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Stevenson MD, Vendrov AE, Yang X, Chen Y, Navarro HA, Moss N, Runge MS, Arendshorst WJ, Madamanchi NR. Reactivity of renal and mesenteric resistance vessels to angiotensin II is mediated by NOXA1/NOX1 and superoxide signaling. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 324:F335-F352. [PMID: 36759130 PMCID: PMC10026993 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00236.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes and the generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress regulate vascular and renal function and contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension. The present study examined the role of NOXA1/NOX1 function in vascular reactivity of renal and mesenteric resistance arteries/arterioles of wild-type and Noxa1-/- mice. A major finding was that renal blood flow is less sensitive to acute stimulation by angiotensin II (ANG II) in Noxa1-/- mice compared with wild-type mice, with a direct action on resistance arterioles independent of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. These functional results were reinforced by immunofluorescence evidence of NOXA1/NOX1 protein presence in renal arteries, afferent arterioles, and glomeruli as well as their upregulation by ANG II. In contrast, the renal vascular response to the thromboxane mimetic U46619 was effectively blunted by NO and was similar in both mouse genotypes and thus independent of NOXA1/NOX1 signaling. However, phenylephrine- and ANG II-induced contraction of isolated mesenteric arteries was less pronounced and buffering of vasoconstriction after acetylcholine and nitroprusside stimulation was reduced in Noxa1-/- mice, suggesting endothelial NO-dependent mechanisms. An involvement of NOXA1/NOX1/O2•- signaling in response to ANG II was demonstrated with the specific NOXA1/NOX1 assembly inhibitor C25 and the nonspecific NOX inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium chloride in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells and isolated mesenteric resistance arteries. Collectively, our data indicate that the NOX1/NOXA1/O2•- pathway contributes to acute vasoconstriction induced by ANG II in renal and mesenteric vascular beds and may contribute to ANG II-induced hypertension.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Renal reactivity to angiotensin II (ANG II) is mediated by superoxide signaling produced by NADPH oxidase (NOX)A1/NOX1. Acute vasoconstriction of renal arteries by ANG was blunted in Noxa1-/- compared with wild-type mice. NOXA1/NOX1/O2•- signaling was also observed in ANG II stimulation of vascular smooth muscle cells and isolated mesenteric resistance arteries, indicating that it contributes to ANG II-induced hypertension. A NOXA1/NOX1 assembly inhibitor (C25) has been characterized that inhibits superoxide production and ameliorates the effects of ANG II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Stevenson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Aleksandr E Vendrov
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Yuenmu Chen
- McAllister Heart Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Hernán A Navarro
- Center for Drug Discovery, Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Nicholas Moss
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Marschall S Runge
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - William J Arendshorst
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Nageswara R Madamanchi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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Liu R, Juncos LA, Lu Y, Wei J, Zhang J, Wang L, Lai EY, Carlstrom M, Persson AEG. The Role of Macula Densa Nitric Oxide Synthase 1 Beta Splice Variant in Modulating Tubuloglomerular Feedback. Compr Physiol 2023; 13:4215-4229. [PMID: 36715280 PMCID: PMC9990375 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities in renal electrolyte and water excretion may result in inappropriate salt and water retention, which facilitates the development and maintenance of hypertension, as well as acid-base and electrolyte disorders. A key mechanism by which the kidney regulates renal hemodynamics and electrolyte excretion is via tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF), an intrarenal negative feedback between tubules and arterioles. TGF is initiated by an increase of NaCl delivery at the macula densa cells. The increased NaCl activates luminal Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2) of the macula densa cells, which leads to activation of several intracellular processes followed by the production of paracrine signals that ultimately result in a constriction of the afferent arteriole and a tonic inhibition of single nephron glomerular filtration rate. Neuronal nitric oxide (NOS1) is highly expressed in the macula densa. NOS1β is the major splice variant and accounts for most of NO generation by the macula densa, which inhibits TGF response. Macula densa NOS1β-mediated modulation of TGF responses plays an essential role in control of sodium excretion, volume and electrolyte hemostasis, and blood pressure. In this article, we describe the mechanisms that regulate macula densa-derived NO and their effect on TGF response in physiologic and pathologic conditions. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4215-4229, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruisheng Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology
- Hypertension and Kidney Research Center, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Luis A. Juncos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR
| | - Yan Lu
- Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL
| | - Jin Wei
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology
| | - En Yin Lai
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mattias Carlstrom
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A. Erik G Persson
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Hu XQ, Zhang L. Oxidative Regulation of Vascular Ca v1.2 Channels Triggers Vascular Dysfunction in Hypertension-Related Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122432. [PMID: 36552639 PMCID: PMC9774363 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood pressure is determined by cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance. The L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ (Cav1.2) channel in small arteries and arterioles plays an essential role in regulating Ca2+ influx, vascular resistance, and blood pressure. Hypertension and preeclampsia are characterized by high blood pressure. In addition, diabetes has a high prevalence of hypertension. The etiology of these disorders remains elusive, involving the complex interplay of environmental and genetic factors. Common to these disorders are oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from NADPH oxidases (NOXs) and mitochondria are primary sources of vascular oxidative stress, whereas dysfunction of the Cav1.2 channel confers increased vascular resistance in hypertension. This review will discuss the importance of ROS derived from NOXs and mitochondria in regulating vascular Cav1.2 and potential roles of ROS-mediated Cav1.2 dysfunction in aberrant vascular function in hypertension, diabetes, and preeclampsia.
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Yu X, Xu R, Huang W, Lin L, Zheng F, Wu X. Superoxide dismutase as a protective factor for microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20432. [PMID: 36443358 PMCID: PMC9705706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24804-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress had been linked to hypertensive renal impairment in previous investigations. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was a clinically available oxidative stress biomarker. The association between SOD and the microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients has not been established. From January 2017 to December 2018, data on 690 patients with essential hypertension were collected retrospectively at Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital. Patients were divided into hypertension with microalbuminuria group (HM) and hypertension without microalbuminuria group (NHM). Clinical data from patients were collected and compared between the two groups. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between UACR and SOD. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to screen for the risk factors for HM. Our research included 556 patients in the NHM group and 134 patients in the HM group. Spearman correlation analysis showed a negative correlation between SOD and UACR (P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed SOD was an independent protective factor in hypertensive patients with HM. In hypertensive patients, a substantial, negative correlation between SOD and early renal damage was found, suggesting that SOD may protect renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Yu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Cardiology, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250013 China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250013 Shandong China
| | - Wen Huang
- grid.452422.70000 0004 0604 7301Department of Medical Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250014 China
| | - Lin Lin
- grid.415912.a0000 0004 4903 149XDepartment of Cardiology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, 252000 China
| | - Fei Zheng
- grid.452422.70000 0004 0604 7301Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250014 China
| | - Xia Wu
- grid.452704.00000 0004 7475 0672Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033 China
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Wang X, Jiang S, Fei L, Dong F, Xie L, Qiu X, Lei Y, Guo J, Zhong M, Ren X, Yang Y, Zhao L, Zhang G, Wang H, Tang C, Yu L, Liu R, Patzak A, Persson PB, Hultström M, Wei Q, Lai EY, Zheng Z. Tacrolimus Causes Hypertension by Increasing Vascular Contractility via RhoA (Ras Homolog Family Member A)/ROCK (Rho-Associated Protein Kinase) Pathway in Mice. Hypertension 2022; 79:2228-2238. [PMID: 35938417 PMCID: PMC9993086 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.19189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To provide tacrolimus is first-line treatment after liver and kidney transplantation. However, hypertension and nephrotoxicity are common tacrolimus side effects that limit its use. Although tacrolimus-related hypertension is well known, the underlying mechanisms are not. Here, we test whether tacrolimus-induced hypertension involves the RhoA (Ras homolog family member A)/ROCK (Rho-associated protein kinase) pathway in male C57Bl/6 mice. METHODS Intra-arterial blood pressure was measured under anesthesia. The reactivity of renal afferent arterioles and mesenteric arteries were assessed in vitro using microperfusion and wire myography, respectively. RESULTS Tacrolimus induced a transient rise in systolic arterial pressure that was blocked by the RhoA/ROCK inhibitor Fasudil (12.0±0.9 versus 3.2±0.7; P<0.001). Moreover, tacrolimus reduced the glomerular filtration rate, which was also prevented by Fasudil (187±20 versus 281±8.5; P<0.001). Interestingly, tacrolimus enhanced the sensitivity of afferent arterioles and mesenteric arteries to Ang II (angiotensin II), likely due to increased intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and sensitization. Fasudil prevented increased Ang II-sensitivity and blocked Ca2+ mobilization and sensitization. Preincubation of mouse aortic vascular smooth muscle cells with tacrolimus activated the RhoA/ROCK/MYPT-1 (myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1) pathway. Further, tacrolimus increased cytoplasmic reactive oxygen species generation in afferent arterioles (107±5.9 versus 163±6.4; P<0.001) and in cultured mouse aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (100±7.5 versus 160±23.2; P<0.01). Finally, the reactive oxygen species scavenger Tempol inhibited tacrolimus-induced Ang II hypersensitivity in afferent arterioles and mesenteric arteries. CONCLUSIONS The RhoA/ROCK pathway may play an important role in tacrolimus-induced hypertension by enhancing Ang II-specific vasoconstriction, and reactive oxygen species may participate in this process by activating the RhoA/ROCK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Center of Kidney and Urology, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China (X.W., S.J., L.F., Y.L., M.Z., C.T., E.Y.L., Z.Z.)
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Center of Kidney and Urology, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China (X.W., S.J., L.F., Y.L., M.Z., C.T., E.Y.L., Z.Z.)
| | - Lingyan Fei
- Department of Nephrology, Center of Kidney and Urology, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China (X.W., S.J., L.F., Y.L., M.Z., C.T., E.Y.L., Z.Z.)
| | - Fang Dong
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (F.D., X.Q., J.G., H.W., E.Y.L.)
| | - Lanyu Xie
- College of Clinical Medicine, Nanchang University, China (L.X.)
| | - Xingyu Qiu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (F.D., X.Q., J.G., H.W., E.Y.L.)
| | - Yan Lei
- Department of Nephrology, Center of Kidney and Urology, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China (X.W., S.J., L.F., Y.L., M.Z., C.T., E.Y.L., Z.Z.)
| | - Jie Guo
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (F.D., X.Q., J.G., H.W., E.Y.L.)
| | - Ming Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, Center of Kidney and Urology, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China (X.W., S.J., L.F., Y.L., M.Z., C.T., E.Y.L., Z.Z.)
| | - Xiaoqiu Ren
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (X.R., Q.W.)
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Nephrology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China (Y.Y.)
| | - Liang Zhao
- The Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (L.Z., G.Z.)
| | - Gensheng Zhang
- The Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (L.Z., G.Z.)
| | - Honghong Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (F.D., X.Q., J.G., H.W., E.Y.L.)
| | - Chun Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Center of Kidney and Urology, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China (X.W., S.J., L.F., Y.L., M.Z., C.T., E.Y.L., Z.Z.)
| | - Luyang Yu
- Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (L.Y.)
| | - Ruisheng Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa (R.L.)
| | - Andreas Patzak
- Institute of Translational Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (A.P., P.B.P., E.Y.L.)
| | - Pontus B Persson
- Institute of Translational Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (A.P., P.B.P., E.Y.L.)
| | - Michael Hultström
- Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden (M.H.).,Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden (M.H.)
| | - Qichun Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (X.R., Q.W.)
| | - En Yin Lai
- Department of Nephrology, Center of Kidney and Urology, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China (X.W., S.J., L.F., Y.L., M.Z., C.T., E.Y.L., Z.Z.).,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (F.D., X.Q., J.G., H.W., E.Y.L.).,Institute of Translational Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (A.P., P.B.P., E.Y.L.)
| | - Zhihua Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, Center of Kidney and Urology, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China (X.W., S.J., L.F., Y.L., M.Z., C.T., E.Y.L., Z.Z.)
