1
|
Ma T, Jia Y, Shi L, Xu X, Zheng K, Fu Z, Wang H, Lu Y. A novel "ON-OFF-ON" colorimetric and fluorescence dual-signal sensing APAP based on TSPP-Fe 3. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 321:124759. [PMID: 38955068 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Acetaminophen, also known as paracetamol (APAP), is a commonly used over-the-counter medication that is often used to treat headaches, toothaches, joint pain, muscle pain, and to lower body temperature. However, overdose can lead to liver damage, gastrointestinal distress, kidney damage, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, it is very important to establish a method to quickly detect APAP. A novel "ON-OFF-ON" colorimetric and fluorescence dual-signal sensing system was constructed for the quantitative detection of APAP based on 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulphonatophenyl) porphyrin (TSPP) dual-signal probe. The absorbance and fluorescence intensity of TSPP respectively were quenched when Fe3+ was introduced into TSPP solution. At this point, the color of the corresponding solution changed from red to green. The absorbance and fluorescence intensity of TSPP respectively were restored when APAP was added to the TSPP-Fe3+ system. At this time, the color of the solution changed from green to colorless. Therefore, an "ON-OFF-ON" dual-signal sensing study of APAP were constructed using TSPP as the colorimetric and fluorescent probe. The proposed colorimetric sensing system had a wide linear range in the 13.12 mM ∼ 23.20 mM with 0.11 mM of limit of detection (LOD, S/N = 3). And the proposed fluorescence sensing system had a wide linear range in the 3.45 mM ∼ 12.50 mM and 41.67 mM ∼ 65.22 mM with 0.83 mM of limit of detection (LOD, S/N = 3). The dual-signal sensing system were applied to the APAP detection of real samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianfeng Ma
- Phytochemistry Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau of Qinghai Province, China; Modern Tibetan Medicine Creation Engineering Technology Research Center of Qinghai Province, China; College of pharmacy, Qinghai Minzu University, China
| | - Yanyan Jia
- QingHai Higher Vocational and Technical Institute, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Phytochemistry Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau of Qinghai Province, China; Modern Tibetan Medicine Creation Engineering Technology Research Center of Qinghai Province, China; College of pharmacy, Qinghai Minzu University, China
| | - Xiaohua Xu
- Phytochemistry Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau of Qinghai Province, China; Modern Tibetan Medicine Creation Engineering Technology Research Center of Qinghai Province, China; College of pharmacy, Qinghai Minzu University, China
| | - Kun Zheng
- Phytochemistry Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau of Qinghai Province, China; Modern Tibetan Medicine Creation Engineering Technology Research Center of Qinghai Province, China; College of pharmacy, Qinghai Minzu University, China
| | - Zijia Fu
- Phytochemistry Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau of Qinghai Province, China; Modern Tibetan Medicine Creation Engineering Technology Research Center of Qinghai Province, China; College of pharmacy, Qinghai Minzu University, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Phytochemistry Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau of Qinghai Province, China; Modern Tibetan Medicine Creation Engineering Technology Research Center of Qinghai Province, China; College of pharmacy, Qinghai Minzu University, China.
