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Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhao Z, Wu X, Lin J, Li Y, Yan W, Wu Y, Shi Y, Wu X, Xue Y, He J, Liu S, Zhang X, Xu H, Tang Y, Yin S. The involvement of ADAR1 in chronic unpredictable stress-induced cognitive impairment by targeting DARPP-32 with miR-874-3p in BALB/c mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:919297. [PMID: 37123418 PMCID: PMC10132208 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.919297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Chronic stress exposure is the main environmental factor leading to cognitive impairment, but the detailed molecular mechanism is still unclear. Adenosine Deaminase acting on double-stranded RNA1(ADAR1) is involved in the occurrence of chronic stress-induced cognitive impairment. In addition, dopamine and Adenosine 3'5'-monophosphate-regulated phospho-protein (DARPP-32) gene variation affects cognitive function. Therefore, we hypothesized that ADAR1 plays a key role in chronic stress-induced cognitive impairment by acting on DARPP-32. Methods: In this study, postnatal 21-day-old male BALB/c mice were exposed to chronic unpredictable stressors. After that, the mice were treated with ADAR1 inducer/inhibitor. The cognitive ability and cerebral DARPP-32 protein expression of BALB/c mice were evaluated. In order to explore the link between ADAR1 and DARPP-32, the effects of ADAR1 high/low expression on DARPP-32 protein expression in vitro were detected. Results: ADAR1 inducer alleviates cognitive impairment and recovers decreased DARPP-32 protein expression of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in BALB/c mice with chronic unpredictable stress exposure. In vivo and in vitro studies confirm the results predicted by bio-informatics; that is, ADAR1 affects DARPP-32 expression via miR-874-3p. Discussion: The results in this study demonstrate that ADAR1 affects the expression of DARPP-32 via miR-874-3p, which is involved in the molecular mechanism of pathogenesis in chronic unpredictable stress-induced cognitive impairment. The new findings of this study provide a new therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of stress cognitive impairment from epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yingxin Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ziwei Zhao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xinyu Wu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jiabin Lin
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yufei Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Research and Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Yan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yi Wu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yanfei Shi
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xindi Wu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ying Xue
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jiaqian He
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shuqi Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hong Xu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yiyuan Tang
- College of Health Solutions, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Shengming Yin
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Shengming Yin,
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Lotsof ER, Krajewski AE, Anderson-Steele B, Rogers J, Zhang L, Yeo J, Conlon SG, Manlove AH, Lee JK, David SS. NEIL1 Recoding due to RNA Editing Impacts Lesion-Specific Recognition and Excision. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14578-14589. [PMID: 35917336 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A-to-I RNA editing is widespread in human cells but is uncommon in the coding regions of proteins outside the nervous system. An unusual target for recoding by the adenosine deaminase ADAR1 is the pre-mRNA of the base excision DNA repair enzyme NEIL1 that results in the conversion of a lysine (K) to arginine (R) within the lesion recognition loop and alters substrate specificity. Differences in base removal by unedited (UE, K242) vs edited (Ed, R242) NEIL1 were evaluated using a series of oxidatively modified DNA bases to provide insight into the chemical and structural features of the lesion base that impact isoform-specific repair. We find that UE NEIL1 exhibits higher activity than Ed NEIL1 toward the removal of oxidized pyrimidines, such as thymine glycol, uracil glycol, 5-hydroxyuracil, and 5-hydroxymethyluracil. Gas-phase calculations indicate that the relative rates in excision track with the more stable lactim tautomer and the proton affinity of N3 of the base lesion. These trends support the contribution of tautomerization and N3 protonation in NEIL1 excision catalysis of these pyrimidine base lesions. Structurally similar but distinct substrate lesions, 5-hydroxycytosine and guanidinohydantoin, are more efficiently removed by the Ed NEIL1 isoform, consistent with the inherent differences in tautomerization, proton affinities, and lability. We also observed biphasic kinetic profiles and lack of complete base removal with specific combinations of the lesion and NEIL1 isoform, suggestive of multiple lesion binding modes. The complexity of NEIL1 isoform activity implies multiple roles for NEIL1 in safeguarding accurate repair and as an epigenetic regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Lotsof
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Allison E Krajewski
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Brittany Anderson-Steele
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - JohnPatrick Rogers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Lanxin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Jongchan Yeo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Savannah G Conlon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Amelia H Manlove
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jeehiun K Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Sheila S David
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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A targetable ‘rogue’ neutrophil-subset, [CD11b+DEspR+] immunotype, is associated with severity and mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and COVID-19-ARDS. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5583. [PMID: 35379853 PMCID: PMC8977568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09343-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil-mediated secondary tissue injury underlies acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and progression to multi-organ-failure (MOF) and death, processes linked to COVID-19-ARDS. This secondary tissue injury arises from dysregulated neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) intended to kill pathogens, but instead cause cell-injury. Insufficiency of pleiotropic therapeutic approaches delineate the need for inhibitors of dysregulated neutrophil-subset(s) that induce subset-specific apoptosis critical for neutrophil function-shutdown. We hypothesized that neutrophils expressing the pro-survival dual endothelin-1/VEGF-signal peptide receptor, DEspR, are apoptosis-resistant like DEspR+ cancer-cells, hence comprise a consequential pathogenic neutrophil-subset in ARDS and COVID-19-ARDS. Here, we report the significant association of increased peripheral DEspR+CD11b+ neutrophil-counts with severity and mortality in ARDS and COVID-19-ARDS, and intravascular NET-formation, in contrast to DEspR[-] neutrophils. We detect DEspR+ neutrophils and monocytes in lung tissue patients in ARDS and COVID-19-ARDS, and increased neutrophil RNA-levels of DEspR ligands and modulators in COVID-19-ARDS scRNA-seq data-files. Unlike DEspR[-] neutrophils, DEspR+CD11b+ neutrophils exhibit delayed apoptosis, which is blocked by humanized anti-DEspR-IgG4S228P antibody, hu6g8, in ex vivo assays. Ex vivo live-cell imaging of Rhesus-derived DEspR+CD11b+ neutrophils showed hu6g8 target-engagement, internalization, and induction of apoptosis. Altogether, data identify DEspR+CD11b+ neutrophils as a targetable ‘rogue’ neutrophil-subset associated with severity and mortality in ARDS and COVID-19-ARDS.
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4
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The involvement of ADAR1 in antidepressant action by regulating BDNF via miR-432. Behav Brain Res 2021; 402:113087. [PMID: 33412228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a biomarker of depression. Recent studies have found adenosine deaminase acting on RNA1 (ADAR1) is a novel target being sensitive to stress at epigenetic level. The epigenetic regulation mechanism of stress-related depression is still unclear so far. To explore the potential regulating mechanism of ADAR1 on BDNF, over and low expression of ADAR1 in PC12 and SH-SY5Y cell lines are prepared. In the meanwhile, chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) mice are treated with ADAR1 inducer (interferon-γ, IFN-γ). ADAR1 regulates BDNF expression, which is proven by that over and low expressions of ADAR1 increase and decrease BDNF mRNA and protein respectively in vitro. Additionally, ADAR1 inducer alleviates the depressive-like behavior of CUS mice by recovering the decreased BDNF protein in brain and serum. Moreover, over and low expressions of ADAR1 reduce and enhance microRNA-432 (miR-432) expression respectively in vitro. Furtherly, over and low miR-432 expressions lead to decreased and increased BDNF and ADAR1 mRNA, protein and immunoreactivity respectively in vitro. The above results demonstrate that ADAR1 is involved in antidepressant action by regulating BDNF via miR-432. Those novel findings can provide a new idea for the study of epigenetic regulation mechanism, early diagnosis, and effective treatment of stress-related depression.