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Gut microbiota dependent trimethylamine N-oxide aggravates angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102115. [PMID: 34474396 PMCID: PMC8408632 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota produce Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) by metabolizing dietary phosphatidylcholine, choline, l-carnitine and betaine. TMAO is implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes, obesity and atherosclerosis. We test, whether TMAO augments angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced vasoconstriction and hence promotes Ang II-induced hypertension. Plasma TMAO levels were indeed elevated in hypertensive patients, thus the potential pathways by which TMAO mediates these effects were explored. Ang II (400 ng/kg−1min−1) was chronically infused for 14 days via osmotic minipumps in C57Bl/6 mice. TMAO (1%) or antibiotics were given via drinking water. Vasoconstriction of renal afferent arterioles and mesenteric arteries were assessed by microperfusion and wire myograph, respectively. In Ang II-induced hypertensive mice, TMAO elevated systolic blood pressure and caused vasoconstriction, which was alleviated by antibiotics. TMAO enhanced the Ang II-induced acute pressor responses (12.2 ± 1.9 versus 20.6 ± 1.4 mmHg; P < 0.05) and vasoconstriction (32.3 ± 2.6 versus 55.9 ± 7.0%, P < 0.001). Ang II-induced intracellular Ca2+ release in afferent arterioles (147 ± 7 versus 234 ± 26%; P < 0.001) and mouse vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC, 123 ± 3 versus 157 ± 9%; P < 0.001) increased by TMAO treatment. Preincubation of VSMC with TMAO activated the PERK/ROS/CaMKII/PLCβ3 pathway. Pharmacological inhibition of PERK, ROS, CaMKII and PLCβ3 impaired the effect of TMAO on Ca2+ release. Thus, TMAO facilitates Ang II-induced vasoconstriction, thereby promoting Ang II-induced hypertension, which involves the PERK/ROS/CaMKII/PLCβ3 axis. Orally administered TMAO aggravates Ang II-induced hypertension. Antibiotics alleviate Ang II-induced hypertension by reducing TMAO generation. High concentrations of TMAO constrict afferent arterioles and mesenteric arteries and increase blood pressure. Low concentrations of TMAO enhance Ang II-induced vasoconstriction and acute pressor response via activating PERK/ROS/CaMKII/PLCβ3/Ca2+ pathway.
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Li L, Lai EY, Cao X, Welch WJ, Wilcox CS. Endothelial prostaglandin D 2 opposes angiotensin II contractions in mouse isolated perfused intracerebral microarterioles. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2020; 21:1470320320966177. [PMID: 33094663 PMCID: PMC7585895 DOI: 10.1177/1470320320966177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothesis: A lack of contraction of cerebral microarterioles to Ang II (“resilience”) depends on cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipocalin type prostaglandin D sythase L-PGDS producing PGD2 that activates prostaglandin D type 1 receptors (DP1Rs) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Materials & Methods: Contractions were assessed in isolated, perfused vessels and NO by fluorescence microscopy. Results: The mRNAs of penetrating intraparenchymal cerebral microarterioles versus renal afferent arterioles were >3000-fold greater for L-PGDS and DP1R and 5-fold for NOS III and COX 2. Larger cerebral arteries contracted with Ang II. However, cerebral microarterioles were entirely unresponsive but contracted with endothelin 1 and perfusion pressure. Ang II contractions were evoked in cerebral microarterioles from COX1 –/– mice or after blockade of COX2, L-PGDS or NOS and in deendothelialized vessels but effects of deendothelialization were lost during COX blockade. NO generation with Ang II depended on COX and also was increased by DP1R activation. Conclusion: The resilience of cerebral arterioles to Ang II contractions is specific for intraparenchymal microarterioles and depends on endothelial COX1 and two products that are metabolized by L-PGDS to generate PGD2 that signals via DP1Rs and NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Li
- Hypertension Center and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA.,Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - E Y Lai
- Hypertension Center and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA.,Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - X Cao
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - W J Welch
- Hypertension Center and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - C S Wilcox
- Hypertension Center and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
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8
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Oxidative Stress Markers in Chronic Kidney Disease with Emphasis on Diabetic Nephropathy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100925. [PMID: 32992565 PMCID: PMC7600946 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide, especially through the increase of type 2 diabetes. Diabetic nephropathy occurs in up to 40% of diabetic patients and is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Various factors affect the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. Hyperglycaemia increases free radical production, resulting in oxidative stress, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Free radicals have a short half-life and are difficult to measure. In contrast, oxidation products, including lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and nucleic acid oxidation, have longer lifetimes and are used to evaluate oxidative stress. In recent years, different oxidative stress biomarkers associated with diabetic nephropathy have been found. This review summarises current evidence of oxidative stress biomarkers in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Although some of them are promising, they cannot replace currently used clinical biomarkers (eGFR, proteinuria) in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy.
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9
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Xu N, Jiang S, Persson PB, Persson EAG, Lai EY, Patzak A. Reactive oxygen species in renal vascular function. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 229:e13477. [PMID: 32311827 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by the aerobic metabolism. The imbalance between production of ROS and antioxidant defence in any cell compartment is associated with cell damage and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of renal disease. NADPH oxidase (NOX) family is the major ROS source in the vasculature and modulates renal perfusion. Upregulation of Ang II and adenosine activates NOX via AT1R and A1R in renal microvessels, leading to superoxide production. Oxidative stress in the kidney prompts renal vascular remodelling and increases preglomerular resistance. These are key elements in hypertension, acute and chronic kidney injury, as well as diabetic nephropathy. Renal afferent arterioles (Af), the primary resistance vessel in the kidney, fine tune renal hemodynamics and impact on blood pressure. Vice versa, ROS increase hypertension and diabetes, resulting in upregulation of Af vasoconstriction, enhancement of myogenic responses and change of tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF), which further promotes hypertension and diabetic nephropathy. In the following, we highlight oxidative stress in the function and dysfunction of renal hemodynamics. The renal microcirculatory alterations brought about by ROS importantly contribute to the pathophysiology of kidney injury, hypertension and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xu
- Department of Physiology Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Physiology Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Pontus B. Persson
- Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Institute of Vegetative Physiology Berlin Germany
| | | | - En Yin Lai
- Department of Physiology Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
- Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Institute of Vegetative Physiology Berlin Germany
| | - Andreas Patzak
- Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Institute of Vegetative Physiology Berlin Germany
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10
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Melo Junior AF, Dalpiaz PLM, Escouto LDS, Sousa GJ, Aires R, Oliveira ND, Carmona AK, Gava ÁL, Bissoli NS. Involvement of sex hormones, oxidative stress, ACE and ACE2 activity in the impairment of renal function and remodelling in SHR. Life Sci 2020; 257:118138. [PMID: 32712298 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Hypertension is a relevant sex and sex hormones-dependent risk factor where the cardiovascular and renal health of the population are concerned. Men experience greater losses of renal function (RF) than women, but the mechanisms remain somewhat unclear. Our goal was to evaluate the relationship between oxidative stress (OS), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activities and RF in male and female SHR. MAIN METHODS Twelve-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were submitted to either castration or SHAM surgery and divided into 4 groups, SHAM or Castrated (CAST) males or females. After 51 days we evaluated RF (inulin and sodium para-aminohippurate), ACE and ACE2 activities (fluorimetry), OS (flow cytometry), collagen deposition (picrosirius red) and protein expression (western blot). KEY FINDINGS Males presented lower RF than females and castration impaired this parameter in both groups. Sexual dimorphism was not observed regarding OS and inflammation; however, castration increased this parameter more severely in males than in females. SHAM males exhibited higher collagen deposition than females, though castration increased it in both sexes, eliminating the difference. We found sexual dimorphism regarding renal ACE and ACE2 activities, which were lower in males than in females. Although castration did not alter ACE activity, it reduced ACE2 activity in females and increased it in males. SIGNIFICANCE These results indicate that sex hormones affect RF in SHR. As alterations in the oxidative system were capable of promoting podocyte injury, inflammation, and collagen deposition, we put forward that these effects are differently modulated by ACE and ACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio F Melo Junior
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Polyana Lima M Dalpiaz
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo da Silva Escouto
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Glauciene Januário Sousa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Aires
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Nayara Damacena Oliveira
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | - Ágata Lages Gava
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Nazaré Souza Bissoli
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
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11
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Guan Z, Makled MN, Inscho EW. Purinoceptors, renal microvascular function and hypertension. Physiol Res 2020; 69:353-369. [PMID: 32301620 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are critical for maintaining normal blood pressure, kidney function and water and electrolyte homeostasis. The renal microvasculature expresses a multitude of receptors mediating vasodilation and vasoconstriction, which can influence glomerular blood flow and capillary pressure. Despite this, RBF and GFR remain quite stable when arterial pressure fluctuates because of the autoregulatory mechanism. ATP and adenosine participate in autoregulatory control of RBF and GFR via activation of two different purinoceptor families (P1 and P2). Purinoceptors are widely expressed in renal microvasculature and tubules. Emerging data show altered purinoceptor signaling in hypertension-associated kidney injury, diabetic nephropathy, sepsis, ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury and polycystic kidney disease. In this brief review, we highlight recent studies and new insights on purinoceptors regulating renal microvascular function and renal hemodynamics. We also address the mechanisms underlying renal microvascular injury and impaired renal autoregulation, focusing on purinoceptor signaling and hypertension-induced renal microvascular dysfunction. Interested readers are directed to several excellent and comprehensive reviews that recently covered the topics of renal autoregulation, and nucleotides in kidney function under physiological and pathophysiological conditions (Inscho 2009, Navar et al. 2008, Carlstrom et al. 2015, Vallon et al. 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Guan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, South Birmingham, USA.
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12
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Knock GA. NADPH oxidase in the vasculature: Expression, regulation and signalling pathways; role in normal cardiovascular physiology and its dysregulation in hypertension. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 145:385-427. [PMID: 31585207 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The last 20-25 years have seen an explosion of interest in the role of NADPH oxidase (NOX) in cardiovascular function and disease. In vascular smooth muscle and endothelium, NOX generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that act as second messengers, contributing to the control of normal vascular function. NOX activity is altered in response to a variety of stimuli, including G-protein coupled receptor agonists, growth-factors, perfusion pressure, flow and hypoxia. NOX-derived ROS are involved in smooth muscle constriction, endothelium-dependent relaxation and smooth muscle growth, proliferation and migration, thus contributing to the fine-tuning of blood flow, arterial wall thickness and vascular resistance. Through reversible oxidative modification of target proteins, ROS regulate the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatases, kinases, G proteins, ion channels, cytoskeletal proteins and transcription factors. There is now considerable, but somewhat contradictory evidence that NOX contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension through oxidative stress. Specific NOX isoforms have been implicated in endothelial dysfunction, hyper-contractility and vascular remodelling in various animal models of hypertension, pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary arterial hypertension, but also have potential protective effects, particularly NOX4. This review explores the multiplicity of NOX function in the healthy vasculature and the evidence for and against targeting NOX for antihypertensive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg A Knock
- Dpt. of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, UK.
