1
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Yao J, Chen Y, Huang Y, Sun X, Shi X. The role of cardiac microenvironment in cardiovascular diseases: implications for therapy. Hum Cell 2024; 37:607-624. [PMID: 38498133 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-024-01052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Due to aging populations and changes in lifestyle, cardiovascular diseases including cardiomyopathy, hypertension, and atherosclerosis, are the leading causes of death worldwide. The heart is a complicated organ composed of multicellular types, including cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and immune cells. Cellular specialization and complex interplay between different cell types are crucial for the cardiac tissue homeostasis and coordinated function of the heart. Mounting studies have demonstrated that dysfunctional cells and disordered cardiac microenvironment are closely associated with the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases. In this paper, we discuss the composition and the homeostasis of cardiac tissues, and focus on the role of cardiac environment and underlying molecular mechanisms in various cardiovascular diseases. Besides, we elucidate the novel treatment for cardiovascular diseases, including stem cell therapy and targeted therapy. Clarification of these issues may provide novel insights into the prevention and potential targets for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Yao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuejun Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuqing Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoou Sun
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xingjuan Shi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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2
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Hamid T, Xu Y, Ismahil MA, Rokosh G, Jinno M, Zhou G, Wang Q, Prabhu SD. Cardiac Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Fibrosis and Remodeling in Heart Failure: Role of PDGF Signaling. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2022; 7:465-483. [PMID: 35663630 PMCID: PMC9156441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is characterized by progressive fibrosis. Both fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into pro-fibrotic myofibroblasts. MSCs secrete and express platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and its receptors. We hypothesized that PDGF signaling in cardiac MSCs (cMSCs) promotes their myofibroblast differentiation and aggravates post-myocardial infarction left ventricular remodeling and fibrosis. We show that cMSCs from failing hearts post-myocardial infarction exhibit an altered phenotype. Inhibition of PDGF signaling in vitro inhibited cMSC-myofibroblast differentiation, whereas in vivo inhibition during established ischemic HF alleviated left ventricular remodeling and function, and decreased myocardial fibrosis, hypertrophy, and inflammation. Modulating cMSC PDGF receptor expression may thus represent a novel approach to limit pathologic cardiac fibrosis in HF.
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Key Words
- CCL, C-C motif chemokine ligand
- CCR2, C-C chemokine receptor 2
- DDR2, discoidin domain receptor 2
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium
- EDV, end-diastolic volume
- EF, ejection fraction
- ESV, end-systolic volume
- HF, heart failure
- IL, interleukin
- INF, interferon
- LV, left ventricular
- Lin, lineage
- MI, myocardial infarction
- MSC, mesenchymal stem cell
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor beta
- WGA, wheat germ agglutinin
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- cMSC, cardiac mesenchymal stem cell
- cardiac remodeling
- fibrosis
- heart failure
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- mesenchymal stem cells
- myocardial inflammation
- myofibroblasts
- platelet-derived growth factor receptor
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
- α-SMA, alpha smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Hamid
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Mohamed Ameen Ismahil
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Gregg Rokosh
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Miki Jinno
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Guihua Zhou
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Qiongxin Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sumanth D. Prabhu
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Birmingham VAMC, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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3
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Mansour HH, El Kiki SM, Ibrahim AB, Omran MM. Effect of l-carnitine on cardiotoxicity and apoptosis induced by imatinib through PDGF/ PPARγ /MAPK pathways. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 704:108866. [PMID: 33844974 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A tyrosine kinase inhibitor Imatinib (IM) is used in the treatment of different varieties of cancers. The current study was designed to explore the beneficial role of l-carnitine against IM-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Male albino rats received IM (40 mg/kg, i.p.) either alone or/in combination with l-carnitine (100 mg/kg, i.p.) for 7 days. IM increased serum inflammatory cytokines, concomitant with activation of cardiac MAPK, α-SMA, malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide(NO), decreased cardiac peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and glutathione (GSH) content. The expression levels of Bcl-2 and PDGF were significantly decreased, while the expression levels of CTGF and BAX were significantly increased in the IM group. The l-carnitine treatment successfully protected the heart as indicated by the improvement of the biochemical and histopathological parameters. l-carnitine didn't affect the serum concentration of IM and increased intracellular concentration in the combination-treated group as measured by the mass spectrometer. Conclusion: l-carnitine abrogated IM-induced cardiac damage and apoptosis via PDGF/PPARγ/MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba H Mansour
- Health Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Shereen M El Kiki
- Health Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Amel B Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Zawia University, Zawiya, Libya.