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Olaniyi KS, Sabinari IW, Olatunji LA. Oral L-glutamine rescues fructose-induced poor fetal outcome by preventing placental triglyceride and uric acid accumulation in Wistar rats. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05863. [PMID: 33426346 PMCID: PMC7777114 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic adaptation of pregnant mothers is crucial for placental development and fetal growth/survival. However, evidence exists that indiscriminate consumption of fructose-enriched drink (FED) during pregnancy disrupts maternal-fetal metabolic tolerance with attendant adverse fetal outcomes. Glutamine supplementation (GLN) has been shown to exert a modulatory effect in metabolic disorders. Nevertheless, the effects of GLN on FED-induced poor fetal outcome, and in particular the impacts on placental uric acid/lipid accumulation are unknown. The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that oral GLN improves fetal outcome by attenuating placental lipid accumulation and uric acid synthesis in pregnant rats exposed to FED. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pregnant Wistar rats (160-180 g) were randomly allotted to control, GLN, FED and FED + GLN groups (6 rats/group). The groups received vehicle by oral gavage, glutamine (1 g/kg) by oral gavage, fructose (10%; w/v) and fructose + glutamine, respectively, through gestation. RESULTS Data showed that FED during pregnancy caused placental inefficiency, reduced fetal growth, and caused insulin resistance with correspondent increase in fasting blood glucose and plasma insulin. FED also resulted in an increased placental triglyceride, total cholesterol and de novo uric acid synthesis by activating adenosine deaminase and xanthine oxidase activities. Moreover, FED during pregnancy led to increased lipid peroxidation, lactate production with correspondent decreased adenosine and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-dependent antioxidant defense. These alterations were abrogated by GLN supplementation. CONCLUSION These findings implicate that high FED intake during pregnancy causes poor fetal outcome via defective placental uric acid/triglyceride-dependent mechanism. The findings also suggest that oral GLN improves fetal outcome by ameliorating placental defects through suppression of uric acid/triglyceride accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde Samuel Olaniyi
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Isaiah Woru Sabinari
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Lawrence Aderemi Olatunji
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
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Wang XL, Yan R, Zhang Z, Cong GZ, Yi ZJ, Leng YP, Chen AF. Endothelial cell-specific deficiency of the adenosine deaminase ADAR1 aggravates LPS-induced lung injury in mice via an MDA5-independent pathway. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2182-2182. [PMID: 32049361 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) has been shown to participate in the regulation of endothelial cells (ECs), as well as local and systemic inflammatory responses. Here, we find that bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced upregulation of ADAR1 in lung ECs is impaired in aged mice, an animal model with high rates of sepsis and mortality. Endothelial cell-specific ADAR1 knockout (ADAR1ECKO ) mice suffer from higher mortality rates, aggravated lung injury, and increased vascular permeability under LPS challenge. In primary ADAR1 knockout ECs, expression of the melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), a downstream effector of ADAR1, is significantly elevated. MDA5 knockout completely rescues the postnatal offspring death of ADAR1ECKO mice. However, there is no reduction in mortality or apoptosis in lung cells of ADAR1ECKO /MDA5-/- mice challenged with LPS, indicating the involvement of an MDA5-independent mechanism in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lin Wang
- Center for Vascular Disease and Translational Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ru Yan
- Heart Centre, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Center for Vascular Disease and Translational Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guang-Zhi Cong
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhong-Jie Yi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi-Ping Leng
- Center for Vascular Disease and Translational Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Alex F Chen
- Center for Vascular Disease and Translational Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute for Cardiovascular Development and Regeneration, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China
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7
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ADAR1p150 regulates the biosynthesis and function of miRNA-149* in human melanoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 523:900-907. [PMID: 31959472 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive malignant skin tumor. Study found that miR-149* was abnormally expressed in melanoma. Adenosine deaminases acting on the RNA1 (ADAR1) is an RNA editing enzyme. It can change the structure and function of miRNA. In this study, we investigate the role of ADAR1 in regulation of miRNA-149* in melanoma. Western-blot analysis was used to analyze the expression of ADAR1p150, ADAR1p110 and GSK3α at protein level. The expression of ADAR1p150, miR-149* and GSK3α at mRNA level were detected using qRT-PCR. Co-immunoprecipitation test was then performed to determine the interaction between ADAR1 and Dicer. Target verification of miRNA-149*/GSK3α was carried out using luciferase reporter assay. CCK-8 was used to detect cell proliferation. Cell apoptosis was tested using Tunel assays. The expression level of ADAR1p150 was found to be increased in human melanoma tissues, but not ADAR1p110. There was a direct interaction between ADAR1p150 and Dicer in melanoma cells. MiRNA-149* was significantly up-regulated in melanoma tissues and melanoma cells. Luciferase reporter assay suggested that GSK3α was a directly target of miR-149*. The expression level of miR-149* showed a positive correlation with ADAR1p150. At the same time, ADAR1p150 expression was negatively correlated with the expression of GSK3α. ADAR1p150 promoted proliferation of melanoma cells and inhibited cell apoptosis. ADAR1p150 can promote the biosynthesis and function of miRNA-149* in melanoma cells which makes it be considered as both a bio-marker and a therapeutic target for treatment of melanoma.
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Olaniyi KS, Olatunji LA. Oral ethinylestradiol–levonorgestrel normalizes fructose-induced hepatic lipid accumulation and glycogen depletion in female rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 97:1042-1052. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of oral ethinylestradiol–levonorgestrel (EEL) on hepatic lipid and glycogen contents during high fructose (HF) intake, and determined whether pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK-4) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity were involved in HF and (or) EEL-induced hepatic dysmetabolism. Female Wistar rats weighing 140–160 g were divided into groups. The control, EEL, HF, and EEL+HF groups received water (vehicle, p.o.), 1.0 μg ethinylestradiol plus 5.0 μg levonorgestrel (p.o.), fructose (10% w/v), and EEL plus HF, respectively, on a daily basis for 8 weeks. Results revealed that treatment with EEL or HF led to insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, increased hepatic uric acid production and triglyceride content, reduced glycogen content, and reduced production of plasma or hepatic glutathione- and G6PD-dependent antioxidants. HF but not EEL also increased fasting glucose and hepatic PDK-4. Nonetheless, these alterations were attenuated by EEL in HF-treated rats. Our results demonstrate that hepatic lipid accumulation and glycogen depletion induced by HF is accompanied by increased PDK-4 and defective G6PD activity. The findings also suggest that EEL would attenuate hepatic lipid accumulation and glycogen depletion by suppression of PDK-4 and enhancement of a G6PD-dependent antioxidant barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde Samuel Olaniyi
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Lawrence Aderemi Olatunji
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
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9
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Zhang X, Gao X, Hu J, Xie Y, Zuo Y, Xu H, Zhu S. ADAR1p150 Forms a Complex with Dicer to Promote miRNA-222 Activity and Regulate PTEN Expression in CVB3-Induced Viral Myocarditis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020407. [PMID: 30669342 PMCID: PMC6359435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADAR) are enzymes that regulate RNA metabolism through post-transcriptional mechanisms. ADAR1 is involved in a variety of pathological conditions including inflammation, cancer, and the host defense against viral infections. However, the role of ADAR1p150 in vascular disease remains unclear. In this study, we examined the expression of ADAR1p150 and its role in viral myocarditis (VMC) in a mouse model. VMC mouse cardiomyocytes showed significantly higher expression of ADAR1p150 compared to the control samples. Coimmunoprecipitation verified that ADAR1p150 forms a complex with Dicer in VMC. miRNA-222, which is involved in many cardiac diseases, is highly expressed in cardiomyocytes in VMC. In addition, the expression of miRNA-222 was promoted by ADAR1p150/Dicer. Among the target genes of miRNA-222, the expression of phosphatase-and-tensin (PTEN) protein was significantly reduced in VMC. By using a bioinformatics tool, we found a potential binding site of miRNA-222 on the PTEN gene’s 3′-UTR, suggesting that miRNA-222 might play a regulatory role. In cultured cells, miR-222 suppressed PTEN expression. Our findings suggest that ADAR1p150 plays a key role in complexing with Dicer and promoting the expression of miRNA-222, the latter of which suppresses the expression of the target gene PTEN during VMC. Our work reveals a previously unknown role of ADAR1p150 in gene expression in VMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xincai Zhang
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China.
