1
|
Matsuguchi S, Hirai Y. Syntaxin4, P-cadherin, and CCAAT enhancer binding protein β as signaling elements in the novel differentiation pathway for cultured embryonic stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 672:27-35. [PMID: 37331168 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells possess the potential to differentiate into all three germ layers. However, upon removal of the stemness factors, pluripotent stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs), exhibit EMT-like cell behavior and lose stemness signatures. This process involves the membrane translocation of the t-SNARE protein syntaxin4 (Stx4) and the expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule P-cadherin. The forced expression of either of these elements induces the emergence of such phenotypes even in the presence of stemness factors. Interestingly, extracellular Stx4, but not P-cadherin, appears to induce a significant upregulation of the gastrulation-related gene brachyury, along with a slight upregulation of the smooth muscle cell-related gene ACTA2 in ESCs. Furthermore, our findings reveal that extracellular Stx4 plays a role in preventing the elimination of CCAAT enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ). Notably, the forced overexpression of C/EBPβ led to the downregulation of brachyury and a significant upregulation of ACTA2 in ESCs. These observations suggest that extracellular Stx4 contributes to early mesoderm induction while simultaneously activating an element that alters the differentiation state. The fact that a single differentiation cue can elicit multiple differentiation responses may reflect the challenges associated with achieving sensitive and directed differentiation in cultured stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Matsuguchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, 669-1330, Japan.
| | - Yohei Hirai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, 669-1330, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tripathi J, Segeritz CP, Griffiths G, Bushell W, Vallier L, Skarnes WC, Mota MM, Billker O. A Novel Chemically Differentiated Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell-Based Model to Study Liver Stages of Plasmodium berghei. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 14:1123-1134. [PMID: 32442532 PMCID: PMC7355138 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymptomatic and obligatory liver stage (LS) infection of Plasmodium parasites presents an attractive target for antimalarial vaccine and drug development. Lack of robust cellular models to study LS infection has hindered the discovery and validation of host genes essential for intrahepatic parasite development. Here, we present a chemically differentiated mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC)-based LS model, which supports complete development of Plasmodium berghei exoerythrocytic forms (EEFs) and can be used to define new host-parasite interactions. Using our model, we established that host Pnpla2, coding for adipose triglyceride lipase, is dispensable for P. berghei EEF development. In addition, we also evaluated in-vitro-differentiated human hepatocyte-like cells (iHLCs) to study LS of P. berghei and found it to be a sub-optimal infection model. Overall, our results present a new mouse ESC-based P. berghei LS infection model that can be utilized to study the impact of host genetic variation on parasite development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaishree Tripathi
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Charis-Patricia Segeritz
- Wellcome Trust and Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gareth Griffiths
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wendy Bushell
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome Trust and Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - William C Skarnes
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Ten Discovery Drive, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Maria M Mota
- Unidade de Malária, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Oliver Billker
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK; Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden and Molecular Biology Department, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sharifi Tabar M, Hesaraki M, Esfandiari F, Sahraneshin Samani F, Vakilian H, Baharvand H. Evaluating Electroporation and Lipofectamine Approaches for Transient and Stable Transgene Expressions in Human Fibroblasts and Embryonic Stem Cells. CELL JOURNAL 2015; 17:438-50. [PMID: 26464815 PMCID: PMC4601864 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2015.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objective Genetic modification of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is critical for
their extensive use as a fundamental tool for cell therapy and basic research. Despite
the fact that various methods such as lipofection and electroporation have been applied
to transfer the gene of interest (GOI) into the target cell line, however, there are few re-
ports that compare all parameters, which influence transfection efficiency. In this study,
we examine all parameters that affect the efficiency of electroporation and lipofection for
transient and long-term gene expression in three different cell lines to introduce the best
method and determinant factor.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, both electroporation and lipofection
approaches were employed for genetic modification. pCAG-EGFP was applied for tran-
sient expression of green fluorescent protein in two genetically different hESC lines, Roy-
an H5 (XX) and Royan H6 (XY), as well as human foreskin fibroblasts (hFF). For long-term
EGFP expression VASA and OLIG2 promoters (germ cell and motoneuron specific genes,
respectively), were isolated and subsequently cloned into a pBluMAR5 plasmid backbone
to drive EGFP expression. Flow cytometry analysis was performed two days after trans-
fection to determine transient expression efficiency. Differentiation of drug resistant hESC
colonies toward primordial germ cells (PGCs) was conducted to confirm stable integration
of the transgene.
