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Chen R, Zhang H, Tang B, Luo Y, Yang Y, Zhong X, Chen S, Xu X, Huang S, Liu C. Macrophages in cardiovascular diseases: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:130. [PMID: 38816371 PMCID: PMC11139930 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01840-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune response holds a pivotal role in cardiovascular disease development. As multifunctional cells of the innate immune system, macrophages play an essential role in initial inflammatory response that occurs following cardiovascular injury, thereby inducing subsequent damage while also facilitating recovery. Meanwhile, the diverse phenotypes and phenotypic alterations of macrophages strongly associate with distinct types and severity of cardiovascular diseases, including coronary heart disease, valvular disease, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, atherosclerosis and aneurysm, which underscores the importance of investigating macrophage regulatory mechanisms within the context of specific diseases. Besides, recent strides in single-cell sequencing technologies have revealed macrophage heterogeneity, cell-cell interactions, and downstream mechanisms of therapeutic targets at a higher resolution, which brings new perspectives into macrophage-mediated mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets in cardiovascular diseases. Remarkably, myocardial fibrosis, a prevalent characteristic in most cardiac diseases, remains a formidable clinical challenge, necessitating a profound investigation into the impact of macrophages on myocardial fibrosis within the context of cardiac diseases. In this review, we systematically summarize the diverse phenotypic and functional plasticity of macrophages in regulatory mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases and unprecedented insights introduced by single-cell sequencing technologies, with a focus on different causes and characteristics of diseases, especially the relationship between inflammation and fibrosis in cardiac diseases (myocardial infarction, pressure overload, myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy and cardiac aging) and the relationship between inflammation and vascular injury in vascular diseases (atherosclerosis and aneurysm). Finally, we also highlight the preclinical/clinical macrophage targeting strategies and translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runkai Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Heart Center, Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Hongrui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Heart Center, Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Botao Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Heart Center, Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yukun Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Heart Center, Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yufei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Heart Center, Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Heart Center, Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Sifei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Xinjie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Shengkang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Canzhao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Heart Center, Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
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Puig N, Solé A, Aguilera-Simon A, Griñán R, Rotllan N, Camps-Renom P, Benitez S. Novel Therapeutic Approaches to Prevent Atherothrombotic Ischemic Stroke in Patients with Carotid Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14325. [PMID: 37762627 PMCID: PMC10531661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherothrombotic stroke represents approximately 20% of all ischemic strokes. It is caused by large-artery atherosclerosis, mostly in the internal carotid artery, and it is associated with a high risk of early recurrence. After an ischemic stroke, tissue plasminogen activator is used in clinical practice, although it is not possible in all patients. In severe clinical situations, such as high carotid stenosis (≥70%), revascularization by carotid endarterectomy or by stent placement is carried out to avoid recurrences. In stroke prevention, the pharmacological recommendations are based on antithrombotic, lipid-lowering, and antihypertensive therapy. Inflammation is a promising target in stroke prevention, particularly in ischemic strokes associated with atherosclerosis. However, the use of anti-inflammatory strategies has been scarcely studied. No clinical trials are clearly successful and most preclinical studies are focused on protection after a stroke. The present review describes novel therapies addressed to counteract inflammation in the prevention of the first-ever or recurrent stroke. The putative clinical use of broad-spectrum and specific anti-inflammatory drugs, such as monoclonal antibodies and microRNAs (miRNAs) as regulators of atherosclerosis, will be outlined. Further studies are necessary to ascertain which patients may benefit from anti-inflammatory agents and how.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Puig
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (N.P.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Building M, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (A.A.-S.); (R.G.)
| | - Arnau Solé
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (N.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Ana Aguilera-Simon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Building M, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (A.A.-S.); (R.G.)
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Griñán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Building M, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (A.A.-S.); (R.G.)
- Pathofisiology of Lipid-Related Deseases, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Noemi Rotllan
- Pathofisiology of Lipid-Related Deseases, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pol Camps-Renom
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Benitez
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (N.P.); (A.S.)
- CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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3
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Jin Z, Zhao H, Luo Y, Li X, Cui J, Yan J, Yang P. Identification of core genes associated with the anti-atherosclerotic effects of Salvianolic acid B and immune cell infiltration characteristics using bioinformatics analysis. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:190. [PMID: 35842645 PMCID: PMC9288713 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03670-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis (AS) is the greatest contributor to pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), which is associated with increased mortality and reduced quality of life. Early intervention to mitigate AS is key to prevention of ASCVD. Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) is mainly extracted from root and rhizome of Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bunge, and exerts anti-atherosclerotic effect. The purpose of this study was to screen for anti-AS targets of Sal B and to characterize immune cell infiltration in AS. Methods We identified targets of Sal B using SEA (http://sea.bkslab.org/) and SIB (https://www.sib.swiss/) databases. GSE28829 and GSE43292 datasets were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus database. We identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and performed enrichment analysis. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to determine the most relevant module associated with atherosclerotic plaque stability. Intersecting candidate genes were evaluated by generating receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and molecular docking. Then, immune cell types were identified using CIBERSOFT and single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA), the relationship between candidate genes and immune cell infiltration was evaluated. Finally, a network-based approach to explore the candidate genes relationship with microRNAs (miRNAs) and Transcription factors (TFs). Results MMP9 and MMP12 were been selected as candidate genes from 64 Sal B-related genes, 81 DEGs and turquoise module with 220 genes. ROC curve results showed that MMP9 (AUC = 0.815, P<0.001) and MMP12 (AUC = 0.763, P<0.001) were positively associated with advanced atherosclerotic plaques. The results of immune infiltration showed that B cells naive, B cells memory, Plasma cells, T cells CD8, T cells CD4 memory resting, T cells CD4 memory activated, T cells regulatory (Tregs), T cells gamma delta, NK cells activated, Monocytes, and Macrophages M0 may be involved in development of AS, and the candidate genes MMP9 and MMP12 were associated with these immune cells to different degrees. What’ s more, miR-34a-5p and FOXC1, JUN maybe the most important miRNA and TFs. Conclusion The anti-AS effects of Sal B may be related to MMP9 and MMP12 and associated with immune cell infiltration, which is expected to be used in the early intervention of AS. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-022-03670-6.
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Falcinelli E, De Paolis M, Boschetti E, Gresele P. Release of MMP-2 in the circulation of patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: Role of platelets. Thromb Res 2022; 216:84-89. [PMID: 35759818 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) of atherosclerotic tissue contribute to plaque rupture triggering acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Several MMPs, including MMP-2, are also contained in platelets and released upon activation. An increase in circulating levels of MMP-2 has been reported in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI), but its time-course and origin remain unclear. Aims of our study were to assess the time-course of MMP-2 release in blood of stable and unstable coronary artery disease patients undergoing PCI and to unravel the possible contribution of platelets to its release. METHODS Peripheral blood samples were drawn immediately before, 4 and 24 h after PCI from patients with ACS (NSTEMI or STEMI, n = 21) or with stable angina (SA, n = 21). Platelet-poor plasma and washed platelet lysates were prepared and stored for subsequent assay of MMP-2 and β-thromboglobulin (β-TG), a platelet-specific protein released upon activation. RESULTS Plasma MMP-2 and β-TG increased significantly 4 h after PCI and returned to baseline at 24 h in ACS patients, while they did not change in SA patients. Platelet content of MMP-2 and β-TG decreased significantly 4 h after PCI in patients with ACS, compatible with intravascular platelet activation and release, while they did not change in patients with SA. CONCLUSIONS PCI triggers the release of MMP-2 in the circulation of ACS patients but not in that of patients with SA. Platelets activated by PCI contribute to the increase of plasma MMP-2 releasing their MMP-2 content. Given that previous mechanicistic studies have shown that MMP-2 may sustain platelet activation and unstabilize downstream-located plaques and in the long term favour restenosis and atherosclerosis progression, these data may encourage the search for therapeutic agents blocking MMP-2 release or activity in ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Falcinelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Division of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marcella De Paolis
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Division of Cardiology, Santa Maria University Hospital, Terni, Italy
| | - Enrico Boschetti
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Division of Cardiology, Santa Maria University Hospital, Terni, Italy
| | - Paolo Gresele
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Division of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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Kremastiotis G, Handa I, Jackson C, George S, Johnson J. Disparate effects of MMP and TIMP modulation on coronary atherosclerosis and associated myocardial fibrosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23081. [PMID: 34848763 PMCID: PMC8632906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02508-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity is tightly regulated by the endogenous tissue inhibitors (TIMPs), and dysregulated activity contributes to extracellular matrix remodelling. Accordingly, MMP/TIMP balance is associated with atherosclerotic plaque progression and instability, alongside adverse post-infarction cardiac fibrosis and subsequent heart failure. Here, we demonstrate that prolonged high-fat feeding of apolipoprotein (Apo)e-deficient mice triggered the development of unstable coronary artery atherosclerosis alongside evidence of myocardial infarction and progressive sudden death. Accordingly, the contribution of select MMPs and TIMPs to the progression of both interrelated pathologies was examined in Apoe-deficient mice with concomitant deletion of Mmp7, Mmp9, Mmp12, or Timp1 and relevant wild-type controls after 36-weeks high-fat feeding. Mmp7 deficiency increased incidence of sudden death, while Mmp12 deficiency promoted survival, whereas Mmp9 or Timp1 deficiency had no effect. While all mice harboured coronary disease, atherosclerotic burden was reduced in Mmp7-deficient and Mmp12-deficient mice and increased in Timp1-deficient animals, compared to relevant controls. Significant differences in cardiac fibrosis were only observed in Mmp-7-deficient mice and Timp1-deficient animals, which was associated with reduced capillary number. Adopting therapeutic strategies in Apoe-deficient mice, TIMP-2 adenoviral-overexpression or administration (delayed or throughout) of a non-selective MMP inhibitor (RS-130830) had no effect on coronary atherosclerotic burden or cardiac fibrosis. Taken together, our findings emphasise the divergent roles of MMPs on coronary plaque progression and associated post-MI cardiac fibrosis, highlighting the need for selective therapeutic approaches to target unstable atherosclerosis alongside adverse cardiac remodelling while negating detrimental adverse effects on either pathology, with targeting of MMP-12 seeming a suitable target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Kremastiotis
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, England, UK
| | - Ishita Handa
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, England, UK
| | - Christopher Jackson
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, England, UK
| | - Sarah George
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, England, UK
| | - Jason Johnson
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, England, UK.