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13
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Duni A, Liakopoulos V, Roumeliotis S, Peschos D, Dounousi E. Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis and Evolution of Chronic Kidney Disease: Untangling Ariadne's Thread. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153711. [PMID: 31362427 PMCID: PMC6695865 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amplification of oxidative stress is present since the early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), holding a key position in the pathogenesis of renal failure. Induction of renal pro-oxidant enzymes with excess generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and accumulation of dityrosine-containing protein products produced during oxidative stress (advanced oxidation protein products—AOPPs) have been directly linked to podocyte damage, proteinuria, and the development of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) as well as tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Vascular oxidative stress is considered to play a critical role in CKD progression, and ROS are potential mediators of the impaired myogenic responses of afferent renal arterioles in CKD and impaired renal autoregulation. Both oxidative stress and inflammation are CKD hallmarks. Oxidative stress promotes inflammation via formation of proinflammatory oxidized lipids or AOPPs, whereas activation of nuclear factor κB transcription factor in the pro-oxidant milieu promotes the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and recruitment of proinflammatory cells. Accumulating evidence implicates oxidative stress in various clinical models of CKD, including diabetic nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease as well as the cardiorenal syndrome. The scope of this review is to tackle the issue of oxidative stress in CKD in a holistic manner so as to provide a future framework for potential interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anila Duni
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Vassilios Liakopoulos
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stefanos Roumeliotis
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Peschos
- Laboratory of Physiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Evangelia Dounousi
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
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14
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Wilcox CS, Wang C, Wang D. Endothelin-1-Induced Microvascular ROS and Contractility in Angiotensin-II-Infused Mice Depend on COX and TP Receptors. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8060193. [PMID: 31234522 PMCID: PMC6616505 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8060193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Angiotensin II (Ang II) and endothelin 1 (ET-1) generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can activate cyclooxygenase (COX). However, thromboxane prostanoid receptors (TPRs) are required to increase systemic markers of ROS during Ang II infusion in mice. We hypothesized that COX and TPRs are upstream requirements for the generation of vascular ROS by ET-1. (2) Methods: ET-1-induced vascular contractions and ROS were assessed in mesenteric arterioles from wild type (+/+) and knockout (−/−) of COX1 or TPR mice infused with Ang II (400 ng/kg/min × 14 days) or a vehicle. (3) Results: Ang II infusion appeared to increase microvascular protein expression of endothelin type A receptors (ETARs), TPRs, and COX1 and 2 in COX1 and TPR +/+ mice but not in −/− mice. Ang II infusion increased ET-1-induced vascular contractions and ROS, which were prevented by a blockade of COX1 and 2 in TPR −/− mice. ET-1 increased the activity of aortic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1, 2, and 3 in Ang-II-infused mice, which were prevented by a blockade of TPRs. (4) Conclusion: Activation of vascular TPRs by COX products are required for ET-1 to increase vascular contractions and ROS generation from NADPH oxidase and reduce ROS metabolism by SOD. These effects require an increase in these systems by prior infusion of Ang II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Wilcox
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Cheng Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Dan Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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15
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Carlstrom M, Montenegro MF. Therapeutic value of stimulating the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway to attenuate oxidative stress and restore nitric oxide bioavailability in cardiorenal disease. J Intern Med 2019; 285:2-18. [PMID: 30039620 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disorders including hypertension and associated renal disease are major health problems affecting more than 1.5 billion people worldwide. Apart from nonmodifiable factors such as ageing, family history and gender, both sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy dietary habits are considered as major risk factors. The disorders are interrelated suggesting common pathological pathways. Mechanistically, oxidative stress and compromised function of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) system leading to endothelial dysfunction and reduction in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability have been widely implicated and associated with development and progression of disease. New strategies that correct this redox imbalance and increase NO bioactivity may have major clinical implications. The inorganic anions, nitrate and nitrite, are endogenously formed by oxidization of NOS-derived NO, but there are also high amounts of nitrate in our daily diet. In this regard, accumulated evidence over the past two decades demonstrates that these anions can be recycled back to NO and other bioactive nitrogen oxides, thus offering an attractive alternative strategy for therapeutic exploitation. In this review, we describe how dietary stimulation of the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway affects cardiovascular and renal functions in health and disease via modulation of oxidative stress and NO bioavailability. Clinical studies addressing potential effects on the renal system are still limited, but blood pressure-lowering effects of nitrate supplementation have been demonstrated in healthy and hypertensive subjects as well as in patients with chronic kidney disease. However, larger clinical studies are warranted to reveal whether chronic nitrate treatment can slow-down the progression of cardiorenal disease and associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carlstrom
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M F Montenegro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Forrester SJ, Booz GW, Sigmund CD, Coffman TM, Kawai T, Rizzo V, Scalia R, Eguchi S. Angiotensin II Signal Transduction: An Update on Mechanisms of Physiology and Pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1627-1738. [PMID: 29873596 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 585] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The angiotensin II (ANG II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) is believed to mediate most functions of ANG II in the system. AT1R utilizes various signal transduction cascades causing hypertension, cardiovascular remodeling, and end organ damage. Moreover, functional cross-talk between AT1R signaling pathways and other signaling pathways have been recognized. Accumulating evidence reveals the complexity of ANG II signal transduction in pathophysiology of the vasculature, heart, kidney, and brain, as well as several pathophysiological features, including inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and aging. In this review, we provide a comprehensive update of the ANG II receptor signaling events and their functional significances for potential translation into therapeutic strategies. AT1R remains central to the system in mediating physiological and pathophysiological functions of ANG II, and participation of specific signaling pathways becomes much clearer. There are still certain limitations and many controversies, and several noteworthy new concepts require further support. However, it is expected that rigorous translational research of the ANG II signaling pathways including those in large animals and humans will contribute to establishing effective new therapies against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Forrester
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - George W Booz
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas M Coffman
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tatsuo Kawai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Victor Rizzo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rosario Scalia
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
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17
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Li L, Lai EY, Luo Z, Solis G, Mendonca M, Griendling KK, Wellstein A, Welch WJ, Wilcox CS. High Salt Enhances Reactive Oxygen Species and Angiotensin II Contractions of Glomerular Afferent Arterioles From Mice With Reduced Renal Mass. Hypertension 2018; 72:1208-1216. [PMID: 30354808 PMCID: PMC6221452 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
High salt, Ang II (angiotensin II), and reactive oxygen species enhance progression of chronic kidney disease. We tested the hypothesis that a high salt intake generates specific reactive oxygen species to enhance Ang II contractions of afferent arterioles from mice with reduced renal mass (RRM). C57BL/6 mice were subjected to surgical RRM or sham operations and received 6% or 0.4% NaCl salt diet for 3 months. Ang II contractions were measured in perfused afferent arterioles and superoxide (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by fluorescence microscopy. RRM enhanced the afferent arteriolar gene expression for p47phox and neutrophil oxidase (NOX) 2 and high salt intake in RRM mice enhanced gene expression for angiotensin type 1 receptors, POLDIP2 and NOX4 and reduced catalase. High salt in mice with RRM enhanced arteriolar O2- and H2O2 generation and maximal contractions to Ang II (10-6 mol/L) that were dependent on O2- because they were prevented by gene deletion of p47phox and on H2O2 because they were prevented by transgenic smooth muscle cell expression of catalase (tgCAT-SMC) and POLDIP2 gene deletion. Three months of tempol normalized arteriolar reactive oxygen species and Ang II contractions. However, arteriolar contractions to lower concentrations of Ang II (10-8 to 10-11 mol/L) were paradoxically inhibited by H2O2 and POLDIP2. In conclusion, both O2- from p47phox/NOX2 and H2O2 from NOX4/POLDIP2 enhance maximal arteriolar Ang II contractions from RRM mice during high salt, but H2O2 and NOX4/POLDIP2 reduce the sensitivity to lower concentrations of Ang II by >100-fold. Tempol prevents all of these changes in function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Li
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Hypertension Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - En Yin Lai
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Hypertension Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou China
| | - Zaiming Luo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Hypertension Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Glenn Solis
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Hypertension Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Margarida Mendonca
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Hypertension Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Kathy K. Griendling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta
| | - Anton Wellstein
- Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC
| | - William J. Welch
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Hypertension Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Christopher S. Wilcox
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Hypertension Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
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18
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Van Beusecum JP, Zhang S, Cook AK, Inscho EW. Acute toll-like receptor 4 activation impairs rat renal microvascular autoregulatory behaviour. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 221:204-220. [PMID: 28544543 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Little is known about how toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) influences the renal microvasculature. We hypothesized that acute TLR4 stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) impairs afferent arteriole autoregulatory behaviour, partially through reactive oxygen species (ROS). METHODS We assessed afferent arteriole autoregulatory behaviour after LPS treatment (1 mg kg-1 ; i.p.) using the in vitro blood-perfused juxtamedullary nephron preparation. Autoregulatory behaviour was assessed by measuring diameter responses to stepwise changes in renal perfusion pressure. TLR4 expression was assessed by immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis in the renal cortex and vasculature. RESULTS Baseline arteriole diameter at 100 mmHg averaged 15.2 ± 1.2 μm and 12.2 ± 1.0 μm for control and LPS groups (P < 0.05) respectively. When perfusion pressure was increased in 15 mmHg increments from 65 to 170 mmHg, arteriole diameter in control kidneys decreased significantly to 69 ± 6% of baseline diameter. In the LPS-treated group, arteriole diameter remained essentially unchanged (103 ± 9% of baseline), indicating impaired autoregulatory behaviour. Pre-treatment with anti-TLR4 antibody or the TLR4 antagonist, LPS-RS, preserved autoregulatory behaviour during LPS treatment. P2 receptor reactivity was normal in control and LPS-treated rats. Pre-treatment with Losartan (angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker; (AT1 ) 2 mg kg-1 ; i.p.) increased baseline afferent arteriole diameter but did not preserve autoregulatory behaviour in LPS-treated rats. Acute exposure to Tempol (10-3 mol L-1 ), a superoxide dismutase mimetic, restored pressure-mediated vasoconstriction in kidneys from LPS-treated rats. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that TLR4 activation impairs afferent arteriole autoregulatory behaviour, partially through ROS, but independently of P2 and AT1 receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Van Beusecum
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
- Department of Physiology; Augusta University; Augusta GA USA
| | - S. Zhang
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
- Department of Physiology; Augusta University; Augusta GA USA
| | - A. K. Cook
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
- Department of Physiology; Augusta University; Augusta GA USA
| | - E. W. Inscho
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
- Department of Physiology; Augusta University; Augusta GA USA
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19