Results Transient and stable expression suggested a variable potential for different cell
lines against transfection. Analysis of parameters that influenced gene transformation ef-
ficiency revealed that the vector concentrations from 20-60 μg and the density of the sub-
jected cells (5×105and 1×106cells) were not as effective as the genetic background and
voltage rate. The present data indicated that in contrast to the circular form, the linearized
vector generated more distinctive drug resistant colonies.
Conclusion Electroporation was an efficient tool for genetic engineering of hESCs
compared to the chemical method. The genetic background of the subjected cell line
for transfection seemed to be a fundamental factor in each gene delivery method. For
each cell line, optimum voltage rate should be calculated as it has been shown to play
a crucial role in cell death and rate of gene delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sharifi Tabar
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Hesaraki
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Esfandiari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fazel Sahraneshin Samani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haghighat Vakilian
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lemke K, Förster T, Römer R, Quade M, Wiedemeier S, Grodrian A, Gastrock G. A modular segmented-flow platform for 3D cell cultivation. J Biotechnol 2015; 205:59-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
5
|
Meganathan K, Sotiriadou I, Natarajan K, Hescheler J, Sachinidis A. Signaling molecules, transcription growth factors and other regulators revealed from in-vivo and in-vitro models for the regulation of cardiac development. Int J Cardiol 2015; 183:117-28. [PMID: 25662074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Several in-vivo heart developmental models have been applied to decipher the cardiac developmental patterning encompassing early, dorsal, cardiac and visceral mesoderm as well as various transcription factors such as Gata, Hand, Tin, Dpp, Pnr. The expression of cardiac specific transcription factors, such as Gata4, Tbx5, Tbx20, Tbx2, Tbx3, Mef2c, Hey1 and Hand1 are of fundamental significance for the in-vivo cardiac development. Not only the transcription factors, but also the signaling molecules involved in cardiac development were conserved among various species. Enrichment of the bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) in the anterior lateral plate mesoderm is essential for the initiation of myocardial differentiation and the cardiac developmental process. Moreover, the expression of a number of cardiac transcription factors and structural genes initiate cardiac differentiation in the medial mesoderm. Other signaling molecules such as TGF-beta, IGF-1/2 and the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) play a significant role in cardiac repair/regeneration, ventricular heart development and specification of early cardiac mesoderm, respectively. The role of the Wnt signaling in cardiac development is still controversial discussed, as in-vitro results differ dramatically in relation to the animal models. Embryonic stem cells (ESC) were utilized as an important in-vitro model for the elucidation of the cardiac developmental processes since they can be easily manipulated by numerous signaling molecules, growth factors, small molecules and genetic manipulation. Finally, in the present review the dynamic role of the long noncoding RNA and miRNAs in the regulation of cardiac development are summarized and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kesavan Meganathan
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Isaia Sotiriadou
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Karthick Natarajan
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gaspar JA, Doss MX, Hengstler JG, Cadenas C, Hescheler J, Sachinidis A. Unique metabolic features of stem cells, cardiomyocytes, and their progenitors. Circ Res 2014; 114:1346-60. [PMID: 24723659 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.302021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, growing attention has been directed toward stem cell metabolism, with the key observation that the plasticity of stem cells also reflects the plasticity of their energy substrate metabolism. There seems to be a clear link between the self-renewal state of stem cells, in which cells proliferate without differentiation, and the activity of specific metabolic pathways. Differentiation is accompanied by a shift from anaerobic glycolysis to mitochondrial respiration. This metabolic switch of differentiating stem cells is required to cover the energy demands of the different organ-specific cell types. Among other metabolic signatures, amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism is most prominent in undifferentiated embryonic stem cells, whereas the fatty acid metabolic signature is unique in cardiomyocytes derived from embryonic stem cells. Identifying the specific metabolic pathways involved in pluripotency and differentiation is critical for further progress in the field of developmental biology and regenerative medicine. The recently generated knowledge on metabolic key processes may help to generate mature stem cell-derived somatic cells for therapeutic applications without the requirement of genetic manipulation. In the present review, the literature about metabolic features of stem cells and their cardiovascular cell derivatives as well as the specific metabolic gene signatures differentiating between stem and differentiated cells are summarized and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Antonydas Gaspar