| | - Mervat M Omran
- Pharmacology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt.
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4
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Altuntas E, Durmus K, Bora A, Turgut N, Terzi H, Kutluhan A. Examination of ototoxicity induced by imatinib, being a tyrosine kinase inhibitor: An experimental study. INDIAN JOURNAL OF OTOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/indianjotol.indianjotol_129_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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5
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Burke MJ, Walmsley R, Munsey TS, Smith AJ. Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors cause dysfunction in adult rat cardiac fibroblasts in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 58:178-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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6
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Tocchetti CG, Cadeddu C, Di Lisi D, Femminò S, Madonna R, Mele D, Monte I, Novo G, Penna C, Pepe A, Spallarossa P, Varricchi G, Zito C, Pagliaro P, Mercuro G. From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Management of Antineoplastic Drug-Induced Cardiovascular Toxicity: A Translational Overview. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:2110-2153. [PMID: 28398124 PMCID: PMC6529857 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Antineoplastic therapies have significantly improved the prognosis of oncology patients. However, these treatments can bring to a higher incidence of side-effects, including the worrying cardiovascular toxicity (CTX). Recent Advances: Substantial evidence indicates multiple mechanisms of CTX, with redox mechanisms playing a key role. Recent data singled out mitochondria as key targets for antineoplastic drug-induced CTX; understanding the underlying mechanisms is, therefore, crucial for effective cardioprotection, without compromising the efficacy of anti-cancer treatments. Critical Issues: CTX can occur within a few days or many years after treatment. Type I CTX is associated with irreversible cardiac cell injury, and it is typically caused by anthracyclines and traditional chemotherapeutics. Type II CTX is generally caused by novel biologics and more targeted drugs, and it is associated with reversible myocardial dysfunction. Therefore, patients undergoing anti-cancer treatments should be closely monitored, and patients at risk of CTX should be identified before beginning treatment to reduce CTX-related morbidity. Future Directions: Genetic profiling of clinical risk factors and an integrated approach using molecular, imaging, and clinical data may allow the recognition of patients who are at a high risk of developing chemotherapy-related CTX, and it may suggest methodologies to limit damage in a wider range of patients. The involvement of redox mechanisms in cancer biology and anticancer treatments is a very active field of research. Further investigations will be necessary to uncover the hallmarks of cancer from a redox perspective and to develop more efficacious antineoplastic therapies that also spare the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Cadeddu
- 2 Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Daniela Di Lisi
- 3 Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Saveria Femminò
- 4 Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Madonna
- 5 Center of Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine - CESI-MeT, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy.,6 Department of Internal Medicine, The Texas Heart Institute and Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Donato Mele
- 7 Cardiology Unit, Emergency Department, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ines Monte
- 8 Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgery Specialities, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Novo
- 3 Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudia Penna
- 4 Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessia Pepe
- 9 U.O.C. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio C.N.R., Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Spallarossa
- 10 Clinic of Cardiovascular Diseases, IRCCS San Martino IST, Genova, Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- 1 Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,11 Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) - Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Concetta Zito
- 12 Division of Cardiology, Clinical and Experimental Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Policlinico "G. Martino" University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pagliaro
- 4 Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mercuro
- 2 Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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7
