 29175266 PMCID: PMC5898986 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory and immune signaling has been documented as a root cause of many cardiovascular pathologies. In this review, we explore the emerging role of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6)-nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling axis in atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, pathologic cardiac hypertrophy or heart failure, myocarditis, and sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy. We discuss the current understanding of cardiac inflammation in heart disease, present the TRAF6 signaling axis in the heart, then summarize what is known about TRAF6 in pathophysiology of heart disease including proof-of-concept studies that identify the utility of blocking TRAF6 to attenuate cardiac dysfunction, which suggests that TRAF6 is a novel, druggable target in treating cardiovascular disease incurred by inflammatory processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abdullah
- Department of Biochemistry, QuaidiAzam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jessica M Berthiaume
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Monte S Willis
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lalani AI, Zhu S, Gokhale S, Jin J, Xie P. TRAF molecules in inflammation and inflammatory diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [PMID: 29527458 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-017-0117-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review This review presents an overview of the current knowledge of TRAF molecules in inflammation with an emphasis on available human evidence and direct in vivo evidence of mouse models that demonstrate the contribution of TRAF molecules in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Recent Findings The tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R)-associated factor (TRAF) family of cytoplasmic proteins was initially identified as signaling adaptors that bind directly to the intracellular domains of receptors of the TNF-R superfamily. It is now appreciated that TRAF molecules are widely employed in signaling by a variety of adaptive and innate immune receptors as well as cytokine receptors. TRAF-dependent signaling pathways typically lead to the activation of nuclear factor-κBs (NF-κBs), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), or interferon-regulatory factors (IRFs). Most of these signaling pathways have been linked to inflammation, and therefore TRAF molecules were expected to regulate inflammation and inflammatory responses since their discovery in 1990s. However, direct in vivo evidence of TRAFs in inflammation and especially in inflammatory diseases had been lacking for many years, partly due to the difficulty imposed by early lethality of TRAF2-/-, TRAF3-/-, and TRAF6-/- mice. With the creation of conditional knockout and lineage-specific transgenic mice of different TRAF molecules, our understanding about TRAFs in inflammation and inflammatory responses has rapidly advanced during the past decade. Summary Increasing evidence indicates that TRAF molecules are versatile and indispensable regulators of inflammation and inflammatory responses and that aberrant expression or function of TRAFs contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Almin I Lalani
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Sining Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Samantha Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Juan Jin
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road 81st, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui province, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
- Member, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
da Silva R, Fraga-Silva R, Steffens S, Fabre M, Bauer I, Caffa I, Magnone M, Sociali G, Quercioli A, Pelli G, Lenglet S, Galan K, Burger F, Calvo SV, Bertolotto M, Bruzzone S, Ballestrero A, Patrone F, Dallegri F, Santos R, Stergiopulos N, Mach F, Vuilleumier N, Montecucco F, Nencioni A. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase inhibition reduces intraplaque CXCL1 production and associated neutrophil infiltration in atherosclerotic mice. Thromb Haemost 2017; 111:308-22. [DOI: 10.1160/th13-07-0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryPharmacological treatments targeting CXC chemokines and the associated neutrophil activation and recruitment into atherosclerotic plaques hold promise for treating cardiovascular disorders. Therefore, we investigated whether FK866, a nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) inhibitor with anti-inflammatory properties that we recently found to reduce neutrophil recruitment into the ischaemic myocardium, would exert beneficial effects in a mouse atherosclerosis model. Atherosclerotic plaque formation was induced by carotid cast implantation in ApoE-/- mice that were fed with a Western-type diet. FK866 or vehicle were administrated intraperitoneally from week 8 until week 11 of the diet. Treatment with FK866 reduced neutrophil infiltration and MMP-9 content and increased collagen levels in atherosclerotic plaques compared to vehicle. No effect on other histological parameters, including intraplaque lipids or macrophages, was observed. These findings were associated with a reduction in both systemic and intraplaque CXCL1 levels in FK866-treated mice. In vitro, FK866 did not affect MMP-9 release by neutrophils, but it strongly reduced CXCL1 production by endothelial cells which, in the in vivo model, were identified as a main CXCL1 source at the plaque level. CXCL1 synthesis inhibition by FK866 appears to reflect interference with nuclear factor-κB signalling as shown by reduced p65 nuclear levels in endothelial cells pre-treated with FK866. In conclusion, pharmacological inhibition of NAMPT activity mitigates inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques by reducing CXCL1-mediated activities on neutrophils. These results support further assessments of NAMPT inhibitors for the potential prevention of plaque vulnerability.