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Abstract
New therapeutic approaches are required for secondary prevention of residual vascular risk after stroke. Diverse sources of evidence support a causal role for inflammation in the pathogenesis of stroke. Randomized controlled trials of anti-inflammatory agents have reported benefit for secondary prevention in patients with coronary disease. We review the data from observational studies supporting a role for inflammation in pathogenesis of stroke, overview randomized controlled trials of anti-inflammatory therapy in cardiac disease and discuss the potential implications for stroke prevention therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Kelly
- Stroke Service, Mater University Hospital and University College Dublin, Ireland (P.J.K.).,Health Research Board Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland (P.J.K.)
| | - Robin Lemmens
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, Belgium (R.L.).,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium (R.L.).,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium (R.L.)
| | - Georgios Tsivgoulis
- Second Department of Neurology, "Attikon" University Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece (G.T.)
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Lind L, Gigante B, Borné Y, Feldreich T, Leppert J, Hedberg P, Östgren CJ, Nyström FH, Sundström J, Ärnlöv J, Baldassarre D, Tremoli E, Veglia F, Hamsten A, O'Donnell CJ, Franceschini N, Orho-Melander M, Nilsson J, Melander O, Engström G, Mälarstig A. Plasma Protein Profile of Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis and Atherosclerotic Outcomes: Meta-Analyses and Mendelian Randomization Analyses. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1777-1788. [PMID: 33657885 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden (L.L., J.S.)
| | - Bruna Gigante
- Unit of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden (B.G., A.H., A.M.)
| | - Yan Borné
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (Y.B., M.O.-M., J.N., O.M., G.E.)
| | - Tobias Feldreich
- School of Health and Social Sciences, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden (T.F., J.A.)
| | - Jerzy Leppert
- Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University (J.L., P.H.), Västmanland County Hospital, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Pär Hedberg
- Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University (J.L., P.H.), Västmanland County Hospital, Västerås, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Physiology (P.H.), Västmanland County Hospital, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Carl Johan Östgren
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden (C.J.O., F.H.N.).,Department of Medicine, Boston University, MA (C.J.O.)
| | - Fredrik H Nyström
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden (C.J.O., F.H.N.)
| | - Johan Sundström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden (L.L., J.S.).,The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (J.S.)
| | - Johan Ärnlöv
- School of Health and Social Sciences, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden (T.F., J.A.)
| | - Damiano Baldassarre
- Damiano Baldassarre, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università di Milano (D.B.).,Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (D.B., E.T., F.V.)
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (D.B., E.T., F.V.)
| | - Fabrizio Veglia
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (D.B., E.T., F.V.)
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Unit of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden (B.G., A.H., A.M.)
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden (C.J.O., F.H.N.).,Department of Medicine, Boston University, MA (C.J.O.)
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Caroline, Capel Hill (N.F.)
| | - Marju Orho-Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (Y.B., M.O.-M., J.N., O.M., G.E.)
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (Y.B., M.O.-M., J.N., O.M., G.E.)
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (Y.B., M.O.-M., J.N., O.M., G.E.)
| | - Gunnar Engström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (Y.B., M.O.-M., J.N., O.M., G.E.)
| | - Anders Mälarstig
- Unit of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden (B.G., A.H., A.M.)
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8
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Extracellular vesicle signalling in atherosclerosis. Cell Signal 2020; 75:109751. [PMID: 32860954 PMCID: PMC7534042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major cardiovascular disease and in 2016, the World Health Organisation (WHO) estimated 17.5 million global deaths, corresponding to 31% of all global deaths, were driven by inflammation and deposition of lipids into the arterial wall. This leads to the development of plaques which narrow the vessel lumen, particularly in the coronary and carotid arteries. Atherosclerotic plaques can become unstable and rupture, leading to myocardial infarction or stroke. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous population of vesicles secreted from cells with a wide range of biological functions. EVs participate in cell-cell communication and signalling via transport of cargo including enzymes, DNA, RNA and microRNA in both physiological and patholophysiological settings. EVs are present in atherosclerotic plaques and have been implicated in cellular signalling processes in atherosclerosis development, including immune responses, inflammation, cell proliferation and migration, cell death and vascular remodeling during progression of the disease. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge regarding EV signalling in atherosclerosis progression and the potential of utilising EV signatures as biomarkers of disease.
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Di Gregoli K, Somerville M, Bianco R, Thomas AC, Frankow A, Newby AC, George SJ, Jackson CL, Johnson JL. Galectin-3 Identifies a Subset of Macrophages With a Potential Beneficial Role in Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:1491-1509. [PMID: 32295421 PMCID: PMC7253188 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Galectin-3 (formerly known as Mac-2), encoded by the LGALS3 gene, is proposed to regulate macrophage adhesion, chemotaxis, and apoptosis. We investigated the role of galectin-3 in determining the inflammatory profile of macrophages and composition of atherosclerotic plaques. Approach and Results: We observed increased accumulation of galectin-3-negative macrophages within advanced human, rabbit, and mouse plaques compared with early lesions. Interestingly, statin treatment reduced galectin-3-negative macrophage accrual in advanced plaques within hypercholesterolemic (apolipoprotein E deficient) Apoe-/- mice. Accordingly, compared with Lgals3+/+:Apoe-/- mice, Lgals3-/-:Apoe-/- mice displayed altered plaque composition through increased macrophage:smooth muscle cell ratio, reduced collagen content, and increased necrotic core area, characteristics of advanced plaques in humans. Additionally, macrophages from Lgals3-/- mice exhibited increased invasive capacity in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, loss of galectin-3 in vitro and in vivo was associated with increased expression of proinflammatory genes including MMP (matrix metalloproteinase)-12, CCL2 (chemokine [C-C motif] ligand 2), PTGS2 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2), and IL (interleukin)-6, alongside reduced TGF (transforming growth factor)-β1 expression and consequent SMAD signaling. Moreover, we found that MMP12 cleaves macrophage cell-surface galectin-3 resulting in the appearance of a 22-kDa fragment, whereas plasma levels of galectin-3 were reduced in Mmp12-/-:Apoe-/- mice, highlighting a novel mechanism where MMP12-dependent cleavage of galectin-3 promotes proinflammatory macrophage polarization. Moreover, galectin-3-positive macrophages were more abundant within plaques of Mmp12-/-:Apoe-/- mice compared with Mmp12+/+:Apoe-/- animals. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals a prominent protective role for galectin-3 in regulating macrophage polarization and invasive capacity and, therefore, delaying plaque progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Di Gregoli
- From the Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, England
| | - Michelle Somerville
- From the Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, England
| | - Rosaria Bianco
- From the Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, England
| | - Anita C. Thomas
- From the Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, England
| | - Aleksandra Frankow
- From the Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, England
| | - Andrew C. Newby
- From the Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, England
| | - Sarah J. George
- From the Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, England
| | - Christopher L. Jackson
- From the Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, England
| | - Jason L. Johnson
- From the Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, England
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10
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Holm Nielsen S, Jonasson L, Kalogeropoulos K, Karsdal MA, Reese-Petersen AL, Auf dem Keller U, Genovese F, Nilsson J, Goncalves I. Exploring the role of extracellular matrix proteins to develop biomarkers of plaque vulnerability and outcome. J Intern Med 2020; 287:493-513. [PMID: 32012358 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common cause of death in industrialized countries. One underlying cause is atherosclerosis, which is a systemic disease characterized by plaques of retained lipids, inflammatory cells, apoptotic cells, calcium and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the arterial wall. The biologic composition of an atherosclerotic plaque determines whether the plaque is more or less vulnerable, that is prone to rupture or erosion. Here, the ECM and tissue repair play an important role in plaque stability, vulnerability and progression. This review will focus on ECM remodelling in atherosclerotic plaques, with focus on how ECM biomarkers might predict plaque vulnerability and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Holm Nielsen
- From the, Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - L Jonasson
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - K Kalogeropoulos
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - M A Karsdal
- From the, Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | - U Auf dem Keller
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - F Genovese
- From the, Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark
| | - J Nilsson
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - I Goncalves
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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11
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Holm Nielsen S, Tengryd C, Edsfeldt A, Brix S, Genovese F, Bengtsson E, Karsdal M, Leeming DJ, Nilsson J, Goncalves I. Markers of Basement Membrane Remodeling Are Associated With Higher Mortality in Patients With Known Atherosclerosis. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 7:e009193. [PMID: 30608207 PMCID: PMC6404182 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.009193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Patients with atherosclerosis have a high risk of cardiovascular events and death. Atherosclerosis is characterized by accumulation of lipids, cells and extracellular matrix proteins in the intima. We hypothesized that dysregulated remodeling of the basement membrane proteins may be associated with clinical outcomes in patients with atherosclerosis. Methods and Results Neoepitope fragments of collagen type IV (C4M) and laminin ( LG 1M) were assessed by ELISA s in serum from 787 endarterectomy patients. Matrix metalloproteinase s were measured using proximity extension assay and correlated to C4M and LG 1M levels using Spearman correlations. A total of 473 patients were followed up for 6 years using national registers, medical charts, and telephone interviews. The incidence of cardiovascular events, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality were associated to levels of C4M and LG 1M using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression analyses. A total of 101 patients had cardiovascular events, 39 died of cardiovascular mortality, and 64 patients died from all-cause mortality. C4M levels were increased in patients with symptomatic carotid atherosclerotic disease before surgery ( P=0.048). High C4M and LG 1M levels were associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality ( P=0.020 and 0.031, respectively) and predicted all-cause death together with glomerular filtration rate and diabetes mellitus. Conclusions High LG 1M and C4M levels were associated with all-cause mortality, together with glomerular filtration rate and diabetes mellitus. These novel biomarkers need further evaluation but might be tools to identify high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Holm Nielsen
- 1 Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers and Research Herlev Denmark.,2 Disease Systems Immunology Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Christoffer Tengryd
- 3 Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö Lund University Malmö Sweden