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Ivey MJ, Kuwabara JT, Riggsbee KL, Tallquist MD. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α is essential for cardiac fibroblast survival. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H330-H344. [PMID: 31125253 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00054.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα), a receptor tyrosine kinase required for cardiac fibroblast development, is uniquely expressed by fibroblasts in the adult heart. Despite the consensus that PDGFRα is expressed in adult cardiac fibroblasts, we know little about its function when these cells are at rest. Here, we demonstrate that loss of PDGFRα in cardiac fibroblasts resulted in a rapid reduction of resident fibroblasts. Furthermore, we observe that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling was required for PDGFRα-dependent fibroblast maintenance. Interestingly, this reduced number of fibroblasts was maintained long-term, suggesting that there is no homeostatic mechanism to monitor fibroblast numbers and restore hearts to wild-type levels. Although we did not observe any systolic functional changes in hearts with depleted fibroblasts, the basement membrane and microvasculature of these hearts were perturbed. Through in vitro analyses, we showed that PDGFRα signaling inhibition resulted in an increase in fibroblast cell death, and PDGFRα stimulation led to increased levels of the cell survival factor activating transcription factor 3. Our data reveal a unique role for PDGFRα signaling in fibroblast maintenance and illustrate that a 50% loss in cardiac fibroblasts does not result in lethality.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) is required in developing cardiac fibroblasts, but a functional role in adult, quiescent fibroblasts has not been identified. Here, we demonstrate that PDGFRα signaling is essential for cardiac fibroblast maintenance and that there are no homeostatic mechanisms to regulate fibroblast numbers in the heart. PDGFR signaling is generally considered mitogenic in fibroblasts, but these data suggest that this receptor may direct different cellular processes depending on the cell's maturation and activation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malina J Ivey
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Jill T Kuwabara
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Kara L Riggsbee
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Michelle D Tallquist
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
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8
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Mohede DC, de Jong IJ, van Driel MF. Medical Treatments of Peyronie's Disease: Past, Present, and Future. Urology 2019; 125:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Gonzalez-Vicente A, Saez F, Monzon CM, Asirwatham J, Garvin JL. Thick Ascending Limb Sodium Transport in the Pathogenesis of Hypertension. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:235-309. [PMID: 30354966 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00055.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The thick ascending limb plays a key role in maintaining water and electrolyte balance. The importance of this segment in regulating blood pressure is evidenced by the effect of loop diuretics or local genetic defects on this parameter. Hormones and factors produced by thick ascending limbs have both autocrine and paracrine effects, which can extend prohypertensive signaling to other structures of the nephron. In this review, we discuss the role of the thick ascending limb in the development of hypertension, not as a sole participant, but one that works within the rich biological context of the renal medulla. We first provide an overview of the basic physiology of the segment and the anatomical considerations necessary to understand its relationship with other renal structures. We explore the physiopathological changes in thick ascending limbs occurring in both genetic and induced animal models of hypertension. We then discuss the racial differences and genetic defects that affect blood pressure in humans through changes in thick ascending limb transport rates. Throughout the text, we scrutinize methodologies and discuss the limitations of research techniques that, when overlooked, can lead investigators to make erroneous conclusions. Thus, in addition to advancing an understanding of the basic mechanisms of physiology, the ultimate goal of this work is to understand our research tools, to make better use of them, and to contextualize research data. Future advances in renal hypertension research will require not only collection of new experimental data, but also integration of our current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fara Saez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Casandra M Monzon
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jessica Asirwatham
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey L Garvin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
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10
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Phosphocreatine Attenuates Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiac Fibrosis and Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5408289. [PMID: 30729126 PMCID: PMC6341254 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5408289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to further explore the role and the underlying molecular mechanism of phosphocreatine (PCr) for cardiac fibrosis in vivo. Isoproterenol (ISO) was used to induce cardiac fibrosis in rats. PCr administration ameliorated fibrosis by reducing collagen accumulation and fibrosis-related signals, including transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen type I, and collagen type III. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, including p38, extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p65, were highly activated by ISO and blocked by PCr. Moreover, PCr decreased ISO-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and increased the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) expression. Furthermore, PCr suppressed cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by ISO, as shown by downregulated expression of the proapoptotic caspase-3, Bax, and upregulated expression of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2. Taken together, PCr can be an effective agent for preventing cardiac fibrosis and cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