- From the Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J.A.G., M.X.D., J.H., A.S.); and Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Technical University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany (J.G.H., C.C.)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hox genes are involved in vascular wall-resident multipotent stem cell differentiation into smooth muscle cells. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2178. [PMID: 24145756 PMCID: PMC3804857 DOI: 10.1038/srep02178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human vascular wall-resident CD44+ multipotent stem cells (VW-MPSCs) within the vascular adventitia are capable to differentiate into pericytes and smooth muscle cells (SMC). This study demonstrates HOX-dependent differentiation of CD44(+) VW-MPSCs into SMC that involves epigenetic modification of transgelin as a down-stream regulated gene. First, HOXB7, HOXC6 and HOXC8 were identified to be differentially expressed in VW-MPSCs as compared to terminal differentiated human aortic SMC, endothelial cells and undifferentiated pluripotent embryonic stem cells. Silencing these HOX genes in VW-MPSCs significantly reduced their sprouting capacity and increased expression of the SMC markers transgelin and calponin and the histone gene histone H1. Furthermore, the methylation pattern of the TAGLN promoter was altered. In summary, our findings suggest a role for certain HOX genes in regulating differentiation of human VW-MPSC into SMCs that involves epigenetic mechanisms. This is critical for understanding VW-MPSC-dependent vascular disease processes such as neointima formation and tumor vascularization.
Collapse
|
8
|
Tian XX, Kang J, Yan CH, Xu K, Tao J, Yang GT, Han YL. Purification and functional assessment of smooth muscle cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells. JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY : JGC 2013; 10:272-80. [PMID: 24133516 PMCID: PMC3796702 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-5411.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To obtain a pure population of smooth muscle cells (SMC) derived from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) and further assess their functions. METHODS A vector, expressing both puromycin resistance gene (puro(r) ) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene driven by smooth muscle 22α (SM22α) promoter, named pSM22α-puro(r)-IRES2-EGFP was constructed and used to transfect ESC. Transgenic ESC (Tg-ESC) clones were selected by G418 and identified by PCR amplification of puro(r) gene. The characteristics of Tg-ESC were detected by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, SSEA-1 immunofluorescence and teratoma formation test in vivo. After induction of SMC differentiation by all-trans retinoic acid, differentiated Tg-ESC were treated with 10 µg/mL puromycin for three days to obtain purified SMC (P-SMC). Percentage of EGFP(+) cells in P-SMC was assessed by flow cytometer. Expressions of smooth muscle specific markers were detected by immunostaining and Western blotting. Proliferation, migration and contractility of P-SMC were analyzed by growth curve, trans-well migration assay, and carbachol treatment, respectively. Finally, both P-SMC and unpurified SMC (unP-SMC) were injected into syngeneic mouse to see teratoma development. RESULTS Tg-ESC clone was successfully established and confirmed by PCR detection of puro(r) gene in its genomic DNA. The Tg-ESC was positive for ALP staining, SSEA-1 staining and formed teratoma containing tissues derived from three germ layers. After retinoic acid induction, large amount of EGFP positive cells outgrew from differentiated Tg-ESC. Three days of puromycin treatment produced a population of P-SMC with an EGFP(+) percentage as high as 98.2% in contrast to 29.47% of unP-SMC. Compared with primary mouse vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), P-SMC displayed positive, but lowered expression of SMC-specific markers including SM α-actin and myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC) detected either, by immunostaining, or immunoblotting, accelerated proliferation, improved migration (99.33 ± 2.04 vs. 44.00 ± 2.08 migrated cells/field, P < 0.05), and decreased contractility in response to carbachol (7.75 ± 1.19 % vs. 16.50 ± 3.76 % in cell area reduction, P < 0.05). In vivo injection of unP-SMC developed apparent teratoma while P-SMC did not. CONCLUSIONS We obtained a pure population of ESC derived SMC with less mature (differentiated) phenotypes, which will be of great use in research of vascular diseases and in bio-engineered vascular grafts for regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiang Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA Cardiovascular Research Institute, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110840, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Eberini I, Wait R, Calabresi L, Sensi C, Miller I, Gianazza E. A proteomic portrait of atherosclerosis. J Proteomics 2013; 82:92-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