Collapse
|
18
|
Riemann M, Andreas N, Fedoseeva M, Meier E, Weih D, Freytag H, Schmidt-Ullrich R, Klein U, Wang ZQ, Weih F. Central immune tolerance depends on crosstalk between the classical and alternative NF-κB pathways in medullary thymic epithelial cells. J Autoimmun 2017; 81:56-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
19
|
Michel NA, Zirlik A, Wolf D. CD40L and Its Receptors in Atherothrombosis-An Update. Front Cardiovasc Med 2017; 4:40. [PMID: 28676852 PMCID: PMC5477003 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CD40L (CD154), a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, is a co-stimulatory molecule that was first discovered on activated T cells. Beyond its fundamental role in adaptive immunity-ligation of CD40L to its receptor CD40 is a prerequisite for B cell activation and antibody production-evidence from more than two decades has expanded our understanding of CD40L as a powerful modulator of inflammatory pathways. Although inhibition of CD40L with neutralizing antibodies has induced life-threatening side effects in clinical trials, the discovery of cell-specific effects and novel receptors with distinct functional consequences has opened a new path for therapies that specifically target detrimental properties of CD40L. Here, we carefully evaluate the signaling network of CD40L by gene enrichment analysis and its cell-specific expression, and thoroughly discuss its role in cardiovascular pathologies with a specific emphasis on atherosclerotic and thrombotic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly Anto Michel
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Zirlik
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang Y, Zhang XJ, Wang PX, Zhang P, Li H. Reprogramming Innate Immune Signaling in Cardiometabolic Disease. Hypertension 2017; 69:747-760. [PMID: 28320852 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaxing Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (Y.Z., X.-J.Z., P.-X.W., P.Z., H.L.), School of Basic Medical Sciences (Y.Z., X.-J.Z., P.-X.W., P.Z., H.L.), Institute of Model Animal (Y.Z., X.-J.Z., P.-X.W., P.Z., H.L.), and Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine (Y.Z., X.-J.Z., P.-X.W., P.Z., H.L.), Wuhan University, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (Y.Z., X.-J.Z., P.-X.W., P.Z., H.L.), School of Basic Medical Sciences (Y.Z., X.-J.Z., P.-X.W., P.Z., H.L.), Institute of Model Animal (Y.Z., X.-J.Z., P.-X.W., P.Z., H.L.), and Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine (Y.Z., X.-J.Z., P.-X.W., P.Z., H.L.), Wuhan University, P.R. China
| | - Pi-Xiao Wang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (Y.Z., X.-J.Z., P.-X.W., P.Z., H.L.), School of Basic Medical Sciences (Y.Z., X.-J.Z., P.-X.W., P.Z., H.L.), Institute of Model Animal (Y.Z., X.-J.Z., P.-X.W., P.Z., H.L.), and Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine (Y.Z., X.-J.Z., P.-X.W., P.Z., H.L.), Wuhan University, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (Y.Z., X.-J.Z., P.-X.W., P.Z., H.L.), School of Basic Medical Sciences (Y.Z., X.-J.Z., P.-X.W., P.Z., H.L.), Institute of Model Animal (Y.Z., X.-J.Z., P.-X.W., P.Z., H.L.), and Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine (Y.Z., X.-J.Z., P.-X.W., P.Z., H.L.), Wuhan University, P.R. China
| | - Hongliang Li
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (Y.Z., X.-J.Z., P.-X.W., P.Z., H.L.), School of Basic Medical Sciences (Y.Z., X.-J.Z., P.-X.W., P.Z., H.L.), Institute of Model Animal (Y.Z., X.-J.Z., P.-X.W., P.Z., H.L.), and Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine (Y.Z., X.-J.Z., P.-X.W., P.Z., H.L.), Wuhan University, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zirlik A, Lutgens E. An inflammatory link in atherosclerosis and obesity. Co-stimulatory molecules. Hamostaseologie 2016. [PMID: 26225729 DOI: 10.5482/hamo-14-12-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction are lipid-driven inflammatory pathologies responsible for a major part of cardiovascular complications. Immune cell activation as well as interactions between the different immune cells is dependent on and controlled by a variety of co-stimulatory signals. These co-stimulatory signals can either aggravate or ameliorate the disease depending on the stage of the disease, the cell-types involved and the signal transduction cascades initiated. This review focuses on the diverse roles of the most established co-stimulatory molecules of the B7 and Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNFR) families, ie the CD28/CTLA4-CD80/CD86 and CD40L/CD40 dyads in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and obesity. In addition, we will explore their potential as therapeutic targets in both atherosclerosis and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Zirlik
- Prof. Andreas Zirlik, Atherogenesis Research Group, Heart Center Freiburg University, Cardiology and Angiology I, University of Freiburg, Germany, E-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 5 (Traf5) acts as an essential negative regulator of hepatic steatosis. J Hepatol 2016; 65:125-136. [PMID: 27032381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Obesity-related metabolic inflammation, insulin resistance (IR), and excessive fat accumulation are linked phenomena that promote the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Previous research has indicated that CD40-TRAF5 signaling protects against obesity-related metabolic disorders; however, the precise roles and underlying mechanisms of TRAF5 in obesity-induced pathological processes have not been fully elucidated. METHODS TRAF5 expression was evaluated in the livers of NAFLD patients, high-fat diet (HFD)-induced or genetically (ob/ob) induced obese mice, and in palmitate-treated hepatocytes. Gain- or loss-of-function approaches were used to investigate the specific roles and mechanisms of hepatic Traf5 under obesity-related pathological conditions. RESULTS TRAF5 expression was decreased in the fatty livers of both NAFLD patients and obese mice, and in palmitate-treated hepatocytes in vitro. Traf5 overexpression significantly suppressed nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-like phenotypes in mice after HFD treatment for 24weeks and inhibited the progression of NAFLD in ob/ob mice. Conversely, Traf5 deficiency resulted in the deterioration of metabolic disorders induced by HFD. Investigations of the underlying mechanisms revealed that Traf5 regulates hepatic steatosis by targeting Jnk signaling. Specifically, Jnk1 rather than Jnk2 is responsible for the function of Traf5 in metabolic disorders, as evidenced by the fact that Jnk1 ablation markedly ameliorates the detrimental effects of Traf5 deficiency on obesity, inflammation, IR, hepatic steatosis and fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Traf5 negatively regulates NAFLD/NASH and related metabolic dysfunctions by blocking Jnk1 activity, which represents a potential therapeutic target for obesity-related metabolic disorders. LAY SUMMARY Lipid accumulation in the liver induces degradation of Traf5. Increasing Traf5 ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver by blocking Jnk1 activity.
Collapse
|
23
|
Walsh MC, Lee J, Choi Y. Tumor necrosis factor receptor- associated factor 6 (TRAF6) regulation of development, function, and homeostasis of the immune system. Immunol Rev 2016; 266:72-92. [PMID: 26085208 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is an adapter protein that mediates a wide array of protein-protein interactions via its TRAF domain and a RING finger domain that possesses non-conventional E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. First identified nearly two decades ago as a mediator of interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)-mediated activation of NFκB, TRAF6 has since been identified as an actor downstream of multiple receptor families with immunoregulatory functions, including members of the TNFR superfamily, the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, tumor growth factor-β receptors (TGFβR), and T-cell receptor (TCR). In addition to NFκB, TRAF6 may also direct activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and interferon regulatory factor pathways. In the context of the immune system, TRAF6-mediated signals have proven critical for the development, homeostasis, and/or activation of B cells, T cells, and myeloid cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and osteoclasts, as well as for organogenesis of thymic and secondary lymphoid tissues. In multiple cellular contexts, TRAF6 function is essential not only for proper activation of the immune system but also for maintaining immune tolerance, and more recent work has begun to identify mechanisms of contextual specificity for TRAF6, involving both regulatory protein interactions, and messenger RNA regulation by microRNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Walsh
- Institute for Immunology and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - JangEun Lee
- Institute for Immunology and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yongwon Choi
- Institute for Immunology and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Xi D, Zhao J, Lai W, Guo Z. Systematic analysis of the molecular mechanism underlying atherosclerosis using a text mining approach. Hum Genomics 2016; 10:14. [PMID: 27251057 PMCID: PMC4890502 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-016-0075-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is one of the common health threats all over the world. It is a complex heritable disease that affects arterial blood vessels. Chronic inflammatory response plays an important role in atherogenesis. There has been little success in fully identifying functionally important genes in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Results In the present study, we performed a systematic analysis of atherosclerosis-related genes using text mining. We identified a total of 1312 genes. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that a total of 35 terms exhibited significance (p < 0.05) as overrepresented terms, indicating that atherosclerosis invokes many genes with a wide range of different functions. Pathway analysis demonstrated that the most highly enriched pathway is the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Finally, through gene network analysis, we prioritized 48 genes using the hub gene method. Conclusions Our study provides a valuable resource for the in-depth understanding of the mechanism underlying atherosclerosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40246-016-0075-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xi
- Division of Cardiology, Huiqiao Medical Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhen Zhao
- Division of Cardiology, Huiqiao Medical Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyan Lai
- Laboratory of Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Division of Cardiology, Huiqiao Medical Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Vlantis K, Polykratis A, Welz PS, van Loo G, Pasparakis M, Wullaert A. TLR-independent anti-inflammatory function of intestinal epithelial TRAF6 signalling prevents DSS-induced colitis in mice. Gut 2016; 65:935-43. [PMID: 25761602 PMCID: PMC4893119 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The gut microbiota modulates host susceptibility to intestinal inflammation, but the cell types and the signalling pathways orchestrating this bacterial regulation of intestinal homeostasis remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the function of intestinal epithelial toll-like receptor (TLR) responses in the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced mouse model of colitis. DESIGN We applied an in vivo genetic approach allowing intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific deletion of the critical TLR signalling adaptors, MyD88 and/or TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF), as well as the downstream ubiquitin ligase TRAF6 in order to reveal the IEC-intrinsic function of these TLR signalling molecules during DSS colitis. RESULTS Mice lacking TRAF6 in IECs showed exacerbated DSS-induced inflammatory responses that ensued in the development of chronic colon inflammation. Antibiotic pretreatment abolished the increased DSS susceptibility of these mice, showing that epithelial TRAF6 signalling pathways prevent the gut microbiota from driving excessive colitis. However, in contrast to epithelial TRAF6 deletion, blocking epithelial TLR signalling by simultaneous deletion of MyD88 and TRIF specifically in IECs did not affect DSS-induced colitis severity. This in vivo functional comparison between TRAF6 and MyD88/TRIF deletion in IECs shows that the colitis-protecting effects of epithelial TRAF6 signalling are not triggered by TLRs. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal epithelial TRAF6-dependent but MyD88/TRIF-independent and, thus, TLR-independent signalling pathways are critical for preventing propagation of DSS-induced colon inflammation by the gut microbiota. Moreover, our experiments using mice with dual MyD88/TRIF deletion in IECs unequivocally show that the gut microbiota trigger non-epithelial TLRs rather than epithelial TLRs to restrict DSS colitis severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Vlantis
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,Centre for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Apostolos Polykratis
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,Centre for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick-Simon Welz
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,Centre for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geert van Loo
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Manolis Pasparakis
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,Centre for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andy Wullaert
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,Centre for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium,Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sakamuri SSVP, Higashi Y, Sukhanov S, Siddesha JM, Delafontaine P, Siebenlist U, Chandrasekar B. TRAF3IP2 mediates atherosclerotic plaque development and vulnerability in ApoE(-/-) mice. Atherosclerosis 2016; 252:153-160. [PMID: 27237075 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Atherosclerosis is a major cause of heart attack and stroke. Inflammation plays a critical role in the development of atherosclerosis. Since the cytoplasmic adaptor molecule TRAF3IP2 (TRAF3-Interacting Protein 2) plays a causal role in various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, we hypothesized that TRAF3IP2 mediates atherosclerotic plaque development. METHODS TRAF3IP2/ApoE double knockout (DKO) mice were generated by crossing TRAF3IP2(-/-) and ApoE(-/-) mice. ApoE(-/-) mice served as controls. Both DKO and control mice were fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. Plasma lipids were measured by ELISA, atherosclerosis by en face analysis of aorta and plaque cross-section measurements at the aortic valve region, plaque necrotic core area, collagen and smooth muscle cell (SMC) content by histomorphometry, and aortic gene expression by RT-qPCR. RESULTS The plasma lipoprotein profile was not altered by TRAF3IP2 gene deletion in ApoE(-/-) mice. While total aortic plaque area was decreased in DKO female, but not male mice, the plaque necrotic area was significantly decreased in DKO mice of both genders. Plaque collagen and SMC contents were increased significantly in both female and male DKO mice compared to respective controls. Aortic expression of proinflammatory cytokine (Tumor necrosis factor α, TNFα), chemokine (Chemokine (C-X-C motif) Ligand 1, CXCL1) and adhesion molecule (Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, VCAM1; and Intercellular adhesion molecule 1, ICAM1) gene expression were decreased in both male and female DKO mice. In addition, the male DKO mice expressed markedly reduced levels of extracellular matrix (ECM)-related genes, including TIMP1 (Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1), RECK (Reversion-Inducing-Cysteine-Rich Protein with Kazal Motifs) and ADAM17 (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase 17). CONCLUSIONS TRAF3IP2 plays a causal role in atherosclerotic plaque development and vulnerability, possibly by inducing the expression of multiple proinflammatory mediators. TRAF3IP2 could be a potential therapeutic target in atherosclerotic vascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yusuke Higashi
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, United States
| | - Sergiy Sukhanov
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, United States
| | - Jalahalli M Siddesha
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, United States
| | - Patrice Delafontaine
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, United States
| | - Ulrich Siebenlist
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Bysani Chandrasekar
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, United States; HS Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 75201, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Salvador B, Arranz A, Francisco S, Córdoba L, Punzón C, Llamas MÁ, Fresno M. Modulation of endothelial function by Toll like receptors. Pharmacol Res 2016; 108:46-56. [PMID: 27073018 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (EC) are able to actively control vascular permeability, coagulation, blood pressure and angiogenesis. Most recently, a role for endothelial cells in the immune response has been described. Therefore, the endothelium has a dual role controlling homeostasis but also being the first line for host defence and tissue damage repair thanks to its ability to mount an inflammatory response. Endothelial cells have been shown to express pattern-recognition receptors (PRR) including Toll-like receptors (TLR) that are activated in response to stimuli within the bloodstream including pathogens and damage signals. TLRs are strategic mediators of the immune response in endothelial cells but they also regulate the angiogenic process critical for tissue repair. Nevertheless, endothelial activation and angiogenesis can contribute to some pathologies. Thus, inappropriate endothelial activation, also known as endothelial dysfunction, through TLRs contributes to tissue damage during autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemia and diabetes associated cardiovascular diseases. Also TLR induced angiogenesis is required for the growth of some tumors, atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, among others. In this review we discuss the importance of various TLRs in modulating the activation of endothelial cells and their importance in immunity to infection and vascular disease as well as their potential as therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alicia Arranz