| | - Yongchang Lu
- Phytochemistry Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau of Qinghai Province, China; Modern Tibetan Medicine Creation Engineering Technology Research Center of Qinghai Province, China; College of pharmacy, Qinghai Minzu University, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li M, Xin Y, Sun X, Zhang X, Xu Y, Cheng X, Gao S, Huo L. Willow catkin template synthesis of NiS@NSC hollow tubes for highly sensitive dual-function electrochemical detection of acetaminophen and Cu 2. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:694. [PMID: 39441430 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06731-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
Public health and environmental well-being have become increasingly threatened by the contamination of pharmaceuticals and heavy metal ions. This study focuses on addressing this critical issue by developing a novel electrochemical sensor for the dual-functional detection of acetaminophen (AP) and Cu2+. Utilizing willow catkins as a biomass template, a hollow tubular NiS@NSC composite was prepared by simple nickel salt impregnation combined with calcination and sulfurization. A highly sensitive dual-functional electrochemical sensor was thus constructed that can detect both acetaminophen (AP) and Cu2+. By examining its electrochemical properties, the sensor achieves an impressive detection limit of 1.33 pM for AP, with a linear range of 4.00 pM ~ 0.15 mM. The sensor can also detect Cu2+, with a detection limit of 1.04 µM, and a linear range of 3.13 µM ~ 0.66 mM. The sensor also exhibits strong resistance to interference, and good repeatability and stability. In addition, the sensor has demonstrated good performance in actual sample analysis, including the detection of AP in serum and Cu2+ in wastewater. This excellent electrochemical sensing performance is mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of its unique tubular structure and highly conductive N, S co-doped carbon. This results in the sensor exhibiting minimal charge transfer resistance, an extensive electrochemically active surface area, and a high density of active sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menghao Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Yuying Xin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Xiaohan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Xianfa Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
| | - Yingming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Xiaoli Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Lihua Huo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shariati F, Tandan N, Lavie CJ. Resistant hypertension. Curr Opin Cardiol 2024; 39:266-272. [PMID: 38456513 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0000000000001134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Resistant hypertension (RH) is characterized by persistently elevated blood pressure despite the concurrent use of three antihypertensive medications, including a diuretic, at optimal doses. This clinical phenomenon poses a significant burden on healthcare systems worldwide due to its association with increased cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. RECENT FINDINGS Ongoing studies on device-based treatment of RH, with aim to reduce sympathetic nervous system outflow, have shown promising evidence in management of RH which may in turn decrease the incidence of composite cardiovascular outcome faced by the affected population. SUMMARY This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of RH, and review some of the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in management of RH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farnoosh Shariati
- Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School - The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen X, Wu H, Li P, Peng W, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhang A, Li J, Meng F, Wang W, Su W. Unraveling the Mechanism of Xiaochaihu Granules in Alleviating Yeast-Induced Fever Based on Network Analysis and Experimental Validation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:475. [PMID: 38675434 PMCID: PMC11053540 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Xiaochaihu granules (XCHG) are extensively used to treat fever. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. This study aimed to explore the potential of XCHG in mitigating yeast-induced fever and the underlying metabolic pathways. The chemical composition of XCHG was ascertained using ultra-fast liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS), followed by integrated network analysis to predict potential targets. We then conducted experimental validation using pharmacological assays and metabolomics analysis in a yeast-induced mouse fever model. The study identified 133 compounds in XCHG, resulting in the development of a comprehensive network of herb-compound-biological functional modules. Subsequently, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations confirmed the stability of the complexes, including γ-aminobutyric acid B receptor 2 (GABBR2)-saikosaponin C, prostaglandin endoperoxide synthases (PTGS2)-lobetyolin, and NF-κB inhibitor IκBα (NFKBIA)-glycyrrhizic acid. Animal experiments demonstrated that XCHG reduced yeast-induced elevation in NFKBIA's downstream regulators [interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-8], inhibited PTGS2 activity, and consequently decreased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels. XCHG also downregulated the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), and adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH). These corroborated the network analysis results indicating XCHG's effectiveness against fever in targeting NFKBIA, PTGS2, and GABBR2. The hypothalamus metabolomics analysis identified 14 distinct metabolites as potential antipyretic biomarkers of XCHG. In conclusion, our findings suggest that XCHG alleviates yeast-induced fever by regulating inflammation/immune responses, neuromodulation, and metabolism modules, providing a scientific basis for the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties of XCHG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Weiwei Su