10
|
All-trans retinoic acid and basic fibroblast growth factor synergistically direct pluripotent human embryonic stem cells to extraembryonic lineages. Stem Cell Res 2012; 10:228-40. [PMID: 23314291 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can be used to model the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie embryonic development. Understanding the cellular mechanisms and pathways involved in extraembryonic (ExE) differentiation is of great interest because of the important role of this process in maternal health and fertility. Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) is widely used to maintain the self-renewal of hESCs and induced pluripotent stem cells, while all trans retinoic acid (RA) is used to facilitate the directed differentiation of hESCs. Here, we monitored the RA induced differentiation of hESCs to the ExE lineage with and without FGF-2 over a 7-day period via global transcriptional profiling. The stemness markers POU5F1, NANOG and TDGF1 were markedly downregulated, whereas an upregulation of the ExE markers KRT7, CGA, DDAH2 and IGFBP3 was observed. Many of the differentially expressed genes were involved in WNT and TGF-β signaling. RA inactivated WNT signaling even in the presence of exogenous FGF-2, which that promotes the maintenance of the pluripotent state. We also show that BMP4 was upregulated and that RA was able to modulate the TGF-β signaling pathway and direct hESCs toward the ExE lineage. In addition, an epigenetic study revealed hypermethylation of the DDAH2, TDGF1 and GATA3 gene promoters, suggesting a role for epigenetic regulation during ExE differentiation. These data reveals that the effect of RA prevails in the presence of exogenous FGF-2 thus resulting in the direction of hESCs toward the ExE lineage.
Collapse
|
11
|
Gaspar JA, Doss MX, Winkler J, Wagh V, Hescheler J, Kolde R, Vilo J, Schulz H, Sachinidis A. Gene expression signatures defining fundamental biological processes in pluripotent, early, and late differentiated embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2471-84. [PMID: 22420508 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating the molecular mechanisms controlling the in vivo developmental program postembryogenesis is challenging and time consuming. However, the developmental program can be partly recapitulated in vitro by the use of cultured embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Similar to the totipotent cells of the inner cell mass, gene expression and morphological changes in cultured ESCs occur hierarchically during their differentiation, with epiblast cells developing first, followed by germ layers and finally somatic cells. Combination of high throughput -omics technologies with murine ESCs offers an alternative approach for studying developmental processes toward organ-specific cell phenotypes. We have made an attempt to understand differentiation networks controlling embryogenesis in vivo using a time kinetic, by identifying molecules defining fundamental biological processes in the pluripotent state as well as in early and the late differentiation stages of ESCs. Our microarray data of the differentiation of the ESCs clearly demonstrate that the most critical early differentiation processes occur at days 2 and 3 of differentiation. Besides monitoring well-annotated markers pertinent to both self-renewal and potency (capacity to differentiate to different cell lineage), we have identified candidate molecules for relevant signaling pathways. These molecules can be further investigated in gain and loss-of-function studies to elucidate their role for pluripotency and differentiation. As an example, siRNA knockdown of MageB16, a gene highly expressed in the pluripotent state, has proven its influence in inducing differentiation when its function is repressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Antonydas Gaspar
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
The role of microRNA-145 in human embryonic stem cell differentiation into vascular cells. Atherosclerosis 2011; 219:468-74. [PMID: 21945499 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have reported that microRNA-145 (miR-145) is a critical mediator in the regulation of proliferation, differentiation, and phenotype expression of smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Previously, we established a system for differentiating human ESCs into vascular cells including endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). In the present study, we investigated the role of miR-145 in the differentiation process from human ESCs into ECs and SMCs. METHODS AND RESULTS Undifferentiated human ESCs were induced to differentiate into vascular lineage according to our established method. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that human ESC-derived precursor of SMCs (ES-pre-SMCs), similar to human aortic SMCs, expressed a significant amount of miR-145 as well as smooth muscle-specific proteins, compared to undifferentiated human ESCs, adult ECs, or ESC-derived ECs (ES-ECs). However, morphological analysis revealed that human ES-pre-SMCs appeared round and flattened in shape, though human aortic SMCs exhibited the typical spindle-like morphology of SMCs. In addition, Krüppel-like factor 4 and 5 (KLF4 and 5), direct targets of miR-145 and suppressors of smooth muscle differentiation, were upregulated in ES-pre-SMCs compared to aortic SMCs, indicating ES-pre-SMCs were not fully differentiated SMCs. Overexpression of miR-145 in ES-pre-SMCs upregulated the expression of smooth muscle markers, repressed KLF4 and 5 expressions, and changed their morphology into a differentiated spindle-like shape. Furthermore, by introduction of miR-145, ES-pre-SMC proliferation was significantly inhibited and carbachol-stimulated contraction of ES-pre-SMCs was significantly increased. In contrast, downregulation of miR-145 in ES-pre-SMCs upregulated KLF4 and 5 expressions, suppressed the expression of smooth muscle markers, and left unchanged their proliferation and contractility. In ES-ECs, miR-145 overexpression did not induce the synthesis of smooth muscle-related proteins nor suppress the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. CONCLUSION We showed that miR-145 can regulate the fate and phenotype of human ES-pre-SMCs as they become fully differentiated SMCs. Overexpression of miR-145 on human ES-pre-SMCs is a promising method to obtain functional mature SMCs from human ESCs, which are required for reliable experimental research in the fields of atherosclerosis, hypertension and other vascular diseases.
Collapse
|
13
|
Cheung C, Sinha S. Human embryonic stem cell-derived vascular smooth muscle cells in therapeutic neovascularisation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 51:651-64. [PMID: 21816157 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic diseases remain one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. In recent clinical trials on cell-based therapies, the use of adult stem and progenitor cells only elicited marginal benefits. Therapeutic neovascularisation is the Holy Grail for ischemic tissue recovery. There is compelling evidence from animal transplantation studies that the inclusion of mural cells in addition to endothelial cells (ECs) can enhance the formation of functional blood vessels. Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and pericytes are essential for the stabilisation of nascent immature endothelial tubes. Despite the intense interest in the utility of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) for vascular regenerative medicine, ESC-derived vascular SMCs have received much less attention than ECs. This review begins with developmental insights into a range of smooth muscle progenitors from studies on embryos and ESC differentiation systems. We then summarise the methods of derivation of smooth muscle progenitors and cells from human ESCs. The primary emphasis is on the inherent heterogeneity of smooth muscle progenitors and cells and the limitations of current in vitro characterisation. Essential transplantation issues such as the type and source of therapeutic cells, mode of cell delivery, measures to enhance cell viability, putative mechanisms of benefit and long-term tracking of cell fate are also discussed. Finally, we highlight the challenges of clinical compatibility and scaling up for medical use in order to eventually realise the goal of human ESC-based vascular regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Cheung
- The Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, West Forvie Building, Forvie Site, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vascular wall-resident CD44+ multipotent stem cells give rise to pericytes and smooth muscle cells and contribute to new vessel maturation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20540. [PMID: 21637782 PMCID: PMC3102739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we identify CD44(+)CD90(+)CD73(+)CD34(−)CD45(−) cells within the adult human arterial adventitia with properties of multipotency which were named vascular wall-resident multipotent stem cells (VW-MPSCs). VW-MPSCs exhibit typical mesenchymal stem cell characteristics including cell surface markers in immunostaining and flow cytometric analyses, and differentiation into adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteocytes under culture conditions. Particularly, TGFß1 stimulation up-regulates smooth muscle cell markers in VW-MPSCs. Using fluorescent cell labelling and co-localisation studies we show that VW-MPSCs differentiate to pericytes/smooth muscle cells which cover the wall of newly formed endothelial capillary-like structures in vitro. Co-implantation of EGFP-labelled VW-MPSCs and human umbilical vein endothelial cells into SCID mice subcutaneously via Matrigel results in new vessels formation which were covered by pericyte- or smooth muscle-like cells generated from implanted VW-MPSCs. Our results suggest that VW-MPSCs are of relevance for vascular morphogenesis, repair and self-renewal of vascular wall cells and for local capacity of neovascularization in disease processes.
