Effect of Adherence to Oral Anticoagulants on Risk of Stroke and Major Bleeding Among Patients With Atrial Fibrillation

The left atrial appendage exclusion for prophylactic stroke reduction (LEAAPS) trial: Rationale and design

INTRODUCTION

Left atrial appendage exclusion (LAAE) has been shown in randomized trials to reduce ischemic stroke risk in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with known atrial fibrillation (AF). Many patients undergoing cardiac surgery without pre-existing AF are at risk of stroke and may benefit from LAAE.

METHODS

Left Atrial Appendage Exclusion for Prophylactic Stroke Reduction (LeAAPS) is an international, prospective, randomized, multicenter, blinded trial evaluating the effectiveness of LAAE in preventing ischemic stroke or systemic embolism in patients undergoing cardiac surgery at increased risk of AF and ischemic stroke. The trial will enroll 6500 patients at increased risk of stroke in whom a cardiac surgery is planned at 250 sites worldwide. Eligible patients are ≥18 years old, have no pre-existing AF but are at increased risk for AF and stroke (based on age, CHA2DS2-VASc score, left atrium size or brain natriuretic peptide). Patients are randomized 1:1 to receive either LAAE with AtriClip or no LAAE during cardiac surgery. Healthcare providers outside of the operating room and the patient will be blinded to allocation. The primary effectiveness endpoint is the first occurrence of ischemic stroke, systemic arterial embolism, or surgical or endovascular LAA closure. The powered secondary effectiveness endpoint is ischemic stroke or systemic arterial embolism. The primary safety endpoint is the occurrence of one of the following events (through 30 days): pericardial effusion requiring percutaneous or surgical treatment, peri-operative major bleeding, deep sternal wound infection, or myocardial infarction. Other endpoints include mortality, rehospitalizations, clinically diagnosed AF, transient ischemic attack, and cognitive and quality of life assessments. Follow-up is every 6 months for a minimum of 5 years; primary analysis occurs when 469 patients have had an ischemic stroke or systemic embolism.

CONCLUSION

The results of the LeAAPS trial will demonstrate whether LAAE with AtriClip at the time of other routine cardiac surgery reduces stroke or systemic arterial embolism during long-term follow-up in patients at high risk of stroke without pre-existing AF.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT05478304, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05478304?term=%20NCT05478304&rank=1.

Adherence and persistence with direct oral anticoagulants by dose regimen: A systematic review

INTRODUCTION

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are used in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) to prevent complications such as embolic events. Poor adherence to DOACs increases the risk of these complications. This manuscript reviews the impact of once-daily (OD) vs twice-daily (BID) dosing regimens on adherence and persistence to the authorized DOACs (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban and edoxaban) in patients with NVAF, aiming to provide insights into guide clinical decision-making.

METHODS

A systematic review was performed. First, a bibliographical search was carried out in PubMed, Scopus and the Cochrane Library. Articles that provided quantitative data comparing adherence and/or persistence associated with OD vs BID regimens of DOACs among patients receiving treatment for NVAF were included. Two analyses of adherence and persistence were conducted, one based on the overall outcomes and another, more restricted, to minimize the risk of overestimating results. Additionally, univariate analyses were conducted based on the number of follow-up days and the DOAC molecule.

RESULTS

Thirty-nine studies, involving 976 494 patients, were analysed. The OD regimen demonstrated significantly higher adherence and persistence (P < .05) than the BID regimen in most outcomes. Adherence favoured OD in 53.1% of cases, while only 12.2% favoured BID. Similarly, persistence was higher with the OD regimen in 67.7% of cases compared to 14.9% for the BID regimen. These results remained consistent over time; nevertheless, variations were observed depending on the specific DOAC molecules.

CONCLUSION

Adherence and persistence of treatment with DOACs in patients with NVAF were greater for the OD than for the BID regimen.

Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose Direct Oral Anticoagulants Versus Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Following Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion in Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

Left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) is an alternative to chronic oral anticoagulation (OAT) for stroke prevention in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients with contraindications to OAT. Postprocedure antithrombotic therapy (ATT) is essential to reduce the risk of device-related thrombosis (DRT), but the optimal regimen remains uncertain.

AIMS

This study aims to compare the safety and efficacy of low-dose direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) versus dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) following LAAO.