| | - Xiangting Gao
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 215021, China.
| | - Jun Hu
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China.
| | - Yuxin Xie
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China.
| | - Yuanyi Zuo
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China.
| | - Hongfei Xu
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China.
| | - Shaohua Zhu
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China.
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Olaniyi KS, Olatunji LA. Oral ethinylestradiol-levonorgestrel attenuates cardiac glycogen and triglyceride accumulation in high fructose female rats by suppressing pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 392:89-101. [PMID: 30276420 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1568-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fructose (FRU) intake has increased dramatically in recent decades with a corresponding increased incidence of insulin resistance (IR), particularly in young adults. The use of oral ethinylestradiol-levonorgestrel (EEL) formulation is also common among young women worldwide. The present study aimed at determining the effect of EEL on high fructose-induced cardiac triglyceride (TG) and glycogen accumulation. The study also investigated the possible involvement of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK-4) in EEL and/or high fructose metabolic effects on the heart. Ten-week-old female Wistar rats were allotted into four groups. The control, EEL, FRU, and EEL + FRU rats received distilled water (vehicle, p.o.), 1.0 μg ethinylestradiol plus 5.0 μg levonorgestrel (p.o.), 10% fructose (w/v), and 1.0 μg ethinylestradiol plus 5.0 μg levonorgestrel and 10% fructose, respectively, daily for 8 weeks. Data showed that EEL or high fructose caused IR' impaired glucose tolerance' hyperlipidemia' increased plasma lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, PDK-4, uric acid, xanthine oxidase (XO), adenosine deaminase (ADA), malondialdehyde (MDA), cardiac uric acid, TG, TG/HDL- cholesterol, glycogen synthesis, MDA, and visceral fat content and reduced glutathione. High fructose also resulted in impaired pancreatic β-cell function, hyperglycemia, and increased cardiac PDK-4, lactate synthesis, and mass. Nonetheless, these alterations were ameliorated in EEL plus high fructose rats. This study demonstrates that high fructose-induced myocardial TG and glycogen accumulation is attributable to increased PDK-4. Besides, EEL could be a useful pharmacological utility for protection against cardiac dysmetabolism by inhibiting PDK-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde Samuel Olaniyi
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, 240001, Nigeria
| | - Lawrence Aderemi Olatunji
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, 240001, Nigeria.
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11
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Peng L, Zhang H, Su Y, Shen Q, Du C, Xie H, Li H, Yan J, Shen Z, Jiang W, Xia Y, Xu X, Tang W. Lipopolysaccharide enhances ADAR2 which drives Hirschsprung's disease by impairing miR-142-3p biogenesis. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:4045-4055. [PMID: 29956457 PMCID: PMC6111854 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Researches over the past decade suggest that lipopolysaccharide is a dominant driver of gastrointestinal motility and could damage the enteric neuron of rat or porcine. However, it remains poorly defined whether LPS participates in Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR). Here, we discovered that LPS increased in HSCR tissues. Furthermore, LPS treatment suppressed the proliferation and differentiation of neural precursor cells (NPCs) or proliferation and migration of human 293T cells. ADAR2 (adenosine deaminase acting on RNA2)‐mediated post‐transcriptional adenosine‐to‐inosine RNA editing promotes cancer progression. We show that increased LPS activates ADAR2 and subsequently regulates the A‐to‐I RNA editing which suppresses the miR‐142 expression. RNA sequencing combined with qRT‐PCR suggested that ADAR2 restrain cell migration and proliferation via pri‐miR‐142 editing and STAU1 up‐regulation. In conclusion, the findings illustrate that LPS participates in HSCR through the LPS‐ADAR2‐miR‐142‐STAU1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 Peoples Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Qiyang Shen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunxia Du
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Xie
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxing Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyang Shen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yankai Xia
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoqun Xu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weibing Tang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Liu X, Huang K, Hou Q, Sun Z, Wang B, Lin G, Li D, Liu Y, Xu X, Hu C. Identification and characterization of a constitutively expressed Ctenopharyngodon idella ADAR1 splicing isoform (CiADAR1a). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 63:10-17. [PMID: 27185203 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As one member of ADAR family, ADAR1 (adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1) can convert adenosine to inosine within dsRNA. There are many ADAR1 splicing isoforms in mammals, including an interferon (IFN) inducible ∼150 kD protein (ADAR1-p150) and a constitutively expressed ∼110 kD protein (ADAR1-p110). The structural diversity of ADAR1 splicing isoforms may reflect their multiple functions. ADAR1 splicing isoforms were also found in fish. In our previous study, we have cloned and identified two different grass carp ADAR1 splicing isoforms, i.e. CiADAR1 and CiADAR1-like, both of them are IFN-inducible proteins. In this paper, we identified a novel CiADAR1 splicing isoform gene (named CiADAR1a). CiADAR1a gene contains 15 exons and 14 introns. Its full-length cDNA is comprised of a 5' UTR (359 bp), a 3' UTR (229 bp) and a 2952 bp ORF encoding a polypeptide of 983 amino acids with one Z-DNA binding domain, three dsRNA binding motifs and a highly conserved hydrolytic deamination domain. CiADAR1a was constitutively expressed in Ctenopharyngodon idella kidney (CIK) cells regardless of Poly I:C stimulation by Western blot assay. In normal condition, CiADAR1a was found to be present mainly in the nucleus. After treatment with Poly I:C, it gradually shifted to cytoplasm. To further investigate the mechanism of transcriptional regulation of CiADAR1a, we cloned and identified its promoter sequence. The transcriptional start site of CiADAR1a is mapped within the truncated exon 2. CiADAR1a promoter is 1303 bp in length containing 4 IRF-Es. In the present study, we constructed pcDNA3.1 eukaryotic expression vectors with IRF1 and IRF3 and co-transfected them with pGL3-CiADAR1a promoter into CIK cells. The results showed that neither the over-expression of IRF1 or IRF3 nor Poly I:C stimulation significantly impacted CiADAR1a promoter activity in CIK cells. Together, according to the molecular and expression characteristics, subcellular localization and transcriptional regulatory mechanism, we deduced that CiADAR1a shared a high degree of homology with mammalian ADAR1-p110.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiancheng Liu
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Keyi Huang
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Qunhao Hou
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhicheng Sun
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Binhua Wang
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Dongming Li
- Fuzhou Medical College, Nanchang University, Fuzhou 344000, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Chengyu Hu
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
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13