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sara Francisco
- Diomune SL, Parque Científico de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Córdoba
- Diomune SL, Parque Científico de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carmen Punzón
- Diomune SL, Parque Científico de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Manuel Fresno
- Diomune SL, Parque Científico de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
The immune reactions that regulate atherosclerotic plaque inflammation involve chemokines, lipid mediators and costimulatory molecules. Chemokines are a family of chemotactic cytokines that mediate immune cell recruitment and control cell homeostasis and activation of different immune cell types and subsets. Chemokine production and activation of chemokine receptors form a positive feedback mechanism to recruit monocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes into the atherosclerotic plaque. In addition, chemokine signalling affects immune cell mobilization from the bone marrow. Targeting several of the chemokines and/or chemokine receptors reduces experimental atherosclerosis, whereas specific chemokine pathways appear to be involved in plaque regression. Leukotrienes are lipid mediators that are formed locally in atherosclerotic lesions from arachidonic acid. Leukotrienes mediate immune cell recruitment and activation within the plaque as well as smooth muscle cell proliferation and endothelial dysfunction. Antileukotrienes decrease experimental atherosclerosis, and recent observational data suggest beneficial clinical effects of leukotriene receptor antagonism in cardiovascular disease prevention. By contrast, other lipid mediators, such as lipoxins and metabolites of omega-3 fatty acids, have been associated with the resolution of inflammation. Costimulatory molecules play a central role in fine-tuning immunological reactions and mediate crosstalk between innate and adaptive immunity in atherosclerosis. Targeting these interactions is a promising approach for the treatment of atherosclerosis, but immunological side effects are still a concern. In summary, targeting chemokines, leukotriene receptors and costimulatory molecules could represent potential therapeutic strategies to control atherosclerotic plaque inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Bäck
- Translational Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - E Lutgens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ridder DA, Wenzel J, Müller K, Töllner K, Tong XK, Assmann JC, Stroobants S, Weber T, Niturad C, Fischer L, Lembrich B, Wolburg H, Grand'Maison M, Papadopoulos P, Korpos E, Truchetet F, Rades D, Sorokin LM, Schmidt-Supprian M, Bedell BJ, Pasparakis M, Balschun D, D'Hooge R, Löscher W, Hamel E, Schwaninger M. Brain endothelial TAK1 and NEMO safeguard the neurovascular unit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1529-49. [PMID: 26347470 PMCID: PMC4577837 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ridder et al. show that deletion of NEMO, a component of NF-kB signaling, in brain endothelial cells results in increased cerebral vascular permeability and endothelial cell death, and recapitulates the neurological symptoms observed in the genetic disease incontinentia pigmenti. Inactivating mutations of the NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO), a key component of NF-κB signaling, cause the genetic disease incontinentia pigmenti (IP). This leads to severe neurological symptoms, but the mechanisms underlying brain involvement were unclear. Here, we show that selectively deleting Nemo or the upstream kinase Tak1 in brain endothelial cells resulted in death of endothelial cells, a rarefaction of brain microvessels, cerebral hypoperfusion, a disrupted blood–brain barrier (BBB), and epileptic seizures. TAK1 and NEMO protected the BBB by activating the transcription factor NF-κB and stabilizing the tight junction protein occludin. They also prevented brain endothelial cell death in a NF-κB–independent manner by reducing oxidative damage. Our data identify crucial functions of inflammatory TAK1–NEMO signaling in protecting the brain endothelium and maintaining normal brain function, thus explaining the neurological symptoms associated with IP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk A Ridder
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Wenzel
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kristin Müller
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kathrin Töllner
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Xin-Kang Tong
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Julian C Assmann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stijn Stroobants
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tobias Weber
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Cristina Niturad
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lisanne Fischer
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Beate Lembrich
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Eva Korpos
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Rades
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lydia M Sorokin
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Barry J Bedell
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | | | - Detlef Balschun
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rudi D'Hooge
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Edith Hamel