METHODS

A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science was conducted in August 2024. Studies comparing low-dose DOACs and DAPT post-LAAO were included. The primary outcomes were a composite efficacy endpoint (DRT, strokes, and systemic embolism [SE]) and major bleeding events as the safety endpoint. Secondary outcomes included all bleeding events, all-cause mortality, and a composite of efficacy and safety endpoints.

RESULTS

Four studies with 727 patients were included. Low-dose DOACs were associated with lower rates of the primary composite efficacy endpoint compared to DAPT (OR = 0.36; 95% CI [0.16, 0.85], p = 0.01). No significant difference in major bleeding events was observed (OR = 0.36; 95% CI [0.11, 1.18]; p = 0.091; I² = 0%). Compared to DAPT, low-dose DOACs were also associated with lower rates of DRT events (OR = 0.36; 95% CI [0.16, 0.79], p = 0.011).

CONCLUSION

Low-dose DOACs effectively reduce thromboembolic events post-LAAO without increasing bleeding risk. These findings support their use as a viable ATT option, but larger trials are needed to confirm optimal regimens.

Prevalence of adherence and its impact on quality of life in oral anticoagulant users in Egypt: A cross-sectional study from two Egyptian university hospitals

BACKGROUND

Oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT) is critical for managing thromboembolic disorders, but adherence challenges significantly impact its effectiveness and patients' quality of life (QoL). This study explores the predictors of adherence and their effects on QoL among OAT users in Egypt.

METHODS

This multi-center cross-sectional descriptive study with an analytical component was conducted at Mansoura University Hospital and Ain Shams University Hospital. Participants were adults over 18 years old, on OAT for at least one month, who provided informed consent. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 212 participants. Data were collected using a survey that included socio-demographic details, the Arabic Version of the Adherence to Refills and Medications Scale (ARMS), and the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, Student's t-tests, and multivariate logistic regression.

RESULTS

The study included 212 participants, with an average age of 55 years, 57% female and 43% male. Among the participants, 25.5% were adherent to their anticoagulant regimen, while 74.5% were non-adherent. Adherence was significantly higher among NOAC users (44.4%) compared to warfarin users (19.0%). Key predictors of adherence included the use of NOACs (OR = 2.7), residency in rural areas (OR = 2.4), and having first-degree relatives in medical specialties (OR = 2.4). Quality of life scores were significantly higher for NOAC users in psychological, social, and environmental domains compared to warfarin users. The overall QoL score was also higher in NOAC users. Poorer adherence was associated with lower scores in these QoL domains.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study indicates that NOACs enhance adherence and quality of life relative to VKAs. Key adherence predictors include NOAC use, rural residency, and having relatives in medical professions. Educational level, initially significant, did not persist as a predictor in multivariate analysis. Targeted strategies are needed to improve adherence and patient outcomes.

Prior Anticoagulation and Risk of Hemorrhagic Transformation in Acute Stroke: A Post Hoc Analysis of the PRODAST Study

BACKGROUND

Oral anticoagulation is highly effective in preventing ischemic events in patients with atrial fibrillation. Still, a considerable number of patients have an acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack despite anticoagulation. In this study, we investigated the association of prior antithrombotic regimens with stroke severity, volume, and hemorrhagic transformation.

METHODS AND RESULTS

This is a post hoc analysis of the prospective, multicenter, observational PRODAST (Prospective Record of the Use of Dabigatran in Patients With Acute Stroke or TIA) study, which was conducted in 86 stroke units in Germany between July 2015 and November 2020. In 9030 patients with atrial fibrillation who had an acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack within 7 days before enrollment, we analyzed the association of anticoagulants in comparison to lack of prevalent antithrombotic treatment with clinical stroke severity, infarct size, and risk for hemorrhagic transformation. A total of 4479 patients had prior anticoagulation at the time of index event. After adjustment for confounders (arterial hypertension, diabetes, heart failure, age, and sex), patients with prior anticoagulation had less severe strokes (-2.5 National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale points [95% CI, -2.8 to -2.2]), smaller infarct sizes (-23 mL [95% CI, -44 mL to -2 mL], n=4041), and reduced odds for hemorrhagic transformation (5% versus 10%; odds ratio, 0.48 [95% CI, 0.40-0.57]) compared with patients without antithrombotic treatment. These findings were confirmed using sensitivity analyses accounting for thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy, as well as timing of brain imaging. Antiplatelet therapy had hardly any association with the end points compared with no antithrombotic pretreatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Prior anticoagulation was not only associated with less severe stroke and smaller infarct size but also with a reduced risk of hemorrhagic transformation compared with no antithrombotic pretreatment.