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11
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Ye J, Wang Z, Wang M, Xu Y, Zeng T, Ye D, Liu J, Jiang H, Lin Y, Wan J. Increased kielin/chordin-like protein levels are associated with the severity of heart failure. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 486:381-386. [PMID: 30144436 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies demonstrated that the transforming growth factor (TGF) β superfamily, including TGF-βs and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), plays important roles in cardiovascular diseases. The kielin/chordin-like protein (KCP) is a secreted protein that regulates the expression and function of TGF-βs and BMPs. However, the role of KCP during heart failure (HF) remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the cardiac expression of KCP in human failing hearts. METHODS The human failing heart samples from patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM, n = 12) and ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM, n = 12) were collected, and normal heart (n = 8) samples from unmatched donors were collected as controls. Collagen volume, KCP levels, and mRNA levels of several BMPs in left ventricles (LV) of all hearts were measured. RESULTS The KCP levels were significantly higher in human failing hearts than in normal hearts. KCP levels were positively associated with hypertrophy markers, including atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC). In addition, KCP levels were also positively associated with left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD), collagen Iα and collagen IIIα expression but were negatively associated with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Furthermore, increased TGF-β1, BMP2/4/6/10 and reduced BMP7 levels were observed, and positive correlations between KCP and TGF-β1 and negative correlation between KCP and BMP2/7 were found, but not for BMP4/6/10. CONCLUSIONS KCP was closely associated with heart failure. The regulation of BMP2/7 and TGF-β1 expression may be the possible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Menglong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yao Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Di Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jianfang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Huimin Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yingzhong Lin
- Department of Cardiology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530021, China.
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, China.
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12
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Egemnazarov B, Crnkovic S, Nagy BM, Olschewski H, Kwapiszewska G. Right ventricular fibrosis and dysfunction: Actual concepts and common misconceptions. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:507-521. [PMID: 29343458 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis and remodeling of the right ventricle (RV) are associated with RV dysfunction and mortality of patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) but it is unknown how much RV fibrosis contributes to RV dysfunction and mortality. RV fibrosis manifests as fibroblast accumulation and collagen deposition which may be excessive. Although extracellular matrix deposition leads to elevated ventricular stiffness, it is not known to which extent it affects RV function. Various animal models of pulmonary hypertension have been established to investigate the role of fibrosis in RV dysfunction and failure. However, they do not perfectly resemble the human disease. In the current review we describe the major characteristics of RV fibrosis, molecular mechanisms regulating the fibrotic process, and discuss how therapeutic targeting of fibrosis might affect RV function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Slaven Crnkovic
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Bence M Nagy
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Horst Olschewski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria; Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria; Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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13
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Hong SK, Choo EH, Ihm SH, Chang K, Seung KB. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor attenuates obesity-induced myocardial fibrosis by inhibiting transforming growth factor-βl and Smad2/3 pathways in high-fat diet-induced obesity rat model. Metabolism 2017; 76:42-55. [PMID: 28987239 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-induced myocardial fibrosis may lead to diastolic dysfunction and ultimately heart failure. Activation of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-βl and its downstream Smad2/3 pathways may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of obesity-induced myocardial fibrosis, and the antidiabetic dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP4i) might affect these pathways. We investigated whether DPP4i reduces myocardial fibrosis by inhibiting the TGF-β1 and Smad2/3 pathways in the myocardium of a diet-induced obesity (DIO) rat model. Eight-week-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were fed either a normal fat diet (chow) or a high-fat diet (HFD) and then the