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Stellos K, Gatsiou A, Stamatelopoulos K, Perisic Matic L, John D, Lunella FF, Jaé N, Rossbach O, Amrhein C, Sigala F, Boon RA, Fürtig B, Manavski Y, You X, Uchida S, Keller T, Boeckel JN, Franco-Cereceda A, Maegdefessel L, Chen W, Schwalbe H, Bindereif A, Eriksson P, Hedin U, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing controls cathepsin S expression in atherosclerosis by enabling HuR-mediated post-transcriptional regulation. Nat Med 2016; 22:1140-1150. [PMID: 27595325 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing, which is catalyzed by a family of adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) enzymes, is important in the epitranscriptomic regulation of RNA metabolism. However, the role of A-to-I RNA editing in vascular disease is unknown. Here we show that cathepsin S mRNA (CTSS), which encodes a cysteine protease associated with angiogenesis and atherosclerosis, is highly edited in human endothelial cells. The 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of the CTSS transcript contains two inverted repeats, the AluJo and AluSx+ regions, which form a long stem-loop structure that is recognized by ADAR1 as a substrate for editing. RNA editing enables the recruitment of the stabilizing RNA-binding protein human antigen R (HuR; encoded by ELAVL1) to the 3' UTR of the CTSS transcript, thereby controlling CTSS mRNA stability and expression. In endothelial cells, ADAR1 overexpression or treatment of cells with hypoxia or with the inflammatory cytokines interferon-γ and tumor-necrosis-factor-α induces CTSS RNA editing and consequently increases cathepsin S expression. ADAR1 levels and the extent of CTSS RNA editing are associated with changes in cathepsin S levels in patients with atherosclerotic vascular diseases, including subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, aortic aneurysms and advanced carotid atherosclerotic disease. These results reveal a previously unrecognized role of RNA editing in gene expression in human atherosclerotic vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Stellos
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Center of Internal Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung; DZHK), Rhein-Main Partner Site, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Aikaterini Gatsiou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung; DZHK), Rhein-Main Partner Site, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kimon Stamatelopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ljubica Perisic Matic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David John
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung; DZHK), Rhein-Main Partner Site, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Federica Francesca Lunella
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung; DZHK), Rhein-Main Partner Site, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nicolas Jaé
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung; DZHK), Rhein-Main Partner Site, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Oliver Rossbach
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carolin Amrhein
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Frangiska Sigala
- Department of Vascular Surgery, 1st Propaedeutic Department of Surgery, Hippocratio General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Reinier A Boon
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung; DZHK), Rhein-Main Partner Site, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Boris Fürtig
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yosif Manavski
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung; DZHK), Rhein-Main Partner Site, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Xintian You
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shizuka Uchida
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung; DZHK), Rhein-Main Partner Site, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Till Keller
- Department of Cardiology, Center of Internal Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung; DZHK), Rhein-Main Partner Site, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jes-Niels Boeckel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung; DZHK), Rhein-Main Partner Site, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anders Franco-Cereceda
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wei Chen
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Per Eriksson
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas M Zeiher
- Department of Cardiology, Center of Internal Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung; DZHK), Rhein-Main Partner Site, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung; DZHK), Rhein-Main Partner Site, Frankfurt, Germany
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14
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Detection of canonical A-to-G editing events at 3' UTRs and microRNA target sites in human lungs using next-generation sequencing. Oncotarget 2016; 6:35726-36. [PMID: 26486088 PMCID: PMC4742137 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification of RNA. The majority of these changes result from adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADARs) catalyzing the conversion of adenosine residues to inosine in double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs). Massively parallel sequencing has enabled the identification of RNA editing sites in human transcriptomes. In this study, we sequenced DNA and RNA from human lungs and identified RNA editing sites with high confidence via a computational pipeline utilizing stringent analysis thresholds. We identified a total of 3,447 editing sites that overlapped in three human lung samples, and with 50% of these sites having canonical A-to-G base changes. Approximately 27% of the edited sites overlapped with Alu repeats, and showed A-to-G clustering (>3 clusters in 100 bp). The majority of edited sites mapped to either 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) or introns close to splice sites; whereas, only few sites were in exons resulting in non-synonymous amino acid changes. Interestingly, we identified 652 A-to-G editing events in the 3′ UTR of 205 target genes that mapped to 932 potential miRNA target binding sites. Several of these miRNA edited sites were validated in silico. Additionally, we validated several A-to-G edited sites by Sanger sequencing. Altogether, our study suggests a role for RNA editing in miRNA-mediated gene regulation and splicing in human lungs. In this study, we have generated a RNA editome of human lung tissue that can be compared with other RNA editomes across different lung tissues to delineate a role for RNA editing in normal and diseased states.
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15
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Blango MG, Bass BL. Identification of the long, edited dsRNAome of LPS-stimulated immune cells. Genome Res 2016; 26:852-62. [PMID: 27197207 PMCID: PMC4889969 DOI: 10.1101/gr.203992.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) must be intricately regulated in mammals to prevent aberrant activation of host inflammatory pathways by cytosolic dsRNA binding proteins. Here, we define the long, endogenous dsRNA repertoire in mammalian macrophages and monocytes during the inflammatory response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Hyperediting by adenosine deaminases that act on RNA (ADAR) enzymes was quantified over time using RNA-seq data from activated mouse macrophages to identify 342 Editing Enriched Regions (EERs), indicative of highly structured dsRNA. Analysis of publicly available data sets for samples of human peripheral blood monocytes resulted in discovery of 3438 EERs in the human transcriptome. Human EERs had predicted secondary structures that were significantly more stable than those of mouse EERs and were located primarily in introns, whereas nearly all mouse EERs were in 3' UTRs. Seventy-four mouse EER-associated genes contained an EER in the orthologous human gene, although nucleotide sequence and position were only rarely conserved. Among these conserved EER-associated genes were several TNF alpha-signaling genes, including Sppl2a and Tnfrsf1b, important for processing and recognition of TNF alpha, respectively. Using publicly available data and experimental validation, we found that a significant proportion of EERs accumulated in the nucleus, a strategy that may prevent aberrant activation of proinflammatory cascades in the cytoplasm. The observation of many ADAR-edited dsRNAs in mammalian immune cells, a subset of which are in orthologous genes of mouse and human, suggests a conserved role for these structured regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Blango
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Brenda L Bass
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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16