| | - Andreas Edsfeldt
- 3 Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö Lund University Malmö Sweden.,4 Department of Cardiology Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Susanne Brix
- 2 Disease Systems Immunology Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | | | - Eva Bengtsson
- 3 Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö Lund University Malmö Sweden
| | - Morten Karsdal
- 1 Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers and Research Herlev Denmark
| | | | - Jan Nilsson
- 3 Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö Lund University Malmö Sweden
| | - Isabel Goncalves
- 3 Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö Lund University Malmö Sweden.,4 Department of Cardiology Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
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12
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Toczek J, Bordenave T, Gona K, Kim HY, Beau F, Georgiadis D, Correia I, Ye Y, Razavian M, Jung JJ, Lequin O, Dive V, Sadeghi MM, Devel L. Novel Matrix Metalloproteinase 12 Selective Radiotracers for Vascular Molecular Imaging. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9743-9752. [PMID: 31603669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) is highly upregulated in several inflammatory diseases, including abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Here we report four novel 99mTc-labeled radiotracers derived from a highly selective competitive MMP-12 inhibitor. These tracers in their 99gTc version were assessed in vitro on a set of human metalloproteases and displayed high affinity and selectivity toward MMP-12. Their radiolabeling with 99mTc was shown to be efficient and stable in both buffer and mouse blood. The tracers showed major differences in their biodistribution and blood clearance. On the basis of its in vivo performance, [99mTc]-1 was selected for evaluation in murine AAA, where MMP-12 gene expression is upregulated. Autoradiography of aortae at 2 h postinjection revealed high uptake of [99mTc]-1 in AAA relative to adjacent aorta. Tracer uptake specificity was demonstrated through in vivo competition. This study paves the way for further evaluation of [99mTc]-1 for imaging AAA and other MMP-12-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Toczek
- Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Yale Cardiovascular Research Center , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States.,Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System , West Haven , Connecticut 06516 , United States
| | - Thomas Bordenave
- CEA, Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Université Paris-Saclay , Gif-sur-Yvette 91190 , France
| | - Kiran Gona
- Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Yale Cardiovascular Research Center , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States.,Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System , West Haven , Connecticut 06516 , United States
| | - Hye-Yeong Kim
- Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Yale Cardiovascular Research Center , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States.,Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System , West Haven , Connecticut 06516 , United States
| | - Fabrice Beau
- CEA, Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Université Paris-Saclay , Gif-sur-Yvette 91190 , France
| | - Dimitris Georgiadis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens , Greece
| | - Isabelle Correia
- Sorbonne Université, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Yunpeng Ye
- Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Yale Cardiovascular Research Center , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States.,Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System , West Haven , Connecticut 06516 , United States
| | - Mahmoud Razavian
- Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Yale Cardiovascular Research Center , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States.,Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System , West Haven , Connecticut 06516 , United States
| | - Jae-Joon Jung
- Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Yale Cardiovascular Research Center , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States.,Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System , West Haven , Connecticut 06516 , United States
| | - Olivier Lequin
- Sorbonne Université, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Vincent Dive
- CEA, Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Université Paris-Saclay , Gif-sur-Yvette 91190 , France
| | - Mehran M Sadeghi
- Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Yale Cardiovascular Research Center , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States.,Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System , West Haven , Connecticut 06516 , United States
| | - Laurent Devel
- CEA, Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Université Paris-Saclay , Gif-sur-Yvette 91190 , France
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13
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Biodistribution of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers in Mice Atherosclerotic Model. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193499. [PMID: 31561608 PMCID: PMC6803849 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major cardiovascular disease worldwide, that could benefit from innovative nanomedicine imaging tools and treatments. In this perspective, we here studied, by fluorescence imaging in ApoE-/- mice, the biodistribution of non-functionalized and RXP470.1-targeted nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) loaded with DiD dye. RXP470.1 specifically binds to MMP12, a metalloprotease that is over-expressed by macrophages residing in atherosclerotic plaques. Physico-chemical characterizations showed that RXP-NLC (about 105 RXP470.1 moieties/particle) displayed similar features as non-functionalized NLC in terms of particle diameter (about 60-65 nm), surface charge (about −5 — −10 mV), and colloidal stability. In vitro inhibition assays demonstrated that RXP-NLC conserved a selectivity and affinity profile, which favored MMP-12. In vivo data indicated that NLC and RXP-NLC presented prolonged blood circulation and accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions in a few hours. Twenty-four hours after injection, particle uptake in atherosclerotic plaques of the brachiocephalic artery was similar for both nanoparticles, as assessed by ex vivo imaging. This suggests that the RXP470.1 coating did not significantly induce an active targeting of the nanoparticles within the plaques. Overall, NLCs appeared to be very promising nanovectors to efficiently and specifically deliver imaging agents or drugs in atherosclerotic lesions, opening avenues for new nanomedicine strategies for cardiovascular diseases.
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14
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MMP-12, Secreted by Pro-Inflammatory Macrophages, Targets Endoglin in Human Macrophages and Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123107. [PMID: 31242676 PMCID: PMC6627183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon inflammation, monocyte-derived macrophages (MΦ) infiltrate blood vessels to regulate several processes involved in vascular pathophysiology. However, little is known about the mediators involved. Macrophage polarization is crucial for a fast and efficient initial response (GM-MΦ) and a good resolution (M-MΦ) of the inflammatory process. The functional activity of polarized MΦ is exerted mainly through their secretome, which can target other cell types, including endothelial cells. Endoglin (CD105) is a cell surface receptor expressed by endothelial cells and MΦ that is markedly upregulated in inflammation and critically involved in angiogenesis. In addition, a soluble form of endoglin with anti-angiogenic activity has been described in inflammation-associated pathologies. The aim of this work was to identify components of the MΦ secretome involved in the shedding of soluble endoglin. We find that the GM-MΦ secretome contains metalloprotease 12 (MMP-12), a GM-MΦ specific marker that may account for the anti-angiogenic activity of the GM-MΦ secretome. Cell surface endoglin is present in both GM-MΦ and M-MΦ, but soluble endoglin is only detected in GM-MΦ culture supernatants. Moreover, MMP-12 is responsible for the shedding of soluble endoglin in vitro and in vivo by targeting membrane-bound endoglin in both MΦ and endothelial cells. These data demonstrate a direct correlation between GM-MΦ polarization, MMP-12, and soluble endoglin expression and function. By targeting endothelial cells, MMP-12 may represent a novel mediator involved in vascular homeostasis.
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15
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Danvin A, Quillard T, Espitia O, Charrier C, Guyomarch B, Gouëffic Y, Maurel B. Impact of Femoral Ossification on Local and Systemic Cardiovascular Patients' Condition. Ann Vasc Surg 2019; 60:335-345. [PMID: 31200045 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2019.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular calcifications are associated with a high cardiovascular morbi-mortality in the coronary territory. In parallel, femoral arteries are more calcified and develop osteoid metaplasia (OM). This study was conducted to assess the predictive value of OM and local inflammation on the occurrence of mid- and long-term adverse cardiovascular events. METHOD Between 2008 and 2015, 86 atheromatous samples were harvested during femoral endarterectomy on 81 patients and processed for histomorphological analyses of calcifications and inflammation (monocytes and B cells). Histological findings were compared with the long-term follow-up of patients, including major adverse cardiac event (MACE), major adverse limb event (MALE), and mortality. Frequencies were presented as percentage, and continuous data, as mean and standard deviation. A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Median follow-up was 42.4 months (26.9-58.8). Twenty-eight percent of patients underwent a MACE; a MALE occurred in 18 (21%) limbs. Survival rate was 87.2% at 36 months. OM was found in 41 samples (51%), without any significant impact on the occurrence of MACE, MALE, or mortality. Preoperative white blood cell formulae revealed a higher rate of neutrophils associated with MACE (P = 0.04) and MALE (P = 0.0008), correlated with higher B cells counts in plaque samples. CONCLUSIONS OM is part of femoral calcifications in almost 50% of the cases but does not seem to be an independent predictive variable for MACE or MALE. However, a higher rate of B cell infiltration of the plaque and preoperative neutrophil blood count may be predictive of adverse events during follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Danvin
- CHU Nantes, l'institut du thorax, service de chirurgie vasculaire, Nantes, France
| | - Thibaut Quillard
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse, Inserm UMR S 1238, Nantes, France
| | - Olivier Espitia
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse, Inserm UMR S 1238, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, unité de médicine vasculaire, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Céline Charrier
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse, Inserm UMR S 1238, Nantes, France
| | - Béatrice Guyomarch
- CHU Nantes, institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Yann Gouëffic
- CHU Nantes, l'institut du thorax, service de chirurgie vasculaire, Nantes, France; Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse, Inserm UMR S 1238, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Blandine Maurel
- CHU Nantes, l'institut du thorax, service de chirurgie vasculaire, Nantes, France; Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse, Inserm UMR S 1238, Nantes, France.
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16
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The Role of Monocytes and Macrophages in Human Atherosclerosis, Plaque Neoangiogenesis, and Atherothrombosis. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:7434376. [PMID: 31089324 PMCID: PMC6476044 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7434376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. It is a complex disease characterized by lipid accumulation within the arterial wall, inflammation, local neoangiogenesis, and apoptosis. Innate immune effectors, in particular monocytes and macrophages, play a pivotal role in atherosclerosis initiation and progression. Although most of available evidence on the role of monocytes and macrophages in atherosclerosis is derived from animal studies, a growing body of evidence elucidating the role of these mononuclear cell subtypes in human atherosclerosis is currently accumulating. A novel pathogenic role of monocytes and macrophages in terms of atherosclerosis initiation and progression, in particular concerning the role of these cell subsets in neovascularization, has been discovered. The aim of the present article is to review currently available evidence on the role of monocytes and macrophages in human atherosclerosis and in relation to plaque characteristics, such as plaque neoangiogenesis, and patients' prognosis and their potential role as biomarkers.