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Reevaluation of Post-Market Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li M, Jin M, Yang H. Remodelers of the vascular microenvironment: The effect of biopolymeric hydrogels on vascular diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130764. [PMID: 38462100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Vascular disease is the leading health problem worldwide. Vascular microenvironment encompasses diverse cell types, including those within the vascular wall, blood cells, stromal cells, and immune cells. Initiation of the inflammatory state of the vascular microenvironment and changes in its mechanics can profoundly affect vascular homeostasis. Biomedical materials play a crucial role in modern medicine, hydrogels, characterized by their high-water content, have been increasingly utilized as a three-dimensional interaction network. In recent times, the remarkable progress in utilizing hydrogels and understanding vascular microenvironment have enabled the treatment of vascular diseases. In this review, we give an emphasis on the utilization of hydrogels and their advantages in the various vascular diseases including atherosclerosis, aneurysm, vascular ulcers of the lower limbs and myocardial infarction. Further, we highlight the importance and advantages of hydrogels as artificial microenvironments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minhao Li
- School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Meiqi Jin
- School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Huazhe Yang
- School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Davydov DM, de la Coba P, Contreras-Merino AM, Reyes Del Paso GA. Impact of homeostatic body hydration status, evaluated by hemodynamic measures, on different pain sensitization paths to a chronic pain syndrome. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1908. [PMID: 38253727 PMCID: PMC10803325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52419-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Contrasting findings on the mechanisms of chronic pain and hypertension development render the current conventional evidence of a negative relationship between blood pressure (BP) and pain severity insufficient for developing personalized treatments. In this interdisciplinary study, patients with fibromyalgia (FM) exhibiting clinically normal or elevated BP, alongside healthy participants were assessed. Different pain sensitization responses were evaluated using a dynamic 'slowly repeated evoked pain' (SREP) measure, as well as static pain pressure threshold and tolerance measures. Cardiovascular responses to clino-orthostatic (lying-standing) challenges were also examined as acute re- and de-hydration events, challenging cardiovascular and cerebrovascular homeostasis. These challenges involve compensating effects from various cardiac preload or afterload mechanisms associated with different homeostatic body hydration statuses. Additionally, hair cortisol concentration was considered as a factor with an impact on chronic hydration statuses. Pain windup (SREP) and lower pain threshold in FM patients were found to be related to BP rise during clinostatic (lying) rehydration or orthostatic (standing) dehydration events, respectively. These events were determined by acute systemic vasoconstriction (i.e., cardiac afterload response) overcompensating for clinostatic or orthostatic cardiac preload under-responses (low cardiac output or stroke volume). Lower pain tolerance was associated with tonic blood pressure reduction, determined by permanent hypovolemia (low stroke volume) decompensated by permanent systemic vasodilation. In conclusion, the body hydration status profiles assessed by (re)activity of systemic vascular resistance and effective blood volume-related measures can help predict the risk and intensity of different pain sensitization components in chronic pain syndrome, facilitating a more personalized management approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry M Davydov
- María Zambrano Senior Scholar, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain.
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Pablo de la Coba
- Department of Psychology, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shi LH, Lam SH, So H, Chan CY, Li TK, Szeto CC, Tam LS. Inflammation is associated with incident hypertension in patients with axial spondyloarthritis: A longitudinal cohort study. Clin Exp Hypertens 2023; 45:2205056. [PMID: 37139811 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2023.2205056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To elucidate the risk factors for the development of incident hypertension (IHT) in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study in axSpA patients who were recruited from 2001 to 2019 from a university clinic in Hong Kong. Patients with HT and/or anti-hypertensive drug use at baseline were excluded. They were followed until the end of 2020. The outcome was IHT, defined by a diagnosis and a prescription for an antihypertensive drug. Baseline and time-varying Cox regression analyses adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI), were used to assess the relationship between drug use, inflammatory burden, and IHT. RESULTS Four hundred and thirteen patients [age: 34(25-43) years, male: 319 (77.2%)] were recruited. After a median follow-up of 12 (6-17) years, 58 patients (14%) developed IHT (IHT+group). Among all the baseline variables, disease duration and delay in diagnosis were the independent predictors for IHT based on the Cox regression model. In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, baseline disease duration, delay in diagnosis and time-varying ESR levels were independent predictors associated with an increased risk of IHT. IHT risk was significantly increased in patients with disease duration >5 years. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs was not associated with the development of IHT. CONCLUSION Higher inflammatory burden as reflected by a longer disease duration, delay diagnosis and higher ESR levels, were predictors associated with IHT after adjusting for traditional CV risk factors. These data support routine screening for hypertension in axSpA patients, especially those with longer disease duration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hong Shi