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Bravo-Tobar ID, Nello-Pérez C, Fernández A, Mogollón N, Pérez MC, Verde J, Concepción JL, Rodriguez-Bonfante C, Bonfante-Cabarcas R. ADENOSINE DEAMINASE ACTIVITY AND SERUM C-REACTIVE PROTEIN AS PROGNOSTIC MARKERS OF CHAGAS DISEASE SEVERITY. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 57:385-92. [PMID: 26603224 PMCID: PMC4660446 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000500003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a public health problem worldwide. The availability of diagnostic tools to predict the development of chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy is crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality. Here we analyze the prognostic value of adenosine deaminase serum activity (ADA) and C-reactive protein serum levels (CRP) in chagasic individuals. One hundred and ten individuals, 28 healthy and 82 chagasic patients were divided according to disease severity in phase I (n = 35), II (n = 29), and III (n = 18). A complete medical history, 12-lead electrocardiogram, chest X-ray, and M-mode echocardiogram were performed on each individual. Diagnosis of Chagas disease was confirmed by ELISA and MABA using recombinant antigens; ADA was determined spectrophotometrically and CRP by ELISA. The results have shown that CRP and ADA increased linearly in relation to disease phase, CRP being significantly higher in phase III and ADA at all phases. Also, CRP and ADA were positively correlated with echocardiographic parameters of cardiac remodeling and with electrocardiographic abnormalities, and negatively with ejection fraction. CRP and ADA were higher in patients with cardiothoracic index ≥ 50%, while ADA was higher in patients with ventricular repolarization disturbances. Finally, CRP was positively correlated with ADA. In conclusion, ADA and CRP are prognostic markers of cardiac dysfunction and remodeling in Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alí Fernández
- Hospital de Chabasquén, Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud, Chabasquén, Venezuela
| | - Nora Mogollón
- Universidade Centro Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Barquisimeto, Venezuela
| | - Mary Carmen Pérez
- Universidade Centro Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Barquisimeto, Venezuela
| | - Juan Verde
- Universidade Centro Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Barquisimeto, Venezuela
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17
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Wang B, Liu Y, Sun Z, Liu X, Mi Y, Liu D, Xu X, Hou Q, Wang F, Hu C. A splicing isoform of Ctenopharyngodon idella ADAR1 (CiADAR1-like): Genome organization, tissue specific expression and transcriptional regulation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:535-544. [PMID: 26455664 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Catalyzing the deamination of adenosine to inosine in RNA, ADAR1 (adenosine deaminase that act on RNA 1) belongs to ADAR family. In our previous work, we have cloned the complete genomic sequence of ADAR1 from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), named CiADAR1. In the process, we found a splicing isoform of CiADAR1 (CiADAR1-like). CiADAR1 and CiADAR1-like are possessed by different promoters but share a common exon 2. The complete genomic CiADAR1-like has 9 exons and 8 introns. Its full-length cDNA is comprised of a 5' UTR (417 bp), a 3' UTR (118 bp) and a 3324 bp-long ORF encoding a polypeptide of 1107 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of CiADAR1-like contains two Z-DNA binding domains, three dsRNA binding motifs and a truncate catalytic domain. CiADAR1-like shared higher homology with Danio rerio ADAR1 and lower homology with HsADAR1-like in phylogenetic tree. qRT-PCR showed that CiADAR1-like were ubiquitously expressed and significantly up-regulated after stimulation with Poly I:C. Its mRNA reached the peak at 12 h post-stimulation in all tested tissues. Western-blotting experiment proved CiADAR1-like was factually expressed in C. idella kidney (CIK) cells. To further study the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of CiADAR1-like, we cloned its promoter sequence. CiADAR1-like promoter is 1173 bp in length containing 3 ISRE and 8 IRF-E. Subsequently, grass carp IRF1 (CiIRF1) and IRF3 (CiIRF3) were expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 and purified by affinity chromatography with the Ni-NTA His-Bind Resin. In vitro, CiIRF1 and CiIRF3 were able to bind to CiADAR1-like promoter with high affinity in gel mobility shift assays, revealing that IRF1 and IRF3 could be the potential transcriptional regulatory factors for CiADAR1-like. In vivo, Co-transfection of pcDNA3.1-IRF1 (or pcDNA3.1-IRF3) with pGL3-CiADAR1-like promoter into CIK cells showed that both IRF1 and IRF3 significantly increased the luciferase activity, suggesting that they play a positive role in CiADAR1-like transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhua Wang
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhicheng Sun
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xiancheng Liu
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yichuan Mi
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Qunhao Hou
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Chengyu Hu
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
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18
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Tajaddod M, Jantsch MF, Licht K. The dynamic epitranscriptome: A to I editing modulates genetic information. Chromosoma 2015; 125:51-63. [PMID: 26148686 PMCID: PMC4761006 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-015-0526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine to inosine editing (A to I editing) is a cotranscriptional process that contributes to transcriptome complexity by deamination of adenosines to inosines. Initially, the impact of A to I editing has been described for coding targets in the nervous system. Here, A to I editing leads to recoding and changes of single amino acids since inosine is normally interpreted as guanosine by cellular machines. However, more recently, new roles for A to I editing have emerged: Editing was shown to influence splicing and is found massively in Alu elements. Moreover, A to I editing is required to modulate innate immunity. We summarize the multiple ways in which A to I editing generates transcriptome variability and highlight recent findings in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoureh Tajaddod
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr Gasse 9/5, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael F Jantsch
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr Gasse 9/5, A-1030, Vienna, Austria. .,Department of Cell Biology, Center of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Konstantin Licht
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr Gasse 9/5, A-1030, Vienna, Austria.
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19
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Hood JL, Morabito MV, Martinez CR, Gilbert JA, Ferrick EA, Ayers GD, Chappell JD, Dermody TS, Emeson RB. Reovirus-mediated induction of ADAR1 (p150) minimally alters RNA editing patterns in discrete brain regions. Mol Cell Neurosci 2014; 61:97-109. [PMID: 24906008 PMCID: PMC4134954 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcripts encoding ADAR1, a double-stranded, RNA-specific adenosine deaminase involved in the adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing of mammalian RNAs, can be alternatively spliced to produce an interferon-inducible protein isoform (p150) that is up-regulated in both cell culture and in vivo model systems in response to pathogen or interferon stimulation. In contrast to other tissues, p150 is expressed at extremely low levels in the brain and it is unclear what role, if any, this isoform may play in the innate immune response of the central nervous system (CNS) or whether the extent of editing for RNA substrates critical for CNS function is affected by its induction. To investigate the expression of ADAR1 isoforms in response to viral infection and subsequent alterations in A-to-I editing profiles for endogenous ADAR targets, we used a neurotropic strain of reovirus to infect neonatal mice and quantify A-to-I editing in discrete brain regions using a multiplexed, high-throughput sequencing strategy. While intracranial injection of reovirus resulted in a widespread increase in the expression of ADAR1 (p150) in multiple brain regions and peripheral organs, significant changes in site-specific A-to-I conversion were quite limited, suggesting that steady-state levels of p150 expression are not a primary determinant for modulating the extent of editing for numerous ADAR targets in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Hood
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Michael V Morabito
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Charles R Martinez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - James A Gilbert
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Ferrick
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Gregory D Ayers
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - James D Chappell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Terence S Dermody
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Ronald B Emeson
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States.