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17
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Meeuwsen JAL, de Vries JJ, van Duijvenvoorde A, van der Velden S, van der Laan SW, van Koeverden ID, van de Weg SM, de Borst GJ, de Winther MPJ, Kuiper J, Pasterkamp G, Hoefer IE, de Jager SCA. Circulating CD14 +CD16 - classical monocytes do not associate with a vulnerable plaque phenotype, and do not predict secondary events in severe atherosclerotic patients. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 127:260-269. [PMID: 30629987 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Mouse studies have established distinct monocyte subtypes that participate in the process of atherosclerotic lesion formation. The pro-inflammatory Ly6Chigh monocyte subtype actively contributes to murine plaque progression and destabilization. Also in humans, different peripheral monocyte subtypes have been identified, of which the CD14+CD16- classical monocyte is suggested to display similar pro-atherosclerotic properties as the murine Ly6Chigh subtype. We aimed to investigate if circulating CD14+CD16- classical monocytes associate with characteristics of a vulnerable carotid atherosclerotic plaque and if they associate with the risk of secondary adverse manifestations of atherosclerotic disease. METHODS AND RESULTS We enrolled 175 carotid endarterectomy patients of the Athero-Express biobank in our study. Just prior to surgical procedure, blood was collected and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated. Characterization of monocyte subsets was performed by flow cytometry. Plaque characteristics were semi-quantitatively scored for the presence of fat, collagen, intraplaque hemorrhage and calcification. Vessel density, smooth muscle cells and macrophages were assessed quantitatively on a continuous scale. All features of a vulnerable plaque phenotype, including low amounts of collagen and smooth muscle cells, and increased fat content, vessel density, intraplaque hemorrhage and plaque macrophages were not significantly associated with differential levels of peripheral classical CD14+CD16- monocytes or other monocyte subsets. Using Cox regression models to evaluate the prognostic value of circulating monocyte subtypes, we found that total counts of peripheral monocytes, as well as CD14+CD16- classical and other monocyte subtypes were not associated with the risk of secondary cardiovascular events during 3 years follow-up. CONCLUSION Circulating classical CD14+CD16- monocytes do not associate with specific vulnerable plaque characteristics. In addition, they do not predict secondary adverse manifestations. This suggests that in patients with established carotid artery disease, the circulating monocytes do not reflect plaque characteristics and have no value in identifying patients at risk for future cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A L Meeuwsen
- Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Judith J de Vries
- Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Amerik van Duijvenvoorde
- Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia van der Velden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sander W van der Laan
- Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ian D van Koeverden
- Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sander M van de Weg
- Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gert J de Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Imo E Hoefer
- Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.; Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia C A de Jager
- Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.; Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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18
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Del Porto F, Cifani N, Proietta M, Dezi T, Panzera C, Ficarelli R, Taurino M. Inflammation and immune response in carotid artery stenosis. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF VASCULAR AND ENDOVASCULAR SURGERY 2019. [DOI: 10.23736/s1824-4777.18.01385-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Kowara M, Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska A, Opolski G, Wlodarski P. MicroRNA regulation of extracellular matrix components in the process of atherosclerotic plaque destabilization. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 44:711-718. [PMID: 28440887 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The process of atherosclerotic plaque destabilization, leading to myocardial infarction, is still not fully understood. The pathway - composed of structural and regulatory proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM) such as collagen, elastin, small leucine-rich proteoglycans, metalloproteinases, cathepsins and serine proteases - is one potential way of atherosclerotic plaque destabilization. The expression of these proteins is controlled by different microRNA molecules. The goal of this paper is to summarize the current investigations and knowledge about ECM in the process of atherosclerotic plaque destabilization, giving special attention to epigenetic expression regulation by microRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kowara
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Opolski
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Wlodarski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Center for Biostructure Research, Laboratory of Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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20
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West NE, Corrigan JP, Owen RH, Hoole SP, Brown AJ, Blatcher S, Newby AC. Percutaneous Sampling of Local Biomolecule Gradients Across Coronary Artery Atherosclerotic Plaques. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2017; 2:646-654. [PMID: 30062180 PMCID: PMC6058996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A percutaneous catheter device, the Liquid Biopsy System, was developed to sample the unstirred boundary layer of blood upstream and downstream of intact and disrupted human coronary atherosclerotic plaques. Using multiplexed proximity extension assays, release of 20 biomolecules was simultaneously detected in samples taken across plaques before balloon angioplasty, including the soluble form of the endothelial lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor. Additional biomolecules, including matrix metalloproteinase-12, were released after plaque disruption with angioplasty. These experiments demonstrate the power of the Liquid Biopsy System to yield new scientific insights and its ultimate potential to generate new biomarkers and surrogate endpoints for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick E.J. West
- Papworth Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Stephen P. Hoole
- Papworth Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J. Brown
- Papworth Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew C. Newby
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Address for correspondence: Prof. Andrew C. Newby, British Heart Foundation, Research and Teaching Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW, United Kingdom.
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21
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Metalloproteinases in atherosclerosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 816:93-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Mahdessian H, Perisic Matic L, Lengquist M, Gertow K, Sennblad B, Baldassarre D, Veglia F, Humphries SE, Rauramaa R, de Faire U, Smit AJ, Giral P, Kurl S, Mannarino E, Tremoli E, Hamsten A, Eriksson P, Hedin U, Mälarstig A. Integrative studies implicate matrix metalloproteinase-12 as a culprit gene for large-artery atherosclerotic stroke. J Intern Med 2017; 282:429-444. [PMID: 28734077 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischaemic stroke and coronary heart disease are important contributors to the global disease burden and share atherosclerosis as the main underlying cause. Recent evidence from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) suggested that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) near the MMP12 gene at chromosome 11q22.3 were associated with large-vessel ischaemic stroke. Here, we evaluated and extended these results by examining the relationship between MMP12 and atherosclerosis in clinical and experimental studies. METHODS AND RESULTS Plasma concentrations of MMP12 were measured at baseline in 3394 subjects with high-risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) using the Olink ProSeek CVD I array. The plasma MMP12 concentration showed association with incident cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (130 and 67 events, respectively, over 36 months) and carotid intima-media thickness progression (P = 3.6 × 10-5 ). A GWAS of plasma MMP12 concentrations revealed that SNPs rs499459, rs613084 and rs1892971 at chr11q22.3 were independently associated with plasma MMP12 (P < 5 × 10-8 ). The lead SNPs showed associations with mRNA levels of MMP12 and adjacent MMPs in atherosclerotic plaques. MMP12 transcriptomic and proteomic levels were strongly significantly increased in carotid plaques compared with control arterial tissue and in plaques from symptomatic versus asymptomatic patients. By combining immunohistochemistry and proximity ligation assay, we demonstrated that MMP12 localizes to CD68 + macrophages and interacts with elastin in plaques. MMP12 silencing in human THP-1-derived macrophages resulted in reduced macrophage migration. CONCLUSIONS Our study supports the notion that MMP12 is implicated in large-artery atherosclerotic stroke, functionally by enhancing elastin degradation and macrophage invasion in plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mahdessian
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Perisic Matic
- Vascular Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Lengquist
- Vascular Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Gertow
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B Sennblad
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Baldassarre
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano & Centro Cardiologico Monzino I.R.C.C.S., Milan, Italy
| | - F Veglia
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - S E Humphries
- Department of Medicine, British Heart Foundation Laboratories, University College of London, London, UK
| | - R Rauramaa
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - U de Faire
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A J Smit
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P Giral
- Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Service Endocrinologie-Metabolisme, Unités de Prévention Cardiovasculaire, Groupe Hôpitalier Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France
| | - S Kurl
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - E Mannarino
- Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - E Tremoli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano & Centro Cardiologico Monzino I.R.C.C.S., Milan, Italy.,Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - A Hamsten
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Eriksson
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - U Hedin
- Vascular Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Mälarstig
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The pivotal role of macrophages in experimental atherosclerosis is firmly established, but their contribution to human disease is less well defined. In this review we have outlined the current insights on macrophage phenotypes and their presumed precursors, monocytes, in clinical atherosclerosis, and their association with disease progression. Moreover, we will assess major clinical modifiers of macrophage-mediated plaque inflammation and define the outstanding questions for further study. RECENT FINDINGS Our survey indicates that macrophage accumulation and status in human plaques are linked with lesion progression and destabilization as well as with symptomatic coronary artery disease. Likewise, levels of their precursors, circulating monocytes were repeatedly seen to associate with atherosclerosis and to predict clinical outcome. Furthermore, the presence and phenotype of both macrophages and monocytes appears to be responsive to the traditional risk factors of atherosclerosis, including hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes, and to treatment thereof, with clear repercussions on disease development. SUMMARY Although plaque macrophages and their precursor cells do represent attractive targets for treating cardiovascular diseases, this therapeutic avenue requires much deeper understanding of the complexity of macrophage biology in human atherosclerosis than available at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A L Biessen
- aDepartment of Pathology bDepartment of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands cInstitute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital RWTH, Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Konishi T, Funayama N, Yamamoto T, Morita T, Hotta D, Nomura R, Nakagaki Y, Murahashi T, Kamiyama K, Yoshimoto T, Aoki T, Nishihara H, Tanaka S. Pathological Quantification of Carotid Artery Plaque Instability in Patients Undergoing Carotid Endarterectomy. Circ J 2017; 82:258-266. [PMID: 28757518 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-17-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unstable atherosclerotic carotid plaques cause cerebral thromboemboli and ischemic events. However, this instability has not been pathologically quantified, so we sought to quantify it in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA).Methods and Results:Carotid plaques were collected during CEA from 67 symptomatic and 15 asymptomatic patients between May 2015 and August 2016. The specimens were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and elastica-Masson. Immunohistochemistry was performed using an endothelial-specific antibody to CD31, CD34 and PDGFRβ. The histopathological characteristics of the plaques were studied. By multiple-variable logistic regression analysis, plaque instability correlated with the presence of plaque rupture [odds ratio (OR), 9.75; P=0.013], minimum fibrous cap thickness (OR per 10 μm 0.70; P=0.025), presence of microcalcifications in the fibrous cap (OR 7.82; P=0.022) and intraplaque microvessels (OR 1.91; P=0.043). Receiver-operating characteristics analyses showed that these factors combined into a single score diagnosed symptomatic carotid plaques in patients with carotid artery stenosis with a high level of accuracy (area under the curve 0.92; 95% confidence interval 0.85-0.99 vs. asymptomatic). CONCLUSIONS This analysis of carotid plaque instability strongly suggested that the diagnostic scoring of carotid plaque instability improves the understanding and treatment of carotid artery disease in patients undergoing CEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Konishi
- Department of Cardiology, Hokkaido Cardiovascular Hospital.,Department of Cancer Pathology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Tohru Morita
- Department of Cardiology, Hokkaido Cardiovascular Hospital
| | - Daisuke Hotta
- Department of Cardiology, Hokkaido Cardiovascular Hospital
| | - Ryota Nomura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital
| | | | | | | | | | - Takeshi Aoki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido Neurosurgical Memorial Hospital
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine
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25
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Oksala N, Seppälä I, Rahikainen R, Mäkelä KM, Raitoharju E, Illig T, Klopp N, Kholova I, Laaksonen R, Karhunen P, Hytönen V, Lehtimäki T. Synergistic Expression of Histone Deacetylase 9 and Matrix Metalloproteinase 12 in M4 Macrophages in Advanced Carotid Plaques. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2017; 53:632-640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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26
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Del Porto F, Cifani N, Proietta M, Toni D, Taurino M. MMP-12 and TIMP Behavior in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Critical Carotid Artery Stenosis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 26:334-338. [PMID: 27746079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1, TIMP-2, TIMP-3, and TIMP-4 in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic critical carotid artery stenosis (CAS). METHODS We enrolled 10 patients affected by symptomatic CAS within 12 hours from onset of stroke (S group) and 30 patients with asymptomatic CAS (CAS group); 31 patients matched for age, sex, and traditional cardiovascular risk factors were used as controls (RF group). Serum levels of MMP-12, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, TIMP-3, and TIMP-4 were assessed by Luminex. RESULTS MMP-12 levels were significantly higher both in the S and CAS groups than in the RF group (P < .001). We found a significant decrease of all TIMPs in the CAS group compared with the RF group, whereas a significant increase was observed in the S group compared with the CAS group. A significant increase of TIMP-3 and TIMP-4 levels was observed in the S group compared with all other groups. CONCLUSION MMP-12 is related to critical CAS both symptomatic and asymptomatic, being mainly released in the late stage of plaque development. Moreover, we suggest that a specific pattern of matrix degrading enzyme inhibitors arises during the early phases of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Del Porto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Facoltà di Medicina e Psicologia, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Rome, Italy; UOC Medicina 3.
