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Deng C, Li M, Liu Y, Yan C, He Z, Chen ZY, Zhu H. Cholesterol Oxidation Products: Potential Adverse Effect and Prevention of Their Production in Foods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18645-18659. [PMID: 38011512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) are a group of substances formed during food processing. COPs in diet is a health concern because they may affect human health in association with the risk of various diseases including atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, age-related macular degeneration, diabetes, and chronic gastrointestinal inflammatory colitis. Production of COPs in foods can be affected by many factors such as temperature, pH, light, oxygen, water, carbohydrates, fatty acids, proteins, and metal cations. The key issue is preventing its generation in foods. Some COPs can also be produced in vivo by both nonenzymatic and enzymatic-catalyzed oxidation reactions. Currently, a number of natural antioxidants such as catechins, flavonoids, and other polyphenols have been proven to inhibit the generation of COPs. In addition, measures taken during food processing can also minimize the production of COPs, such as the Maillard reaction and marinating food with plant polyphenol-rich seasonings. In conclusion, a comprehensive approach encompassing the suppression on COPs generation and implementation of processing measures is imperative to safeguard human health against the production of COPs in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanling Deng
- School of Food Science and Engineering/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Manufacturing/National Technical Center (Foshan) for Quality Control of Famous and Special Agricultural Products (CAQS-GAP-KZZX043), Foshan University, Foshan 528000, Guangdong China
| | - Mingxuan Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Manufacturing/National Technical Center (Foshan) for Quality Control of Famous and Special Agricultural Products (CAQS-GAP-KZZX043), Foshan University, Foshan 528000, Guangdong China
- School of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Manufacturing/National Technical Center (Foshan) for Quality Control of Famous and Special Agricultural Products (CAQS-GAP-KZZX043), Foshan University, Foshan 528000, Guangdong China
| | - Chi Yan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT 999077, Hong Kong China
| | - Zouyan He
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT 999077, Hong Kong China
| | - Hanyue Zhu
- School of Food Science and Engineering/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Manufacturing/National Technical Center (Foshan) for Quality Control of Famous and Special Agricultural Products (CAQS-GAP-KZZX043), Foshan University, Foshan 528000, Guangdong China
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Macrophage Phenotyping in Atherosclerosis by Proteomics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032613. [PMID: 36768933 PMCID: PMC9917096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are heterogeneous and plastic cells, able to adapt their phenotype and functions to changes in the microenvironment. They are involved in several homeostatic processes and also in many human diseases, including atherosclerosis, where they participate in all the stages of the disease. For these reasons, macrophages have been studied extensively using different approaches, including proteomics. Proteomics, indeed, may be a powerful tool to better understand the behavior of these cells, and a careful analysis of the proteome of different macrophage phenotypes can help to better characterize the role of these phenotypes in atherosclerosis and provide a broad view of proteins that might potentially affect the course of the disease. In this review, we discuss the different proteomic techniques that have been used to delineate the proteomic profile of macrophage phenotypes and summarize some results that can help to elucidate the roles of macrophages and develop new strategies to counteract the progression of atherosclerosis and/or promote regression.
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Kalinin RE, Suchkov IA, Кlimentova EA, Egorov AA, Karpov VV. Biomarkers of Apoptosis and Cell Proliferation in Diagnosing the Progression of Atherosclerosis in Different Vascular Pools. I.P. PAVLOV RUSSIAN MEDICAL BIOLOGICAL HERALD 2022; 30. [DOI: 10.17816/pavlovj88938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The development and progression of atherosclerosis in different vascular pools remain unclear. Many studies have considered apoptosis to play a key role in the development of atherosclerosis; apoptosis is a programmed cell death with characteristic morphological signs aimed at providing homeostasis in an organism in general and in the vascular wall in particular. However, all studies that have been devoted to markers of apoptosis were mostly experimental and were conducted on either animals or grown cultures of different cells. The study aimed to examine markers of apoptosis (р53, sFas, Вах, and Всl-2) and proliferation (platelet-derived growth factor [PDGF] BB) in the vessel wall in the area of an atherosclerotic lesion in a patient with multifocal atherosclerosis. The clinical case was of interest because it allowed the assessment of biomarkers in both the area of progression of atherosclerotic lesion on an operated limb and the carotid pool in the long-term postoperative period.
CONCLUSIONS: This case demonstrated that a patient with obliterating atherosclerosis of the lower limb arteries had an elevated level of pro-apoptotic markers р53 and Вах and PDGF ВВ as a marker of cell proliferation and migration, against the background reduced level of anti-apoptotic markers Всl-2 and sFas in comparison with their values in the normal arterial wall. The progression of atherosclerotic lesion in two vascular pools was associated with a further increase in the values of proapoptotic markers (р53 and Вах) and decrease in the values of Всl-2 and sFas compared with the initial samples. With this, the values of PDGF ВВ marker remained elevated relative to the initial level.
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Yuan XM. Meet the Editorial Board Member. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/157489281604211027143612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Samadi A, Sabuncuoglu S, Samadi M, Isikhan SY, Chirumbolo S, Peana M, Lay I, Yalcinkaya A, Bjørklund G. A Comprehensive Review on Oxysterols and Related Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:110-136. [PMID: 32175830 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200316142659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present review aims to provide a complete and comprehensive summary of current literature relevant to oxysterols and related diseases. Oxidation of cholesterol leads to the formation of a large number of oxidized products, generally known as oxysterols. They are intermediates in the biosynthesis of bile acids, steroid hormones, and 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3. Although oxysterols are considered as metabolic intermediates, there is a growing body of evidence that many of them are bioactive, and their absence or excess may be part of the cause of a disease phenotype. These compounds derive from either enzymatic or non-enzymatic oxidation of cholesterol. This study provides comprehensive information about the structures, formation, and types of oxysterols even when involved in certain disease states, focusing on their effects on metabolism and linkages with these diseases. The role of specific oxysterols as mediators in various disorders, such as degenerative (age-related) and cancer-related disorders, has now become clearer. Oxysterol levels may be employed as suitable markers for the diagnosis of specific diseases or in predicting the incidence rate of diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, osteoporosis, lung cancer, breast cancer, and infertility. However, further investigations may be required to confirm these mentioned possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Samadi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Suna Sabuncuoglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mahshid Samadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Selen Yilmaz Isikhan
- Vocational Higher School of Social Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Peana
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Incilay Lay
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Yalcinkaya
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Mo i Rana, Norway
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Nagakannan P, Tabeshmehr P, Eftekharpour E. Oxidative damage of lysosomes in regulated cell death systems: Pathophysiology and pharmacologic interventions. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 157:94-127. [PMID: 32259579 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are small specialized organelles containing a variety of different hydrolase enzymes that are responsible for degradation of all macromolecules, entering the cells through the endosomal system or originated from the internal sources. This allows for transport and recycling of nutrients and internalization of surface proteins for antigen presentation as well as maintaining cellular homeostasis. Lysosomes are also important storage compartments for metal ions and nutrients. The integrity of lysosomal membrane is central to maintaining their normal function, but like other cellular membranes, lysosomal membrane is subject to damage mediated by reactive oxygen species. This results in spillage of lysosomal enzymes into the cytoplasm, leading to proteolytic damage to cellular systems and organelles. Several forms of lysosomal dependent cell death have been identified in diseases. Examination of these events are important for finding treatment strategies relevant to cancer or neurodegenerative diseases as well as autoimmune deficiencies. In this review, we have examined the current literature on involvement of lysosomes in induction of programed cell death and have provided an extensive list of therapeutic approaches that can modulate cell death. Exploitation of these mechanisms can lead to novel therapies for cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandian Nagakannan