HFD-fed SHRs were randomized to either the DPP4i (MK-0626) or control (distilled water) groups for 12weeks. At 20weeks old, all the rats underwent hemodynamic and metabolic studies and Doppler echocardiography. Compared with the normal fat diet (chow)-fed SHRs, the HFD-fed SHRs developed a more intense degree of hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia and showed a constellation of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction, and exacerbated myocardial fibrosis, as well as activation of the TGF-β1 and Smad2/3 pathways. DPP4i significantly improved the metabolic and hemodynamic parameters. The echocardiogram showed that DPP4i improved the LV diastolic dysfunction (early to late ventricular filling velocity [E/A] ratio, 1.49±0.21 vs. 1.77±0.09, p<0.05). Furthermore, DPP4i significantly reduced myocardial fibrosis and collagen production by the myocardium and suppressed TGF-β1 and phosphorylation of Smad2/3 in the heart. In addition, DPP4i decreased TGF-β1-induced collagen production and TGF-β1-mediated phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Smad2/3 in rat cardiac fibroblasts. In conclusion, DPP4 inhibition attenuated myocardial fibrosis and improved LV diastolic dysfunction in a DIO rat model by modulating the TGF-β1 and Smad2/3 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul-Ki Hong
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ho Choo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Ihm
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kiyuk Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Bae Seung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Wang LX, Yang X, Yue Y, Fan T, Hou J, Chen GX, Liang MY, Wu ZK. Imatinib attenuates cardiac fibrosis by inhibiting platelet-derived growth factor receptors activation in isoproterenol induced model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178619. [PMID: 28570599 PMCID: PMC5453565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a significant global health problem with limited treatment choices. Although previous studies have shown that imatinib (IMA) inhibited cardiac fibrosis, the anti-fibrotic mechanisms have not been clearly uncovered. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether IMA attenuates cardiac fibrosis by inhibiting platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFR) on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced mice. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were treated with vehicle or ISO ± IMA for one week. After echocardiography examination, the hearts of mice were used for histopathologic, RT-qPCR, and western blot analyses. We found that the ventricular wall thickness, cardiac hypertrophy, and apoptosis were enhanced following ISO treatment. IMA decreased the left ventricular wall thickness, prevented hypertrophy, and inhibited apoptosis induced by ISO. In addition, IMA attenuated the accumulation of collagens and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) (the markers of fibrosis) caused by ISO treatment. Moreover, the expression of fibrosis related genes, and the phosphorylation of PDGFRs in ISO-treated mice hearts were inhibited by IMA as well. However, IMA did not change the expression of the matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in ISO-treated hearts. Furthermore, IMA reduced the expressions of collagens as well as α-SMA caused by activation of PDGFRα in cardiac fibroblasts. Taken together, our data demonstrate that IMA attenuated the cardiac fibrosis by blocking the phosphorylation of PDGFRs in the ISO-induced mice model. This study indicates that IMA could be a potentially therapeutic option for cardiac fibrosis in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Xun Wang
- Second Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Assisted Circulatory Laboratory of Health Ministry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Second Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Assisted Circulatory Laboratory of Health Ministry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yue
- Second Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Assisted Circulatory Laboratory of Health Ministry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian Fan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Hou
- Second Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Assisted Circulatory Laboratory of Health Ministry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Xian Chen
- Second Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Assisted Circulatory Laboratory of Health Ministry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Ya Liang
- Second Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Assisted Circulatory Laboratory of Health Ministry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Kai Wu
- Second Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Assisted Circulatory Laboratory of Health Ministry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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15