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science (LiHS), The Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Steven H Lam
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ho So
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Crystal Y Chan
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tena K Li
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cheuk-Chun Szeto
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science (LiHS), The Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lai-Shan Tam
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jin Y, Yu X, Li J, Su M, Li X. Causal effects and immune cell mediators between prescription analgesic use and risk of infectious diseases: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1319127. [PMID: 38193081 PMCID: PMC10772142 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1319127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Clinical observations have found that prolonged use of analgesics increases the incidence of infection. However, the direct causal relationship between prescription analgesic use (PAU) and risk of infection (ROI) remains unclear. Methods This study used Mendelian randomization (MR) design to estimate the causal effect of PAU on ROI, as well as their mediating factors. Genetic data on prescription analgesics use and immune cells were obtained from published GWAS. Additionally, data on ROI were extracted from the FinnGen database. Two-sample MR analysis and multivariate MR (MVMR) analysis were performed using inverse variance weighting (IVW) to ascertain the causal association between PAU and ROI. Finally, 731 immune cell phenotypes were analyzed for their mediating role between analgesics and infection. Results Using two-sample MR, IVW modeling showed that genetically predicted opioid use was associated with increased risk of pulmonary infection (PI) (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.05-1.21, p< 0.001) and upper respiratory infection (URI) (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.08-1.30, p< 0.001); non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were related to increased risk of skin and subcutaneous tissue infection (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.05-1.39, p = 0.007), and antimigraine preparations were linked to a reduced risk of virus hepatitis (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.69-0.91, p< 0.001). In MVMR, the association of opioids with URI and PI remained after accounting for cancer conditions. Even with a stricter threshold (p< 0.05/30), we found a significant causal association between opioids and respiratory infections (URI/PI). Finally, mediation analyses found that analgesics influence the ROI through different phenotypes of immune cells as mediators. Conclusion This MR study provides new genetic evidence for the causal relationship between PAU and ROI, and the mediating role of immune cells was demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jin
- The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinghao Yu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Li
- The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingzhu Su
- The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Caparrotta TM, Carduff E, Dear JW. Paracetamol use in adults. BMJ 2023; 383:e070753. [PMID: 37973160 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2022-070753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Caparrotta
- Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - James W Dear
- Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang M, Ge T, Zhang Y, La X. Identification of MARK2, CCDC71, GATA2, and KLRC3 as candidate diagnostic genes and potential therapeutic targets for repeated implantation failure with antiphospholipid syndrome by integrated bioinformatics analysis and machine learning. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1126103. [PMID: 37901230 PMCID: PMC10603295 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1126103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a group of clinical syndromes of thrombosis or adverse pregnancy outcomes caused by antiphospholipid antibodies, which increase the incidence of in vitro fertilization failure in patients with infertility. However, the common mechanism of repeated implantation failure (RIF) with APS is unclear. This study aimed to search for potential diagnostic genes and potential therapeutic targets for RIF with APS. Methods To obtain differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we downloaded the APS and RIF datasets separately from the public Gene Expression Omnibus database and performed differential expression analysis. We then identified the common DEGs of APS and RIF. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses were performed, and we then generated protein-protein interaction. Furthermore, immune infiltration was investigated by using the CIBERSORT algorithm on the APS and RIF datasets. LASSO regression analysis was used to screen for candidate diagnostic genes. To evaluate the diagnostic value, we developed a nomogram and validated it with receiver operating characteristic curves, then analyzed these genes in the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database. Finally, the Drug Gene Interaction Database was searched for potential therapeutic drugs, and the interactions between drugs, genes, and immune cells were depicted with a Sankey diagram. Results There were 11 common DEGs identified: four downregulated and seven upregulated. The common DEG analysis suggested that an imbalance of immune system-related cells and molecules may be a common feature in the pathophysiology of APS and RIF. Following validation, MARK2, CCDC71, GATA2, and KLRC3 were identified as candidate diagnostic genes. Finally, Acetaminophen and Fasudil were predicted as two candidate drugs. Conclusion Four immune-associated candidate diagnostic genes (MARK2, CCDC71, GATA2, and KLRC3) were identified, and a nomogram for RIF with APS diagnosis was developed. Our findings may aid in the investigation of potential biological mechanisms linking APS and RIF, as well as potential targets for diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manli Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Ting Ge