| | - Noemi Cifani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Facoltà di Medicina e Psicologia, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Proietta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Facoltà di Medicina e Psicologia, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Rome, Italy; UOC Medicina 3
| | - Danilo Toni
- Dipartimento di Neurologia e Psichiatria, Facoltà di Medicina e Odontoiatria, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Taurino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Facoltà di Medicina e Psicologia, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Rome, Italy; UOC di Chirurgia Vascolare, Ospedale Sant'Andrea, Rome, Italy
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Rios FJ, Touyz RM, Montezano AC. Isolation and Differentiation of Murine Macrophages. Hypertension 2017; 1527:297-309. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6625-7_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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28
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Huang B, Svensson P, Ärnlöv J, Sundström J, Lind L, Ingelsson E. Effects of cigarette smoking on cardiovascular-related protein profiles in two community-based cohort studies. Atherosclerosis 2016; 254:52-58. [PMID: 27684606 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cardiovascular diseases account for the largest fraction of smoking-induced deaths. Studies of smoking in relation to cardiovascular-related protein markers can provide novel insights into the biological effects of smoking. We investigated the associations between cigarette smoking and 80 protein markers known to be related to cardiovascular diseases in two community-based cohorts, the Prospective Study of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS, n = 969, 50% women, all aged 70 years) and the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men (ULSAM, n = 717, all men aged 77 years). METHODS Smoking status was self-reported and defined as current smoker, former smoker or never-smoker. Levels of the 80 proteins were measured using the proximity extension assay, a novel PCR-based proteomics technique. RESULTS We found 30 proteins to be significantly associated with current cigarette smoking in PIVUS (FDR<5%); and ten were replicated in ULSAM (p < 0.05). Matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12), growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor (uPAR), TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2), lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), matrix metalloproteinase-10 (MMP-10) and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) were positively associated, while endothelial cell-specific molecule 1 (ESM-1) and interleukin-27 subunit alpha (IL27-A) showed inverse associations. All of them remained significant in a subset of individuals without manifest cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study suggest that cigarette smoking may interfere with several essential parts of the atherosclerosis process, as evidenced by associations with protein markers representing endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, neointimal formation, foam cell formation and plaque instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biying Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Svensson
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Ärnlöv
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden; School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, 79188 Falun, Sweden
| | - Johan Sundström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, 75185 Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Ruddy JM, Ikonomidis JS, Jones JA. Multidimensional Contribution of Matrix Metalloproteinases to Atherosclerotic Plaque Vulnerability: Multiple Mechanisms of Inhibition to Promote Stability. J Vasc Res 2016; 53:1-16. [PMID: 27327039 PMCID: PMC7196926 DOI: 10.1159/000446703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of atherosclerotic disease continues to increase, and despite significant reductions in major cardiovascular events with current medical interventions, an additional therapeutic window exists. Atherosclerotic plaque growth is a complex integration of cholesterol penetration, inflammatory cell infiltration, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration, and neovascular invasion. A family of matrix-degrading proteases, the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), contributes to all phases of vascular remodeling. The contribution of specific MMPs to endothelial cell integrity and VSMC migration in atherosclerotic lesion initiation and progression has been confirmed by the increased expression of these proteases in plasma and plaque specimens. Endogenous blockade of MMPs by the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) may attenuate proteolysis in some regions, but the progression of matrix degeneration suggests that MMPs predominate in atherosclerotic plaque, precipitating vulnerability. Plaque neovascularization also contributes to instability and, coupling the known role of MMPs in angiogenesis to that of atherosclerotic plaque growth, interest in targeting MMPs to facilitate plaque stabilization continues to accumulate. This article aims to review the contributions of MMPs and TIMPs to atherosclerotic plaque expansion, neovascularization, and rupture vulnerability with an interest in promoting targeted therapies to improve plaque stabilization and decrease the risk of major cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Marie Ruddy
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, S.C., USA
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30
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Newby AC. Metalloproteinase production from macrophages - a perfect storm leading to atherosclerotic plaque rupture and myocardial infarction. Exp Physiol 2016; 101:1327-1337. [PMID: 26969796 DOI: 10.1113/ep085567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
What is the topic of this review? The review discusses how in atherosclerotic plaques, a combination of inflammatory mediators together with loss of anti inflammatory factors is most likely to be responsible for the excess of MMP over TIMP expression that causes plaque rupture and myocardial infarction. What advances does it highlight? Regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMPs) is divergent between human and mouse macrophages. There is prostaglandin E2 -dependent and -independent regulation. Inflammatory cytokines act through distinct (albeit overlapping) signalling pathways to elicit different patterns of MMP and TIMP expression. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation occurs. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) produced from macrophages contribute to plaque rupture, atherothrombosis and myocardial infarction. New treatments could emerge from defining the mediators and underlying mechanisms. In human monocytes, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) stimulates MMP production, and inflammatory mediators such as tumour necrosis factor α, interleukin-1 and Toll-like receptor ligands can act either through or independently of PGE2 . Differentiation of human monocytes to non-foamy macrophages increases constitutive expression of MMP-7, -8, -9, -14 and -19 and tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-1 to -3 through unknown, PGE2 -independent mechanisms. Human macrophages express more MMP-1, -7 and -9 and TIMP-3 and less MMP-12 and -13 than mouse macrophages. Inflammatory mediators working through activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-κB transcription factor pathways upregulate MMP-1, -3, -10, -12 and -14 in human macrophages (MMP-9, -12 and -13 in mice), and studies with plaque tissue sections and isolated foam cells confirm this conclusion in vivo. Classical activation with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor upregulates MMP-12, whereas interferon-γ upregulates MMP-12, -14 and -25 and downregulates TIMP-3 in human but not mouse macrophages. Alternative activation with interleukin-4 markedly stimulates the expression of only MMP-12 in humans and MMP-19 in mice. The anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β decrease production of several MMPs. Epigenetic upregulation of MMP-14 during foam cell formation or by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor occurs by decreasing miRNA-24. A 'perfect storm' caused by a combination of these mechanisms is most likely to promote MMP-mediated macrophage invasion, tissue destruction and atherosclerotic plaque rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Newby
- University of Bristol, School of Clinical Sciences and Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol, UK.