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Parisa Tabeshmehr
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Eftekhar Eftekharpour
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Vale N, Gouveia MJ, Gärtner F, Brindley PJ. Oxysterols of helminth parasites and pathogenesis of foodborne hepatic trematodiasis caused by Opisthorchis and Fasciola species. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1443-1453. [PMID: 32206886 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06640-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The foodborne trematodiases refer to a cluster of zoonotic neglected tropical diseases caused by trematodes, with transmission involving ingestion of contaminated plants, fishes, and crustaceans. Over 40 million people are infected with foodborne trematodes and 750 million are at risk of infection. From a public health point of view, important species include Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, Opisthorchis felineus, Fasciola hepatica, and Fasciola gigantica. Infection with C. sinensis and O. viverrini is classified as a group 1 biological carcinogen and a major risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma. The carcinogenic potential of the infection with O. felineus is less clear but recent biochemical and histopathological findings revealed that opisthorchiasis felinea also fits this pattern. By contrast, evidence of carcinogenic potential of infection with F. hepatica or F. gigantica, close phylogenetics relatives of Opisthorchis, is less certain. Oxysterols have been essentially described in animal model of opisthorchiasis and associated cholangiocarcinoma. Several oxysterol-like metabolites have been detected not only on developmental stages of O. viverrini and O. felineus but also on biofluids from experimentally infected hamsters as products of the activities of the liver flukes. These sterol derivatives are metabolized to active quinones that can modify host DNA. We have postulated that helminth parasite-associated sterols might induce tumor-like phenotypes in biliary epithelia, the cells of origin of liver fluke infection-associated cholangiocarcinoma, through the formation of DNA adducts, dysregulation of apoptosis, and other homeostatic pathways. Here we review, interpret, and discuss findings of oxysterol-like metabolites detected in liver flukes and their role in carcinogenesis, aiming to enhance understanding the pathogenesis of foodborne trematodiasis caused by Opisthorchis and Fasciola species. In future, further investigations will be necessary in order to comprehend relationship between liver flukes' oxysterols and their role in infection-associated diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Vale
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal. .,Department of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo 228, Porto, Portugal. .,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal. .,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria João Gouveia
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo 228, Porto, Portugal.,Center for the Study of Animal Science, CECA - ICETA, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira Apt 55142, 4051-401, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Gärtner
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo 228, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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Vrieling F, Wilson L, Rensen PCN, Walzl G, Ottenhoff THM, Joosten SA. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) supports Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival in macrophages by inducing lysosomal dysfunction. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007724. [PMID: 30998773 PMCID: PMC6490946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major risk factor for developing tuberculosis (TB). TB-DM comorbidity is expected to pose a serious future health problem due to the alarming rise in global DM incidence. At present, the causal underlying mechanisms linking DM and TB remain unclear. DM is associated with elevated levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), a pathologically modified lipoprotein which plays a key role during atherosclerosis development through the formation of lipid-loaded foamy macrophages, an event which also occurs during progression of the TB granuloma. We therefore hypothesized that oxLDL could be a common factor connecting DM to TB. To study this, we measured oxLDL levels in plasma samples of healthy controls, TB, DM and TB-DM patients, and subsequently investigated the effect of oxLDL treatment on human macrophage infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Plasma oxLDL levels were significantly elevated in DM patients and associated with high triglyceride levels in TB-DM. Strikingly, incubation with oxLDL strongly increased macrophage Mtb load compared to native or acetylated LDL (acLDL). Mechanistically, oxLDL -but not acLDL- treatment induced macrophage lysosomal cholesterol accumulation and increased protein levels of lysosomal and autophagy markers, while reducing Mtb colocalization with lysosomes. Importantly, combined treatment of acLDL and intracellular cholesterol transport inhibitor (U18666A) mimicked the oxLDL-induced lysosomal phenotype and impaired macrophage Mtb control, illustrating that the localization of lipid accumulation is critical. Collectively, these results demonstrate that oxLDL could be an important DM-associated TB-risk factor by causing lysosomal dysfunction and impaired control of Mtb infection in human macrophages. Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease of the lungs caused by a bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), and is responsible for over a million deaths per year worldwide. Population studies have demonstrated that type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for TB as it triples the risk of developing the disease. DM is a metabolic disorder which is generally associated with obesity, and is characterized by resistance to the pancreatic hormone insulin and high blood glucose and lipid levels. As the global incidence of DM is rising at an alarming rate, especially in regions where TB is common, it is important to understand precisely how DM increases the risk of developing TB. Both TB and DM are associated with the development of foamy macrophages, lipid-loaded white blood cells, which can be the result of a specific lipoprotein particle called oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). Here, we demonstrated that DM patients have high blood levels of oxLDL, and generating foamy macrophages with oxLDL supported Mtb survival after infection as a result of faulty intracellular cholesterol accumulation. Our results propose a proof of concept for oxLDL as a risk factor for TB development, encouraging future studies on lipid-lowering therapies for TB-DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Vrieling
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louis Wilson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C. N. Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- DST/NRF Center of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SA MRC Center for TB Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simone A. Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Ye F, Wang J, Meng W, Qian J, Jin M. Proteomic investigation of effects of hydroxysafflor yellow A in oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced endothelial injury. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17981. [PMID: 29269856 PMCID: PMC5740064 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced vascular endothelial damage is a key event in early atherosclerosis. Safflower has been used to treat atherosclerotic heart disease in China for many years, but its molecular basis remains unclear. Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) is the main active ingredient of aqueous safflower extract. We identified the proteins involved in HSYA activity against ox-LDL-induced endothelial injury using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification-coupled two-dimensional liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. HSYA (1, 5, or 25 μM) alleviated ox-LDL-induced endothelial damage in a dose-dependent manner. We quantitated approximately 2700 protein species, of which 77 were differentially expressed following HSYA treatment. Most protein changes were related to structural molecules, metabolic enzymes, and proteins involved in signal transduction. Several differentially expressed proteins were further validated by western blot analysis. We also analysed the role of the mitochondrial membranous voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 (VDAC2) in HSYA treatment using small interfering RNA. VDAC2 functioned as a downstream anti-apoptosis effector during HSYA treatment of ox-LDL-induced endothelial impairment. These results further our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the effects of HSYA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jianhe Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wei Meng
- School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Jingru Qian
- School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Ming Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, 100029, China.