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yunian Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaolin La
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Marcianò G, Muraca L, Rania V, Gallelli L. Ibuprofen in the Management of Viral Infections: The Lesson of COVID-19 for Its Use in a Clinical Setting. J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 63:975-992. [PMID: 37255250 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used for the management of fever, pain, and inflammation. However, they have always been considered to have a double-faced role, according to their capacity to manage inflammation but also their possible reduction of immune system response and diagnosis delay. This last point could favor a dramatic increase of viral infection diffusion, possibly leading to a more severe outcome. The advent of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 excluded the use of NSAIDs, particularly ibuprofen, and then indicated this drug as the better NSAID to manage infected outpatients and prevent complications. Several authors described the role of NSAIDs and ibuprofen in preventing cytokine storm and modulating the immune system. However, the development of both adverse drug reactions (i.e., gastrointestinal, renal, hepatic, and cardiovascular) and drug interaction recalled the necessity of prescribing the better NSAID for each patient. In this narrative review, we describe the role of NSAIDs, particularly of ibuprofen, in the management of viral symptoms, suggesting that the NSAID may be chosen considering the characteristics of the patient, the comorbidity, and the polytherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Marcianò
- Operative Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, "Mater Domini" Hospital, Department of Health Science, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Rania
- Operative Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, "Mater Domini" Hospital, Department of Health Science, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luca Gallelli
- Operative Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, "Mater Domini" Hospital, Department of Health Science, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Primary Care, Catanzaro, Italy
- Research Center FAS@UMG, Department of Health Science, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang K, Fenton BT, Dao VX, Guirguis AB, Anthony SE, Skanderson M, Sico JJ. Trajectory of blood pressure after initiating anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide treatment of migraine: a target trial emulation from the veterans health administration. J Headache Pain 2023; 24:108. [PMID: 37582724 PMCID: PMC10426172 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01640-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is involved in migraine pathophysiology and blood pressure regulation. Although clinical trials have established the cardio-cerebrovascular safety profile of anti-CGRP treatment, limited high-quality real-world evidence exists on its long-term effects on blood pressure (BP). To address this gap, we examined the safety of anti-CGRP treatment on BP in patients with migraine headache in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). METHODS We emulated a target trial of patients who initiated anti-CGRP treatment or topiramate for migraine prevention between May 17th, 2018 and February 28th, 2023. We calculated stabilized inverse probability weights to balance between groups and then used weighted linear mixed-effect models to estimate the systolic and diastolic BP changes over the study period. For patients without hypertension at baseline, we estimated the cumulative incidence of hypertension using Kaplan-Meier curve. We also used weight mixed-effect Poisson model to estimate the number of antihypertension medications for patients with hypertension at baseline. RESULTS This analysis included 69,589 patients and 554,437 blood pressure readings. of these, 18,880 patients received anti-CGRP treatment, and they were more likely to be women, have a chronic migraine diagnosis and higher healthcare utilization than those received topiramate. Among patients without hypertension at baseline, we found no significant differences in systolic BP changes over the four-year follow-up between anti-CGRP (slope [standard error, SE] = 0.48[0.06]) and topiramate treated patients (slope[SE] = 0.39[0.04]). The incidence of hypertension was similar for anti-CGRP and topiramate group (4.4 vs 4.3 per 100 person-years). Among patients with hypertension at baseline who initiated anti-CGRP treatment, we found a small but persistent effect on exacerbating hypertension during the first four years of treatment, as evidenced by a significant annual 3.7% increase in the number of antihypertensive medications prescribed (RR = 1.037, 95%CI 1.025-1.048). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that anti-CGRP treatment is safe regarding blood pressure in patients without hypertension. However, for those with baseline hypertension, anti-CGRP treatment resulted in a small but persistent increase in the number of antihypertensives, indicating an exacerbation of hypertension. Future studies are needed to evaluate the cardio-cerebrovascular safety of anti-CGRP treatment beyond the first four years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaicheng Wang
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Research, Education, Evaluation and Engagement Activities Center for Headache, Headache Centers of Excellence, Orange, CT, USA.