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Togliatto G, Lombardo G, Brizzi MF. The Future Challenge of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Hypertension: From Bench to Bed Side. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091988. [PMID: 28914782 PMCID: PMC5618637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as signaling molecules that control physiological processes, including cell adaptation to stress. Redox signaling via ROS has quite recently become the focus of much attention in numerous pathological contexts, including neurodegenerative diseases, kidney and cardiovascular disease. Imbalance in ROS formation and degradation has also been implicated in essential hypertension. Essential hypertension is characterized by multiple genetic and environmental factors which do not completely explain its associated risk factors. Thereby, even if advances in therapy have led to a significant reduction in hypertension-associated complications, to interfere with the unbalance of redox signals might represent an additional therapeutic challenge. The decrease of nitric oxide (NO) levels, the antioxidant activity commonly found in preclinical models of hypertension and the ability of antioxidant approaches to reduce ROS levels have spurred clinicians to investigate the contribution of ROS in humans. Indeed, particular effort has recently been devoted to understanding how redox signaling may contribute to vascular pathobiology in human hypertension. However, although biomarkers of oxidative stress have been found to positively correlate with blood pressure in preclinical model of hypertension, human data are less convincing. We herein provide an overview of the most relevant mechanisms via which oxidative stress might contribute to the pathophysiology of essential hypertension. Moreover, alternative approaches, which are directed towards improving antioxidant machinery and/or interfering with ROS production, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Togliatto
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Giusy Lombardo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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20
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Li L, Lai EY, Luo Z, Solis G, Griendling KK, Taylor WR, Jose PA, Wellstein A, Welch WJ, Wilcox CS. Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide counterregulate myogenic contractions in renal afferent arterioles from a mouse model of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2017; 92:625-633. [PMID: 28396118 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Myogenic contractions protect kidneys from barotrauma but are impaired in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Since myogenic contractions are enhanced by superoxide but impaired by hydrogen peroxide, we tested the hypothesis that they are counterregulated by superoxide and H2O2 from NOX2/p47phox and/or NOX4/POLDIP2 in CKD. Myogenic contraction in isolated perfused afferent arterioles from mice with surgical 5/6 nephrectomy or sham operations fed a 6% sodium chloride diet was measured directly while superoxide and H2O2 were measured by fluorescence microscopy. Compared to sham-operated animals, an increase in perfusion pressure of arterioles from CKD mice doubled superoxide (21 versus 11%), increased H2O2 seven-fold (29 versus 4%), and reduced myogenic contractions profoundly (-1 versus -14%). Myogenic contractions were impaired further by PEG-superoxide dismutase or in arterioles from p47phox-/- (versus wild type) mice but became supra-normal by PEG-catalase or in mice with transgenic expression of catalase in vascular smooth muscle cells (-11 versus -1%). Single arterioles from mice with CKD expressed over 40% more mRNA and protein for NOX4 and POLDIP2. Myogenic responses in arterioles from POLDIP2 +/- (versus wild type) mice with CKD had over an 85% reduction in H2O2, but preserved superoxide and a normal myogenic response. Tempol administration to CKD mice for 3 months decreased afferent arteriolar superoxide and H2O2 and maintained myogenic contractions. Thus, afferent arteriolar superoxide generated by NOX2/p47phox opposes H2O2 generated by NOX4/POLDIP2 whose upregulation in afferent arterioles from mice with CKD accounts for impaired myogenic contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Li
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Hypertension Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - En Yin Lai
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Hypertension Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zaiming Luo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Hypertension Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Glenn Solis
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Hypertension Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kathy K Griendling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - W Robert Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, Department of Medicine and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University; Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anton Wellstein
- Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - William J Welch
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Hypertension Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christopher S Wilcox
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Hypertension Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
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21
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Sag CM, Schnelle M, Zhang J, Murdoch CE, Kossmann S, Protti A, Santos CXC, Sawyer G, Zhang X, Mongue-Din H, Richards DA, Brewer AC, Prysyazhna O, Maier LS, Wenzel P, Eaton PJ, Shah AM. Distinct Regulatory Effects of Myeloid Cell and Endothelial Cell NAPDH Oxidase 2 on Blood Pressure. Circulation 2017; 135:2163-2177. [PMID: 28298457 PMCID: PMC5444427 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.023877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension caused by increased renin-angiotensin system activation is associated with elevated reactive oxygen species production. Previous studies implicate NADPH oxidase (Nox) proteins as important reactive oxygen species sources during renin-angiotensin system activation, with different Nox isoforms being potentially involved. Among these, Nox2 is expressed in multiple cell types, including endothelial cells, fibroblasts, immune cells, and microglia. Blood pressure (BP) is regulated at the central nervous system, renal, and vascular levels, but the cell-specific role of Nox2 in BP regulation is unknown. METHODS We generated a novel mouse model with a floxed Nox2 gene and used Tie2-Cre, LysM Cre, or Cdh5-CreERT2 driver lines to develop cell-specific models of Nox2 perturbation to investigate its role in BP regulation. RESULTS Unexpectedly, Nox2 deletion in myeloid but not endothelial cells resulted in a significant reduction in basal BP. Both Tie2-CreNox2 knockout (KO) mice (in which Nox2 was deficient in both endothelial cells and myeloid cells) and LysM CreNox2KO mice (in which Nox2 was deficient in myeloid cells) had significantly lower BP than littermate controls, whereas basal BP was unaltered in Cdh5-CreERT2 Nox2KO mice (in which Nox2 is deficient only in endothelial cells). The lower BP was attributable to an increased NO bioavailability that dynamically dilated resistance vessels in vivo under basal conditions without a change in renal function. Myeloid-specific Nox2 deletion had no effect on angiotensin II-induced hypertension, which, however, was blunted in Tie2-CreNox2KO mice, along with preservation of endothelium-dependent relaxation during angiotensin II stimulation. CONCLUSIONS We identify a hitherto unrecognized modulation of basal BP by myeloid cell Nox2, whereas endothelial cell Nox2 regulates angiotensin II-induced hypertension. These results identify distinct cell-specific roles for Nox2 in BP regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Martin Sag
- From King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, United Kingdom (C.M.S., M.S., J.Z., C.E.M., A.P., C.X.C.S., G.S., X.Z., H.M.-D., D.A.R., A.C.B., A.P., P.J.E., A.M.S.); Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (C.M.S., L.S.M.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); and Center for Cardiology and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany (S.K., P.W.)
| | - Moritz Schnelle
- From King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, United Kingdom (C.M.S., M.S., J.Z., C.E.M., A.P., C.X.C.S., G.S., X.Z., H.M.-D., D.A.R., A.C.B., A.P., P.J.E., A.M.S.); Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (C.M.S., L.S.M.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); and Center for Cardiology and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany (S.K., P.W.)
| | - Juqian Zhang
- From King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, United Kingdom (C.M.S., M.S., J.Z., C.E.M., A.P., C.X.C.S., G.S., X.Z., H.M.-D., D.A.R., A.C.B., A.P., P.J.E., A.M.S.); Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (C.M.S., L.S.M.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); and Center for Cardiology and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany (S.K., P.W.)
| | - Colin E Murdoch
- From King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, United Kingdom (C.M.S., M.S., J.Z., C.E.M., A.P., C.X.C.S., G.S., X.Z., H.M.-D., D.A.R., A.C.B., A.P., P.J.E., A.M.S.); Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (C.M.S., L.S.M.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); and Center for Cardiology and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany (S.K., P.W.)
| | - Sabine Kossmann
- From King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, United Kingdom (C.M.S., M.S., J.Z., C.E.M., A.P., C.X.C.S., G.S., X.Z., H.M.-D., D.A.R., A.C.B., A.P., P.J.E., A.M.S.); Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (C.M.S., L.S.M.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); and Center for Cardiology and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany (S.K., P.W.)
| | - Andrea Protti
- From King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, United Kingdom (C.M.S., M.S., J.Z., C.E.M., A.P., C.X.C.S., G.S., X.Z., H.M.-D., D.A.R., A.C.B., A.P., P.J.E., A.M.S.); Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (C.M.S., L.S.M.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); and Center for Cardiology and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany (S.K., P.W.)
| | - Celio X C Santos
- From King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, United Kingdom (C.M.S., M.S., J.Z., C.E.M., A.P., C.X.C.S., G.S., X.Z., H.M.-D., D.A.R., A.C.B., A.P., P.J.E., A.M.S.); Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (C.M.S., L.S.M.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); and Center for Cardiology and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany (S.K., P.W.)
| | - Greta Sawyer
- From King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, United Kingdom (C.M.S., M.S., J.Z., C.E.M., A.P., C.X.C.S., G.S., X.Z., H.M.-D., D.A.R., A.C.B., A.P., P.J.E., A.M.S.); Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (C.M.S., L.S.M.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); and Center for Cardiology and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany (S.K., P.W.)
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- From King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, United Kingdom (C.M.S., M.S., J.Z., C.E.M., A.P., C.X.C.S., G.S., X.Z., H.M.-D., D.A.R., A.C.B., A.P., P.J.E., A.M.S.); Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (C.M.S., L.S.M.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); and Center for Cardiology and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany (S.K., P.W.)
| | - Heloise Mongue-Din
- From King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, United Kingdom (C.M.S., M.S., J.Z., C.E.M., A.P., C.X.C.S., G.S., X.Z., H.M.-D., D.A.R., A.C.B., A.P., P.J.E., A.M.S.); Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (C.M.S., L.S.M.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); and Center for Cardiology and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany (S.K., P.W.)
| | - Daniel A Richards
- From King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, United Kingdom (C.M.S., M.S., J.Z., C.E.M., A.P., C.X.C.S., G.S., X.Z., H.M.-D., D.A.R., A.C.B., A.P., P.J.E., A.M.S.); Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (C.M.S., L.S.M.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); and Center for Cardiology and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany (S.K., P.W.)
| | - Alison C Brewer
- From King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, United Kingdom (C.M.S., M.S., J.Z., C.E.M., A.P., C.X.C.S., G.S., X.Z., H.M.-D., D.A.R., A.C.B., A.P., P.J.E., A.M.S.); Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (C.M.S., L.S.M.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); and Center for Cardiology and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany (S.K., P.W.)
| | - Oleksandra Prysyazhna
- From King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, United Kingdom (C.M.S., M.S., J.Z., C.E.M., A.P., C.X.C.S., G.S., X.Z., H.M.-D., D.A.R., A.C.B., A.P., P.J.E., A.M.S.); Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (C.M.S., L.S.M.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); and Center for Cardiology and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany (S.K., P.W.)
| | - Lars S Maier
- From King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, United Kingdom (C.M.S., M.S., J.Z., C.E.M., A.P., C.X.C.S., G.S., X.Z., H.M.-D., D.A.R., A.C.B., A.P., P.J.E., A.M.S.); Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (C.M.S., L.S.M.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); and Center for Cardiology and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany (S.K., P.W.)
| | - Philip Wenzel
- From King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, United Kingdom (C.M.S., M.S., J.Z., C.E.M., A.P., C.X.C.S., G.S., X.Z., H.M.-D., D.A.R., A.C.B., A.P., P.J.E., A.M.S.); Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (C.M.S., L.S.M.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); and Center for Cardiology and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany (S.K., P.W.)
| | - Philip J Eaton
- From King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, United Kingdom (C.M.S., M.S., J.Z., C.E.M., A.P., C.X.C.S., G.S., X.Z., H.M.-D., D.A.R., A.C.B., A.P., P.J.E., A.M.S.); Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (C.M.S., L.S.M.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); and Center for Cardiology and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany (S.K., P.W.)
| | - Ajay M Shah
- From King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, United Kingdom (C.M.S., M.S., J.Z., C.E.M., A.P., C.X.C.S., G.S., X.Z., H.M.-D., D.A.R., A.C.B., A.P., P.J.E., A.M.S.); Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (C.M.S., L.S.M.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); and Center for Cardiology and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany (S.K., P.W.).