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10
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P-407-induced Mouse Model of Dose-controlled Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis: 25 Years Later. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2017; 70:339-352. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Yang X, Li Y, Li Y, Ren X, Zhang X, Hu D, Gao Y, Xing Y, Shang H. Oxidative Stress-Mediated Atherosclerosis: Mechanisms and Therapies. Front Physiol 2017; 8:600. [PMID: 28878685 PMCID: PMC5572357 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherogenesis, the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, is a complex process that involves several mechanisms, including endothelial dysfunction, neovascularization, vascular proliferation, apoptosis, matrix degradation, inflammation, and thrombosis. The pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis are explained differently by different scholars. One of the most common theories is the destruction of well-balanced homeostatic mechanisms, which incurs the oxidative stress. And oxidative stress is widely regarded as the redox status realized when an imbalance exists between antioxidant capability and activity species including reactive oxygen (ROS), nitrogen (RNS) and halogen species, non-radical as well as free radical species. This occurrence results in cell injury due to direct oxidation of cellular protein, lipid, and DNA or via cell death signaling pathways responsible for accelerating atherogenesis. This paper discusses inflammation, mitochondria, autophagy, apoptosis, and epigenetics as they induce oxidative stress in atherosclerosis, as well as various treatments for antioxidative stress that may prevent atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Yang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of People's Liberation ArmyBeijing, China
| | - Yanda Li
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xiaomeng Ren
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Dan Hu
- Masonic Medical Research LaboratoryUtica, NY, United States
| | - Yonghong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Yanwei Xing
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Hongcai Shang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
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12
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Ward LJ, Ljunggren SA, Karlsson H, Li W, Yuan XM. Exposure to atheroma-relevant 7-oxysterols causes proteomic alterations in cell death, cellular longevity, and lipid metabolism in THP-1 macrophages. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174475. [PMID: 28350877 PMCID: PMC5370125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The 7-oxysterols are recognised as strong enhancers of inflammatory processes in foamy macrophages. Atheroma-relevant 7-oxysterol mixtures induce a mixed type of cell death in macrophages, and trigger cellular oxidative stress responses, which mimic oxidative exposures observed in atherosclerotic lesions. However, the macrophage proteome has not previously been determined in the 7-oxysterol treated cell model. The aim of the present study was to determine the specific effects of an atheroma-relevant 7-oxysterol mixture on human macrophage proteome. Human THP-1 macrophages were exposed to an atheroma-relevant mixture of 7β-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry techniques were used to analyse the alterations in macrophage proteome, which resulted in the identification of 19 proteins with significant differential expression upon oxysterol loading; 8 increased and 11 decreased. The expression patterns of 11 out of 19 identified significant proteins were further confirmed by tandem-mass spectrometry, including further validation of increased histone deacetylase 2 and macrophage scavenger receptor types I and II expressions by western blot analysis. Identified proteins with differential expression in the cell model have been associated with i) signalling imbalance in cell death and cellular longevity; ii) lipid uptake and metabolism in foam cells; and iii) inflammatory proteins. The presented findings highlight a new proteomic platform for further studies into the functional roles of macrophages in atherosclerosis, and present a cell model for future studies to modulate the macrophage proteome by potential anti-atherosclerotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J. Ward
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- * E-mail: (LJW); (X-MY)
| | - Stefan A. Ljunggren
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Helen Karlsson
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Wei Li
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Xi-Ming Yuan
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- * E-mail: (LJW); (X-MY)
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13
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Weiss-Sadan T, Gotsman I, Blum G. Cysteine proteases in atherosclerosis. FEBS J 2017; 284:1455-1472. [PMID: 28207191 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis predisposes patients to cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Instigation of vascular injury is triggered by retention of lipids and inflammatory cells in the vascular endothelium. Whereas these vascular lesions develop in young adults and are mostly considered harmless, over time persistent inflammatory and remodeling processes will ultimately damage the arterial wall and cause a thrombotic event due to exposure of tissue factors into the lumen. Evidence from human tissues and preclinical animal models has clearly established the role of cathepsin cysteine proteases in the development and progression of vascular lesions. Hence, understanding the function of cathepsins in atherosclerosis is important for developing novel therapeutic strategies and advanced point of care diagnostics. In this review we will describe the roles of cysteine cathepsins in different cellular process that become dysfunctional in atherosclerosis, such as lipid metabolism, inflammation and apoptosis, and how they contribute to arterial remodeling and atherogenesis. Finally, we will explore new horizons in protease molecular imaging, which may potentially become a surrogate marker to identify future cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Weiss-Sadan
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Israel Gotsman
- Heart Institute, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Galia Blum
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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14
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Kulig W, Cwiklik L, Jurkiewicz P, Rog T, Vattulainen I. Cholesterol oxidation products and their biological importance. Chem Phys Lipids 2016; 199:144-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Singh RB, Dandekar SP, Elimban V, Gupta SK, Dhalla NS. Role of proteases in the pathophysiology of cardiac disease. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 263:241-56. [PMID: 27520682 DOI: 10.1023/b:mcbi.0000041865.63445.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death and thus a great deal of effort has been made in salvaging the diseased myocardium. Although various factors have been identified as possible causes of different cardiac diseases such as heart failure and ischemic heart disease, there is a real need to elucidate their role for the better understanding of the cardiac disease pathology and formulation of strategies for developing newer therapeutic interventions. In view of the intimate involvement of different types of proteases in maintaining cellular structure, the role of proteases in various cardiac diseases has become the focus of recent research. Proteases are present in the cytosol as well as are localized in a number of subcellular organelles in the cell. These are known to use extracellular matrix, cytoskeletal, sarcolemmal, sarcoplasmic reticular, mitochondrial and myofibrillar proteins as substrates. Work from different laboratories using a wide variety of techniques has shown that the activation of proteases causes alterations of a number of specific proteins leading to subcellular remodeling and cardiac dysfunction. Inhibition of protease action by different drugs and agents, therefore, has a clinical relevance and is expected to form a part of new treatment paradigm for improving heart function. This review examines the biochemistry and localization of some of the proteases in the cardiac tissue in addition to identification of the sites of action of some protease inhibitors. (Mol Cell Biochem 263: 241-256, 2004).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja B Singh
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R2H 2A6
| | - Sucheta P Dandekar
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R2H 2A6
| | - Vijayan Elimban
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R2H 2A6
| | - Suresh K Gupta
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R2H 2A6
| | - Naranjan S Dhalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R2H 2A6
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16
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Houben T, Brandsma E, Walenbergh SMA, Hofker MH, Shiri-Sverdlov R. Oxidized LDL at the crossroads of immunity in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:416-429. [PMID: 27472963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is viewed as the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome and is a condition hallmarked by lipid accumulation in the liver (steatosis) along with inflammation (hepatitis). Currently, the etiology and mechanisms leading to obesity-induced hepatic inflammation are not clear and, as a consequence, strategies to diagnose or treat NASH in an accurate manner do not exist. In the current review, we put forward the concept of oxidized lipids as a significant risk factor for NASH. We will focus on the contribution of the different types of oxidized lipids as part of the oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) to the hepatic inflammatory response. Furthermore, we will elaborate on the underlying mechanisms linking oxLDL to inflammatory responses in the liver and on how these cascades can be used as therapeutic targets to combat NASH. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipid modification and lipid peroxidation products in innate immunity and inflammation edited by Christoph J. Binder.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Houben
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - E Brandsma
- Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - S M A Walenbergh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - M H Hofker
- Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - R Shiri-Sverdlov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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17