- Yale Center for Analytical Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 300 George St STE 511, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| | - Brenda T Fenton
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Research, Education, Evaluation and Engagement Activities Center for Headache, Headache Centers of Excellence, Orange, CT, USA
- Pain Research, Informatics, Multi-Morbidities, and Education Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vinh X Dao
- Pharmacy Benefits Management Services, VA Minneapolis Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Headache Center of Excellence, VA Minneapolis Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alexander B Guirguis
- Pharmacy Benefits Management Services, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Headache Center of Excellence, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sarah E Anthony
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Research, Education, Evaluation and Engagement Activities Center for Headache, Headache Centers of Excellence, Orange, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Melissa Skanderson
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Research, Education, Evaluation and Engagement Activities Center for Headache, Headache Centers of Excellence, Orange, CT, USA
| | - Jason J Sico
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Research, Education, Evaluation and Engagement Activities Center for Headache, Headache Centers of Excellence, Orange, CT, USA
- Headache Center of Excellence, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Paladini A, Vallejo R, Guerrero M, Pasqualucci A, Peppin JF, Pergolizzi J, Varrassi G. Answering Big Questions in Pain Medicine. Cureus 2023; 15:e43561. [PMID: 37719539 PMCID: PMC10502917 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The future of pain medicine is marked by many questions. What can other nations around the world learn from the opioid crisis that is still affecting the United States? The American opioid experience was mischaracterized and wrongly described, and its causes were misdiagnosed from the outset, leading to its mismanagement and the abandonment of many chronic pain patients to their suffering. There are a few new drugs in the analgesic armamentarium. What new targets do we have in pain medicine? There are many breakthroughs, discoveries, and potential new targets that could add to our analgesic prescribing choices. These include sigma receptors, d-amino acid oxidase, endoplasmic reticulum stress receptors, histone deacetylase, and others. Neuromodulation had been used with varying degrees of success for years, but with a simplistic approach based on the gate theory of pain. Despite our familiarity with neuromodulation and spinal cord stimulators, neuromodulation research indicates that the activation of glial cells may activate the immune system and enhance analgesia. Neuromodulation studies have concentrated on how electricity affects neuronal activity rather than how electrical activity could reduce pain. There are still more frontiers in our battle against pain and some promising avenues for treatments. This narrative review will try to summarize what can be done from the perspective of recent technological and pharmacological developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Paladini
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences (MESVA), University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, ITA
| | - Ricardo Vallejo
- Department of Research, Millennium Pain Center, Bloomington, USA
| | - Marixa Guerrero
- Department of Pain Medicine/ Pain Management, Clínica del Country, Bogota, COL
| | - Alberto Pasqualucci
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Perugia, Perugia, ITA
| | - John F Peppin
- Department of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Joseph Pergolizzi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine, and Critical Care Medicine, Nema Research, Naples, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang W, Ling L, Li J, Li Y, Liu Y. Coronavirus disease 2019 and acute cerebrovascular events: a comprehensive overview. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1216978. [PMID: 37448747 PMCID: PMC10337831 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1216978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there has been increasing evidence that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is associated with acute cerebrovascular events such as cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, and cerebral venous thrombosis. Although the mechanism of cerebrovascular complications among COVID-19 patients has not been adequately elucidated, the hypercoagulable state, excessive inflammation and ACE-2-associated alterations in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system after SARS-CoV-2 infection probably play an essential role. In this overview, we discuss the possible mechanisms underlying the SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to acute cerebrovascular events and review the characteristics of COVID-19-related acute cerebrovascular events cases and treatment options available worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanzhou Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Ling
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yudi Li
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yajie Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhao ZJ, Sun YL, Ruan XF. Bornyl acetate: A promising agent in phytomedicine for inflammation and immune modulation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 114:154781. [PMID: 37028250 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bornyl acetate (BA), as a bicyclic monoterpene, is an active volatile component widely found in plants across the globe. BA can be used as essence and food flavor agent and is widely used in perfumes and food additives. It remains a key component in several proprietary Chinese medicines. PURPOSE This review summarized the pharmacological activity and research prospects of BA, making it the first of its kind to do so. Our aim is to provide a valuable resource for those pursuing research on BA. METHODS Databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI were used based on search formula "(bornyl acetate) NOT (review)" from 1967 to 2022. For the relevant knowledge of TCM, we quoted Chinese literature. Articles related to agriculture, industry, and economics were excluded. RESULTS BA showed rich pharmacological activities: It inhibits the NF-κB signal pathway via affecting the phosphorylation of IKB and the production of IKKs, inhibits the MAPK signal pathway via inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38, down-regulates pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, up-regulates IL-11, reduces NO production, regulates immune response via up-regulating CD86+, decreases catecholamine secretion, and reduces tau protein phosphorylation. In addition to the pharmacological activities of BA, its toxicity and pharmacokinetics were also discussed in this paper. CONCLUSION BA has promising pharmacological properties, especially anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. It also has sedative properties and potential for use in aromatherapy. Compared to traditional NSAIDs, it has a more favorable safety profile while maintaining efficacy. BA has potential for developing novel drugs for treating various conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Jun Zhao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Cardiovascular Department, Shuguang Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuan-Long Sun