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20
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Hassan MA, Butty V, Jensen KDC, Saeij JPJ. The genetic basis for individual differences in mRNA splicing and APOBEC1 editing activity in murine macrophages. Genome Res 2013; 24:377-89. [PMID: 24249727 PMCID: PMC3941103 DOI: 10.1101/gr.166033.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing and mRNA editing are known to contribute to transcriptome diversity. Although alternative splicing is pervasive and contributes to a variety of pathologies, including cancer, the genetic context for individual differences in isoform usage is still evolving. Similarly, although mRNA editing is ubiquitous and associated with important biological processes such as intracellular viral replication and cancer development, individual variations in mRNA editing and the genetic transmissibility of mRNA editing are equivocal. Here, we have used linkage analysis to show that both mRNA editing and alternative splicing are regulated by the macrophage genetic background and environmental cues. We show that distinct loci, potentially harboring variable splice factors, regulate the splicing of multiple transcripts. Additionally, we show that individual genetic variability at the Apobec1 locus results in differential rates of C-to-U(T) editing in murine macrophages; with mouse strains expressing mostly a truncated alternative transcript isoform of Apobec1 exhibiting lower rates of editing. As a proof of concept, we have used linkage analysis to identify 36 high-confidence novel edited sites. These results provide a novel and complementary method that can be used to identify C-to-U editing sites in individuals segregating at specific loci and show that, beyond DNA sequence and structural changes, differential isoform usage and mRNA editing can contribute to intra-species genomic and phenotypic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa A Hassan
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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21
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Prestwich EG, Mangerich A, Pang B, McFaline JL, Lonkar P, Sullivan MR, Trudel LJ, Taghizedeh K, Dedon PC. Increased levels of inosine in a mouse model of inflammation. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:538-46. [PMID: 23506120 DOI: 10.1021/tx300473n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
One possible mechanism linking inflammation with cancer involves the generation of reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and halogen species by activated macrophages and neutrophils infiltrating sites of infection or tissue damage, with these chemical mediators causing damage that ultimately leads to cell death and mutation. To determine the most biologically deleterious chemistries of inflammation, we previously assessed products across the spectrum of DNA damage arising in inflamed tissues in the SJL mouse model nitric oxide overproduction ( Pang et al. ( 2007 ) Carcinogenesis 28 , 1807 - 1813 ). Among the anticipated DNA damage chemistries, we observed significant changes only in lipid peroxidation-derived etheno adducts. We have now developed an isotope-dilution, liquid chromatography-coupled, tandem quadrupole mass spectrometric method to quantify representative species across the spectrum of RNA damage products predicted to arise at sites of inflammation, including nucleobase deamination (xanthosine and inosine), oxidation (8-oxoguanosine), and alkylation (1,N(6)-ethenoadenosine). Application of the method to the liver, spleen, and kidney from the SJL mouse model revealed generally higher levels of oxidative background RNA damage than was observed in DNA in control mice. However, compared to control mice, RcsX treatment to induce nitric oxide overproduction resulted in significant increases only in inosine and only in the spleen. Further, the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N-methylarginine, did not significantly affect the levels of inosine in control and RcsX-treated mice. The differences between DNA and RNA damage in the same animal model of inflammation point to possible influences from DNA repair, RcsX-induced alterations in adenosine deaminase activity, and differential accessibility of DNA and RNA to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as determinants of nucleic acid damage during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin G Prestwich
- Department of Biological Engineering and ‡Center for Environmental Health Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02193, United States
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A method to identify RNA A-to-I editing targets using I-specific cleavage and exon array analysis. Mol Cell Probes 2012; 27:38-45. [PMID: 22960667 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
RNA A-to-I editing is the most common single-base editing in the animal kingdom. Dysregulations of RNA A-to-I editing are associated with developmental defects in mouse and human diseases. Mouse knockout models deficient in ADAR activities show lethal phenotypes associated with defects in nervous system, failure of hematopoiesis and reduced tolerance to stress. While several methods of identifying RNA A-to-I editing sites are currently available, most of the critical editing targets responsible for the important biological functions of ADARs remain unknown. Here we report a method to systematically analyze RNA A-to-I editing targets by combining I-specific cleavage and exon array analysis. Our results show that I-specific cleavage on editing sites causes more than twofold signal reductions in edited exons of known targets such as Gria2, Htr2c, Gabra3 and Cyfip2 in mice. This method provides an experimental approach for genome-wide analysis of RNA A-to-I editing targets with exon-level resolution. We believe this method will help expedite inquiry into the roles of RNA A-to-I editing in various biological processes and diseases.
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23
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Wang Q. RNA editing catalyzed by ADAR1 and its function in mammalian cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 76:900-11. [PMID: 22022963 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911080050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In mammalian cells two active enzymes, ADAR1 and ADAR2, carry out A-to-I RNA editing. These two editases share many common features in their protein structures, catalytic activities, and substrate requirements. However, the phenotypes of the knockout animals are remarkably different, which indicate the distinct functions they play. The most striking effect of ADAR1 knockout is cell death and interruption of embryonic development that are not observed in ADAR2 knockout. Evidences have shown that ADAR1 plays critical roles in the differentiating cells in embryo and adult tissues to support the cell's survival and permit their further differentiation and maturation. However, our knowledge in understanding of the mechanism by which ADAR1 exerts its unique effects is very limited. Many efforts had been made trying to understand why ADAR1 is so important that it is indispensible for animal survival, including studies that identify the RNA editing substrates and studies on non-editing mechanisms. The interest of this review is focused on the question why ADAR1 and not ADAR2 is required for cell survival. Therefore, only the data, published and unpublished, potentially connecting ADAR1 to its cell death effect is selectively cited and discussed here. The features of cell death caused by ADAR1 deletion are summarized. Potential involvement of interferon and protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) pathways is proposed, but obviously more experimental evaluations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingde Wang
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, PA 15232, USA.
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Abstract
Hundreds of human genes express mRNAs that contain inverted repeat sequences within their 3'-UTRs. When expressed, these sequences can be promiscuously edited by ADAR enzymes, leading to the retention of mRNAs in nuclear paraspeckles. Here we discuss how this retention system can be used to regulate gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, 200031 Shanghai, China.
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25
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Berger A, Strub K. Multiple Roles of Alu-Related Noncoding RNAs. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 51:119-46. [PMID: 21287136 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-16502-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive Alu and Alu-related elements are present in primates, tree shrews (Scandentia), and rodents and have expanded to 1.3 million copies in the human genome by nonautonomous retrotransposition. Pol III transcription from these elements occurs at low levels under normal conditions but increases transiently after stress, indicating a function of Alu RNAs in cellular stress response. Alu RNAs assemble with cellular proteins into ribonucleoprotein complexes and can be processed into the smaller scAlu RNAs. Alu and Alu-related RNAs play a role in regulating transcription and translation. They provide a source for the biogenesis of miRNAs and, embedded into mRNAs, can be targeted by miRNAs. When present as inverted repeats in mRNAs, they become substrates of the editing enzymes, and their modification causes the nuclear retention of these mRNAs. Certain Alu elements evolved into unique transcription units with specific expression profiles producing RNAs with highly specific cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Berger
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
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26
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Heale BSE, Eulalio A, Schulte L, Vogel J, O'Connell MA. Analysis of A to I editing of miRNA in macrophages exposed to Salmonella. RNA Biol 2010; 7:621-7. [PMID: 21037424 DOI: 10.4161/rna.7.5.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The main mediator of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) response in macrophages is activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). This generates interferon-beta (INF-beta) production that stimulates increased expression of the RNA editing enzyme ADAR1. To determine if there is an increase in RNA editing in mature miRNA in response to TLR4 activation upon Salmonella infection of macrophages we analyzed small RNA deep sequencing data. Interestingly, we found that direct infection of macrophage cell lines with Salmonella does not result in an increase of edited mature miRNA. Thus, despite elevated levels of ADAR1 during TLR4 activation of macrophages mediated by Salmonella infection, ADAR1 does not result in redirection of miRNA. The most common consequence of ADAR activity on miRNA is a reduction in the mature miRNA level due to interference with miRNA processing of pri-miRNA. However, we found very few miRNAs with reductions in level, and no significant difference between miRNAs previously reported to be edited and those reported to be not edited. In particular, we did not see significant decrease in mir-22 and mir-142, nor editing of pri-mir-22 or pri-mir-142 in infected RAW macrophages. Thus, ADAR1 has very little, if any, effect on the miRNA machinery following TL4 activation by Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret S E Heale
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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27
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Cai L, Li Y, Liu F, Zhang W, Huo B, Zheng W, Ding R, Guo J, Zhao Q, Dou K. The influence of ADAR1’s regulation on lymphocyte cell function during rejection. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:2703-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9804-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Adenosine deaminase that acts on RNA 1 p150 in alveolar macrophage is involved in LPS-induced lung injury. Shock 2009; 31:410-15. [PMID: 18520702 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e31817c1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed adenosine deaminase that acts on RNA (ADAR1) up-regulated in alveolar macrophages (AMs) by LPS treatment, whereas its roles in acute lung injury (ALI) are still unclear. Here, we report that up-regulation of inducible ADAR1 p150 isoform in macrophages stimulated with LPS and in AMs harvested from an ALI rat model. Knockdown of ADAR1 p150 by small interfering RNA in AMs suppressed macrophage inflammatory protein 1 (MIP-1) secretion while enhancing that of IL-10 compared with those control cells upon LPS stimulation. To further confirm the role of p150 in AMs, adoptive transfer of LPS-activated NR8383 cells was performed in healthy rats, and severity of inflammatory response was assessed by investigating cellular pattern in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and calculating alveolar-arterial oxygen difference [D(A-a)O2]. Acute lung injury was induced by LPS-activated NR8383 cells with either normal or lower ADAR1 expression levels, and ALI in rats and the lung inflammation was attenuated significantly by knockdown ADAR1 p150 in transferred cells both in polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration and D(A-a)O2. The roles of MIP-1 and IL-10 in the development of ALI were also tested in animals receiving neutralizing antibodies. Administration of anti-MIP-1 inhibited lung polymorphonuclear leukocytes infiltration and lung damage, as well as D(A-a)O2, whereas anti-IL-10 reversed the protection effects. In conclusion, ADAR1 p150 is functionally significant in the development of ALI. It likely exerts its effects in part by mediating the expression of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and influencing tissue neutrophil recruitment and D(A-a)O2. It also implied that ADAR1 inhibitors may help attenuate local inflammatory lung damage.