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Li W, Sultana N, Siraj N, Ward LJ, Pawlik M, Levy E, Jovinge S, Bengtsson E, Yuan XM. Autophagy dysfunction and regulatory cystatin C in macrophage death of atherosclerosis. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:1664-72. [PMID: 27079462 PMCID: PMC4988293 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy dysfunction in mouse atherosclerosis models has been associated with increased lipid accumulation, apoptosis and inflammation. Expression of cystatin C (CysC) is decreased in human atheroma, and CysC deficiency enhances atherosclerosis in mice. Here, we first investigated the association of autophagy and CysC expression levels with atheroma plaque severity in human atherosclerotic lesions. We found that autophagy proteins Atg5 and LC3β in advanced human carotid atherosclerotic lesions are decreased, while markers of dysfunctional autophagy p62/SQSTM1 and ubiquitin are increased together with elevated levels of lipid accumulation and apoptosis. The expressions of LC3β and Atg5 were positively associated with CysC expression. Second, we investigated whether CysC expression is involved in autophagy in atherosclerotic apoE-deficient mice, demonstrating that CysC deficiency (CysC(-/-) ) in these mice results in reduction of Atg5 and LC3β levels and induction of apoptosis. Third, macrophages isolated from CysC(-/-) mice displayed increased levels of p62/SQSTM1 and higher sensitivity to 7-oxysterol-mediated lysosomal membrane destabilization and apoptosis. Finally, CysC treatment minimized oxysterol-mediated cellular lipid accumulation. We conclude that autophagy dysfunction is a characteristic of advanced human atherosclerotic lesions and is associated with reduced levels of CysC. The deficiency of CysC causes autophagy dysfunction and apoptosis in macrophages and apoE-deficient mice. The results indicate that CysC plays an important regulatory role in combating cell death via the autophagic pathway in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Nargis Sultana
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center, Heart and Medicine Center, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Nabeel Siraj
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center, Heart and Medicine Center, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of internal medicine, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Liam J Ward
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center, Heart and Medicine Center, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Monika Pawlik
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Efrat Levy
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Departments of Psychiatry and Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stefan Jovinge
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Bengtsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Xi-Ming Yuan
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center, Heart and Medicine Center, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
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18
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Yuan XM, Sultana N, Siraj N, Ward LJ, Ghafouri B, Li W. Autophagy Induction Protects Against 7-Oxysterol-induced Cell Death via Lysosomal Pathway and Oxidative Stress. J Cell Death 2016; 9:1-7. [PMID: 26966389 PMCID: PMC4782829 DOI: 10.4137/jcd.s37841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
7-Oxysterols are major toxic components in oxidized low-density lipoprotein and human atheroma lesions, which cause lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and cell death. Autophagy may function as a survival mechanism in this process. Here, we investigated whether 7-oxysterols mixed in an atheroma-relevant proportion induce autophagy, whether autophagy induction influences 7-oxysterol-mediated cell death, and the underlying mechanisms, by focusing on cellular lipid levels, oxidative stress, and LMP in 7-oxysterol-treated macrophages. We found that 7-oxysterols induced cellular lipid accumulation, autophagy dysfunction, and cell death in the form of both apoptosis and necrosis. Exposure to 7-oxysterols induced autophagic vacuole synthesis in the form of increased autophagy marker microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) and LC3-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (LC3-II) and autophagic vacuole formation. This led to an accumulation of p62, indicating a reduction in autophagic vacuole degradation. Importantly, autophagy induction significantly reduced 7-oxysterol-mediated cell death by diminishing LMP and oxidative stress. Moreover, autophagy induction minimized cellular lipid accumulation induced by 7-oxysterols. These findings highlight the importance of autophagy in combating cellular stress, LMP, and cell death in atherosclerosis. Therefore, activation of the autophagy pathway may be a potential therapeutic strategy for prevention of necrotic core formation in atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ming Yuan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.; Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Heart and Medicine Center, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Nargis Sultana
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Nabeel Siraj
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Liam J Ward
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.; Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Bijar Ghafouri
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Heart and Medicine Center, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.; Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.; Pain and Rehabilitation Center, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.; Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
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19
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Sims-Robinson C, Bakeman A, Rosko A, Glasser R, Feldman EL. The Role of Oxidized Cholesterol in Diabetes-Induced Lysosomal Dysfunction in the Brain. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2287-96. [PMID: 25976368 PMCID: PMC4644712 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in lysosomal function have been reported in diabetes, aging, and age-related degenerative diseases. These lysosomal abnormalities are an early manifestation of neurodegenerative diseases and often precede the onset of clinical symptoms such as learning and memory deficits; however, the mechanism underlying lysosomal dysfunction is not known. In the current study, we investigated the mechanism underlying lysosomal dysfunction in the cortex and hippocampi, key structures involved in learning and memory, of a type 2 diabetes (T2D) mouse model, the leptin receptor deficient db/db mouse. We demonstrate for the first time that diabetes leads to destabilization of lysosomes as well as alterations in the protein expression, activity, and/or trafficking of two lysosomal enzymes, hexosaminidase A and cathepsin D, in the hippocampus of db/db mice. Pioglitazone, a thiazolidinedione (TZD) commonly used in the treatment of diabetes due to its ability to improve insulin sensitivity and reverse hyperglycemia, was ineffective in reversing the diabetes-induced changes on lysosomal enzymes. Our previous work revealed that pioglitazone does not reverse hypercholesterolemia; thus, we investigated whether cholesterol plays a role in diabetes-induced lysosomal changes. In vitro, cholesterol promoted the destabilization of lysosomes, suggesting that lysosomal-related changes associated with diabetes are due to elevated levels of cholesterol. Since lysosome dysfunction precedes neurodegeneration, cognitive deficits, and Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology, our results may provide a potential mechanism that links diabetes with complications of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catrina Sims-Robinson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA. .,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, 309D2 Clinical Sciences Building, MSC 606, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Anna Bakeman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Andrew Rosko
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Rebecca Glasser
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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20
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Waltmann MD, Basford JE, Konaniah ES, Weintraub NL, Hui DY. Apolipoprotein E receptor-2 deficiency enhances macrophage susceptibility to lipid accumulation and cell death to augment atherosclerotic plaque progression and necrosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1395-405. [PMID: 24840660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have linked LRP8 polymorphisms to premature coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction in humans. However, the mechanisms by which dysfunctions of apolipoprotein E receptor-2 (apoER2), the protein encoded by LRP8 gene, influence atherosclerosis have not been elucidated completely. The current study focused on the role of apoER2 in macrophages, a cell type that plays an important role in atherosclerosis. Results showed that apoER2-deficient mouse macrophages accumulated more lipids and were more susceptible to oxidized LDL (oxLDL)-induced death compared to control cells. Consistent with these findings, apoER2 deficient macrophages also displayed defective serum-induced Akt activation and higher levels of the pro-apoptotic protein phosphorylated p53. Furthermore, the expression and activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) were increased in apoER2-deficient macrophages. Deficiency of apoER2 in hypercholesterolemic LDL receptor-null mice (Lrp8(-/-)Ldlr(-/-) mice) also resulted in accelerated atherosclerosis with more complex lesions and extensive lesion necrosis compared to Lrp8(+/+)Ldlr(-/-) mice. The atherosclerotic plaques of Lrp8(-/-)Ldlr(-/-) mice displayed significantly higher levels of p53-positive macrophages, indicating that the apoER2-deficient macrophages contribute to the accelerated atherosclerotic lesion necrosis observed in these animals. Taken together, this study indicates that apoER2 in macrophages limits PPARγ expression and protects against oxLDL-induced cell death. Thus, abnormal apoER2 functions in macrophages may at least in part contribute to the premature coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction in humans with LRP8 polymorphisms. Moreover, the elevated PPARγ expression in apoER2-deficient macrophages suggests that LRP8 polymorphism may be a genetic modifier of cardiovascular risk with PPARγ therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan D Waltmann
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Joshua E Basford
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Eddy S Konaniah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Neal L Weintraub
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - David Y Hui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA.
