1
|
Li M, Sun Y, Liu B, Xue Y, Zhu M, Zhang K, Jing Y, Ding H, Liang Y, Zhou H, Dong C. Association between plasma maresin 1 and the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in Chinese adults: A community-based cohort study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2024; 34:1631-1638. [PMID: 38653673 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2024.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS It has been reported that maresin 1 (MaR1) is able to protect against the development of atherogenesis in cellular and animal models. This study was performed to investigate whether plasma MaR1 is associated with the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) at the population level. METHODS AND RESULTS The study included 2822 non-ASCVD participants from a community-based cohort who were followed for about 8 years. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for ASCVD events according to baseline MaR1 quartiles were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model. During follow-up, a total of 290 new ASCVD cases were identified. The restricted cubic spline analysis indicated a linear dose-response association between plasma MaR1 and incident ASCVD. In addition, the adjusted-HR (95% CI) for ASCVD events associated with one standard deviation increase in MaR1 was 0.79 (0.68-0.91). Moreover, the adjusted-HRs (95% CIs) for ASCVD events associated with the second, third and fourth quartiles versus the first quartile of plasma MaR1 were 1.00, 1.04 (0.76, 1.42), 0.88 (0.64, 1.22) and 0.58 (0.41, 0.84), respectively. Mediation analyses showed that the association between MaR1 and incident ASCVD was partially mediated by small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, with a mediation proportion of 9.23%. Further, the net reclassification improvement and integrated discrimination improvement of ASCVD risk were significantly improved when MaR1 was added to basic model established by conventional risk factors (all p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Elevated plasma MaR1 concentrations are associated with a lower risk of ASCVD development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory and Translational Medicine for Chronic Non-communicable Disease, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Yajun Sun
- Huai'an No 3 People's Hospital, Huai'an, China
| | - Bingyue Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory and Translational Medicine for Chronic Non-communicable Disease, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Yong Xue
- Huai'an No 3 People's Hospital, Huai'an, China
| | - Mengya Zhu
- Huai'an No 3 People's Hospital, Huai'an, China
| | - Kexin Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory and Translational Medicine for Chronic Non-communicable Disease, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Yang Jing
- Suzhou Industrial Park Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Soochow, China
| | - Hongzhan Ding
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory and Translational Medicine for Chronic Non-communicable Disease, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Yanyu Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory and Translational Medicine for Chronic Non-communicable Disease, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Suzhou Industrial Park Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Soochow, China.
| | - Chen Dong
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory and Translational Medicine for Chronic Non-communicable Disease, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Haybar H, Sarbazjoda E, Purrahman D, Mahmoudian-Sani MR, Saki N. The prognostic potential of long noncoding RNA XIST in cardiovascular diseases: a review. Per Med 2024; 21:257-269. [PMID: 38889283 DOI: 10.1080/17410541.2024.2360380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
There is a significant mortality rate associated with cardiovascular disease despite advances in treatment. long Non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a critical role in many biological processes and their dysregulation is associated with a wide range of diseases in which their downstream pathways are disrupted. A lncRNA X-inactive specific transcript (XIST) is well known as a factor that regulates the physiological process of chromosome dosage compensation for females. According to recent studies, lncRNA XIST is involved in a variety of cellular processes, including apoptosis, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, oxidative stress and inflammation, through molecular networks with microRNAs and their downstream targets in neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases. Because these cellular processes play a role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, we aim to investigate the role that lncRNA XIST plays in this process. Additionally, we wish to determine whether it is a prognostic factor or a potential therapeutic target in these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Habib Haybar
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Sarbazjoda
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz,Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Daryush Purrahman
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz,Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Mahmoudian-Sani
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz,Iran
| | - Najmaldin Saki
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz,Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kajiwara K, Sawa Y. Overexpression of SGLT2 in the kidney of a P. gingivalis LPS-induced diabetic nephropathy mouse model. BMC Nephrol 2021; 22:287. [PMID: 34425759 PMCID: PMC8383391 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-021-02506-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The overexpression of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) in diabetic kidneys has been reported. It has also been established that the diabetic glomerular endothelium expresses the toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4. The present study aims to examine the renal SGLT2 induction by the TLR2/4 ligand Porphyromonas (P.) gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (Pg-LPS) in mouse diabetic nephropathy. Methods Immunohistochemical study and tissue RT-PCR analyses were performed on mouse kidneys in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic ICR mice (STZ-ICR), in healthy ICR mice administered Pg-LPS (LPS-ICR), and in diabetic ICR mouse kidneys with Pg-LPS-induced nephropathy (LPS-STZ). Results In the quantitative analysis of blood sugar levels, the mean time to reach 600 mg/dl was shorter in the LPS-STZ than in the STZ-ICR kidneys. The rise in blood glucose levels was significantly steeper in the LPS-STZ than in the STZ-ICR kidneys. According to these data the LPS-STZ model suggests a marked glucose intolerance. The expression of SGLT2 was significantly stronger in the whole of the renal parenchyma of the LPS-STZ than in the LPS-ICR or in the STZ-ICR. The expression of SGLT2 was observed both in the renal tubules and around the renal tubules, and in the glomeruli of the LPS-STZ kidneys. In the analysis by tissue real-time PCR and cell ELISA, the expression of the SGLT2 gene and protein was significantly stronger in the LPS-STZ than in the LPS-ICR or in the STZ-ICR. There were no differences in the renal SGLT2 production in the LPS-ICR and the STZ-ICR kidneys. Conclusions Abnormally high renal expression of SGLT2 occurs in diabetic kidneys with P. gingivalis LPS. Periodontitis may be an exacerbating factor in diabetic nephropathy as well as in diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Kajiwara