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31
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Amin M, Pushpakumar S, Muradashvili N, Kundu S, Tyagi SC, Sen U. Regulation and involvement of matrix metalloproteinases in vascular diseases. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2016; 21:89-118. [PMID: 26709763 PMCID: PMC5462461 DOI: 10.2741/4378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc dependent endopeptidases whose main function is to degrade and deposit structural proteins within the extracellular matrix (ECM). A dysregulation of MMPs is linked to vascular diseases. MMPs are classified into collagenases, gelatinases, membrane-type, metalloelastase, stromelysins, matrilysins, enamelysins, and unclassified subgroups. The production of MMPs is stimulated by factors such as oxidative stress, growth factors and inflammation which lead to its up- or down-regulation with subsequent ECM remodeling. Normally, excess activation of MMPs is controlled by their endogenous inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). An imbalance of MMPs and TIMPs has been implicated in hypertension, atherosclerotic plaque formation and instability, aortic aneurysms and varicose vein wall remodeling. Also, recent evidence suggests epigenetic regulation of some MMPs in angiogenesis and atherosclerosis. Over the years, pharmacological inhibitors of MMPs have been used to modify or prevent the development of the disease with some success. In this review, we discuss recent advances in MMP biology, and their involvement in the manifestation of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Amin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY-40202
| | - Sathnur Pushpakumar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY-40202
| | - Nino Muradashvili
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY-40202
| | - Sourav Kundu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY-40202
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY-40202
| | - Utpal Sen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY-40202,
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Hua N, Baik F, Pham T, Phinikaridou A, Giordano N, Friedman B, Whitney M, Nguyen QT, Tsien RY, Hamilton JA. Identification of High-Risk Plaques by MRI and Fluorescence Imaging in a Rabbit Model of Atherothrombosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139833. [PMID: 26448434 PMCID: PMC4598148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The detection of atherosclerotic plaques at risk for disruption will be greatly enhanced by molecular probes that target vessel wall biomarkers. Here, we test if fluorescently-labeled Activatable Cell Penetrating Peptides (ACPPs) could differentiate stable plaques from vulnerable plaques that disrupt, forming a luminal thrombus. Additionally, we test the efficacy of a combined ACPP and MRI technique for identifying plaques at high risk of rupture. Methods and Results In an atherothrombotic rabbit model, disrupted plaques were identified with in vivo MRI and co-registered in the same rabbit aorta with the in vivo uptake of ACPPs, cleaved by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) or thrombin. ACPP uptake, mapped ex vivo in whole aortas, was higher in disrupted compared to non-disrupted plaques. Specifically, disrupted plaques demonstrated a 4.5~5.0 fold increase in fluorescence enhancement, while non-disrupted plaques showed only a 2.2~2.5 fold signal increase. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis indicates that both ACPPs (MMP and thrombin) show high specificity (84.2% and 83.2%) and sensitivity (80.0% and 85.7%) in detecting disrupted plaques. The detection power of ACPPs was improved when combined with the MRI derived measure, outward remodeling ratio. Conclusions Our targeted fluorescence ACPP probes distinguished disrupted plaques from stable plaques with high sensitivity and specificity. The combination of anatomic, MRI-derived predictors for disruption and ACPP uptake can further improve the power for identification of high-risk plaques and suggests future development of ACPPs with molecular MRI as a readout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Hua
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fred Baik
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Tuan Pham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alkystis Phinikaridou
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Giordano
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Beth Friedman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Whitney
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Quyen T. Nguyen
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Roger Y. Tsien
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - James A. Hamilton
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Adamson PD, Dweck MR, Newby DE. The vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque: in vivo identification and potential therapeutic avenues. Heart 2015; 101:1755-66. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2014-307099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Goncalves I, Bengtsson E, Colhoun HM, Shore AC, Palombo C, Natali A, Edsfeldt A, Dunér P, Fredrikson GN, Björkbacka H, Östling G, Aizawa K, Casanova F, Persson M, Gooding K, Strain D, Khan F, Looker HC, Adams F, Belch J, Pinnoli S, Venturi E, Kozakova M, Gan LM, Schnecke V, Nilsson J. Elevated Plasma Levels of MMP-12 Are Associated With Atherosclerotic Burden and Symptomatic Cardiovascular Disease in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1723-31. [PMID: 25953645 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade extracellular matrix proteins and play important roles in development and tissue repair. They have also been shown to have both protective and pathogenic effects in atherosclerosis, and experimental studies have suggested that MMP-12 contributes to plaque growth and destabilization. The objective of this study was to investigate the associations between circulating MMPs, atherosclerosis burden, and incidence of cardiovascular disease with a particular focus on type 2 diabetes mellitus. APPROACH AND RESULTS Plasma levels of MMP-1, -3, -7, -10, and -12 were analyzed by the Proximity Extension Assay technology in 1500 subjects participating in the SUMMIT (surrogate markers for micro- and macrovascular hard end points for innovative diabetes tools) study, 384 incident coronary cases, and 409 matched controls in the Malmö Diet and Cancer study and in 205 carotid endarterectomy patients. Plasma MMP-7 and -12 were higher in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus, increased with age and impaired renal function, and was independently associated with prevalent cardiovascular disease, atherosclerotic burden (as assessed by carotid intima-media thickness and ankle-brachial pressure index), arterial stiffness, and plaque inflammation. Baseline MMP-7 and -12 levels were increased in Malmö Diet and Cancer subjects who had a coronary event during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The plasma level of MMP-7 and -12 are elevated in type 2 diabetes mellitus, associated with more severe atherosclerosis and an increased incidence of coronary events. These observations provide clinical support to previous experimental studies, demonstrating a role for these MMPs in plaque development, and suggest that they are potential biomarkers of atherosclerosis burden and cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Goncalves
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (I.G., E.B., A.E., P.D., G.N.F., H.B., G.Ö., M.P., J.N.); Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK (H.M.C., F.K., H.C.L., F.A., J.B.); Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK (A.C.S., K.A., F.C., K.G., D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.N., S.P., E.V.) and Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology (C.P., M.K.), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; and AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Mölndal, Sweden (L.-M.G., V.S.)
| | - Eva Bengtsson
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (I.G., E.B., A.E., P.D., G.N.F., H.B., G.Ö., M.P., J.N.); Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK (H.M.C., F.K., H.C.L., F.A., J.B.); Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK (A.C.S., K.A., F.C., K.G., D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.N., S.P., E.V.) and Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology (C.P., M.K.), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; and AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Mölndal, Sweden (L.-M.G., V.S.)
| | - Helen M Colhoun
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (I.G., E.B., A.E., P.D., G.N.F., H.B., G.Ö., M.P., J.N.); Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK (H.M.C., F.K., H.C.L., F.A., J.B.); Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK (A.C.S., K.A., F.C., K.G., D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.N., S.P., E.V.) and Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology (C.P., M.K.), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; and AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Mölndal, Sweden (L.-M.G., V.S.)
| | - Angela C Shore
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (I.G., E.B., A.E., P.D., G.N.F., H.B., G.Ö., M.P., J.N.); Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK (H.M.C., F.K., H.C.L., F.A., J.B.); Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK (A.C.S., K.A., F.C., K.G., D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.N., S.P., E.V.) and Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology (C.P., M.K.), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; and AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Mölndal, Sweden (L.-M.G., V.S.)
| | - Carlo Palombo
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (I.G., E.B., A.E., P.D., G.N.F., H.B., G.Ö., M.P., J.N.); Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK (H.M.C., F.K., H.C.L., F.A., J.B.); Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK (A.C.S., K.A., F.C., K.G., D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.N., S.P., E.V.) and Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology (C.P., M.K.), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; and AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Mölndal, Sweden (L.-M.G., V.S.)
| | - Andrea Natali
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (I.G., E.B., A.E., P.D., G.N.F., H.B., G.Ö., M.P., J.N.); Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK (H.M.C., F.K., H.C.L., F.A., J.B.); Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK (A.C.S., K.A., F.C., K.G., D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.N., S.P., E.V.) and Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology (C.P., M.K.), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; and AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Mölndal, Sweden (L.-M.G., V.S.)
| | - Andreas Edsfeldt
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (I.G., E.B., A.E., P.D., G.N.F., H.B., G.Ö., M.P., J.N.); Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK (H.M.C., F.K., H.C.L., F.A., J.B.); Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK (A.C.S., K.A., F.C., K.G., D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.N., S.P., E.V.) and Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology (C.P., M.K.), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; and AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Mölndal, Sweden (L.-M.G., V.S.)
| | - Pontus Dunér
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (I.G., E.B., A.E., P.D., G.N.F., H.B., G.Ö., M.P., J.N.); Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK (H.M.C., F.K., H.C.L., F.A., J.B.); Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK (A.C.S., K.A., F.C., K.G., D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.N., S.P., E.V.) and Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology (C.P., M.K.), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; and AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Mölndal, Sweden (L.-M.G., V.S.)
| | - Gunilla Nordin Fredrikson
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (I.G., E.B., A.E., P.D., G.N.F., H.B., G.Ö., M.P., J.N.); Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK (H.M.C., F.K., H.C.L., F.A., J.B.); Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK (A.C.S., K.A., F.C., K.G., D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.N., S.P., E.V.) and Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology (C.P., M.K.), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; and AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Mölndal, Sweden (L.-M.G., V.S.)
| | - Harry Björkbacka
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (I.G., E.B., A.E., P.D., G.N.F., H.B., G.Ö., M.P., J.N.); Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK (H.M.C., F.K., H.C.L., F.A., J.B.); Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK (A.C.S., K.A., F.C., K.G., D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.N., S.P., E.V.) and Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology (C.P., M.K.), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; and AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Mölndal, Sweden (L.-M.G., V.S.)
| | - Gerd Östling
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (I.G., E.B., A.E., P.D., G.N.F., H.B., G.Ö., M.P., J.N.); Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK (H.M.C., F.K., H.C.L., F.A., J.B.); Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK (A.C.S., K.A., F.C., K.G., D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.N., S.P., E.V.) and Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology (C.P., M.K.), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; and AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Mölndal, Sweden (L.-M.G., V.S.)
| | - Kunihiko Aizawa
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (I.G., E.B., A.E., P.D., G.N.F., H.B., G.Ö., M.P., J.N.); Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK (H.M.C., F.K., H.C.L., F.A., J.B.); Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK (A.C.S., K.A., F.C., K.G., D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.N., S.P., E.V.) and Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology (C.P., M.K.), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; and AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Mölndal, Sweden (L.-M.G., V.S.)
| | - Francesco Casanova
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (I.G., E.B., A.E., P.D., G.N.F., H.B., G.Ö., M.P., J.N.); Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK (H.M.C., F.K., H.C.L., F.A., J.B.); Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK (A.C.S., K.A., F.C., K.G., D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.N., S.P., E.V.) and Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology (C.P., M.K.), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; and AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Mölndal, Sweden (L.-M.G., V.S.)
| | - Margaretha Persson
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (I.G., E.B., A.E., P.D., G.N.F., H.B., G.Ö., M.P., J.N.); Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK (H.M.C., F.K., H.C.L., F.A., J.B.); Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK (A.C.S., K.A., F.C., K.G., D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.N., S.P., E.V.) and Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology (C.P., M.K.), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; and AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Mölndal, Sweden (L.-M.G., V.S.)
| | - Kim Gooding
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (I.G., E.B., A.E., P.D., G.N.F., H.B., G.Ö., M.P., J.N.); Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK (H.M.C., F.K., H.C.L., F.A., J.B.); Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK (A.C.S., K.A., F.C., K.G., D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.N., S.P., E.V.) and Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology (C.P., M.K.), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; and AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Mölndal, Sweden (L.-M.G., V.S.)
| | - David Strain
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (I.G., E.B., A.E., P.D., G.N.F., H.B., G.Ö., M.P., J.N.); Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK (H.M.C., F.K., H.C.L., F.A., J.B.); Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK (A.C.S., K.A., F.C., K.G., D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.N., S.P., E.V.) and Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology (C.P., M.K.), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; and AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Mölndal, Sweden (L.-M.G., V.S.)
| | - Faisel Khan
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (I.G., E.B., A.E., P.D., G.N.F., H.B., G.Ö., M.P., J.N.); Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK (H.M.C., F.K., H.C.L., F.A., J.B.); Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK (A.C.S., K.A., F.C., K.G., D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.N., S.P., E.V.) and Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology (C.P., M.K.), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; and AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Mölndal, Sweden (L.-M.G., V.S.)
| | - Helen C Looker
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (I.G., E.B., A.E., P.D., G.N.F., H.B., G.Ö., M.P., J.N.); Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK (H.M.C., F.K., H.C.L., F.A., J.B.); Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK (A.C.S., K.A., F.C., K.G., D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.N., S.P., E.V.) and Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology (C.P., M.K.), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; and AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Mölndal, Sweden (L.-M.G., V.S.)
| | - Fiona Adams
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (I.G., E.B., A.E., P.D., G.N.F., H.B., G.Ö., M.P., J.N.); Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK (H.M.C., F.K., H.C.L., F.A., J.B.); Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK (A.C.S., K.A., F.C., K.G., D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.N., S.P., E.V.) and Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology (C.P., M.K.), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; and AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Mölndal, Sweden (L.-M.G., V.S.)