Collapse
|
15
|
Potta SP, Sheng X, Gaspar JA, Meganathan K, Jagtap S, Pfannkuche K, Winkler J, Hescheler J, Papadopoulos S, Sachinidis A. Functional Characterization and Gene Expression Profiling of α-Smooth Muscle Actin Expressing Cardiomyocytes Derived from Murine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011; 8:229-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9271-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
16
|
van Dartel DAM, Piersma AH. The embryonic stem cell test combined with toxicogenomics as an alternative testing model for the assessment of developmental toxicity. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 32:235-44. [PMID: 21575713 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the most studied in vitro alternative testing methods for identification of developmental toxicity is the embryonic stem cell test (EST). Although the EST has been formally validated, the applicability domain as well as the predictability of the model needs further study to allow successful implementation of the EST as an alternative testing method in regulatory toxicity testing. Genomics technologies have already provided a proof of principle of their value in identification of toxicants such as carcinogenic compounds. Also within the EST, gene expression profiling has shown its value in the identification of developmental toxicity and in the evaluation of factors critical for risk assessment, such as dose and time responses. It is expected that the implementation of genomics into the EST will provide a more detailed end point evaluation as compared to the classical morphological scoring of differentiation cultures. Therefore, genomics may contribute to improvement of the EST, both in terms of definition of its applicability domain as well as its predictive capacity. In the present review, we present the progress that has been made with regard to the prediction of developmental toxicity using the EST combined with transcriptomics. Furthermore, we discuss the developments of additional aspects required for further optimization of the EST, including kinetics, the use of human embryonic stem cells (ESC) and computational toxicology. Finally, the current and future use of the EST model for prediction of developmental toxicity in testing strategies and in regulatory toxicity evaluations is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorien A M van Dartel
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Doss MX, Gaspar JA, Winkler J, Hescheler J, Schulz H, Sachinidis A. Specific Gene Signatures and Pathways in Mesodermal Cells and Their Derivatives Derived from Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011; 8:43-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
18
|
Beamish JA, He P, Kottke-Marchant K, Marchant RE. Molecular regulation of contractile smooth muscle cell phenotype: implications for vascular tissue engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2011; 16:467-91. [PMID: 20334504 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2009.0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The molecular regulation of smooth muscle cell (SMC) behavior is reviewed, with particular emphasis on stimuli that promote the contractile phenotype. SMCs can shift reversibly along a continuum from a quiescent, contractile phenotype to a synthetic phenotype, which is characterized by proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. This phenotypic plasticity can be harnessed for tissue engineering. Cultured synthetic SMCs have been used to engineer smooth muscle tissues with organized ECM and cell populations. However, returning SMCs to a contractile phenotype remains a key challenge. This review will integrate recent work on how soluble signaling factors, ECM, mechanical stimulation, and other cells contribute to the regulation of contractile SMC phenotype. The signal transduction pathways and mechanisms of gene expression induced by these stimuli are beginning to be elucidated and provide useful information for the quantitative analysis of SMC phenotype in engineered tissues. Progress in the development of tissue-engineered scaffold systems that implement biochemical, mechanical, or novel polymer fabrication approaches to promote contractile phenotype will also be reviewed. The application of an improved molecular understanding of SMC biology will facilitate the design of more potent cell-instructive scaffold systems to regulate SMC behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Beamish
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7207, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kane NM, Xiao Q, Baker AH, Luo Z, Xu Q, Emanueli C. Pluripotent stem cell differentiation into vascular cells: A novel technology with promises for vascular re(generation). Pharmacol Ther 2011; 129:29-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
20
|
Vo E, Hanjaya-Putra D, Zha Y, Kusuma S, Gerecht S. Smooth-Muscle-Like Cells Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells Support and Augment Cord-Like Structures In Vitro. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2010; 6:237-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
21
|