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Abstract
The Alu elements are conserved approximately 300-nucleotide-long repeat sequences that belong to the SINE family of retrotransposons found abundantly in primate genomes. Pairs of inverted Alu repeats in RNA can form duplex structures that lead to hyperediting by the ADAR enzymes, and at least 333 human genes contain such repeats in their 3'-UTRs. Here, we show that a pair of inverted Alus placed within the 3'-UTR of egfp reporter mRNA strongly represses EGFP expression, whereas a single Alu has little or no effect. Importantly, the observed silencing correlates with A-to-I RNA editing, nuclear retention of the mRNA and its association with the protein p54(nrb). Further, we show that inverted Alu elements can act in a similar fashion in their natural chromosomal context to silence the adjoining gene. For example, the Nicolin 1 gene expresses multiple mRNA isoforms differing in the 3'-UTR. One isoform that contains the inverted repeat is retained in the nucleus, whereas another lacking these sequences is exported to the cytoplasm. Taken together, these results support a novel role for Alu elements in human gene regulation.
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30
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Zhang F, Rabinovici R. Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 accelerates cell cycle through increased translation and activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 2. Shock 2007; 27:214-9. [PMID: 17224799 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000238072.51653.f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing has been recently implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammation through the upregulation of the editase adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1). Because cell proliferation is a key feature of the inflammatory process, the present study tested the hypothesis that overexpression of ADAR1 accelerates cell cycle. To that end, human embryonic kidney 293 cells were transiently transfected with ADAR1 or vector, and cell cycle was evaluated by fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Overexpression of wild-type ADAR1 decreased the proportion of G0-G1 cells (-19%, P<0.01, n=3), increased the percentage of S phase cells (+19%, P<0.01, n=3), and did not change the ratio of cells residing in the G2-M phase (n=3). This finding was supported by three observations. First, there was a parallel production in ADAR1-transfected cells of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 2 and cyclin A, a pivotal protein complex upregulated at the G1-S phase checkpoint, and of [p]-Histone H1, a marker of Cdk2 activity (+102%, P<0.01, n=3). Second, ADAR1-transfected cells displayed higher activity of the proliferation marker, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide. Third, using anti-ADAR1 antibody, direct binding of ADAR1 to Cdk2 messenger RNA was demonstrated in ADAR1-transfected cells by protein-RNA cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (+974%, P<0.01, n=3). Finally, causal relationships between ADAR1 and Cdk2 were confirmed by a study with the Cdk2 inhibitor, kenpaullone, which prevented the ADAR1-induced shift from the G0-G1 to the S phase. Taken together, these data show that ADAR1 increases cell cycle by shifting cells from the G0-G1 to the S phase through the upregulation of Cdk2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangming Zhang
- Section of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, and Surgical Emergencies, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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31
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Nie Y, Hammond GL, Yang JH. Double-stranded RNA deaminase ADAR1 increases host susceptibility to virus infection. J Virol 2006; 81:917-23. [PMID: 17079286 PMCID: PMC1797455 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01527-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA-editing enzyme ADAR1 is a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) binding protein that modifies cellular and viral RNA sequences by adenosine deamination. ADAR1 has been demonstrated to play important roles in embryonic erythropoiesis, viral response, and RNA interference. In human hepatitis virus infection, ADAR1 has been shown to target viral RNA and to suppress viral replication through dsRNA editing. It is not clear whether this antiviral effect of ADAR1 is a common mechanism in response to viral infection. Here, we report a proviral effect of ADAR1 that enhances replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) through a mechanism independent of dsRNA editing. We demonstrate that ADAR1 interacts with dsRNA-activated protein kinase PKR, inhibits its kinase activity, and suppresses the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2alpha) phosphorylation. Consistent with the inhibitory effect on PKR activation, ADAR1 increases VSV infection in PKR+/+ mouse embryonic fibroblasts; however, no significant effect was found in PKR-/- cells. This proviral effect of ADAR1 requires the N-terminal domains but does not require the deaminase domain. These findings reveal a novel mechanism of ADAR1 that increases host susceptibility to viral infection by inhibiting PKR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhan Nie
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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32
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Nie Y, Ding L, Kao PN, Braun R, Yang JH. ADAR1 interacts with NF90 through double-stranded RNA and regulates NF90-mediated gene expression independently of RNA editing. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:6956-63. [PMID: 16055709 PMCID: PMC1190226 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.16.6956-6963.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA-editing enzyme ADAR1 modifies adenosines by deamination and produces A-to-I mutations in mRNA. ADAR1 was recently demonstrated to function in host defense and in embryonic erythropoiesis during fetal liver development. The mechanisms for these phenotypic effects are not yet known. Here we report a novel function of ADAR1 in the regulation of gene expression by interacting with the nuclear factor 90 (NF90) proteins, known regulators that bind the antigen response recognition element (ARRE-2) and have been demonstrated to stimulate transcription and translation. ADAR1 upregulates NF90-mediated gene expression by interacting with the NF90 proteins, including NF110, NF90, and NF45. A knockdown of NF90 with small interfering RNA suppresses this function of ADAR1. Coimmunoprecipitation and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) digestion demonstrate that ADAR1 is associated with NF110, NF90, and NF45 through the bridge of cellular dsRNA. Studies with ADAR1 deletions demonstrate that the dsRNA binding domain and a region covering the Z-DNA binding domain and the nuclear export signal comprise the complete function of ADAR1 in upregulating NF90-mediated gene expression. These data suggest that ADAR1 has the potential both to change information content through editing of mRNA and to regulate gene expression through interacting with the NF90 family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhan Nie
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Woods TC, Zhang B, Mercogliano F, Dinh SM. Response of the lung to pulmonary insulin dosing in the rat model and effects of changes in formulation. Diabetes Technol Ther 2005; 7:516-24. [PMID: 15929683 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2005.7.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hope that pulmonary insulin will provide increased patient compliance and quality of life has created great interest in patients with diabetes, the medical community, and the general public. A pulmonary insulin product is becoming a reality with clinical trials indicating comparable glycemic control with no change in pulmonary function. However, the longterm effects of pulmonary insulin dosing are not known, and as more pulmonary formulations for insulin and other proteins are rapidly being developed the need for further safety data continues to grow. METHODS Using gene microarrays, we compared differences in the levels of mRNAs in the lung tissue of rats that were administered a subcutaneous injection or a pulmonary instillation of insulin, as well as rats receiving an pulmonary instillation of insulin and a drug delivery agent. RESULTS While the insulin doses achieved comparable blood glucose depression and serum insulin concentrations, 30 mRNAs were differentially regulated in response to pulmonary dosing, including 10 mRNAs associated with an immune response and four associated with the lung's response to injury, as well as ion channels and transcription factors. When disodium 8-((N-salicyloyl-2-amino-4-chloro)phenoxy)octanoate, a drug delivery agent known to facilitate pulmonary absorption, was instilled in combination with the pulmonary insulin dose, an attenuation of this response was observed. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that undesirable effects of pulmonary dosing may be avoided by changes in formulation and that further evaluation of the effects of chronic pulmonary administration of insulin is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cooper Woods