| | - Jill Belch
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (I.G., E.B., A.E., P.D., G.N.F., H.B., G.Ö., M.P., J.N.); Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK (H.M.C., F.K., H.C.L., F.A., J.B.); Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK (A.C.S., K.A., F.C., K.G., D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.N., S.P., E.V.) and Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology (C.P., M.K.), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; and AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Mölndal, Sweden (L.-M.G., V.S.)
| | - Silvia Pinnoli
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (I.G., E.B., A.E., P.D., G.N.F., H.B., G.Ö., M.P., J.N.); Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK (H.M.C., F.K., H.C.L., F.A., J.B.); Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK (A.C.S., K.A., F.C., K.G., D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.N., S.P., E.V.) and Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology (C.P., M.K.), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; and AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Mölndal, Sweden (L.-M.G., V.S.)
| | - Elena Venturi
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (I.G., E.B., A.E., P.D., G.N.F., H.B., G.Ö., M.P., J.N.); Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK (H.M.C., F.K., H.C.L., F.A., J.B.); Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK (A.C.S., K.A., F.C., K.G., D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.N., S.P., E.V.) and Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology (C.P., M.K.), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; and AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Mölndal, Sweden (L.-M.G., V.S.)
| | - Michaela Kozakova
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (I.G., E.B., A.E., P.D., G.N.F., H.B., G.Ö., M.P., J.N.); Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK (H.M.C., F.K., H.C.L., F.A., J.B.); Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK (A.C.S., K.A., F.C., K.G., D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.N., S.P., E.V.) and Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology (C.P., M.K.), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; and AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Mölndal, Sweden (L.-M.G., V.S.)
| | - Li-Ming Gan
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (I.G., E.B., A.E., P.D., G.N.F., H.B., G.Ö., M.P., J.N.); Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK (H.M.C., F.K., H.C.L., F.A., J.B.); Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK (A.C.S., K.A., F.C., K.G., D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.N., S.P., E.V.) and Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology (C.P., M.K.), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; and AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Mölndal, Sweden (L.-M.G., V.S.)
| | - Volker Schnecke
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (I.G., E.B., A.E., P.D., G.N.F., H.B., G.Ö., M.P., J.N.); Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK (H.M.C., F.K., H.C.L., F.A., J.B.); Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK (A.C.S., K.A., F.C., K.G., D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.N., S.P., E.V.) and Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology (C.P., M.K.), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; and AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Mölndal, Sweden (L.-M.G., V.S.)
| | - Jan Nilsson
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (I.G., E.B., A.E., P.D., G.N.F., H.B., G.Ö., M.P., J.N.); Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK (H.M.C., F.K., H.C.L., F.A., J.B.); Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK (A.C.S., K.A., F.C., K.G., D.S.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.N., S.P., E.V.) and Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology (C.P., M.K.), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; and AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Mölndal, Sweden (L.-M.G., V.S.).
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Grasso G, Bonnet S. Metal complexes and metalloproteases: targeting conformational diseases. Metallomics 2015; 6:1346-57. [PMID: 24870829 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00076e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years many metalloproteases (MPs) have been shown to play important roles in the development of various pathological conditions. Although most of the literature is focused on matrix MPs (MMPs), many other MPs have been demonstrated to be involved in the degradation of peptides or proteins whose accumulation and dyshomeostasis are considered as being responsible for the development of conformational diseases, i.e., diseases where non-native protein conformations lead to protein aggregation. It seems clear that, at least in principle, it must be possible to control the levels of many aggregation-prone proteins not only by reducing their production, but also by enhancing their catabolism. Metal complexes that can perform this function were designed and tested according to at least two different strategies: (i) intervening on the endogenous MPs by directly or indirectly modulating their activity; (ii) acting as artificial MPs, replacing or synergistically functioning with endogenous MPs. These two different bioinorganic approaches are widely represented in the current literature and the aim of this review is to rationally organize and discuss both of them so as to give a critical insight into these approaches and highlighting their limitations and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Grasso
- Chemistry Department, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
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Jager NA, Westra J, Golestani R, van Dam GM, Low PS, Tio RA, Slart RH, Boersma HH, Bijl M, Zeebregts CJ. Folate Receptor-β Imaging Using 99mTc-Folate to Explore Distribution of Polarized Macrophage Populations in Human Atherosclerotic Plaque. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:1945-51. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.143180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review progress over the past 5 years in relating extracellular proteinases to plaque rupture, the cause of most myocardial infarctions, and consider the most promising prospects for developing related treatments. RECENT FINDINGS Cysteinyl cathepsins have been implicated in multiple macrophage functions that could promote plaque rupture. Cathepsin K is an attractive target because it is a collagenase and selective inhibitors are already being used in phase III clinical trials. Several serine proteinases clearly influence vascular remodelling and atherogenesis but important, unrelated actions limit their value as therapeutic targets. Among the metalloproteinases, new evidence supports roles for A Disintigrin and Metalloproteinases (ADAMs), including ADAM-10, ADAM-17 and ADAM-33, which suggest that selective inhibitors might be effective treatments. For ADAMs with ThromboSpondin domains (ADAMTSs), there are biological and genome-wide association data linking ADAMTS-7 to incidence of coronary heart disease but not increased risk of myocardial infarctions. In the case of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), selective inhibitors of MMP-12 and MMP-13 are available and may be appropriate for development as therapies. Novel targets, including MMP-8, MMP-10, MMP-14, MMP-19, MMP-25 and MMP-28, are also being considered. SUMMARY New opportunities exist to exploit proteinases as therapeutic targets in plaque rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Newby
- University of Bristol and Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol, UK
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Grasso G. Monitoring the biomolecular interactions and the activity of Zn-containing enzymes involved in conformational diseases: experimental methods for therapeutic purposes. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2014; 97:115-42. [PMID: 25458357 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Zinc metalloproteases (ZnMPs) participate in diverse biological reactions, encompassing the synthesis and degradation of all the major metabolites in living organisms. In particular, ZnMPs have been recognized to play a very important role in controlling the concentration level of several peptides and/or proteins whose homeostasis has to be finely regulated for the correct physiology of cells. Dyshomeostasis of aggregation-prone proteins causes pathological conditions and the development of several different diseases. For this reason, in recent years, many analytical approaches have been applied for studying the interaction between ZnMPs and their substrates/inhibitors and how environmental factors can affect enzyme activities. In this scenario, nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray diffraction, mass spectrometric (MS), and optical methods occupy a very important role in elucidating different aspects of the ZnMPs-substrates/inhibitors interaction, ranging from identification of cleavage sites to quantitation of kinetic parameters and inhibition constants. Here, an overview of all the main achievements in the application of different experimental approaches with special attention to MS methods to the investigation of ZnMPs-substrates/inhibitors interaction is given. A general MS experimental protocol which has been proved to be useful to study such interactions is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Grasso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy.
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Relationship of MMP-14 and TIMP-3 expression with macrophage activation and human atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:276457. [PMID: 25301980 PMCID: PMC4163186 DOI: 10.1155/2014/276457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-14 (MMP-14) promotes vulnerable plaque morphology in mice, whereas tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3) overexpression is protective. MMP-14(hi) TIMP-3(lo) rabbit foam cells are more invasive and more prone to apoptosis than MMP-14(lo) TIMP-3(hi) cells. We investigated the implications of these findings for human atherosclerosis. In vitro generated macrophages and foam-cell macrophages, together with atherosclerotic plaques characterised as unstable or stable, were examined for expression of MMP-14, TIMP-3, and inflammatory markers. Proinflammatory stimuli increased MMP-14 and decreased TIMP-3 mRNA and protein expression in human macrophages. However, conversion to foam-cells with oxidized LDL increased MMP-14 and decreased TIMP-3 protein, independently of inflammatory mediators and partly through posttranscriptional mechanisms. Within atherosclerotic plaques, MMP-14 was prominent in foam-cells with either pro- or anti-inflammatory macrophage markers, whereas TIMP-3 was present in less foamy macrophages and colocalised with CD206. MMP-14 positive macrophages were more abundant whereas TIMP-3 positive macrophages were less abundant in plaques histologically designated as rupture prone. We conclude that foam-cells characterised by high MMP-14 and low TIMP-3 expression are prevalent in rupture-prone atherosclerotic plaques, independent of pro- or anti-inflammatory activation. Therefore reducing MMP-14 activity and increasing that of TIMP-3 could be valid therapeutic approaches to reduce plaque rupture and myocardial infarction.
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Müller A, Beck K, Rancic Z, Müller C, Fischer CR, Betzel T, Kaufmann PA, Schibli R, Kramer SD, Ametamey SM. Imaging Atherosclerotic Plaque Inflammation via Folate Receptor Targeting Using a Novel
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F-Folate Radiotracer. Mol Imaging 2014. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2013.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Müller
- From the Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Zurich, Switzerland; University Hospital Zurich, Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, Zurich, Switzerland; Paul Scherrer Institute, Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland; and University Hospital Zurich, Department of Radiology, Cardiac Imaging/Nuclear Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Beck
- From the Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Zurich, Switzerland; University Hospital Zurich, Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, Zurich, Switzerland; Paul Scherrer Institute, Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland; and University Hospital Zurich, Department of Radiology, Cardiac Imaging/Nuclear Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zoran Rancic
- From the Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Zurich, Switzerland; University Hospital Zurich, Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, Zurich, Switzerland; Paul Scherrer Institute, Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland; and University Hospital Zurich, Department of Radiology, Cardiac Imaging/Nuclear Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Müller
- From the Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Zurich, Switzerland; University Hospital Zurich, Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, Zurich, Switzerland; Paul Scherrer Institute, Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland; and University Hospital Zurich, Department of Radiology, Cardiac Imaging/Nuclear Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cindy R. Fischer
- From the Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Zurich, Switzerland; University Hospital Zurich, Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, Zurich, Switzerland; Paul Scherrer Institute, Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland; and University Hospital Zurich, Department of Radiology, Cardiac Imaging/Nuclear Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Betzel
- From the Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Zurich, Switzerland; University Hospital Zurich, Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, Zurich, Switzerland; Paul Scherrer Institute, Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland; and University Hospital Zurich, Department of Radiology, Cardiac Imaging/Nuclear Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp A. Kaufmann
- From the Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Zurich, Switzerland; University Hospital Zurich, Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, Zurich, Switzerland; Paul Scherrer Institute, Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland; and University Hospital Zurich, Department of Radiology, Cardiac Imaging/Nuclear Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schibli
- From the Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Zurich, Switzerland; University Hospital Zurich, Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, Zurich, Switzerland; Paul Scherrer Institute, Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland; and University Hospital Zurich, Department of Radiology, Cardiac Imaging/Nuclear Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie D. Kramer
- From the Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Zurich, Switzerland; University Hospital Zurich, Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, Zurich, Switzerland; Paul Scherrer Institute, Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland; and University Hospital Zurich, Department of Radiology, Cardiac Imaging/Nuclear Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon M. Ametamey
- From the Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Zurich, Switzerland; University Hospital Zurich, Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, Zurich, Switzerland; Paul Scherrer Institute, Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland; and University Hospital Zurich, Department of Radiology, Cardiac Imaging/Nuclear Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
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Marnane M, Prendeville S, McDonnell C, Noone I, Barry M, Crowe M, Mulligan N, Kelly PJ. Plaque Inflammation and Unstable Morphology Are Associated With Early Stroke Recurrence in Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis. Stroke 2014; 45:801-6. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.003657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Although symptomatic carotid stenosis is associated with 3-fold increased risk of early stroke recurrence, the pathophysiologic mechanisms of high early stroke risk have not been established. We aimed to investigate the relationship between early stroke recurrence after initial symptoms and histological features of plaque inflammation and instability in resected carotid plaque.