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hovland A, Jonasson L, Garred P, Yndestad A, Aukrust P, Lappegård KT, Espevik T, Mollnes TE. The complement system and toll-like receptors as integrated players in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2015; 241:480-94. [PMID: 26086357 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent medical advances, atherosclerosis is a global burden accounting for numerous deaths and hospital admissions. Immune-mediated inflammation is a major component of the atherosclerotic process, but earlier research focus on adaptive immunity has gradually switched towards the role of innate immunity. The complement system and toll-like receptors (TLRs), and the crosstalk between them, may be of particular interest both with respect to pathogenesis and as therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis. Animal studies indicate that inhibition of C3a and C5a reduces atherosclerosis. In humans modified LDL-cholesterol activate complement and TLRs leading to downstream inflammation, and histopathological studies indicate that the innate immune system is present in atherosclerotic lesions. Moreover, clinical studies have demonstrated that both complement and TLRs are upregulated in atherosclerotic diseases, although interventional trials have this far been disappointing. However, based on recent research showing an intimate interplay between complement and TLRs we propose a model in which combined inhibition of both complement and TLRs may represent a potent anti-inflammatory therapeutic approach to reduce atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Hovland
- Coronary Care Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Nordland Hospital, 8092 Bodø, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, 9019 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Lena Jonasson
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arne Yndestad
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine and Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine and Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut T Lappegård
- Coronary Care Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Nordland Hospital, 8092 Bodø, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Terje Espevik
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tom E Mollnes
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, 9019 Tromsø, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, 8092 Bodø, Norway; Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Echavarria R, Mayaki D, Neel JC, Harel S, Sanchez V, Hussain SNA. Angiopoietin-1 inhibits toll-like receptor 4 signalling in cultured endothelial cells: role of miR-146b-5p. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 106:465-77. [PMID: 25824148 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induce innate immune inflammatory responses in endothelial cells by activating toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signalling. Here, we investigate the effects of angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) on LPS-induced TLR4 signalling and the role of the miR-146 family of micro RNAs in the effects of Ang-1 on TRL4 signalling. METHODS AND RESULTS Leucocyte adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was detected using fluorescence microscopy. Adhesion molecule, pro-inflammatory cytokine, miR-146a, and miR-146b-5p expressions in HUVECs were quantified using real-time PCR. TLR4 signalling protein levels were measured using immunoblotting. Exposure of HUVECs to LPS for 4-6 h induces robust inflammatory responses, including enhanced leucocyte adhesion, up-regulation of adhesion molecule expression (VCAM1, ICAM1, E-SELECTIN), enhanced cytokine production (TNFα, IL1β, IL6, and IL8), and increased NFκB luciferase reporter activity. Addition of Ang-1 to the culture medium for 24 h prior to LPS exposure significantly attenuates these responses. Prolonged Ang-1 exposure significantly decreases IRAK1 and TRAF6 protein levels but has no effect on TLR4, MYD88, IRAK4, or TAK1 expressions. Ang-1 triggers significant up-regulation of miR-146b-5p levels but has no effect on miR-146a or miR-146b-3p expressions. Transfection of HUVECs with a miR-146b-5p mimic significantly attenuates LPS-induced inflammatory responses and IRAK1 and TRAF6 expressions. In HUVECs transfected with a miR-146b-5p inhibitor, Ang-1 has no effect on LPS-induced inflammatory responses or IRAK1 and TRAF6 expressions. CONCLUSION Ang-1 disrupts TLR4 signalling, resulting in inhibition of LPS-induced inflammatory responses in endothelial cells. This inhibition occurs through selective targeting of IRAK1 and TRAF6 proteins by miR-146b-5p.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Echavarria
- Department of Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Dominique Mayaki
- Department of Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Charles Neel
- Department of Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sharon Harel
- Department of Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Veronica Sanchez
- Department of Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sabah N A Hussain
- Department of Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
The vascular endothelium, a thin layer of endothelial cells (ECs) that line the inner surface of blood vessels, is a critical interface between blood and all tissues. EC activation, dysfunction, and vascular inflammation occur when the endothelium is exposed to various insults such as proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, hypertension, hyperglycemia, aging, and shear stress. These insults lead to the pathogenesis of a range of disease states, including atherosclerosis. Several signaling pathways, especially nuclear factor κB mediated signaling, play crucial roles in these pathophysiological processes. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of EC function by fine-tuning gene expression. In this review, we discuss how miRNAs regulate EC function and vascular inflammation in response to a variety of pathophysiologic stimuli. An understanding of the role of miRNAs in EC activation and dysfunction may provide novel targets and therapeutic opportunities for controlling atherosclerosis and other chronic inflammatory disease states.