- Department of Oral Growth & Development, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Sawa
- Department of Oral Function & Anatomy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, Kita-ku, 700-0914, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kajiwara K, Sawa Y, Fujita T, Tamaoki S. Immunohistochemical study for the expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules, and FGF23 and ACE2 in P. gingivalis LPS-induced diabetic nephropathy. BMC Nephrol 2021; 22:3. [PMID: 33407253 PMCID: PMC7786162 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-02203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study aims to examine the expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules and renal metabolic factors in diabetic mouse kidneys with periodontal pathogen Pg-LPS-induced nephropathy. Background We recently reported that the glomerular endothelium expresses toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 in diabetic environments and TLR2/4 ligand Porphyromonas (P.) gingivalis lipopolysaccharides (Pg-LPS) induce nephropathy in diabetic mice. It is thought that Pg-LPS promotes the chronic inflammation with the overexpression of leukocyte adhesion molecules and renal-specific metabolic enzymes by the recognition of Pg-LPS via TLR in the diabetic kidneys. There have been no reports of the effects of periodontopathic bacteria on the expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules and the accumulation of physiologically active substances in the kidney. Methods The immunohistochemical investigation was performed on diabetic mouse kidney with Pg-LPS-induced nephropathy with glomerulosclerosis in glomeruli. Results There were no vessels which expressed vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin, or fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic ICR mice (STZ-ICR), or in healthy ICR mice administered Pg-LPS (LPS-ICR). However, in diabetic ICR mouse kidneys with Pg-LPS-induced nephropathy (LPS-STZ) the expression of VCAM-1 and the accumulation of FGF23 were observed in renal tubules and glomeruli, and the expression of E-selectin was observed in renal parenchyma and glomeruli. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was detected in the proximal tubules but not in other regions of ICR, STZ-ICR, or LPS-ICR. In LPS-STZ ACE2 was detected both in renal tubules as well as in glomeruli. The Mac-1 and podoplanin-positive cells increased in the renal parenchyma with diabetic condition and there was the distribution of a large number of Mac-1-positive cells in LPS-STZ. Conclusions The Pg-LPS may induce diabetic renal inflammation such as glomerulosclerosis and tubulitis with infiltration of Mac-1/podoplanin positive macrophages via glomerular overexpression of VCAM-1 and E-selectin, resulting in accumulation of both ACE2 and FGF23 which were unmetabolized with the inflammation-induced kidney damage under the diabetic condition. Periodontitis may be a critical factor in the progress of nephropathy in diabetic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Kajiwara
- Department of Oral Growth & Development, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Sawa
- Department of Oral Function & Anatomy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0914, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Fujita
- Department of Oral Growth & Development, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| | - Sachio Tamaoki
- Department of Oral Growth & Development, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Notoginsenoside R1 alleviates oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced apoptosis, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress in HUVECS through modulation of XIST/miR-221-3p/TRAF6 axis. Cell Signal 2020; 76:109781. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
6
|
MiR-345-3p attenuates apoptosis and inflammation caused by oxidized low-density lipoprotein by targeting TRAF6 via TAK1/p38/NF-kB signaling in endothelial cells. Life Sci 2020; 241:117142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
7
|
Michel NA, Zirlik A, Wolf D. CD40L and Its Receptors in Atherothrombosis-An Update. Front Cardiovasc Med 2017; 4:40. [PMID: 28676852 PMCID: PMC5477003 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CD40L (CD154), a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, is a co-stimulatory molecule that was first discovered on activated T cells. Beyond its fundamental role in adaptive immunity-ligation of CD40L to its receptor CD40 is a prerequisite for B cell activation and antibody production-evidence from more than two decades has expanded our understanding of CD40L as a powerful modulator of inflammatory pathways. Although inhibition of CD40L with neutralizing antibodies has induced life-threatening side effects in clinical trials, the discovery of cell-specific effects and novel receptors with distinct functional consequences has opened a new path for therapies that specifically target detrimental properties of CD40L. Here, we carefully evaluate the signaling network of CD40L by gene enrichment analysis and its cell-specific expression, and thoroughly discuss its role in cardiovascular pathologies with a specific emphasis on atherosclerotic and thrombotic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly Anto Michel
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Zirlik