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Cardiovascular Department, Shuguang Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Fen Ruan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Cardiovascular Department, Shuguang Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Akimoto H, Hayakawa T, Nagashima T, Minagawa K, Takahashi Y, Asai S. Detection of potential drug-drug interactions for risk of acute kidney injury: a population-based case-control study using interpretable machine-learning models. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1176096. [PMID: 37288110 PMCID: PMC10242015 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1176096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI), with an increase in serum creatinine, is a common adverse drug event. Although various clinical studies have investigated whether a combination of two nephrotoxic drugs has an increased risk of AKI using traditional statistical models such as multivariable logistic regression (MLR), the evaluation metrics have not been evaluated despite the fact that traditional statistical models may over-fit the data. The aim of the present study was to detect drug-drug interactions with an increased risk of AKI by interpreting machine-learning models to avoid overfitting. Methods: We developed six machine-learning models trained using electronic medical records: MLR, logistic least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression (LLR), random forest, extreme gradient boosting (XGB) tree, and two support vector machine models (kernel = linear function and radial basis function). In order to detect drug-drug interactions, the XGB and LLR models that showed good predictive performance were interpreted by SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) and relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), respectively. Results: Among approximately 2.5 million patients, 65,667 patients were extracted from the electronic medical records, and assigned to case (N = 5,319) and control (N = 60,348) groups. In the XGB model, a combination of loop diuretic and histamine H2 blocker [mean (|SHAP|) = 0.011] was identified as a relatively important risk factor for AKI. The combination of loop diuretic and H2 blocker showed a significant synergistic interaction on an additive scale (RERI 1.289, 95% confidence interval 0.226-5.591) also in the LLR model. Conclusion: The present population-based case-control study using interpretable machine-learning models suggested that although the relative importance of the individual and combined effects of loop diuretics and H2 blockers is lower than that of well-known risk factors such as older age and sex, concomitant use of a loop diuretic and histamine H2 blocker is associated with increased risk of AKI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Akimoto
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Genomic Epidemiology and Clinical Trials, Clinical Trials Research Center, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Hayakawa
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Genomic Epidemiology and Clinical Trials, Clinical Trials Research Center, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Nagashima
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Genomic Epidemiology and Clinical Trials, Clinical Trials Research Center, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimino Minagawa
- Division of Genomic Epidemiology and Clinical Trials, Clinical Trials Research Center, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Takahashi
- Division of Genomic Epidemiology and Clinical Trials, Clinical Trials Research Center, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Asai
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Genomic Epidemiology and Clinical Trials, Clinical Trials Research Center, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ma J, Li Y, Yang X, Liu K, Zhang X, Zuo X, Ye R, Wang Z, Shi R, Meng Q, Chen X. Signaling pathways in vascular function and hypertension: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:168. [PMID: 37080965 PMCID: PMC10119183 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01430-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a global public health issue and the leading cause of premature death in humans. Despite more than a century of research, hypertension remains difficult to cure due to its complex mechanisms involving multiple interactive factors and our limited understanding of it. Hypertension is a condition that is named after its clinical features. Vascular function is a factor that affects blood pressure directly, and it is a main strategy for clinically controlling BP to regulate constriction/relaxation function of blood vessels. Vascular elasticity, caliber, and reactivity are all characteristic indicators reflecting vascular function. Blood vessels are composed of three distinct layers, out of which the endothelial cells in intima and the smooth muscle cells in media are the main performers of vascular function. The alterations in signaling pathways in these cells are the key molecular mechanisms underlying vascular dysfunction and hypertension development. In this manuscript, we will comprehensively review the signaling pathways involved in vascular function regulation and hypertension progression, including calcium pathway, NO-NOsGC-cGMP pathway, various vascular remodeling pathways and some important upstream pathways such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, oxidative stress-related signaling pathway, immunity/inflammation pathway, etc. Meanwhile, we will also summarize the treatment methods of hypertension that targets vascular function regulation and discuss the possibility of these signaling pathways being applied to clinical work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghao Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Runyu Ye
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqiong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Rufeng Shi
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingtao Meng
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|