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21
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Yue Q, Zhou X, Leng Q, Zhang L, Cheng B, Zhang X. 7-ketocholesterol-induced caspase-mediated apoptosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2013; 13:796-803. [PMID: 24028627 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of cholesterol oxidation products has been documented in several mammalian cell lines. It can lead to a wide range of diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this toxicity in vivo are scarce. The objective of the present study was to assess the potential toxic effects of 7-ketocholesterol, an important cholesterol oxidation product, on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our data show for the first time that 7-ketocholesterol can induce dose-dependent cell death in S. cerevisiae. These results suggest that the death induced by this compound is apoptotic and accompanied by chromatin condensation, the production of ROS, and translocation of phosphatidylserine from the inner to the outer leaflet of the cytoplasmic membrane. We further showed that 7-ketocholesterol-induced cell death was partially rescued after pretreatment with caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD-fmk). In addition, caspase deletion resulted in promotion of cell viability. All these results strongly indicated that 7-ketocholesterol induces apoptosis in yeast cells through a caspase-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulin Yue
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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22
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Laskar A, Andersson RGG, Li W. Fodipir and its dephosphorylated derivative dipyridoxyl ethyldiamine are involved in mangafodipir-mediated cytoprotection against 7β-hydroxycholesterol-induced cell death. Pharmacology 2013; 92:182-6. [PMID: 24080534 DOI: 10.1159/000354601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mangafodipir exerts pharmacological effects, including vascular relaxation and protection against oxidative stress and cell death induced by oxysterols. Additionally, mangafodipir has been proposed for cardiovascular imaging. The primary metabolites of mangafodipir, manganese dipyridoxyl ethyldiamine (MnPLED) and its constituent dipyridoxyl diphosphate (Dp-dp) also known as fodipir, are pharmacologically active. However, whether they affect oxysterol-induced cytotoxicity is currently unknown. In this study, we examine whether the mangafodipir metabolite affects 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7β-OH)-induced cell death and identify the underlying mechanisms. METHODS U937 cells were pretreated or not with mangafodipir substrate (Ms; 200 µm), MnPLED (100 µmol/l) or Dp-dp (100 µmol/l) for 8 h and then exposed to 7β-OH (28 µmol/l) for 18 h. RESULTS Our results revealed that pretreatment with MnPLED or Dp-dp protected against 7β-OH-induced cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptosis, and lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP). MnPLED and Dp-dp, in par with Ms, confer protection against 7β-OH-induced cytotoxicity by reducing cellular ROS and stabilization of the lysosomal membrane. CONCLUSION These results suggest that fodipir is the pharmacologically active part in the structure of mangafodipir, which prevents 7β-OH-induced cell death by attenuating cellular ROS and by preventing LMP. In addition, MnPLED, which is the dephosphorylated product of fodipir, exerts a similar protective effect against 7β-OH-induced cytotoxicity. This result indicates that dephosphorylation of fodipir does not affect its pharmacological actions. Altogether our result confirms the cytoprotective effect of mangafodipir and justifies its potential use as a cytoprotective adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Laskar
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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23
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Miah S, Zadeh SNM, Yuan XM, Li W. Expression of Egr1 and p53 in human carotid plaques and apoptosis induced by 7-oxysterol or p53. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:677-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To offer a comprehensive review on the roles that oxysterols synthesized or engulfed by macrophages, or oxysterol-binding proteins in these cells, play in the development and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. RECENT FINDINGS Oxysterols abundant within the plaque have the capacity to potentiate macrophage proinflammatory signaling and to induce cell death. These activities may contribute to formation of the complex lesion, expansion of the necrotic core, and to plaque rupture. On the contrary, several endogenous oxysterols generated by cholesterol hydroxylases act as ligands of liver X receptors, stimulate macrophage cholesterol efflux, repress proinflammatory signaling, and promote macrophage survival, counteracting lesion progression. Cytoplasmic oxysterol-binding proteins represent a family of sterol and phosphoinositide sensors that may contribute to the regulatory impact of these bioactive lipids on processes relevant in the context of atherogenesis. SUMMARY The generation and deposition of oxysterols within the developing plaque is envisioned to modulate macrophage lipid metabolism, to affect the delicate balance of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes, and to impact cell fate decisions, thus, determining whether the lesion remains benign or whether it develops into a hazardous, vulnerable plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesa M Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research bInstitute of Biomedicine, Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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25
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Laskar A, Ghosh M, Khattak SI, Li W, Yuan XM. Degradation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle-induced ferritin by lysosomal cathepsins and related immune response. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:705-17. [PMID: 22500704 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine the physiological impact of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) on cell function and its interaction with oxysterol laden cells. MATERIALS & METHODS Intracellular iron was determined by Prussian blue staining. Cellular ferritin, cathepsin L and ferroportin were analyzed by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Cytokine secretion was determined by ELISA and immunoblotting. RESULTS In U937 and THP 1 cells, we did not detect any loss of cell viability on SPION loading. Desferrioxamine prevents induction of both ferritin and cathepsin L by SPIONs. Inhibition of lysosomal cathepsins upregulates both endogenous- and SPION-induced ferritin. SPION loading induces membranous ferroportin and incites secretion of ferritin, TNF-α and IL-10. 7β-hydroxycholesterol exposure reduces SPION uptake by cells. CONCLUSION SPION loading results in upregulation of lysosomal cathepsin, membranous ferroportin and ferritin degradation, which is associated with secretion of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. A reduced SPION uptake by oxysterol-laden cells may lead to a compromised MRI with elevated cathepsins and ferritin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Laskar
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Linköping 58185, Sweden
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26
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Katara R, Mir RA, Shukla AA, Tiwari A, Singh N, Chauhan SS. Wild type p53-dependent transcriptional upregulation of cathepsin L expression is mediated by C/EBPα in human glioblastoma cells. Biol Chem 2011; 391:1031-40. [PMID: 20536385 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene p53 are frequent in human glioblastomas. Similarly cathepsin L, a lysosomal cysteine protease, is overexpressed and secreted by most human tumors including glioblastomas. However, hitherto there is no information on whether or not the mutation(s) in the p53 gene affect(s) expression of this protease. Using human glioblastoma cell lines harboring wild type and mutant p53, we demonstrate here for the first time that only the wild type but not the mutant p53 upregulates cathepsin L expression. By transfection of promoter reporter constructs, site-directed mutagenesis and chip assays we have established that wild type p53 elevates the levels of cathepsin L in these cells. It does so directly by binding to the cathepsin L promoter and also indirectly by inducing the expression of C/EBPα, which is crucial for the transcription of this protease. In view of its role in tumorigenesis, angiogenesis and tumor cell invasion, increased expression of cathepsin L in glioblastoma cells harboring wild type p53 might confer invasive ability and growth advantage to these cells. Therefore, use of cathepsin L inhibitors could prove useful in the management of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Katara
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
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27
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Sjöberg S, Shi GP. Cysteine Protease Cathepsins in Atherosclerosis and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2011; 9:138-147. [PMID: 22505840 DOI: 10.1007/s12018-011-9098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix remodeling is an important mechanism in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Cysteine protease cathepsins are among the important proteases that affect major events in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm, including smooth muscle cell transmigration through elastic lamina, macrophage foam cell formation, vascular cell and macrophage apoptosis, and plaque rupture. These events have been studied in cathepsin deficiencies and cathepsin inhibitor deficiencies in mice and have provided invaluable insights regarding the roles of cathepsins in cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacological inhibitions for cathepsins are under evaluation for other human diseases and may be used as clinical treatments for cardiovascular diseases in the near future. This article reviews different mechanisms for cathepsins in atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm that could be targeted by selective cathepsin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sjöberg
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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28
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Li W, Ghosh M, Eftekhari S, Yuan XM. Lipid accumulation and lysosomal pathways contribute to dysfunction and apoptosis of human endothelial cells caused by 7-oxysterols. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 409:711-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Mirzaii-Dizgah I, Riahi E. Serum and saliva levels of cathepsin L in patients with acute coronary syndrome. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011; 12:114-119. [PMID: 22186754 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the major cause of death nearly all over the world, and accurate and rapid diagnosis of CAD is of major medical and economic importance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum and saliva levels of cathepsin L in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). MATERIALS AND METHODS In a cross-sectional study, 39 patients with ACS and 28 with controls were recruited to the study, and cathepsin L levels were measured in serum, resting saliva, and stimulated saliva obtained 12 and 24 h after the onset of ACS by ELISA method. Statistical analyses of Fisher's exact test, the Student's t-test or Kruskal-Wallis test were performed. RESULTS Stimulated saliva cathepsin L levels in patients with ACS 12 hours but not 24 hours after admission showed significant decrease compared with that in control subjects. However, there were no significant differences in serum and unstimulated saliva cathepsin L levels between groups. CONCLUSION Serum and saliva levels of cathepsin L remain unchanged in patients with ACS and hence may not be a promising factor in CAD risk assessment. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE It seems that serum and saliva cathepsin L may not be a good biomarker for CHD. ABBREVIATIONS CAD: Coronary artery disease, ACS: Acute coronary syndrome, CHD: Coronary heart disease, EU: Emergency unit, MI: Myocardial infarction. KEYWORDS Cathepsin L, Acute coronary syndrome, Resting saliva, Stimulated saliva. How to cite this article: Mirzaii-Dizgah I, Riahi E. Serum and Saliva Levels of Cathepsin L in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(2):114-119.