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Thibodeau JF, Holterman CE, He Y, Carter A, Cron GO, Boisvert NC, Abd-Elrahman KS, Hsu KJ, Ferguson SSG, Kennedy CRJ. Vascular Smooth Muscle-Specific EP4 Receptor Deletion in Mice Exacerbates Angiotensin II-Induced Renal Injury. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 25:642-656. [PMID: 27245461 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cyclooxygenase inhibition by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is contraindicated in hypertension, as it may reduce glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal blood flow. However, the identity of the specific eicosanoid and receptor underlying these effects is not known. We hypothesized that vascular smooth muscle prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) E-prostanoid 4 (EP4) receptor deletion predisposes to renal injury via unchecked vasoconstrictive actions of angiotensin II (AngII) in a hypertension model. Mice with inducible vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC)-specific EP4 receptor deletion were generated and subjected to AngII-induced hypertension. RESULTS EP4 deletion was verified by PCR of aorta and renal vessels, as well as functionally by loss of PGE2-mediated mesenteric artery relaxation. Both AngII-treated groups became similarly hypertensive, whereas albuminuria, foot process effacement, and renal hypertrophy were exacerbated in AngII-treated EP4VSMC-/- but not in EP4VSMC+/+ mice and were associated with glomerular scarring, tubulointerstitial injury, and reduced GFR. AngII-treated EP4VSMC-/- mice exhibited capillary damage and reduced renal perfusion as measured by fluorescent bead microangiography and magnetic resonance imaging, respectively. NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2) expression was significantly elevated in AngII-treated EP4-/- mice. EP4-receptor silencing in primary VSMCs abolished PGE2 inhibition of AngII-induced Nox2 mRNA and superoxide production. INNOVATION These data suggest that vascular EP4 receptors buffer the actions of AngII on renal hemodynamics and oxidative injury. CONCLUSION EP4 agonists may, therefore, protect against hypertension-associated kidney damage. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 642-656.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Thibodeau
- 1 Chronic Disease Program, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada .,2 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ontario, Canada
| | - Chet E Holterman
- 1 Chronic Disease Program, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ying He
- 1 Chronic Disease Program, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony Carter
- 2 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Naomi C Boisvert
- 1 Chronic Disease Program, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada .,2 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ontario, Canada
| | - Khaled S Abd-Elrahman
- 2 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ontario, Canada
| | - Karolynn J Hsu
- 2 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen S G Ferguson
- 2 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher R J Kennedy
- 1 Chronic Disease Program, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada .,2 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ontario, Canada .,3 The Ottawa Hospital , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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23
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KVANDOVÁ M, MAJZÚNOVÁ M, DOVINOVÁ I. The Role of PPARγ in Cardiovascular Diseases. Physiol Res 2016; 65:S343-S363. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) belong to the nuclear superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors. PPARγ acts as a nutrient sensor that regulates several homeostatic functions. Its disruption can lead to vascular pathologies, disorders of fatty acid/lipid metabolism and insulin resistance. PPARγ can modulate several signaling pathways connected with blood pressure regulation. Firstly, it affects the insulin signaling pathway and endothelial dysfunction by modulation of expression and/or phosphorylation of signaling molecules through the PI3K/Akt/eNOS or MAPK/ET-1 pathways. Secondly, it can modulate gene expression of the renin- angiotensin system – cascade proteins, which potentially slow down the progression of atherosclerosis and hypertension. Thirdly, it can modulate oxidative stress response either directly through PPAR or indirectly through Nrf2 activation. In this context, activation and functioning of PPARγ is very important in the regulation of several disorders such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and/or metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - I. DOVINOVÁ
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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24
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Huang Q, Wang Q, Zhang S, Jiang S, Zhao L, Yu L, Hultström M, Patzak A, Li L, Wilcox CS, Lai EY. Increased hydrogen peroxide impairs angiotensin II contractions of afferent arterioles in mice after renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2016; 218:136-45. [PMID: 27362287 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM Renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) increases angiotensin II (Ang II) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are potent modulators of vascular function. However, the roles of individual ROS and their interaction with Ang II are not clear. Here we tested the hypothesis that IRI modulates renal afferent arteriolar responses to Ang II via increasing superoxide (O2-) or hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ). METHODS Renal afferent arterioles were isolated and perfused from C57BL/6 mice 24 h after IRI or sham surgery. Responses to Ang II or noradrenaline were assessed by measuring arteriolar diameter. Production of H2 O2 and O2- was assessed in afferent arterioles and renal cortex. Activity of SOD and catalase, and mRNA expressions of Ang II receptors were assessed in pre-glomerular arterioles and renal cortex. RESULTS Afferent arterioles from mice after IRI had a reduced maximal contraction to Ang II (-27±2 vs. -42±1%, P < 0.001), but retained a normal contraction to noradrenaline. Arterioles after IRI had a 38% increase in H2 O2 (P < 0.001) and a 45% decrease in catalase activity (P < 0.01). Contractions were reduced in normal arterioles after incubation with H2 O2 (-22±2 vs. -42±1%, P < 0.05) similar to the effects of IRI. However, the impaired contractions were normalized by incubation with PEG catalase despite a reduced AT1 R expression. CONCLUSIONS Renal IRI in mice selectively impairs afferent arteriolar responses to Ang II because of H2 O2 accumulation that is caused by a reduced catalase activity. This could serve to buffer the effect of Ang II after IRI and may be a protective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q. Huang
- Department of Physiology; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou China
| | - Q. Wang
- Department of Physiology; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou China
| | - S. Zhang
- Department of Physiology; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou China
| | - S. Jiang
- Department of Physiology; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou China
| | - L. Zhao
- Department of Physiology; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou China
| | - L. Yu
- College of Life Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - M. Hultström
- Integrative Physiology; Department of Medical Cell Biology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine; Department of Surgical Sciences; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - A. Patzak
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - L. Li
- Department of Medicine; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension; Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center; Georgetown University; Washington DC USA
| | - C. S. Wilcox
- Department of Medicine; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension; Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center; Georgetown University; Washington DC USA
| | - E. Y. Lai
- Department of Physiology; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou China
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25
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Porpino SKP, Zollbrecht C, Peleli M, Montenegro MF, Brandão MCR, Athayde-Filho PF, França-Silva MS, Larsson E, Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E, Persson EG, Braga VA, Carlström M. Nitric oxide generation by the organic nitrate NDBP attenuates oxidative stress and angiotensin II-mediated hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2290-302. [PMID: 27160064 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE NO deficiency and oxidative stress are crucially involved in the development or progression of cardiovascular disease, including hypertension and stroke. We have previously demonstrated that acute treatment with the newly discovered organic nitrate, 2-nitrate-1,3-dibuthoxypropan (NDBP), is associated with NO-like effects in the vasculature. This study aimed to further characterize the mechanism(s) and to elucidate the therapeutic potential in a model of hypertension and oxidative stress. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A combination of ex vivo, in vitro and in vivo approaches was used to assess the effects of NDBP on vascular reactivity, NO release, NADPH oxidase activity and in a model of hypertension. KEY RESULTS Ex vivo vascular studies demonstrated NDBP-mediated vasorelaxation in mesenteric resistance arteries, which was devoid of tolerance. In vitro studies using liver and kidney homogenates revealed dose-dependent and sustained NO generation by NDBP, which was attenuated by the xanthine oxidase inhibitor febuxostat. In addition, NDBP reduced NADPH oxidase activity in the liver and prevented angiotensin II-induced activation of NADPH oxidase in the kidney. In vivo studies showed that NDBP halted the progression of hypertension in mice with chronic angiotensin II infusion. This was associated with attenuated cardiac hypertrophy, and reduced NADPH oxidase-derived oxidative stress and fibrosis in the kidney and heart. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The novel organic nitrate NDBP halts the progression of angiotensin II-mediated hypertension. Mechanistically, our findings suggest that NDBP treatment is associated with sustained NO release and attenuated activity of NADPH oxidase, which to some extent requires functional xanthine oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suênia K P Porpino
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Dept. of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Christa Zollbrecht
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Peleli
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Maria C R Brandão
- Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | | | | | - Erik Larsson
- Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jon O Lundberg
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eddie Weitzberg
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik G Persson
- Dept. of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Valdir A Braga
- Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Li L, Lai EY, Wellstein A, Welch WJ, Wilcox CS. Differential effects of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide on myogenic signaling, membrane potential, and contractions of mouse renal afferent arterioles. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F1197-205. [PMID: 27053691 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00575.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Myogenic contraction is the principal component of renal autoregulation that protects the kidney from hypertensive barotrauma. Contractions are initiated by a rise in perfusion pressure that signals a reduction in membrane potential (Em) of vascular smooth muscle cells to activate voltage-operated Ca(2+) channels. Since ROS have variable effects on myogenic tone, we investigated the hypothesis that superoxide (O2 (·-)) and H2O2 differentially impact myogenic contractions. The myogenic contractions of mouse isolated and perfused single afferent arterioles were assessed from changes in luminal diameter with increasing perfusion pressure (40-80 mmHg). O2 (·-), H2O2, and Em were assessed by fluorescence microscopy during incubation with paraquat to increase O2 (·-) or with H2O2 Paraquat enhanced O2 (·-) generation and myogenic contractions (-42 ± 4% vs. -19 ± 4%, P < 0.005) that were blocked by SOD but not by catalase and signaled via PKC. In contrast, H2O2 inhibited the effects of paraquat and reduced myogenic contractions (-10 ± 1% vs. -19 ± 2%, P < 0.005) and signaled via PKG. O2 (·-) activated Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channels that reduced Em, whereas H2O2 activated Ca(2+)-activated and voltage-gated K(+) channels that increased Em Blockade of voltage-operated Ca(2+) channels prevented the enhanced myogenic contractions with paraquat without preventing the reduction in Em Myogenic contractions were independent of the endothelium and largely independent of nitric oxide. We conclude that O2 (·-) and H2O2 activate different signaling pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells linked to discreet membrane channels with opposite effects on Em and voltage-operated Ca(2+) channels and therefore have opposite effects on myogenic contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Li
- Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - En Yin Lai
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Anton Wellstein
- Lombadi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - William J Welch
- Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Christopher S Wilcox
- Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia;
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Moss NG, Gentle TK, Arendshorst WJ. Modulation of the myogenic mechanism: concordant effects of NO synthesis inhibition and O2- dismutation on renal autoregulation in the time and frequency domains. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F832-45. [PMID: 26823282 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00461.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal blood flow autoregulation was investigated in anesthetized C57Bl6 mice using time- and frequency-domain analyses. Autoregulation was reestablished by 15 s in two stages after a 25-mmHg step increase in renal perfusion pressure (RPP). The renal vascular resistance (RVR) response did not include a contribution from the macula densa tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism. Inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase [N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME)] reduced the time for complete autoregulation to 2 s and induced 0.25-Hz oscillations in RVR. Quenching of superoxide (SOD mimetic tempol) during l-NAME normalized the speed and strength of stage 1 of the RVR increase and abolished oscillations. The slope of stage 2 was unaffected by l-NAME or tempol. These effects of l-NAME and tempol were evaluated in the frequency domain during random fluctuations in RPP. NO synthase inhibition amplified the resonance peak in admittance gain at 0.25 Hz and markedly increased the gain slope at the upper myogenic frequency range (0.06-0.25 Hz, identified as stage 1), with reversal by tempol. The slope of admittance gain in the lower half of the myogenic frequency range (equated with stage 2) was not affected by l-NAME or tempol. Our data show that the myogenic mechanism alone can achieve complete renal blood flow autoregulation in the mouse kidney following a step increase in RPP. They suggest also that the principal inhibitory action of NO is quenching of superoxide, which otherwise potentiates dynamic components of the myogenic constriction in vivo. This primarily involves the first stage of a two-stage myogenic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Moss
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Tayler K Gentle
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - William J Arendshorst
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Li L, Feng D, Luo Z, Welch WJ, Wilcox CS, Lai EY. Remodeling of Afferent Arterioles From Mice With Oxidative Stress Does Not Account for Increased Contractility but Does Limit Excessive Wall Stress. Hypertension 2015; 66:550-6. [PMID: 26101341 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Because superoxide dismutase (SOD) knockout enhances arteriolar remodeling and contractility, we hypothesized that remodeling enhances contractility. In the isolated and perfused renal afferent arterioles from SOD wild type (+/+) and gene-deleted mice, contractility was assessed from reductions in luminal diameter with perfusion pressure from 40 to 80 mm Hg (myogenic responses) or angiotensin II (10(-6) mol/L), remodeling from media:lumen area ratio, superoxide (O2 (·-)) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from fluorescence microscopy, and wall stress from wall tension/wall thickness. Compared with +/+ strains, arterioles from SOD1-/-, SOD2+/-, and SOD3-/- mice developed significantly (P<0.05) more O2 (·-) with perfusion pressure and angiotensin II and significantly increased myogenic responses (SOD1-/-: -20.7±2.2% versus -12.7±1.6%; SOD2+/-: -7.4±1.3% versus -12.6±1.4%; and SOD3-/-: -9.1±1.9% versus -15.8±2.2%) and angiotensin II contractions and ≈2-fold increased media:lumen ratios. Media:lumen ratios correlated with myogenic responses (r(2) =0.23; P<0.01), angiotensin II contractions (r(2)=0.57; P<0.0001), and active wall tension (r(2) =0.19; P<0.01), but not with active wall stress (r(2)=0.08; NS). Differences in myogenic responses among SOD3 mice were abolished by bath addition of SOD and were increased 3 days after inducing SOD3 knockout (-26.9±1.7% versus -20.1±0.7%; P<0.05), despite unchanged media:lumen ratios (2.01±0.09 versus 2.02±0.03; NS). We conclude that cytosolic, mitochondrial, or extracellular O2 (·-) enhance afferent arteriolar contractility and remodeling. Although remodeling does not enhance contractility, it does prevent the potentially damaging effects of increased wall stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Li
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (L.L., D.F., Z.L., W.J.W., C.S.W., E.Y.L.); and Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (E.Y.L.)