REGISTRATION

URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02507856.

Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion: Expanding Indications and New Developments

Percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) is recommended in several major international society guidelines as a viable alternative to therapeutic anticoagulation for the prevention of ischemic stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation or flutter. Recent innovations in device development have improved the safety and procedural success of LAAO, further fueling enthusiasm for expanding its indications beyond patients with high-bleeding risk from oral anticoagulation use. It is the aim of this review to provide historical context in addition to recent updates and upcoming developments and provide practical suggestions on how best to care for patients who are candidates for LAAO in contemporary practice. Recent data comparing the safety and efficacy of post-LAAO antiplatelet vs. antithrombotic therapy will be highlighted, with specific recommendations regarding which patients are best suited for each strategy. We will also address the safety and practical considerations provided by emerging trials on concomitant LAAO during other structural heart interventions such as transcatheter aortic valve replacement and mitral valve interventions, as well as electrophysiology procedures including catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation and pacemaker implantation. Practical considerations for the use of transesophageal echocardiography or intracardiac echocardiography for procedural guidance will also be discussed. As the evidence supporting LAAO continues to evolve, this review will serve as a primer on the recent and upcoming advances in device technology and management strategies positioned to further push LAAO forward into the future.

Assessing methods to ascertain persistence and adherence of oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation

BACKGROUND

Persistence and adherence to oral anticoagulants (OACs) is crucial for its effectiveness in stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (AF). We aimed to assess the impact of different ascertainment methods on estimated persistence rates.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective cohort study based on the Medicare claims data (01/01/2013-12/31/2019). We built an incident user cohort of OAC (apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, rivaroxaban, and warfarin) prescription filling. We measured OAC medication persistence and adherence using the following approaches: (1) treatment-anniversary based persistence: if there is an active prescription overlapping the 180th and 365th day with vs. without a 15-day buffer period (i.e., overlapping with 165th-195th and 350th-380th day); (2) dispensing-gap-based persistence: if there is OAC discontinuation defined as having gap between prescriptions more than a threshold (e.g., 5-60 days) and secondarily, (3) proportion of days covered (PDC) adherence: proportion of days in which patient had filled medication available over the 365-day interval.

RESULTS

We identified 1,398,692 patients who initiated OACs during the study interval. With the treatment-anniversary based approach, only 51.2% to 65.4% of the patients persisted with the medication for either warfarin or DOACs at 180 days, and the number dropped to 43.4% to 60.7% at 1 year. Adding a 15-day buffer period increased the treatment-anniversary based persistence rates by 6.5% to 10.5%. When the allowable gap increased from 5 to 60 days, the persistence rates increased by 36.3% to 42.4% for all OACs. Apixaban users had the highest PDC (74%-75%) over the 365 days, compared to other OACs (60%-69%).

CONCLUSIONS

We found that the estimated persistence rates are sensitive to the choice of ascertainment methods. When reporting and comparing persistence findings using the claims database, definitions of OAC discontinuation must be clearly delineated.

Trends over time in oral anticoagulation and stroke rates in atrial fibrillation: A community-based study

OBJECTIVES

Over the last decade, direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) have become preferred over warfarin for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (AF). The objectives of this study were to quantify the shift over time from warfarin to DOACs and parallel changes in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke rates in AF.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This community-based retrospective study was undertaken within a single integrated health care network from 2011 to 2021. Changes over time in warfarin and DOAC use were quantified by year, both overall and stratified by CHA2DS2-VASc score. Ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke rate changes over time were evaluated by Poisson regression. Stroke rates were evaluated in different time eras: 2011-2015 and 2016-2021.