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Dimethyl Sulfoxide Prevents 7β-Hydroxycholesterol-Induced Apoptosis by Preserving Lysosomes and Mitochondria. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010; 56:263-7. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181eb3063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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p53 expression in human carotid atheroma is significantly related to plaque instability and clinical manifestations. Atherosclerosis 2010; 210:392-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Laskar A, Miah S, Andersson RGG, Li W. Prevention of 7β-hydroxycholesterol-induced cell death by mangafodipir is mediated through lysosomal and mitochondrial pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 640:124-8. [PMID: 20452343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mangafodipir, a MRI contrast agent, has been used as a viability marker in patients with myocardial infarction and showed vascular relaxation effect. It confers myocardial protection against oxidative stress. However mechanisms underlying such protection have not yet been investigated. In this investigation we first studied whether mangafodipir inhibits apoptosis induced by 7beta-hydroxycholesterol (7betaOH), a cytotoxic cholesterol oxidation product found in atherosclerotic lesions in humans and in heart of ethanol-fed rats. We then focused on whether mangafodipir influences the production of reactive oxygen species, lysosomal and mitochondrial membrane permeabilities in the cell model. Our results revealed that pre-treatment with mangafodipir (400 microM) protected against cellular reactive oxygen species production, apoptosis, and permeabilization of lysosomal and mitochondrial membranes induced by 7betaOH. In conclusion, a novel effect of mangafodipir on 7betaOH-induced apoptosis is via reduction of cellular reactive oxygen species and stabilization of lysosomal and mitochondrial membranes. This is the first report to show the additional cytoprotective effect of mangafodipir, which may suggest possible use of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Laskar
- Division of Drug Research/Pharmacology, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
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Garenc C, Julien P, Levy E. Oxysterols in biological systems: The gastrointestinal tract, liver, vascular wall and central nervous system. Free Radic Res 2009; 44:47-73. [DOI: 10.3109/10715760903321804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Li W, Johnson H, Yuan XM, Jonasson L. 7β-hydroxycholesterol induces natural killer cell death via oxidative lysosomal destabilization. Free Radic Res 2009; 43:1072-9. [DOI: 10.1080/10715760903176919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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35
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Barderas MG, Tuñón J, Dardé VM, De la Cuesta F, Jiménez-Nácher JJ, Tarín N, López-Bescós L, Egido J, Vivanco F. Atorvastatin modifies the protein profile of circulating human monocytes after an acute coronary syndrome. Proteomics 2009; 9:1982-93. [PMID: 19294693 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Aggressive treatment with high-dose atorvastatin reduces more effectively the incidence of cardiovascular events than moderate statin therapy. The mechanism of this benefit has not been fully elucidated. In order to know the potential effects of statin treatment on the protein expression of circulating monocytes in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients, a proteomic analysis of these cells was carried out by 2-DE and MS. Twenty-five patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTEACS) were randomized, the fourth day after admission, to receive ATV 80 mg/dL (n = 14) or conventional treatment (CT) (n = 11), for two months. Blood was withdrawn at the end of the treatment, and monocytes were extracted for proteomic analysis and their protein expression patterns determined. Age, sex, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, body mass index, presence of hypertension, diabetes, and smoking status were not significantly different between the two groups of patients. The expression of 20 proteins was modified by intensive ATV. Among the most relevant results stand out the normalization by intensive ATV treatment of the expression of proteins that modulate inflammation and thrombosis such as protein disulfide isomerase ER60 (PDI), Annexin I, and prohibitin, or that have other protective effects as HSP-70. Thus, this approach shed light at the molecular level of the beneficial mechanisms of anti-atherothrombotic drugs.
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Dependence of cathepsin L-induced coronary endothelial dysfunction upon activation of NAD(P)H oxidase. Microvasc Res 2009; 78:45-50. [PMID: 19345232 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin L is a cysteine protease that can generate endogenous endostatin in vascular and epithelial basement membranes and importantly participates in a variety of pathophysiological processes. The present study was designed to determine whether this cathepsin L-derived endogenous endostatin alters endothelium-dependent vasodilator responses in coronary arteries via NAD(P)H oxidase activation. In isolated and perfused small bovine coronary arteries, administration of cathepsin L (200 ng/ml) markedly attenuated endothelium-dependent vasodilator responses to bradykinin or A23187 by 56.16+/-9.58% and 68.95+/-10.32%, respectively. This inhibitory effect of cathepsin L on endothelium-dependent vasodilator responses could be significantly reversed by pre-incubation of the arteries with O(2)(-) scavenger, Tiron, or neutralizing anti-endostatin antibody. By fluorescent ELISA assay, cathepsin L dose-dependently increased endostatin production in coronary arteries. In situ high-speed dual wavelength switching fluorescent microscopic imaging showed that cathepsin L decreased bradykinin- and A23187-induced NO levels in the intact endothelium, but it had no effect on Ca(2+) response to these vasodilators. This cathepsin L-induced reduction of NO was restored by the pretreatment of an anti-endostatin antibody. Electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis demonstrated that cathepsin L increased O(2)(-) production which could be markedly attenuated by the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitors, apocynin or anti-endostatin antibody. It is concluded that endostatin could be endogenously produced in coronary arteries when cathepsin L is increased and that this cathepsin L-derived endostatin, if excessive, may result in endothelial dysfunction through enhanced production of O(2)(-) due to NAD(P)H oxidase activation.
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Li W, Kornmark L, Jonasson L, Forssell C, Yuan XM. Cathepsin L is significantly associated with apoptosis and plaque destabilization in human atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2009; 202:92-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Vejux A, Guyot S, Montange T, Riedinger JM, Kahn E, Lizard G. Phospholipidosis and down-regulation of the PI3-K/PDK-1/Akt signalling pathway are vitamin E inhibitable events associated with 7-ketocholesterol-induced apoptosis. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 20:45-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Jaffer FA, Vinegoni C, John MC, Aikawa E, Gold HK, Finn AV, Ntziachristos V, Libby P, Weissleder R. Real-time catheter molecular sensing of inflammation in proteolytically active atherosclerosis. Circulation 2008; 118:1802-9. [PMID: 18852366 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.785881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To enable intravascular detection of inflammation in atherosclerosis, we developed a near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) catheter-based strategy to sense cysteine protease activity during vascular catheterization. METHODS AND RESULTS The NIRF catheter design was based on a clinical coronary artery guidewire. In phantom studies of NIRF plaques, blood produced only a mild (<30%) attenuation of the fluorescence signal compared with saline, affirming the favorable optical properties of the NIR window. Catheter evaluation in vivo used atherosclerotic rabbits (n=11). Rabbits received an injection of a cysteine protease-activatable NIRF imaging agent (Prosense750; excitation/emission, 750/770 nm) or saline. Catheter pullbacks through the blood-filled iliac artery detected NIRF signals 24 hours after injection of the probe. In the protease agent group, the in vivo peak plaque target-to- BACKGROUND <0.05). Ex vivo fluorescence reflectance imaging corroborated these results (target-to- BACKGROUND <0.01). In the protease group only, saline flush-modulated NIRF signal profiles further distinguished atheromata from normal segments in vivo (P<0.01). Good correlation between the in vivo and ex vivo plaque target-to- BACKGROUND =0.82, P<0.01). Histopathological analyses demonstrated strong NIRF signal in plaques only from the protease agent group. NIRF signals colocalized with immunoreactive macrophages and the cysteine protease cathepsin B. CONCLUSIONS An intravascular fluorescence catheter can detect cysteine protease activity in vessels the size of human coronary arteries in real time with an activatable NIRF agent. This strategy could aid in the detection of inflammation and high-risk plaques in small arteries.