| | - Di Feng
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (L.L., D.F., Z.L., W.J.W., C.S.W., E.Y.L.); and Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (E.Y.L.)
| | - Zaiming Luo
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (L.L., D.F., Z.L., W.J.W., C.S.W., E.Y.L.); and Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (E.Y.L.)
| | - William J Welch
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (L.L., D.F., Z.L., W.J.W., C.S.W., E.Y.L.); and Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (E.Y.L.)
| | - Christopher S Wilcox
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (L.L., D.F., Z.L., W.J.W., C.S.W., E.Y.L.); and Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (E.Y.L.)
| | - En Yin Lai
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (L.L., D.F., Z.L., W.J.W., C.S.W., E.Y.L.); and Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (E.Y.L.).
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Abstract
Since the first demonstration of Nox enzyme expression in the kidney in the early 1990s and the subsequent identification of Nox4, or RENOX, a decade later, it has become apparent that the Nox family of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating enzymes plays an integral role in the normal physiological function of the kidney. As our knowledge of Nox expression patterns and functions in various structures and specialized cell types within the kidney grows, so does the realization that Nox-derived oxidative stress contributes significantly to a wide variety of renal pathologies through their ability to modify lipids and proteins, damage DNA and activate transcriptional programmes. Diverse studies demonstrate key roles for Nox-derived ROS in kidney fibrosis, particularly in settings of chronic renal disease such as diabetic nephropathy. As the most abundant Nox family member in the kidney, much emphasis has been placed on the role of Nox4 in this setting. However, an ever growing body of work continues to uncover key roles for other Nox family members, not only in diabetic kidney disease, but in a diverse array of renal pathological conditions. The objective of the present review is to highlight the latest novel developments in renal Nox biology with an emphasis not only on diabetic nephropathy but many of the other renal disease contexts where oxidative stress is implicated.
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Abstract
Intrarenal autoregulatory mechanisms maintain renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) independent of renal perfusion pressure (RPP) over a defined range (80-180 mmHg). Such autoregulation is mediated largely by the myogenic and the macula densa-tubuloglomerular feedback (MD-TGF) responses that regulate preglomerular vasomotor tone primarily of the afferent arteriole. Differences in response times allow separation of these mechanisms in the time and frequency domains. Mechanotransduction initiating the myogenic response requires a sensing mechanism activated by stretch of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and coupled to intracellular signaling pathways eliciting plasma membrane depolarization and a rise in cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)]i). Proposed mechanosensors include epithelial sodium channels (ENaC), integrins, and/or transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. Increased [Ca(2+)]i occurs predominantly by Ca(2+) influx through L-type voltage-operated Ca(2+) channels (VOCC). Increased [Ca(2+)]i activates inositol trisphosphate receptors (IP3R) and ryanodine receptors (RyR) to mobilize Ca(2+) from sarcoplasmic reticular stores. Myogenic vasoconstriction is sustained by increased Ca(2+) sensitivity, mediated by protein kinase C and Rho/Rho-kinase that favors a positive balance between myosin light-chain kinase and phosphatase. Increased RPP activates MD-TGF by transducing a signal of epithelial MD salt reabsorption to adjust afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction. A combination of vascular and tubular mechanisms, novel to the kidney, provides for high autoregulatory efficiency that maintains RBF and GFR, stabilizes sodium excretion, and buffers transmission of RPP to sensitive glomerular capillaries, thereby protecting against hypertensive barotrauma. A unique aspect of the myogenic response in the renal vasculature is modulation of its strength and speed by the MD-TGF and by a connecting tubule glomerular feedback (CT-GF) mechanism. Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide are modulators of myogenic and MD-TGF mechanisms. Attenuated renal autoregulation contributes to renal damage in many, but not all, models of renal, diabetic, and hypertensive diseases. This review provides a summary of our current knowledge regarding underlying mechanisms enabling renal autoregulation in health and disease and methods used for its study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Carlström
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Kidney Center, and McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Christopher S Wilcox
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Kidney Center, and McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - William J Arendshorst
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Kidney Center, and McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Sun QA, Runge MS, Madamanchi NR. Oxidative stress, NADPH oxidases, and arteries. Hamostaseologie 2015; 36:77-88. [PMID: 25649240 DOI: 10.5482/hamo-14-11-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and its major complications - myocardial infarction and stroke - remain major causes of death and disability in the United States and world-wide. Indeed, with dramatic increases in obesity and diabetes mellitus, the prevalence and public health impact of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) will likely remain high. Major advances have been made in development of new therapies to reduce the incidence of atherosclerosis and CVD, in particular for treatment of hypercholesterolemia and hypertension. Oxidative stress is the common mechanistic link for many CVD risk factors. However, only recently have the tools existed to study the interface between oxidative stress and CVD in animal models. The most important source of reactive oxygen species (and hence oxidative stress) in vascular cells are the multiple forms of enzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH oxidase). Recently published and emerging studies now clearly establish that: 1) NADPH oxidases are of critical importance in atherosclerosis and hypertension in animal models; 2) given the tissue-specific expression of key components of NADPH oxidase, it may be possible to target vascular oxidative stress for prevention of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marschall S Runge
- Marschall S. Runge, MD PhD, Department of Medicine, 125 MacNider Hall, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7005, USA, E-mail:
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Gao X, Yang T, Liu M, Peleli M, Zollbrecht C, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JO, Persson AEG, Carlström M. NADPH Oxidase in the Renal Microvasculature Is a Primary Target for Blood Pressure–Lowering Effects by Inorganic Nitrate and Nitrite. Hypertension 2015; 65:161-70. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Renal oxidative stress and nitric oxide (NO) deficiency are key events in hypertension. Stimulation of a nitrate–nitrite–NO pathway with dietary nitrate reduces blood pressure, but the mechanisms or target organ are not clear. We investigated the hypothesis that inorganic nitrate and nitrite attenuate reactivity of renal microcirculation and blood pressure responses to angiotensin II (ANG II) by modulating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity and NO bioavailability. Nitrite in the physiological range (10
−7
–10
−5
mol/L) dilated isolated perfused renal afferent arterioles, which were associated with increased NO. Contractions to ANG II (34%) and simultaneous NO synthase inhibition (56%) were attenuated by nitrite (18% and 26%). In a model of oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase-1 knockouts), abnormal ANG II–mediated arteriolar contractions (90%) were normalized by nitrite (44%). Mechanistically, effects of nitrite were abolished by NO scavenger and xanthine oxidase inhibitor, but only partially attenuated by inhibiting soluble guanylyl cyclase. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase with apocynin attenuated ANG II–induced contractility (35%) similar to that of nitrite. In the presence of nitrite, no further effect of apocynin was observed, suggesting NADPH oxidase as a possible target. In preglomerular vascular smooth muscle cells and kidney cortex, nitrite reduced both basal and ANG II–induced NADPH oxidase activity. These effects of nitrite were also abolished by xanthine oxidase inhibition. Moreover, supplementation with dietary nitrate (10
−2
mol/L) reduced renal NADPH oxidase activity and attenuated ANG II–mediated arteriolar contractions and hypertension (99±2–146±2 mm Hg) compared with placebo (100±3–168±3 mm Hg). In conclusion, these novel findings position NADPH oxidase in the renal microvasculature as a prime target for blood pressure–lowering effects of inorganic nitrate and nitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- From the Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (X.G., A.E.G.P.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.Y., M.L., M.P., C.Z., E.W., J.O.L., M.C.)
| | - Ting Yang
- From the Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (X.G., A.E.G.P.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.Y., M.L., M.P., C.Z., E.W., J.O.L., M.C.)
| | - Ming Liu
- From the Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (X.G., A.E.G.P.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.Y., M.L., M.P., C.Z., E.W., J.O.L., M.C.)
| | - Maria Peleli
- From the Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (X.G., A.E.G.P.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.Y., M.L., M.P., C.Z., E.W., J.O.L., M.C.)
| | - Christa Zollbrecht
- From the Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (X.G., A.E.G.P.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.Y., M.L., M.P., C.Z., E.W., J.O.L., M.C.)
| | - Eddie Weitzberg
- From the Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (X.G., A.E.G.P.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.Y., M.L., M.P., C.Z., E.W., J.O.L., M.C.)
| | - Jon O. Lundberg
- From the Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (X.G., A.E.G.P.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.Y., M.L., M.P., C.Z., E.W., J.O.L., M.C.)
| | - A. Erik G. Persson
- From the Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (X.G., A.E.G.P.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.Y., M.L., M.P., C.Z., E.W., J.O.L., M.C.)
| | - Mattias Carlström
- From the Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (X.G., A.E.G.P.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.Y., M.L., M.P., C.Z., E.W., J.O.L., M.C.)