Methods—
Carotid endarterectomy tissue from consecutive patients with ipsilateral stenosis ≥50% and recent symptoms were analyzed using a validated histopathologic algorithm (Oxford Plaque Study [OPS] system). Nonprocedural stroke recurrence before carotid endarterectomy was ascertained at 7, 28, and 90 days after initial symptoms.
Results—
Among 44 patients meeting eligibility criteria, 27.3% (12/44) had stroke recurrence after initial stroke/transient ischemic attack but before carotid endarterectomy. Compared with patients without recurrence, stroke recurrence was associated with dense macrophage infiltration (OPS grade ≥3; 91.7% versus 37.5%;
P
=0.002), extensive (>25%) fibrous cap disruption (90.9% versus 37%;
P
=0.004), neovascularization (OPS grade ≥2; 83.3% versus 43.8%;
P
=0.04), and low plaque fibrous content (OPS grade <2; 50% versus 6.3%;
P
=0.003). Early recurrence rates were 82.3% (confidence interval, 49.2%–98.8%) in patients with extensive plaque macrophage infiltration (OPS grade ≥3) compared with 22.2% (confidence interval, 3.5%–83.4%) in those with OPS grade <3 (log-rank
P
=0.009). On multivariable Cox regression, including OPS macrophage grade (≥3 or <3), age, and severity of stenosis (50%–69% or ≥70%), plaque inflammation was the only variable independently predicting stroke recurrence (adjusted hazard ratio, 9; confidence interval, 1.1–70.6;
P
=0.04).
Conclusions—
Plaque inflammation and other vulnerability features were associated with highest risk of stroke recurrence and may represent therapeutic targets for future stroke prevention trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Marnane
- From the Neurovascular Unit for Translational and Therapeutics Research (M.M., P.J.K.), Pathology Department (S.P., N.M.), and Vascular Surgery Department (C.M.), Mater University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; and St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (I.N., M.B., M.C.)
| | - Susan Prendeville
- From the Neurovascular Unit for Translational and Therapeutics Research (M.M., P.J.K.), Pathology Department (S.P., N.M.), and Vascular Surgery Department (C.M.), Mater University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; and St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (I.N., M.B., M.C.)
| | - Ciaran McDonnell
- From the Neurovascular Unit for Translational and Therapeutics Research (M.M., P.J.K.), Pathology Department (S.P., N.M.), and Vascular Surgery Department (C.M.), Mater University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; and St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (I.N., M.B., M.C.)
| | - Imelda Noone
- From the Neurovascular Unit for Translational and Therapeutics Research (M.M., P.J.K.), Pathology Department (S.P., N.M.), and Vascular Surgery Department (C.M.), Mater University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; and St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (I.N., M.B., M.C.)
| | - Mary Barry
- From the Neurovascular Unit for Translational and Therapeutics Research (M.M., P.J.K.), Pathology Department (S.P., N.M.), and Vascular Surgery Department (C.M.), Mater University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; and St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (I.N., M.B., M.C.)
| | - Morgan Crowe
- From the Neurovascular Unit for Translational and Therapeutics Research (M.M., P.J.K.), Pathology Department (S.P., N.M.), and Vascular Surgery Department (C.M.), Mater University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; and St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (I.N., M.B., M.C.)
| | - Niall Mulligan
- From the Neurovascular Unit for Translational and Therapeutics Research (M.M., P.J.K.), Pathology Department (S.P., N.M.), and Vascular Surgery Department (C.M.), Mater University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; and St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (I.N., M.B., M.C.)
| | - Peter J. Kelly
- From the Neurovascular Unit for Translational and Therapeutics Research (M.M., P.J.K.), Pathology Department (S.P., N.M.), and Vascular Surgery Department (C.M.), Mater University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; and St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (I.N., M.B., M.C.)
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42
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Abstract
Understanding the pathophysiology of atherogenesis and the progression of atherosclerosis have been major goals of cardiovascular research during the previous decades. However, the complex molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying plaque destabilization remain largely obscure. Here, we review how lesional cells undergo cell death and how failed clearance exacerbates necrotic core formation. Advanced atherosclerotic lesions are further weakened by the pronounced local activity of matrix-degrading proteases as well as immature neovessels sprouting into the lesion. To stimulate translation of the current knowledge of molecular mechanisms of plaque destabilization into clinical studies, we further summarize available animal models of plaque destabilization. Based on the molecular mechanisms leading to plaque instability, we outline the current status of clinical and preclinical trials to induce plaque stability with a focus on induction of dead cell clearance, inhibition of protease activity, and dampening of inflammatory cell recruitment.
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43
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Ashlin TG, Buckley ML, Salter RC, Johnson JL, Kwan APL, Ramji DP. The anti-atherogenic cytokine interleukin-33 inhibits the expression of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs-1, -4 and -5 in human macrophages: Requirement of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathways. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 46:113-23. [PMID: 24275094 PMCID: PMC3928996 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines, and proteases expressed by macrophages play key roles in atherosclerosis. The proteases ADAMTS-1, -4 and -5 were expressed in human atherosclerotic lesions. The anti-atherogenic cytokine interleukin-33 (IL-33) inhibited the expression of these ADAMTS proteases in human macrophages. This action of IL-33 required extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathways. These studies reveal novel anti-atherogenic action of IL-33 along with the underlying molecular mechanisms involved.
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disorder of the vasculature regulated by cytokines. Amongst the cytokines, IL-33 attenuates the development of atherosclerosis in mouse model systems via several mechanisms, including inhibition of macrophage foam cell formation and promotion of a Th1 to Th2 shift. Proteases produced by macrophages, such as matrix metalloproteinases and members of ADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) family, play potential roles in regulating atherosclerotic plaque stability. Despite such importance, the action of IL-33 on the expression of such proteases has not been analyzed. We have therefore investigated the effect of IL-33 on the expression of ADAMTS-1, -4 and -5 in human macrophages. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that these three proteases were expressed in human atherosclerotic lesions, particularly by macrophages and, to a lesser extent, by smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. The expression of ADAMTS-1, -4 and -5 in human macrophages was specifically inhibited by IL-33. The action of IL-33 on the expression of these ADAMTS members was mediated through its receptor ST2. IL-33 activated ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and c-Jun, but not p38 MAPK or Akt, in human macrophages. RNA interference assays using a combination of adenoviral encoding small hairpin RNA and small interfering RNA showed a requirement of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, c-Jun, PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ, but not p38α, in the IL-33-inhibited expression of these ADAMTS isoforms. These studies provide novel insights into the expression of ADAMTS-1, -4 and -5 in human atherosclerotic lesions and the regulation of their expression in human macrophages by the key anti-atherogenic cytokine IL-33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim G Ashlin
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie L Buckley
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca C Salter
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
| | - Jason L Johnson
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
| | - Alvin P L Kwan
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Dipak P Ramji
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom.
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44
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Song Y, Xie Y, Liu F, Zhao C, Yu R, Ban S, Ye Q, Wen J, Wan H, Li X, Ma R, Meng Z. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-12 in aortic dissection. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2013; 13:34. [PMID: 23642232 PMCID: PMC3660235 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-13-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aortic dissection(AD) is an acute process of large blood vessels characterized by dangerous pathogenic conditions and high disability and high mortality. The pathogenesis of AD remains debated. Matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) participates in many pathological processes such as abdominal aortic aneurysm, atherosclerosis, emphysema and cancer. However, this elastase has rarely been assessed in the presence of AD. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of MMP-12 in aortic tissue so as to offer a better understanding of the possible mechanisms of AD. METHODS The protein expression levels of MMP-12 were analyzed and compared in aorta tissue and the blood serum samples by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR), Western blotting, immuno-histochemistry, fluorescence resonance energy transfer ( FRET ) activity assay and enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay ( ELISA ), respectively. Ascending aorta tissue specimens were obtained from 12 patients with an acute Stanford A-dissection at the time of aortic replacement, and from 4 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Meanwhile, serum samples were harvested from 15 patients with an acute Stanford A-dissection and 10 healthy individuals who served as the control group. RESULTS MMP-12 activity could be detected in both AD and CAD groups, but the level in the AD group was higher than those in the CAD group (P < 0.05). MMP-12 proteolysis existed in both serum samples of the AD and healthy groups, and the activity level in the AD group was clearly higher than in the healthy group (P < 0.05). For AD patients, MMP-12 activity in serum was higher than in the aorta wall (P < 0.05). MMP-12 activity in the aortic wall tissue can be inhibited by MMP inhibitor v (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The present study directly demonstrates that MMP-12 proteolytic activity exists within the aorta specimens and blood samples from aortic dissection patients. MMP-12 might be of potential relevance as a clinically diagnostic tool and therapeutic target in vascular injury and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Song
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital Of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
- The Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Yuehui Xie
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital Of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
- Department of Computer Science, The Faculty of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital Of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Chong Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital Of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital Of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Shao Ban
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital Of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Qiufang Ye
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital Of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Jianxion Wen
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital Of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Haibo Wan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital Of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Xiang Li
- The Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Runwei Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital Of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
- The Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Zhaohui Meng
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital Of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
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