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Barderas MG, Dardé VM, de la Cuesta F, Martin-Ventura JL, Blanco-Colio LM, Jiménez-Narcher J, Alvarez-Llamas G, Lopez-Bescos L, Tuñó J, Egido J, Vivanco F. Proteomic Analysis of Circulating Monocytes Identifies Cathepsin D as A Potential Novel Plasma Marker of Acute Coronary Syndromes. Clin Med Cardiol 2008. [DOI: 10.4137/cmc.s654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria G. Barderas
- Vascular Pathophysiology, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, SESCAM, Toledo
| | - Veróica M. Dardé
- Department of Immunology, Fundació Jiménez Díaz, Autóoma University, Madrid
- Vascular Pathophysiology, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, SESCAM, Toledo
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - José Tuñó
- Department of Cardiology, Fundació Jiménez Díaz, Autóoma University, Madrid
| | - Jesús Egido
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Fundació Jiménez Díaz, Autóoma University, Madrid
| | - Fernando Vivanco
- Department of Immunology, Fundació Jiménez Díaz, Autóoma University, Madrid
- Proteomic Unit, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Li W, Xu LH, Forssell C, Sullivan JL, Yuan XM. Overexpression of transferrin receptor and ferritin related to clinical symptoms and destabilization of human carotid plaques. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 233:818-26. [PMID: 18445768 DOI: 10.3181/0711-rm-320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of tissue iron has been implicated in development of atherosclerotic lesions mainly because of increased iron-catalyzed oxidative injury. However, it remains unknown whether cellular iron import and storage in human atheroma are related to human atheroma development. We found that transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), a major iron importer, is highly expressed in foamy macrophages and some smooth muscle cells in intimal lesions of human carotid atheroma, mainly in cytoplasmic accumulation patterns. In 52 human carotid atherosclerotic lesions, TfR1 expression was positively correlated with macrophage infiltration, ectopic lysosomal cathepsin L, and ferritin expression. Highly expressed TfR1 and ferritin in CD68-positive macrophages were significantly associated with development and severity of human carotid plaques, smoking, and patient's symptoms. The findings suggest that pathologic macrophage iron metabolism may contribute to vulnerability of human atheroma, established risk factors, and their clinical symptoms. The cytoplasmic overexpression of TfR1 may be the result of lysosomal dysfunction and ectopic accumulation of lysosomal cathepsin L caused by atheroma-relevant lipids in atherogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Carotid Stenosis/metabolism
- Carotid Stenosis/pathology
- Cathepsin L
- Cathepsins/metabolism
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Female
- Ferritins/genetics
- Ferritins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Iron/metabolism
- Lysosomes/metabolism
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Receptors, Transferrin/genetics
- Receptors, Transferrin/metabolism
- Severity of Illness Index
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Li W, Lidebjer C, Yuan XM, Szymanowski A, Backteman K, Ernerudh J, Leanderson P, Nilsson L, Swahn E, Jonasson L. NK cell apoptosis in coronary artery disease: relation to oxidative stress. Atherosclerosis 2008; 199:65-72. [PMID: 18068708 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Natural killer (NK) cells, key elements in initiation and modulation of immune responses, were recently found to be reduced in coronary artery disease (CAD). To clarify mechanisms behind this reduction, we here investigated NK cell apoptosis in CAD patients. Since oxidative stress has been linked to NK cell apoptosis, we related the findings to oxidative stress in vivo and evaluated the ex vivo susceptibility of NK cells to oxidized lipids. METHODS AND RESULTS The number of apoptotic NK cells in peripheral blood was significantly increased in CAD patients compared to controls. Purified NK cells from CAD patients also showed a higher rate of spontaneous apoptosis ex vivo. Dose- and time-dependent effects of oxidized LDL and 7beta-hydroxycholesterol (7betaOH) on apoptosis and ROS production were determined in NK cells from blood donors. Thereafter, purified NK cells from CAD patients and healthy controls were exposed to the oxidized lipids in a paired design. NK cells from patients were more susceptible to apoptosis induced by oxidized LDL, in particular 7betaOH, compared to cells from controls. Plasma measurements of LDL protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation did not show any differences between patients and controls. On the other hand, plasma carotenoids were significantly decreased in patients and inversely correlated to NK cell apoptosis rate. CONCLUSION The rate of spontaneous NK cell apoptosis was increased in CAD patients. Although NK cells in CAD patients were more sensitive to oxidized lipids ex vivo, indicating a mechanism contributing to the reduced NK cell activity in CAD, the data could not verify an obvious link between NK cell apoptosis and increased oxidative stress in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Health Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
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Kurz T, Terman A, Gustafsson B, Brunk UT. Lysosomes in iron metabolism, ageing and apoptosis. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 129:389-406. [PMID: 18259769 PMCID: PMC2668650 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0394-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lysosomal compartment is essential for a variety of cellular functions, including the normal turnover of most long-lived proteins and all organelles. The compartment consists of numerous acidic vesicles (pH approximately 4 to 5) that constantly fuse and divide. It receives a large number of hydrolases ( approximately 50) from the trans-Golgi network, and substrates from both the cells' outside (heterophagy) and inside (autophagy). Many macromolecules contain iron that gives rise to an iron-rich environment in lysosomes that recently have degraded such macromolecules. Iron-rich lysosomes are sensitive to oxidative stress, while 'resting' lysosomes, which have not recently participated in autophagic events, are not. The magnitude of oxidative stress determines the degree of lysosomal destabilization and, consequently, whether arrested growth, reparative autophagy, apoptosis, or necrosis will follow. Heterophagy is the first step in the process by which immunocompetent cells modify antigens and produce antibodies, while exocytosis of lysosomal enzymes may promote tumor invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Apart from being an essential turnover process, autophagy is also a mechanism by which cells will be able to sustain temporary starvation and rid themselves of intracellular organisms that have invaded, although some pathogens have evolved mechanisms to prevent their destruction. Mutated lysosomal enzymes are the underlying cause of a number of lysosomal storage diseases involving the accumulation of materials that would be the substrate for the corresponding hydrolases, were they not defective. The normal, low-level diffusion of hydrogen peroxide into iron-rich lysosomes causes the slow formation of lipofuscin in long-lived postmitotic cells, where it occupies a substantial part of the lysosomal compartment at the end of the life span. This seems to result in the diversion of newly produced lysosomal enzymes away from autophagosomes, leading to the accumulation of malfunctioning mitochondria and proteins with consequent cellular dysfunction. If autophagy were a perfect turnover process, postmitotic ageing and several age-related neurodegenerative diseases would, perhaps, not take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tino Kurz
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Lysosomes and oxidative stress in aging and apoptosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1780:1291-303. [PMID: 18255041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 01/13/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lysosomal compartment consists of numerous acidic vesicles (pH approximately 4-5) that constantly fuse and divide. It receives a large number of hydrolases from the trans-Golgi network, while their substrates arrive from both the cell's outside (heterophagy) and inside (autophagy). Many macromolecules under degradation inside lysosomes contain iron that, when released in labile form, makes lysosomes sensitive to oxidative stress. The magnitude of generated lysosomal destabilization determines if reparative autophagy, apoptosis, or necrosis will follow. Apart from being an essential turnover process, autophagy is also a mechanism for cells to repair inflicted damage, and to survive temporary starvation. The inevitable diffusion of hydrogen peroxide into iron-rich lysosomes causes the slow oxidative formation of lipofuscin in long-lived postmitotic cells, where it finally occupies a substantial part of the volume of the lysosomal compartment. This seems to result in a misdirection of lysosomal enzymes away from autophagosomes, resulting in depressed autophagy and the accumulation of malfunctioning mitochondria and proteins with consequent cellular dysfunction. This scenario might put aging into the category of autophagy disorders.