Collapse
|
33
|
Smeets E, Meiler S, Lutgens E. Lymphocytic tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily co-stimulatory molecules in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2013; 24:518-24. [PMID: 24184937 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The role of lymphocytes in the chronic inflammatory disease atherosclerosis has emerged over the past decade. Co-stimulatory molecules of the heterogeneous tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily play a pivotal role in lymphocyte activation, proliferation and differentiation. Here we describe the immune modulatory properties and mechanisms of four tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily members in atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS CD40/CD40L, OX40L/OX40, CD70/CD27 and CD137/CD137L are present in human atherosclerotic plaques and have shown strong immune modulatory functions in atherosclerosis, resulting in either atherogenic or atheroprotective effects in mouse models of atherosclerosis. SUMMARY Insight into the immune modulatory mechanisms of co-stimulatory interactions in atherosclerosis can contribute to clinical exploitation of these interactions in the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Smeets
- aDepartment of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands bInstitute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, ,Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cole JE, Kassiteridi C, Monaco C. Toll-like receptors in atherosclerosis: a ‘Pandora's box’ of advances and controversies. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:629-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
35
|
Sun X, He S, Wara AKM, Icli B, Shvartz E, Tesmenitsky Y, Belkin N, Li D, Blackwell TS, Sukhova GK, Croce K, Feinberg MW. Systemic delivery of microRNA-181b inhibits nuclear factor-κB activation, vascular inflammation, and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circ Res 2013; 114:32-40. [PMID: 24084690 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.302089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Activated nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling in the vascular endothelium promotes the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Targeting endothelial NF-κB may provide a novel strategy to limit chronic inflammation. OBJECTIVE To examine the role of microRNA-181b (miR-181b) in endothelial NF-κB signaling and effects on atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS MiR-181b expression was reduced in the aortic intima and plasma in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a high-fat diet. Correspondingly, circulating miR-181b in the plasma was markedly reduced in human subjects with coronary artery disease. Systemic delivery of miR-181b resulted in a 2.3-fold overexpression of miR-181b in the aortic intima of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice and suppressed NF-κB signaling revealed by bioluminescence imaging and reduced target gene expression in the aortic arch in apolipoprotein E-deficient/NF-κB-luciferase transgenic mice. MiR-181b significantly inhibited atherosclerotic lesion formation, proinflammatory gene expression and the influx of lesional macrophages and CD4+ T cells in the vessel wall. Mechanistically, miR-181b inhibited the expression of the target gene importin-α3, an effect that reduced NF-κB nuclear translocation specifically in the vascular endothelium of lesions, whereas surprisingly leukocyte NF-κB signaling was unaffected despite a 7-fold overexpression of miR-181b. Our findings uncover that NF-κB nuclear translocation in leukocytes does not involve importin-α3, but rather importin-α5, which miR-181b does not target, highlighting that inhibition of NF-κB signaling in the endothelium is sufficient to mediate miR-181b's protective effects. CONCLUSIONS Systemic delivery of miR-181b inhibits the activation of NF-κB and atherosclerosis through cell-specific mechanisms in the vascular endothelium. These findings support the rationale that delivery of miR-181b may provide a novel therapeutic approach to treat chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinghui Sun
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (X.S., S.H., A.K.M.W., B.I., E.S., Y.T., N.B., G.K.S., K.C., M.W.F.); Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.H., D.L.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.S.B.)
| | - Shaolin He
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (X.S., S.H., A.K.M.W., B.I., E.S., Y.T., N.B., G.K.S., K.C., M.W.F.); Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.H., D.L.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.S.B.)
| | - A K M Wara
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (X.S., S.H., A.K.M.W., B.I., E.S., Y.T., N.B., G.K.S., K.C., M.W.F.); Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.H., D.L.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.S.B.)
| | - Basak Icli
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (X.S., S.H., A.K.M.W., B.I., E.S., Y.T., N.B., G.K.S., K.C., M.W.F.); Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.H., D.L.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.S.B.)
| | - Eugenia Shvartz
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (X.S., S.H., A.K.M.W., B.I., E.S., Y.T., N.B., G.K.S., K.C., M.W.F.); Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.H., D.L.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.S.B.)
| | - Yevgenia Tesmenitsky
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (X.S., S.H., A.K.M.W., B.I., E.S., Y.T., N.B., G.K.S., K.C., M.W.F.); Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.H., D.L.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.S.B.)
| | - Nathan Belkin
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (X.S., S.H., A.K.M.W., B.I., E.S., Y.T., N.B., G.K.S., K.C., M.W.F.); Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.H., D.L.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.S.B.)
| | - Dazhu Li
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (X.S., S.H., A.K.M.W., B.I., E.S., Y.T., N.B., G.K.S., K.C., M.W.F.); Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.H., D.L.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.S.B.)