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Chen Y, Surinkaew S, Naud P, Qi XY, Gillis MA, Shi YF, Tardif JC, Dobrev D, Nattel S. JAK-STAT signalling and the atrial fibrillation promoting fibrotic substrate. Cardiovasc Res 2017; 113:310-320. [PMID: 28158495 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Left-atrial (LA) fibrosis is an important feature of many atrial fibrillation (AF) substrates. The JAK-STAT system contributes to cardiac remodelling, but its role in AF is unknown. Here we investigated JAK-STAT changes in an AF-model and their potential contributions to LA-fibrosis. Methods and results LA-remodelling was studied in dogs with heart failure (HF) induced by ventricular tachypacing (VTP, 240 bpm), and in mice with left-ventricular (LV) dysfunction due to myocardial infarction (MI). The selective STAT-3 inhibitor S3I-201 was administered to fibroblasts in vitro or mice in vivo (10 mg/kg/d, osmotic mini-pump). HF-dogs developed LA-selective fibrosis and AF-susceptibility at 1-week VTP. The mRNA-expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF, a JAK-STAT activator) isoforms A, C and D, as well as JAK2, increased in LA fibroblasts from 1-week VTP. HF upregulated protein-expression of PDGF-receptor-β and phosphorylated (activated) signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in LA. PDGF-AB stimulation of LA fibroblasts increased PDGFR-α, STAT3 and phosphorylated-STAT3 expression, as well as collagen-1 and fibronectin-1 protein secretion (by 1.6- to 20-fold), with smaller changes in LV fibroblasts. Phosphorylated-STAT3 and collagen upregulation were suppressed by the JAK2 inhibitor AG-490, PDGF receptor inhibitor AG1296 and STAT3-inhibitor SI3-201. In vivo S3I-201 treatment of MI-mice attenuated LA-fibrosis, LA-dilation and P-wave duration changes versus vehicle-control. Conclusions HF activates the LA JAK-STAT system and enhances PDGF-signalling. JAK-STAT inhibition reduces the profibrotic effects of PDGF stimulation on canine fibroblasts in vitro while attenuating in vivo LA-fibrosis and remodelling in post-MI mice, suggesting that the JAK/STAT pathway contributes to LA-fibrogenesis and might be a potential target for LA-fibrosis prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Medicine and Research Center Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger St. E., Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8 Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y6 Canada
| | - Sirirat Surinkaew
- Department of Medicine and Research Center Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger St. E., Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8 Canada
| | - Patrice Naud
- Department of Medicine and Research Center Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger St. E., Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8 Canada
| | - Xiao-Yan Qi
- Department of Medicine and Research Center Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger St. E., Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8 Canada
| | - Marc-Antoine Gillis
- Department of Medicine and Research Center Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger St. E., Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8 Canada
| | - Yan-Fen Shi
- Department of Medicine and Research Center Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger St. E., Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8 Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Department of Medicine and Research Center Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger St. E., Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8 Canada
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Stanley Nattel
- Department of Medicine and Research Center Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger St. E., Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8 Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y6 Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45122, Germany
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16
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Stewart DC, Rubiano A, Santisteban MM, Shenoy V, Qi Y, Pepine CJ, Raizada MK, Simmons CS. Hypertension-linked mechanical changes of rat gut. Acta Biomater 2016; 45:296-302. [PMID: 27567964 PMCID: PMC5069177 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is the most prevalent risk factor for cardiovascular disease caused by a persistent increase in arterial blood pressure that has lasting effects on the mechanical properties of affected tissues like myocardium and blood vessels. Our group recently discovered that gut dysbiosis is linked to hypertension in several animal models and humans; however, whether hypertension influences the gut's mechanical properties remains unknown. In this study, we evaluated the hypothesis that hypertension increases fibrosis and thus mechanical properties of the gut. A custom indentation system was used to test colon samples from Wistar Kyoto (WKY) normotensive rats and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR). Using force-displacement data, we derived an steady-state modulus metric to quantify mechanical properties of gastrointestinal tissue. We observed that SHR proximal colon has a mean steady-state modulus almost 3 times greater than WKY control rat colon (5.11±1.58kPa and 18.17±11.45kPa, respectively). These increases were associated with increase in vascular smooth muscle cells layer and collagen deposition in the intestinal wall in the SHR. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Mechanical characterization of biological materials can provide insight into health and disease of tissue. Recent investigations into a variety of cardiovascular pathologies show coincident changes in the microbiome and pathology of the gut. In this study, we sought to quantify changes in the gut in hypertension through mechanical characterization. Our methods and simple models for characterization, adapted from Hertz indentation models, prove useful to identify a meaningful steady-state modulus metric for small and irregular tissues from laboratory animals. Our data, for the first time, establish a stiffening of the gut wall in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. This observation suggests significant structural and functional changes in the gut correlate with hypertension, and future experiments are warranted to explore the specific causal relationship between dysbiosis, fibrosis, and stiffening in the gut during the development and maintenance of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Stewart