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Song J, Lu Y, Lai EY, Wei J, Wang L, Chandrashekar K, Wang S, Shen C, Juncos LA, Liu R. Oxidative status in the macula densa modulates tubuloglomerular feedback responsiveness in angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:249-58. [PMID: 25089004 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) is an important mechanism in control of signal nephron glomerular filtration rate. The oxidative stress in the macula densa, primarily determined by the interactions between nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide (O2-), is essential in maintaining the TGF responsiveness. However, few studies examining the interactions between and amount of NO and O2- generated by the macula densa during normal and hypertensive states. METHODS In this study, we used isolated perfused juxtaglomerular apparatus to directly measure the amount and also studied the interactions between NO and O2- in macula densa in both physiological and slow pressor Angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertensive mice. RESULTS We found that slow pressor Ang II at a dose of 600 ng kg(-1) min(-1) for two weeks increased mean arterial pressure by 26.1 ± 5.7 mmHg. TGF response increased from 3.4 ± 0.2 μm in control to 5.2 ± 0.2 μm in hypertensive mice. We first measured O2- generation by the macula densa and found it was undetectable in control mice. However, O2- generation by the macula densa increased to 21.4 ± 2.5 unit min(-1) in Ang II-induced hypertensive mice. We then measured NO generation and found that NO generation by the macula densa was 138.5 ± 9.3 unit min(-1) in control mice. The NO was undetectable in the macula densa in hypertensive mice infused with Ang II. CONCLUSIONS Under physiological conditions, TGF response is mainly controlled by the NO generated in the macula densa; in Ang II induced hypertension, the TGF response is mainly controlled by the O2- generated by the macula densa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease; Fuwai Hospital; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson MS USA
| | - Y. Lu
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson MS USA
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson MS USA
| | - E. Y. Lai
- Department of Physiology; Zhejiang University; Hanzhou China
| | - J. Wei
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson MS USA
| | - L. Wang
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson MS USA
| | - K. Chandrashekar
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson MS USA
| | - S. Wang
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson MS USA
| | - C. Shen
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson MS USA
| | - L. A. Juncos
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson MS USA
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson MS USA
| | - R. Liu
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson MS USA
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson MS USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the current knowledge regarding the role of the intrarenal rennin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the regulation of glomerular function including glomerular dynamics and filtration rate, glomerular permeability and structural alterations during chronic increases in intrarenal angiotensin (Ang) II. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have continued to delineate the complex interactions among the various RAS components that participate in regulating glomerular function. Although Ang II acting on AT1 receptors remains as the predominant influence on glomerular dynamics, some of these effects are indirectly mediated by Ang II modulating the sensitivity of the macula densa tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism as well as the more recently described feedback mechanism from the connecting tubule. Interestingly, the actions of Ang II on these systems cause opposite effects on glomerular function demonstrating the complexities associated with the influences of Ang II on glomerular function. When chronically elevated, Ang II also stimulates and/or interacts with other factors, including reactive oxygen species, cytokines and growth factors and other hormones or paracrine agents, to elicit structural alterations. SUMMARY Recent studies have provided further evidence for the presence of many components of the RAS in glomerular structures, which supports the importance of locally produced angiotensin peptides to regulate glomerular haemodynamics, filtration rate and macromolecular permeability and contribute to fibrosis and glomerular injury when inappropriately augmented.
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Fellner RC, Cook AK, O'Connor PM, Zhang S, Pollock DM, Inscho EW. High-salt diet blunts renal autoregulation by a reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F33-40. [PMID: 24872316 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00040.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
High dietary salt is common in Western countries and is an important contributor to increased cardiovascular disease. Autoregulation of renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is an essential function of the renal microcirculation that could be affected by excessive dietary salt. High salt (HS) increases renal ROS generation partly by the enzyme NADPH oxidase. We hypothesized that a HS diet would impair autoregulation via NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS generation. The role of NADPH-dependent ROS production on the blunted autoregulatory response with a HS diet was assessed in vitro and in vivo using the blood-perfused juxtamedullary nephron preparation and anesthetized rats, respectively. The increase in renal lipid peroxidation and p67(phox) expression induced by HS was prevented by apocynin treatment. Control afferent arterioles exhibited normal autoregulatory behavior in response to acute increases in renal perfusion pressure, whereas arterioles from HS rats exhibited a blunted response. Autoregulatory behavior in HS rats was restored in vitro by acute exposure to the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin. At the whole kidney level, in vivo experiments showed that both RBF and GFR declined in HS rats when left kidney renal perfusion pressure was reduced from ambient to 95 mmHg, whereas control rats maintained stable GFR and RBF consistent with efficient autoregulatory behavior. Apocynin treatment improved in vivo autoregulatory behavior in HS rats and had no detectable effect in normal salt diet-fed rats. These data support the hypothesis that impaired renal autoregulatory behavior in rats fed a HS diet is mediated by NADPH oxidase-derived ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Fellner
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia; and
| | - Anthony K Cook
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia; and
| | - Paul M O'Connor
- Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Shali Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia; and
| | - David M Pollock
- Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Edward W Inscho
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia; and
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Yapislar H, Taskin E. L-carnosine alters some hemorheologic and lipid peroxidation parameters in nephrectomized rats. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:399-405. [PMID: 24614724 PMCID: PMC3958568 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health problem worldwide. Oxidative stress is one of the mediators of this disease. Systemic complications of oxidative stress are involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, shortened erythrocyte lifespan, deformability, and nitric oxide (NO) dysfunction. L-carnosine is known as an antioxidant. In this study, our aim was to investigate the effect of carnosine on hemorheologic and cardiovascular parameters in CKD-induced rats. Material/Methods We used 4-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats divided into 4 groups of 6 rats each. Three days after subtotal nephrectomy and sham operations, the surviving rats were divided into the 4 groups; 1) Sham (S), 2) Sham+Carnosine (S-C), 3) Subtotal nephrectomy (Nx), and 4) Subtotal nephrectomy + Carnosine (N-C). Carnosine was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) (50 mg/kg) for 15 days. The control group received the same volume of physiological saline. Results In CKD rats, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were increased, and NO and RBC deformability were decreased compared to Sham. Carnosine treatment decreased MDA levels, improved RBC (red blood cell) ability to deform, and increased NO levels. However, carnosine did not affect blood pressure levels in these rats. Conclusions We found that carnosine has beneficial effects on CKD in terms of lipid peroxidation and RBC deformability. Carnosine may have a healing effect in microcirculation level, but may not have any effect on systemic blood pressure in CKD-induced rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Yapislar
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Bilim University, Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eylem Taskin
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Istanbul Bilim University, School of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
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Campbell DJ. Do intravenous and subcutaneous angiotensin II increase blood pressure by different mechanisms? Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 40:560-70. [PMID: 23551142 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang) II plays a key role in blood pressure regulation. Mechanisms of the pressor effect of chronic intravenous AngII administration include vasoconstriction, stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and aldosterone production, as well as direct effects on renal excretion of sodium and water. Chronic AngII administration by subcutaneous minipump at doses higher than required to increase blood pressure by the intravenous route has identified additional pressor mechanisms, including the immune system, cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. However, pressor doses of subcutaneous AngII may exceed the angiotensinogen synthesis rate and produce inflammation, fibrosis and necrosis of skin overlying the minipump. Evidence that chronic subcutaneous and intravenous AngII increase blood pressure by different mechanisms includes the prevention of the pressor effects of subcutaneous, but not intravenous, AngII by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. Furthermore, low doses of subcutaneous AngII reduce blood pressure of female, but not male, rodents and higher doses are less pressor in females than in males, whereas intravenous AngII is equally pressor in males and females. Pressor doses of chronic subcutaneous AngII produce greater weight loss, anorexia and reduced kidney weight and cause greater vascular, cardiac and renal pathology than equally pressor doses of chronic intravenous AngII. The different effects of chronic intravenous and subcutaneous AngII suggest that these two models of hypertension give different information and may differ in their relevance to blood pressure regulation in physiological and pathological states such as hypertension in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan J Campbell
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
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Potthoff SA, Fähling M, Clasen T, Mende S, Ishak B, Suvorava T, Stamer S, Thieme M, Sivritas SH, Kojda G, Patzak A, Rump LC, Stegbauer J. Angiotensin-(1–7) Modulates Renal Vascular Resistance Through Inhibition of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice. Hypertension 2014; 63:265-72. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.02289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E–deficient (apoE(−/−)) mice fed on Western diet are characterized by increased vascular resistance and atherosclerosis. Previously, we have shown that chronic angiotensin (Ang)-(1–7) treatment ameliorates endothelial dysfunction in apoE(−/−) mice. However, the mechanism of Ang-(1–7) on vasoconstrictor response to Ang II is unknown. To examine Ang-(1–7) function, we used apoE(−/−) and wild-type mice fed on Western diet that were treated via osmotic minipumps either with Ang-(1–7) (82 μg/kg per hour) or saline for 6 weeks. We show that Ang II–induced renal pressor response was significantly increased in apoE(−/−) compared with wild-type mice. This apoE(−/−)-specific response is attributed to reactive oxygen species–mediated p38 mitogen–activated protein kinase activation and subsequent phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC
20
), causing renal vasoconstriction. Here, we provide evidence that chronic Ang-(1–7) treatment attenuated the renal pressor response to Ang II in apoE(−/−) mice to wild-type levels. Ang-(1–7) treatment significantly decreased renal inducible nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate subunit p47phox levels and, thus, reactive oxygen species production that in turn causes decreased p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. The latter has been confirmed by administration of a specific p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor SB203580 (5 μmol/L), causing a reduced renal pressor response to Ang II in apoE(−/−) but not in apoE(−/−) mice treated with Ang-(1–7). Moreover, Ang-(1–7) treatment had no effect in Mas(−/−)/apoE(−/−) double-knockout mice confirming the specificity of Ang-(1–7) action through the Mas-receptor. In summary, Ang-(1–7) modulates vascular function via Mas-receptor activation that attenuates pressor response to Ang II in apoE(−/−) mice by reducing reactive oxygen species–mediated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A. Potthoff
- From the Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.A.P., T.C., S.M., B.I., S.S., M.T., S.H.S., L.C.R., J.S.); Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (M.F., A.P.); and Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (T.S., G.K.)
| | - Michael Fähling
- From the Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.A.P., T.C., S.M., B.I., S.S., M.T., S.H.S., L.C.R., J.S.); Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (M.F., A.P.); and Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (T.S., G.K.)
| | - Tilman Clasen
- From the Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.A.P., T.C., S.M., B.I., S.S., M.T., S.H.S., L.C.R., J.S.); Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (M.F., A.P.); and Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (T.S., G.K.)
| | - Susanne Mende
- From the Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.A.P., T.C., S.M., B.I., S.S., M.T., S.H.S., L.C.R., J.S.); Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (M.F., A.P.); and Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (T.S., G.K.)
| | - Bassam Ishak
- From the Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.A.P., T.C., S.M., B.I., S.S., M.T., S.H.S., L.C.R., J.S.); Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (M.F., A.P.); and Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (T.S., G.K.)
| | - Tatsiana Suvorava
- From the Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.A.P., T.C., S.M., B.I., S.S., M.T., S.H.S., L.C.R., J.S.); Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (M.F., A.P.); and Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (T.S., G.K.)
| | - Stefanie Stamer
- From the Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.A.P., T.C., S.M., B.I., S.S., M.T., S.H.S., L.C.R., J.S.); Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (M.F., A.P.); and Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (T.S., G.K.)
| | - Manuel Thieme
- From the Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.A.P., T.C., S.M., B.I., S.S., M.T., S.H.S., L.C.R., J.S.); Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (M.F., A.P.); and Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (T.S., G.K.)
| | - Sema H. Sivritas
- From the Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.A.P., T.C., S.M., B.I., S.S., M.T., S.H.S., L.C.R., J.S.); Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (M.F., A.P.); and Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (T.S., G.K.)
| | - Georg Kojda
- From the Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.A.P., T.C., S.M., B.I., S.S., M.T., S.H.S., L.C.R., J.S.); Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (M.F., A.P.); and Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (T.S., G.K.)
| | - Andreas Patzak
- From the Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.A.P., T.C., S.M., B.I., S.S., M.T., S.H.S., L.C.R., J.S.); Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (M.F., A.P.); and Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (T.S., G.K.)
| | - Lars C. Rump
- From the Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.A.P., T.C., S.M., B.I., S.S., M.T., S.H.S., L.C.R., J.S.); Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (M.F., A.P.); and Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (T.S., G.K.)
| | - Johannes Stegbauer
- From the Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.A.P., T.C., S.M., B.I., S.S., M.T., S.H.S., L.C.R., J.S.); Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (M.F., A.P.); and Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (T.S., G.K.)