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Balla J, Vercellotti GM, Jeney V, Yachie A, Varga Z, Jacob HS, Eaton JW, Balla G. Heme, heme oxygenase, and ferritin: how the vascular endothelium survives (and dies) in an iron-rich environment. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9:2119-37. [PMID: 17767398 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Iron-derived reactive oxygen species are involved in the pathogenesis of numerous vascular disorders. One abundant source of redox active iron is heme, which is inherently dangerous when it escapes from its physiologic sites. Here, we present a review of the nature of heme-mediated cytotoxicity and of the strategies by which endothelium manages to protect itself from this clear and present danger. Of all sites in the body, the endothelium may be at greatest risk of exposure to heme. Heme greatly potentiates endothelial cell killing mediated by leukocytes and other sources of reactive oxygen. Heme also promotes the conversion of low-density lipoprotein to cytotoxic oxidized products. Hemoglobin in plasma, when oxidized, transfers heme to endothelium and lipoprotein, thereby enhancing susceptibility to oxidant-mediated injury. As a defense against such stress, endothelial cells upregulate heme oxygenase-1 and ferritin. Heme oxygenase opens the porphyrin ring, producing biliverdin, carbon monoxide, and a most dangerous product-redox active iron. The latter can be effectively controlled by ferritin via sequestration and ferroxidase activity. These homeostatic adjustments have been shown to be effective in the protection of endothelium against the damaging effects of heme and oxidants; lack of adaptation in an iron-rich environment led to extensive endothelial damage in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Balla
- Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Abstract
As a result of insufficient digestion of oxidatively damaged macromolecules and organelles by autophagy and other degradative systems, long-lived postmitotic cells, such as cardiac myocytes, neurons and retinal pigment epithelial cells, progressively accumulate biological 'garbage' ('waste' materials). The latter include lipofuscin (a non-degradable intralysosomal polymeric substance), defective mitochondria and other organelles, and aberrant proteins, often forming aggregates (aggresomes). An interaction between senescent lipofuscin-loaded lysosomes and mitochondria seems to play a pivotal role in the progress of cellular ageing. Lipofuscin deposition hampers autophagic mitochondrial turnover, promoting the accumulation of senescent mitochondria, which are deficient in ATP production but produce increased amounts of reactive oxygen species. Increased oxidative stress, in turn, further enhances damage to both mitochondria and lysosomes, thus diminishing adaptability, triggering mitochondrial and lysosomal pro-apoptotic pathways, and culminating in cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Terman
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Lutgens SPM, Cleutjens KBJM, Daemen MJAP, Heeneman S. Cathepsin cysteine proteases in cardiovascular disease. FASEB J 2007; 21:3029-41. [PMID: 17522380 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-7924com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling is one of the underlying mechanisms in cardiovascular diseases. Cathepsin cysteine proteases have a central role in ECM remodeling and have been implicated in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Cathepsins also show differential expression in various stages of atherosclerosis, and in vivo knockout studies revealed that deficiency of cathepsin K or S reduces atherosclerosis. Furthermore, cathepsins are involved in lipid metabolism. Cathepsins have the capability to degrade low-density lipoprotein and reduce cholesterol efflux from macrophages, aggravating foam cell formation. Although expression studies also demonstrated differential expression of cathepsins in cardiovascular diseases like aneurysm formation, neointima formation, and neovascularization, in vivo studies to define the exact role of cathepsins in these processes are lacking. Evaluation of the feasibility of cathepsins as a diagnostic tool revealed that serum levels of cathepsins L and S seem to be promising as biomarkers in the diagnosis of atherosclerosis, whereas cathepsin B shows potential as an imaging tool. Furthermore, cathepsin K and S inhibitors showed effectiveness in (pre) clinical evaluation for the treatment of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, suggesting that cathepsin inhibitors may also have therapeutic effects for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne P M Lutgens
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Between 1998 and 1999 we suggested a role for cysteine proteases, particularly cathepsins S and K, in atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation. We also demonstrated the presence and activity of cathepsins S, K, and L in atherosclerotic and aneurysmal lesions in humans. Features unique to this family of extracellular enzymes indicate its likely participation in these vascular diseases. As very potent elastolytic enzymes, cathepsins are strong candidates as key participants in aneurysm development. Importantly, cathepsins express very high elastolytic activity in AAA due to reciprocal correlation with cystatin C, their most abundant endogenous inhibitor. Two opposite processes coexist in aneurysmal tissue: overexpression of elastolytic cathepsins, and severe suppression of cystatin C, probably due to differentially regulated expression and secretion of cathepsins and their inhibitors in response to inflammatory cytokines. Involvement of cathepsins in microvessel formation, a pathophysiological marker of human AAA, and programmed cell death (apoptosis), increases the likelihood of cathepsin participation in AAA formation and growth. We also summarize here results obtained in our and other laboratories that demonstrated reduced atherosclerosis and AAA in in vivo models using mice lacking different cathepsins. Deficiency of cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin C in atherosclerosis-prone ApoE-null mice leads to the development of specific features of AAA such as thinning of the tunica media and aortic dilatation. Taken together, such findings in humans in vitro with different cell types and in vivo in genetically altered mice demonstrate the importance of cysteine protease/protease inhibitor balance in dysregulated arterial integrity and remodeling during atherosclerosis and aortic aneurysm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina K Sukhova
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Room 730J, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Durán MC, Martín-Ventura JL, Mohammed S, Barderas MG, Blanco-Colio LM, Mas S, Moral V, Ortega L, Tuñón J, Jensen ON, Vivanco F, Egido J. Atorvastatin modulates the profile of proteins released by human atherosclerotic plaques. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 562:119-29. [PMID: 17336287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Revised: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which hydroxymethylglutaryl CoenzymeA reductase inhibitors (statins) reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular morbidity and mortality remain poorly understood. Statins have been shown to modulate the levels of different inflammatory proteins both in carotid atherosclerotic plaques and in the blood of patients with atherosclerosis. In this work, we hypothesize that statins could also modulate the levels of the proteins secreted by cultured atherosclerotic plaques. Thus, the secretomes obtained from complicated atherosclerotic plaques incubated in the presence/absence of atorvastatin (10 micromol/l, 24 h) were analysed and compared by two-dimensional electrophoresis, considering the fibrous adjacent areas as controls. In total, 54 proteins (83 protein isoforms) were identified by Mass Spectrometry (MS): 24 proteins were increased and 20 proteins decreased in atheroma plaque supernatants compared to controls. Some of these proteins, like Cathepsin D, could play a significant role in plaque instability, becoming a potential target for therapeutical treatment. Interestingly, 66% of the proteins differentially released by atherosclerotic plaques reverted to control values after administration of atorvastatin, among them, Cathepsin D. Moreover, plaques obtained from patients who received atorvastatin treatment prior to carotid endarterectomy showed decreased Cathepsin D expression relative to plaques from non-treated patients. In conclusion, this proteomic approach has shown that statins are able to modulate the secretome of atherosclerotic plaques, and new therapeutical targets for statins have been characterised.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Durán
- Department of Immunology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autónoma University, Madrid, Spain
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Li W, Ostblom M, Xu LH, Hellsten A, Leanderson P, Liedberg B, Brunk UT, Eaton JW, Yuan XM. Cytocidal effects of atheromatous plaque components: the death zone revisited. FASEB J 2006; 20:2281-90. [PMID: 17077305 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-6114com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Earlier we suggested that atheroma lesions constitute a "death zone" containing toxic materials that may cause dysfunction and demise of invading macrophages to prevent the removal of plaque materials. Here we have assessed the cytotoxic effects of nonfractionated gruel and insoluble (ceroid-like) material derived from advanced human atheroma. METHODS AND RESULTS The insoluble material within advanced atherosclerotic plaque was isolated following protease K digestion and extensive extraction with aqueous and organic solvents. FTIR, Raman, and atomic absorption spectroscopy suggested that, despite its fluorescent nature, this material closely resembled hydroxyapatite and dentin, but also contained a significant amount of iron and calcium. When added to J774 cells and human macrophages in culture, this insoluble substance was phagocytosed, and progressive cell death followed. However, an even more cytotoxic activity was found in the atheromatous "gruel" that contains abundant carbonyls/aldehydes. Cell death caused by both crude gruel and ceroid could be blocked by preincubating cells with the lipophilic iron chelator salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone, apoferritin, BAPTA/AM, or sodium borohydride, indicating that cellular iron, calcium, and reactive aldehyde(s) are responsible for the observed cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS Toxic materials within atheromatous lesions include both ceroid and even more cytotoxic lipidaceous materials. The cytotoxic effects of these plaque components may help explain the persistence of atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
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