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Andrés Rubiano
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Monica M Santisteban
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Vinayak Shenoy
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yanfei Qi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Carl J Pepine
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mohan K Raizada
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Chelsey S Simmons
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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17
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Aortic Remodelling Is Improved by 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside Involving the Smad3 Pathway in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:789027. [PMID: 26693246 PMCID: PMC4677031 DOI: 10.1155/2015/789027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a common health problem that substantially increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. The condition increases blood pressure, which causes alterations in vascular structure and leads to the development of vascular pathologies. 2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (THSG), a resveratrol analogue extracted from a Chinese medicinal plant, has been proven to have numerous vascular protection functions. This study investigated whether THSG can improve vascular remodeling, which has thus far remained unclear. Orally administering THSG to spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) aged 12 weeks for 14 weeks significantly inhibited intima-media thickness in the lower parts of the aortic arch, increased the vascular diastolic rate in response to acetylcholine, and reduced remodelling-related mRNA expression, such as that of ACTA2, CCL3, COL1A2, COL3A1, TIMP1 WISP2, IGFBP1, ECE1, KLF5, MYL1 BMP4, FN1, and PAI-1. Immunofluorescence staining also showed an inhibitory effect similar to that of THSG on PAI-1 protein expression in rat aortas. Results from immunoprecipitation and a Western blot assay showed that THSG inhibited the acetylation of Smad3. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that THSG prevented Smad3 binding to the PAI-1 proximal promoter in SHR aortas. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of THSG on aortic remodelling involved the deacetylating role of Smad3 with increasing blood flow and with constant blood pressure.
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18
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Gacic J, Vorkapic E, Olsen RS, Söderberg D, Gustafsson T, Geffers R, Skoglund K, Matussek A, Wågsäter D. Imatinib reduces cholesterol uptake and matrix metalloproteinase activity in human THP-1 macrophages. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 68:1-6. [PMID: 26721343 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imatinib mesylate (Glivec®, formerly STI-571) is a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. However, there are reports suggesting that imatinib could be atheroprotective by lowering plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL). AIM To investigate the potential inhibitory effect of imatinib on cholesterol uptake in human macrophages as well as its effect on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. METHODS AND RESULTS Uptake of fluorescence-labeled LDL was analyzed using flow cytometry. Macrophages treated with imatinib showed a 23.5%, 27%, and 15% decrease in uptake of native LDL (p<0.05), acetylated LDL (p<0.01), and copper-modified oxidized LDL (p<0.01), respectively. Gel-based zymography showed that secretion and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were inhibited by imatinib. Using GeneChip Whole Transcript Expression array analysis, no obvious gene candidates involved in the mechanisms of cholesterol metabolism or MMP regulation were found to be affected by imatinib. Instead, we found that imatinib up-regulated microRNA 155 (miR155) by 43.8% and down-regulated ADAM metallopeptidase domain 28 (ADAM28) by 41.4%. Both genes could potentially play an atheroprotective role and would be interesting targets in future studies. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that imatinib causes post-translational inhibition with respect to cholesterol uptake and regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9. More research is needed to further evaluate the role of imatinib in the regulation of other genes and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Gacic
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Emina Vorkapic
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Renate Slind Olsen
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Services, County Hospital Ryhov, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel Söderberg
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Therese Gustafsson
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics Group, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Karin Skoglund
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Andreas Matussek
- Department of Laboratory Services, County Hospital Ryhov, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Dick Wågsäter
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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