Doss MX, Wagh V, Schulz H, Kull M, Kolde R, Pfannkuche K, Nolden T, Himmelbauer H, Vilo J, Hescheler J, Sachinidis A. Global transcriptomic analysis of murine embryonic stem cell-derived brachyury(+) (T) cells. Genes Cells 2010; 15:209-28. [PMID: 20184659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2010.01390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Brachyury(+) mesodermal cell population with purity over 79% was obtained from differentiating brachyury embryonic stem cells (ESC) generated with brachyury promoter driven enhanced green fluorescent protein and puromycin-N-acetyltransferase. A comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of brachyury(+) cells enriched with puromycin application from 6-day-old embryoid bodies (EBs), 6-day-old control EBs and undifferentiated ESCs led to identification of 1573 uniquely up-regulated and 1549 uniquely down-regulated transcripts in brachyury(+) cells. Furthermore, transcripts up-regulated in brachyury(+) cells have overrepresented the Gene Ontology annotations (cell differentiation, blood vessel morphogenesis, striated muscle development, placenta development and cell motility) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway annotations (mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and transforming growth factor beta signaling). Transcripts representing Larp2 and Ankrd34b are notably up-regulated in brachyury(+) cells. Knockdown of Larp2 resulted in a significantly down-regulation BMP-2 expression, and knockdown of Ankrd34b resulted in alteration of NF-H, PPARγ and PECAM1 expression. The elucidation of transcriptomic signatures of ESCs-derived brachyury(+) cells will contribute toward defining the genetic and cellular identities of presumptive mesodermal cells. Furthermore, there is a possible involvement of Larp2 in the regulation of the late mesodermal marker BMP-2. Ankrd34b might be a positive regulator of neurogenesis and a negative regulator of adipogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Xavier Doss
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, and Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne (CMMC), Robert-Koch Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, GermanyMax-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine - MDC, Robert-Rössle Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, GermanyInstitute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Liivi 2, 50409 Tartu, Estonia and Quretec Ltd, Ulikooli 6a, Tartu, EstoniaDepartment of Vertebrate Genomics, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr.73, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Schulz H, Kolde R, Adler P, Aksoy I, Anastassiadis K, Bader M, Billon N, Boeuf H, Bourillot PY, Buchholz F, Dani C, Doss MX, Forrester L, Gitton M, Henrique D, Hescheler J, Himmelbauer H, Hübner N, Karantzali E, Kretsovali A, Lubitz S, Pradier L, Rai M, Reimand J, Rolletschek A, Sachinidis A, Savatier P, Stewart F, Storm MP, Trouillas M, Vilo J, Welham MJ, Winkler J, Wobus AM, Hatzopoulos AK. The FunGenES database: a genomics resource for mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6804. [PMID: 19727443 PMCID: PMC2731164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells have high self-renewal capacity and the potential to differentiate into a large variety of cell types. To investigate gene networks operating in pluripotent ES cells and their derivatives, the “Functional Genomics in Embryonic Stem Cells” consortium (FunGenES) has analyzed the transcriptome of mouse ES cells in eleven diverse settings representing sixty-seven experimental conditions. To better illustrate gene expression profiles in mouse ES cells, we have organized the results in an interactive database with a number of features and tools. Specifically, we have generated clusters of transcripts that behave the same way under the entire spectrum of the sixty-seven experimental conditions; we have assembled genes in groups according to their time of expression during successive days of ES cell differentiation; we have included expression profiles of specific gene classes such as transcription regulatory factors and Expressed Sequence Tags; transcripts have been arranged in “Expression Waves” and juxtaposed to genes with opposite or complementary expression patterns; we have designed search engines to display the expression profile of any transcript during ES cell differentiation; gene expression data have been organized in animated graphs of KEGG signaling and metabolic pathways; and finally, we have incorporated advanced functional annotations for individual genes or gene clusters of interest and links to microarray and genomic resources. The FunGenES database provides a comprehensive resource for studies into the biology of ES cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Schulz
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raivo Kolde
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Adler
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Irène Aksoy
- INSERM U846, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France
| | | | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Hélène Boeuf
- Université Bordeaux 2, CNRS-UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Frank Buchholz
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Lesley Forrester
- Queens Medical Research Institute E2.47, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Domingos Henrique
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heinz Himmelbauer
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), UPF, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Norbert Hübner
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Sandra Lubitz
- BioInnovation Zentrum, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Meena Rai
- Department of Medicine -Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jüri Reimand
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Pierre Savatier
- INSERM U846, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France
| | - Francis Stewart
- BioInnovation Zentrum, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mike P. Storm
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jaak Vilo
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Melanie J. Welham
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Winkler
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Antonis K. Hatzopoulos
- Department of Medicine -Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology and Tumor Genetics, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|