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Role of T-type channels in vasomotor function: team player or chameleon? Pflugers Arch 2014; 466:767-79. [PMID: 24482062 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1430-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Low-voltage-activated T-type calcium channels play an important role in regulating cellular excitability and are implicated in conditions, such as epilepsy and neuropathic pain. T-type channels, especially Cav3.1 and Cav3.2, are also expressed in the vasculature, although patch clamp studies of isolated vascular smooth muscle cells have in general failed to demonstrate these low-voltage-activated calcium currents. By contrast, the channels which are blocked by T-type channel antagonists are high-voltage activated but distinguishable from their L-type counterparts by their T-type biophysical properties and small negative shifts in activation and inactivation voltages. These changes in T-channel properties may result from vascular-specific expression of splice variants of Cav3 genes, particularly in exon 25/26 of the III-IV linker region. Recent physiological studies suggest that T-type channels make a small contribution to vascular tone at low intraluminal pressures, although the relevance of this contribution is unclear. By contrast, these channels play a larger role in vascular tone of small arterioles, which would be expected to function at lower intra-vascular pressures. Upregulation of T-type channel function following decrease in nitric oxide bioavailability and increase in oxidative stress, which occurs during cardiovascular disease, suggests that a more important role could be played by these channels in pathophysiological situations. The ability of T-type channels to be rapidly recruited to the plasma membrane, coupled with their subtype-specific localisation in signalling microdomains where they could modulate the function of calcium-dependent ion channels and pathways, provides a mechanism for rapid up- and downregulation of vasoconstriction. Future investigation into the molecules which govern these changes may illuminate novel targets for the treatment of conditions such as therapy-resistant hypertension and vasospasm.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Renal oxidative stress can be a cause, a consequence, or more often a potentiating factor for hypertension. Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the kidney have been reported in multiple models of hypertension and related to renal vasoconstriction and alterations of renal function. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase is the central source of ROS in the hypertensive kidney, but a defective antioxidant system also can contribute. RECENT ADVANCES Superoxide has been identified as the principal ROS implicated for vascular and tubular dysfunction, but hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been implicated in diminishing preglomerular vascular reactivity, and promoting medullary blood flow and pressure natriuresis in hypertensive animals. CRITICAL ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS Increased renal ROS have been implicated in renal vasoconstriction, renin release, activation of renal afferent nerves, augmented contraction, and myogenic responses of afferent arterioles, enhanced tubuloglomerular feedback, dysfunction of glomerular cells, and proteinuria. Inhibition of ROS with antioxidants, superoxide dismutase mimetics, or blockers of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system or genetic deletion of one of the components of the signaling cascade often attenuates or delays the onset of hypertension and preserves the renal structure and function. Novel approaches are required to dampen the renal oxidative stress pathways to reduced O2(-•) rather than H2O2 selectivity and/or to enhance the endogenous antioxidant pathways to susceptible subjects to prevent the development and renal-damaging effects of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Araujo
- Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center, Georgetown University , Washington, District of Columbia
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Montezano AC, Touyz RM. Reactive oxygen species, vascular Noxs, and hypertension: focus on translational and clinical research. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:164-82. [PMID: 23600794 PMCID: PMC3880913 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are signaling molecules that are important in physiological processes, including host defense, aging, and cellular homeostasis. Increased ROS bioavailability and altered redox signaling (oxidative stress) have been implicated in the onset and/or progression of chronic diseases, including hypertension. RECENT ADVANCES Although oxidative stress may not be the only cause of hypertension, it amplifies blood pressure elevation in the presence of other pro-hypertensive factors, such as salt loading, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and sympathetic hyperactivity, at least in experimental models. A major source for ROS in the cardiovascular-renal system is a family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (Noxs), including the prototypic Nox2-based Nox, and Nox family members: Nox1, Nox4, and Nox5. CRITICAL ISSUES Although extensive experimental data support a role for increased ROS levels and altered redox signaling in the pathogenesis of hypertension, the role in clinical hypertension is unclear, as a direct causative role of ROS in blood pressure elevation has yet to be demonstrated in humans. Nevertheless, what is becoming increasingly evident is that abnormal ROS regulation and aberrant signaling through redox-sensitive pathways are important in the pathophysiological processes which is associated with vascular injury and target-organ damage in hypertension. FUTURE DIRECTIONS There is a paucity of clinical information related to the mechanisms of oxidative stress and blood pressure elevation, and a few assays accurately measure ROS directly in patients. Such further ROS research is needed in humans and in the development of adequately validated analytical methods to accurately assess oxidative stress in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto C Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow , Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite apparent blood pressure (BP) control and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade, the chronic kidney disease (CKD) outcomes have been suboptimal. Accordingly, this review is addressed to renal microvascular and autoregulatory impairments that underlie the enhanced dynamic glomerular BP transmission in CKD progression. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical data suggest that failure to achieve adequate 24-h BP control is likely contributing to the suboptimal outcomes in CKD. Whereas evidence continues to accumulate regarding the importance of preglomerular autoregulatory impairment to the dynamic glomerular BP transmission, emerging data indicate that nitric oxide-mediated efferent vasodilation may play an important role in mitigating the consequences of glomerular hypertension. By contrast, the vasoconstrictor effects of angiotensin II are expected to potentially reduce glomerular barotrauma and possibly enhance ischemic injury. When adequate BP measurement methods are used, the evidence for BP-independent injury initiating mechanisms is considerably weaker and the renoprotection by RAS blockade largely parallels its antihypertensive effectiveness. SUMMARY Adequate 24-h BP control presently offers the most feasible intervention for reducing glomerular BP transmission and improving suboptimal outcomes in CKD. Investigations addressed to improving myogenic autoregulation and/or enhancing nitric oxide-mediated efferent dilation in addition to the more downstream mediators may provide additional future therapeutic targets.
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Pech V, Thumova M, Dikalov SI, Hummler E, Rossier BC, Harrison DG, Wall SM. Nitric oxide reduces Cl⁻ absorption in the mouse cortical collecting duct through an ENaC-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 304:F1390-7. [PMID: 23515718 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00292.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since nitric oxide (NO) participates in the renal regulation of blood pressure, in part, by modulating transport of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in the kidney, we asked whether NO regulates net Cl⁻ flux (JCl) in the cortical collecting duct (CCD) and determined the transporter(s) that mediate NO-sensitive Cl⁻ absorption. Cl⁻ absorption was measured in CCDs perfused in vitro that were taken from aldosterone-treated mice. Administration of an NO donor (10 μM MAHMA NONOate) reduced JCl and transepithelial voltage (VT) both in the presence or absence of angiotensin II. However, reducing endogenous NO production by inhibiting NO synthase (100 μM N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) increased JCl only in the presence of angiotensin II, suggesting that angiotensin II stimulates NO synthase activity. To determine the transport process that mediates NO-sensitive changes in JCl, we examined the effect of NO on JCl following either genetic ablation or chemical inhibition of transporters in the CCD. Since the application of hydrochlorothiazide (100 μM) or bafilomycin (5 nM) to the perfusate or ablation of the gene encoding pendrin did not alter NO-sensitive JCl, NO modulates JCl independent of the Na⁺-dependent Cl⁻/HCO₃⁻ exchanger (NDCBE, Slc4a8), the A cell apical plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase and pendrin. In contrast, both total and NO-sensitive JCl and VT were abolished with application of an epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) inhibitor (3 μM benzamil) to the perfusate. We conclude that NO reduces Cl⁻ absorption in the CCD through a mechanism that is ENaC-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Pech
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Wang P, Zhou S, Xu L, Lu Y, Yuan X, Zhang H, Li R, Fang J, Liu P. Hydrogen peroxide-mediated oxidative stress and collagen synthesis in cardiac fibroblasts: blockade by tanshinone IIA. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 145:152-161. [PMID: 23164764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE We have recently reported that tanshinone IIA attenuated cardiac fibrosis in two-kidney, two-clip renovascular hypertensive rats via inhibiting NAD(P)H oxidase. However, little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms of tanshinone IIA mediated anti-fibrotic effects in cardiac fibroblasts after H(2)O(2) stimulation. The present study was performed to investigate whether H(2)O(2) may increase collagen synthesis in cardiac fibroblasts by affecting the expression and activity of NAD(P)H oxidase and whether the effects of H(2)O(2) on cardiac fibroblasts can be blocked by treatment of tanshinone IIA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cardiac fibroblasts were treated with H(2)O(2) (100 μmol/L) in the presence or absence of tanshinone IIA (1 μmol/L), NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitors diphenyleneiodonium (10 μmol/L), siRNA-p47phox, siRNA-Nox2 and siRNA-Nox4. Collagen synthesis was measured by [(3)H]proline incorporation, O(2)(-) production were determined by flow cytometry and DHE fluorescence microscopy. NAD(P)H oxidase activity was measured by lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence. RESULTS H(2)O(2) induced the activity of NAD(P)H oxidase, O(2)(-) production, collagen synthesis and fibronectin expression in cardiac fibroblasts, and DPI abolished this induction. Exposure of adult rat cardiac fibroblasts to H(2)O(2) had time-dependent increase in the expression of p47phox, Nox2 and Nox4 oxidases. In addition, tanshinone IIA significantly inhibited H(2)O(2)-induced collagen synthesis via attenuation of O(2)(-) generation and NAD(P)H oxidase activity. Moreover, siRNA-mediated knockdown of p47phox, Nox2 and Nox4 inhibited H(2)O(2)-induced NADPH oxidase activity. H(2)O(2)-induced collagen synthesis and fibronectin expression were also inhibited by p47phox, Nox2 and Nox4 knock down. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that NAD(P)H oxidase plays a significant role in regulating collagen synthesis in H(2)O(2)-stimulated cardiac fibroblasts. Inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase with tanshinone IIA completely blocked the H(2)O(2)-stimulated collagen production, which will raise the experimental basis for using tanshinone IIA to cardiac fibrosis in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, China
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Herrera M, Sparks MA, Alfonso-Pecchio AR, Harrison-Bernard LM, Coffman TM. Lack of specificity of commercial antibodies leads to misidentification of angiotensin type 1 receptor protein. Hypertension 2012; 61:253-8. [PMID: 23150519 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.203679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT(1)R) mediates most hypertensive actions of angiotensin II. To understand the molecular regulation of the AT(1)R in normal physiology and pathophysiology, methods for sensitive and specific detection of AT(1)R protein are required. Here, we examined the specificity of a panel of putative AT(1)R antibodies that are commonly used by investigators in the field. For these studies, we carried out Western blotting and immunohistochemistry with kidney tissue from wild-type mice and genetically modified mice lacking the major murine AT(1)R isoform, AT(1A) (AT(1A)KO), or with combined deficiency of both the AT(1A) and AT(1B) isoforms (AT(1AB)KO). For the 3 antibodies tested, Western blots of protein homogenates from wild-type kidneys yielded distinct bands with the expected size range for AT(1)R. In addition, these bands appeared identical in samples from mice lacking 1 or both murine AT(1)R isoforms. Additionally, the pattern of immunohistochemical staining in kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands of wild-type mice was very similar to that of AT(1AB)KO mice completely lacking all AT(1)R. We verified the absence of AT(1)R subtypes in each mouse line by the following: (1) quantitative polymerase chain reaction documenting the absence of mRNA species, and (2) functionally by assessing angiotensin II-dependent vasoconstriction, which was substantially blunted in both AT(1A)KOs and AT(1AB)KOs. Finally, these antibodies failed to detect epitope-tagged AT(1A)R protein overexpressed in human embryonic kidney cells. We conclude that anti-AT(1)R antibodies available from commercial sources and commonly used in published studies exhibit nonspecific binding in mouse tissue that may lead to erroneous results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Herrera
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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