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (X.S., S.H., A.K.M.W., B.I., E.S., Y.T., N.B., G.K.S., K.C., M.W.F.); Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.H., D.L.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.S.B.)
| | - Galina K Sukhova
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (X.S., S.H., A.K.M.W., B.I., E.S., Y.T., N.B., G.K.S., K.C., M.W.F.); Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.H., D.L.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.S.B.)
| | - Kevin Croce
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (X.S., S.H., A.K.M.W., B.I., E.S., Y.T., N.B., G.K.S., K.C., M.W.F.); Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.H., D.L.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.S.B.)
| | - Mark W Feinberg
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (X.S., S.H., A.K.M.W., B.I., E.S., Y.T., N.B., G.K.S., K.C., M.W.F.); Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.H., D.L.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.S.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R)-associated factor (TRAF) family of intracellular proteins were originally identified as signaling adaptors that bind directly to the cytoplasmic regions of receptors of the TNF-R superfamily. The past decade has witnessed rapid expansion of receptor families identified to employ TRAFs for signaling. These include Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), T cell receptor, IL-1 receptor family, IL-17 receptors, IFN receptors and TGFβ receptors. In addition to their role as adaptor proteins, most TRAFs also act as E3 ubiquitin ligases to activate downstream signaling events. TRAF-dependent signaling pathways typically lead to the activation of nuclear factor-κBs (NF-κBs), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), or interferon-regulatory factors (IRFs). Compelling evidence obtained from germ-line and cell-specific TRAF-deficient mice demonstrates that each TRAF plays indispensable and non-redundant physiological roles, regulating innate and adaptive immunity, embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, stress response, and bone metabolism. Notably, mounting evidence implicates TRAFs in the pathogenesis of human diseases such as cancers and autoimmune diseases, which has sparked new appreciation and interest in TRAF research. This review presents an overview of the current knowledge of TRAFs, with an emphasis on recent findings concerning TRAF molecules in signaling and in human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Nelson Labs Room B336, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
The developmental origins of the metabolic syndrome have been established through the consistent observation that small-for-gestational age and large-for-gestational age fetuses have an increased risk for hypertension and related metabolic disorders later in life. These phenotypes have been reproduced in various species subjected to a range of intrauterine insults and ongoing research is directed towards understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms. Current evidence suggests that the creation of a pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant intrauterine milieu is a common thread among prenatal factors that have an impact upon fetal size. Furthermore, studies demonstrate that a shift in fetal redox status consequent to environmental cues persists after birth and drives the progression of vascular dysfunction and hypertension in postnatal life. TLR (Toll-like receptor) signalling has emerged as a key link between inflammation and oxidative stress and a pathogenic contributor to hypertension, insulin resistance and obesity, in both human patients and animal models of disease. Thus TLR activation and dysregulation of its signalling components represent potential molecular underpinnings of programmed hypertension and related disorders in those subjected to suboptimal intrauterine conditions, yet their contributions to developmental programming remain unexplored. We propose that danger signals mobilized by the placenta or fetal tissues during complicated pregnancy activate the fetal innate immune system through TLRs and thereby potentiate the generation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and orchestrate fetal adaptive responses, including changes in gene expression, which later translate to vascular dysfunction. Furthermore, we suggest that, after birth, continual activation of TLR signalling propagates vascular oxidative stress and thereby accelerates the advancement of hypertension and heart failure.
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
A number of widespread and devastating chronic diseases, including atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease, have a pathophysiologically important inflammatory component. In these diseases, the precise identity of the inflammatory stimulus is often unknown and, if known, is difficult to remove. Thus, there is interest in therapeutically targeting the inflammatory response. Although there has been success with anti-inflammatory therapy in chronic diseases triggered by primary inflammation dysregulation or autoimmunity, there are considerable limitations. In particular, the inflammatory response is critical for survival. As a result, redundancy, compensatory pathways, and necessity narrow the risk:benefit ratio of anti-inflammatory drugs. However, new advances in understanding inflammatory signaling and its links to resolution pathways, together with new drug development, offer promise in this area of translational biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ira Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Christopher K. Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093–0651, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
|