- Emisphere Technologies, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA
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Nie Y, Zhao Q, Su Y, Yang JH. Subcellular Distribution of ADAR1 Isoforms Is Synergistically Determined by Three Nuclear Discrimination Signals and a Regulatory Motif. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:13249-55. [PMID: 14711814 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m312753200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ADAR1 is an RNA-specific adenosine deaminase that edits RNA sequences. We have demonstrated previously that different ADAR1 isoforms are induced during acute inflammation. Here we show that the mouse ADAR1 isoforms are differentially localized in cellular compartments and that their localization is controlled by several independent signals. Nuclear import of the full-length ADAR1 is predominantly regulated by a nuclear localization signal at the C terminus (NLS-c), which consists of a bipartite basic amino acid motif plus the last 39 residues of ADAR1. Deletion of the NLS-c causes the truncated ADAR1 protein to be retained in the cytoplasm. The addition of this sequence to pyruvate kinase causes the cytoplasmic protein to be localized within the nucleus. The localization of nuclear ADAR1 is determined by a dynamic balance between the nucleolar binding activity of the nucleolar localization signal (NoLS) in the middle of the protein and the exporting activity of the nuclear exporter signal (NES) near the N terminus. The NoLS consists of a typical monopartite cluster of basic residues followed by the third double-stranded RNA-binding domain. These signals act independently; however, NES function can be completely silenced by the NLS-c when a regulatory motif within the catalytic domain and the NoLS are deleted. Thus, the intracellular distribution of the various ADAR1 isoforms is determined by NLS-c, NES, NoLS, and a regulatory motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhan Nie
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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35
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Yang JH, Nie Y, Zhao Q, Su Y, Pypaert M, Su H, Rabinovici R. Intracellular localization of differentially regulated RNA-specific adenosine deaminase isoforms in inflammation. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:45833-42. [PMID: 12954622 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m308612200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing is a post-transcriptional process that amplifies the repertoire of protein production. Recently, the induction of this process through up-regulation of the editing enzyme RNA-specific adenosine deaminase 1 (ADAR1) was documented during acute inflammation. Here we report that the inflammation-induced up-regulation of ADAR1 involves differential production and intracellular localization of several isoforms with distinct RNA-binding domains and localization signals. These include the full-length ADAR1 (p150) and two functionally active short isoforms (p80 and p110). ADAR1 p80 starts at a methionine 519 (M519) due to alternative splicing in exon 2, which deletes the putative nuclear localization signal, the Z-DNA binding domain, and the entire RNA binding domain I. ADAR1 p110 is the mouse homologue of the human ADAR1 110-kDa variant (M246), which retains the second half of the Z-DNA binding domain, all RNA binding domains, and the deaminase domain. Additional variations are found in the third RNA binding domain of ADAR1; they are differentially regulated during inflammation, generating isoforms with different levels of activities. Studies in several cell types transfected with ADAR1-EGFP chimeras demonstrated that the p150 and p80 variants are localized in the cytoplasm and nucleolus, respectively. In agreement with this observation, endogenous ADAR1 was identified in the cytoplasm and nucleolus of mouse splenocytes and HeLa cells. Since the ADAR1 variants are differentially regulated during acute inflammation, it suggests that the localization of these variants and of A-to-I RNA editing in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and nucleolus is intracellularly reorganized in response to inflammatory stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hua Yang
- Department of Surgery and Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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36
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A-to-I RNA editing: A new mechanism of genomic information modification. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03183932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yang JH, Luo X, Nie Y, Su Y, Zhao Q, Kabir K, Zhang D, Rabinovici R. Widespread inosine-containing mRNA in lymphocytes regulated by ADAR1 in response to inflammation. Immunology 2003; 109:15-23. [PMID: 12709013 PMCID: PMC1782949 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification of pre-mRNA catalysed by an RNA-specific adenosine deaminase (ADAR). A-to-I RNA editing has been previously reported in the pre-mRNAs of brain glutamate and serotonin receptors and in lung tissue during inflammation. Here we report that systemic inflammation markedly induces inosine-containing mRNA to approximately 5% of adenosine in total mRNA. Induction was the result of up-regulation of A-to-I RNA editing as both dsRNA editing activity and ADAR1 expression were increased in the spleen, thymus and peripheral lymphocytes from endotoxin-treated mice. Up-regulation of ADAR1 was confirmed in vitro in T lymphocytes and macrophages stimulated with a variety of inflammatory mediators including tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma. A late induction of RNA editing was detected in concanavalin A-activated splenocytes stimulated with interleukin-2 in vitro. Taken together, these data suggest that a large number of inosine-containing mRNAs are produced during acute inflammation via up-regulation of ADAR1-mediated RNA editing. These events may affect the inflammatory and immune response through modulation of protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hua Yang
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Stoilov P, Meshorer E, Gencheva M, Glick D, Soreq H, Stamm S. Defects in pre-mRNA processing as causes of and predisposition to diseases. DNA Cell Biol 2002; 21:803-18. [PMID: 12489991 DOI: 10.1089/104454902320908450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans possess a surprisingly low number of genes and intensively use pre-mRNA splicing to achieve the high molecular complexity needed to sustain normal body functions and facilitate responses to altered conditions. Because hundreds of thousands of proteins are generated by 25,000 to 40,000 genes, pre-mRNA processing events are highly important for the regulation of human gene expression. Both inherited and acquired defects in pre-mRNA processing are increasingly recognized as causes of human diseases, and almost all pre-mRNA processing events are controlled by a combination of protein factors. This makes defects in these processes likely candidates for causes of diseases with complicated inheritance patterns that affect seemingly unrelated functions. The elucidation of genetic mechanisms regulating pre-mRNA processing, combined with the development of drugs targeted at consensus RNA sequences and/or corresponding proteins, can lead to novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Stoilov
- University of Erlangen-Nurenberg, Institute of Biochemistry, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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39
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Ma E, Tucker MC, Chen Q, Haddad GG. Developmental expression and enzymatic activity of pre-mRNA deaminase in Drosophila melanogaster. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2002; 102:100-4. [PMID: 12191498 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(02)00186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Pre-mRNA editing, conducted by adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR), plays an important role in many biological/physiological processes. This post-transcriptional event creates protein diversity that stems from a single gene via alteration of either genetic codons or alternative splicing sites. Our data demonstrate that both expression of Drosophila ADAR (dADAR) gene and dADAR editing activity are highly regulated during development. The lack of editing activity during embryonic development and the CNS-limited expression of dADAR in the adult may specify its important role in maintaining neuronal function in the Drosophila CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enbo Ma
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Barker Hall-3204, Berkeley, CA 94720-3204, USA.
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