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bale BF, Doneen AL, Vigerust DJ. High-risk periodontal pathogens contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Postgrad Med J 2016; 93:215-220. [PMID: 27899684 PMCID: PMC5520251 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2016-134279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) is generated by microorganisms. These microbes can enter the general circulation causing a bacteraemia. The result can be adverse systemic effects, which could promote conditions such as cardiovascular disease. Level A evidence supports that PD is independently associated with arterial disease. PD is a common chronic condition affecting the majority of Americans 30 years of age and older. Atherosclerosis remains the largest cause of death and disability. Studies indicate that the adverse cardiovascular effects from PD are due to a few putative or high-risk bacteria: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola or Fusobacterium nucleatum. There are three accepted essential elements in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: lipoprotein serum concentration, endothelial permeability and binding of lipoproteins in the arterial intima. There is scientific evidence that PD caused by the high-risk pathogens can influence the pathogenesis triad in an adverse manner. With this appreciation, it is reasonable to state PD, due to high-risk pathogens, is a contributory cause of atherosclerosis. Distinguishing this type of PD as causal provides a significant opportunity to reduce arterial disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Field Bale
- Texas Tech Health Science Center, School of Nursing, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Amy Lynn Doneen
- Texas Tech Health Science Center, School of Nursing, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - David John Vigerust
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Serum miR-126 and miR-146a levels in patients with acute cerebral infarction and their relationship with severity of the disease. JOURNAL OF ACUTE DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joad.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
10
|
Wang YC, Hu YW, Sha YH, Gao JJ, Ma X, Li SF, Zhao JY, Qiu YR, Lu JB, Huang C, Zhao JJ, Zheng L, Wang Q. Ox-LDL Upregulates IL-6 Expression by Enhancing NF-κB in an IGF2-Dependent Manner in THP-1 Macrophages. Inflammation 2016; 38:2116-23. [PMID: 26063187 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0194-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is well established as a vital factor in determining the risk of coronary heart disease and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Moreover, accumulating evidences have shown that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) can promote IL-6 expression in macrophages. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of how ox-LDL upregulates IL-6 expression remains largely unexplained. We found that the expression of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and IL-6 was upregulated at both the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels in a dose-dependent manner when treated with 0, 25, 50, or 100 μg/mL of ox-LDL for 48 h in THP-1 macrophages. Moreover, overexpression of IGF2 significantly upregulated NF-κB and IL-6 expressions in THP-1 macrophages. However, the upregulation of NF-κB and IL-6 expressions induced by ox-LDL were significantly abolished by IGF2 small interfering RNA (siRNA) in THP-1 macrophages. Further studies indicated the upregulation of IL-6 induced by ox-LDL could be abolished when treated with NF-κB siRNA in THP-1 macrophages. Ox-LDL might upregulate IL-6 in the cell and its secretion via enhancing NF-κB in an IGF2-dependent manner in THP-1 macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Chao Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Yan-Wei Hu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Yan-Hua Sha
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Ji-Juan Gao
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Shu-Fen Li
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Jia-Yi Zhao
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Yu-Rong Qiu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Jing-Bo Lu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Chuan Huang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhao
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kramer CD, Weinberg EO, Gower AC, He X, Mekasha S, Slocum C, Beaulieu LM, Wetzler L, Alekseyev Y, Gibson FC, Freedman JE, Ingalls RR, Genco CA. Distinct gene signatures in aortic tissue from ApoE-/- mice exposed to pathogens or Western diet. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1176. [PMID: 25540039 PMCID: PMC4367889 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease characterized by inflammation and accumulation of lipids in vascular tissue. Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cp) are associated with inflammatory atherosclerosis in humans. Similar to endogenous mediators arising from excessive dietary lipids, these Gram-negative pathogens are pro-atherogenic in animal models, although the specific inflammatory/atherogenic pathways induced by these stimuli are not well defined. In this study, we identified gene expression profiles that characterize P. gingivalis, C. pneumoniae, and Western diet (WD) at acute and chronic time points in aortas of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE-/-) mice. Results At the chronic time point, we observed that P. gingivalis was associated with a high number of unique differentially expressed genes compared to C. pneumoniae or WD. For the top 500 differentially expressed genes unique to each group, we observed a high percentage (76%) that exhibited decreased expression in P. gingivalis-treated mice in contrast to a high percentage (96%) that exhibited increased expression in WD mice. C. pneumoniae treatment resulted in approximately equal numbers of genes that exhibited increased and decreased expression. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) revealed distinct stimuli-associated phenotypes, including decreased expression of mitochondrion, glucose metabolism, and PPAR pathways in response to P. gingivalis but increased expression of mitochondrion, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, and PPAR pathways in response to C. pneumoniae; WD was associated with increased expression of immune and inflammatory pathways. DAVID analysis of gene clusters identified by two-way ANOVA at acute and chronic time points revealed a set of core genes that exhibited altered expression during the natural progression of atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice; these changes were enhanced in P. gingivalis-treated mice but attenuated in C. pneumoniae-treated mice. Notable differences in the expression of genes associated with unstable plaques were also observed among the three pro-atherogenic stimuli. Conclusions Despite the common outcome of P. gingivalis, C. pneumoniae, and WD on the induction of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis, distinct gene signatures and pathways unique to each pro-atherogenic stimulus were identified. Our results suggest that pathogen exposure results in dysregulated cellular responses that may impact plaque progression and regression pathways. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1176) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Caroline A Genco
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|