RESULTS

Among 31,978 AF patients followed an average of 5.5 years, any OAC use increased from 50.2 % (2011) to 59.4 % (2020) (p < 0.001). Warfarin use decreased from 49.3 % to 30.8 %, while DOAC use increased from 2.0 % to 30.8 % (both p < 0.001). In 2020, patients with CHA2DS2-VASc 0-1 and 2-5 were more likely to use DOACs than warfarin (18.6 % vs. 6.7 %; 33.0 % vs. 28.2 %), whereas in CHA2DS2-VASc 6-9 DOACs were used less frequently (30.0 % vs. 40.8 %). Ischemic stroke rates significantly increased by 19 % (95 % CI: 7 %, 32 %) from 2011 to 2015, but significantly decreased by 18 % (10 %, 26 %) from 2016 to 2021. Hemorrhagic stroke rates stabilized in 2016-2021 (+3 %; -18 %, 30 %) after increasing in 2011-2015 (+36 %; 4 %, 78 %).

CONCLUSION

Improvements in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke rates coincided temporally with increased uptake of OACs and a shift toward increased uptake of DOACs relative to warfarin.

Prothrombotic Rebound After Discontinuation of Direct Oral Anticoagulants Therapy: A Systematic Review

Background/Objectives: The practice of holding anticoagulation is a relatively common approach, with the aim of either preventing excessive bleeding in preparation for surgical procedures or managing acute bleeding episodes. Methods: To assess the relationship between the discontinuation of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) therapy and the condition of hypercoagulability, a systematic review of the literature was conducted, following PRISMA guidelines, in PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Google Scholar. These databases were searched for all publications that described a rebound phenomenon or hypercoagulability state after DOACs discontinuation. Results: A total of 1494 articles were selected from searched databases, and 29 were eligible. A final total of 16 case reports and 14 original research articles were subjected to analysis. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that the cessation of DOAC therapy may be associated with an increased risk of thrombotic events. More studies are required to ascertain whether DOACs treatment cessation can be linked to rebound phenomena associated with thromboembolic events. This will provide the data needed to determine the incidence and risk of this phenomenon.

Before, during, and after: An Argument for Safety and Improved Outcome of Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke with Direct Oral Anticoagulant Treatment

Direct oral anticoagulants are the primary stroke prevention option in patients with atrial fibrillation. Anticoagulant use before stroke, however, might inhibit clinician comfort with thrombolysis if a stroke does occur. Resuming anticoagulants after ischemic stroke is also problematic for fear of hemorrhage. We describe extensive literature showing that thrombolysis is safe after stroke with direct anticoagulant use. Early reinstitution of direct anticoagulant treatment is associated with lower risk of embolic recurrence and lower hemorrhage risk. The use of direct anticoagulants before, during, and after thrombolysis appears to be safe and is likely to promote improved outcomes after ischemic stroke. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:871-886.

Percutaneous or surgical LAAO for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation: A network meta-analysis

Background

Stroke, which is mainly caused by thrombus formation in the left atrial appendage, represents the most prevalent complication of atrial fibrillation (AF). Both percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion (p-LAAO) and surgical LAAO (s-LAAO) are used to treat AF and prevent stroke events. However, no head-to-head randomized controlled trials (RCTs) compared these strategies.

Objective

To examine the efficacy and safety of diverse strategies for reducing stroke risk using a network meta-analysis (NMA).

Methods

PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane repositories were explored to identify RCTs involving p-LAAO or s-LAAO, and five were included for NMA. This investigation adhered to the guidelines outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses. The NMA was pooled using the Bayesian random effect framework. All findings were expressed as odds ratios accompanied by a 95 % confidence interval.The primary efficacy endpoint was any stroke (AS), and the secondary efficacy endpoint was combined AS and systematic embolism (AS/SE). The primary and secondary safety endpoints were major bleeding (MB) and all-cause death (ACD), respectively.

Results

Our meta-analysis incorporated 6337 individuals diagnosed with AF. The NMA demonstrated a reducing trend in AS and AS/SE for s-LAAO versus p-LAAO, while p-LAAO showed a benefit in reducing MB and ACD.

Conclusions

and Relevance: s-LAAO could potentially benefit individuals at elevated risk for stroke, whereas p-LAAO may be linked to a reduced likelihood of bleeding.

Medications Adherence and Associated Factors Among Patients with Stroke in Iraq

Purpose

Stroke poses significant challenges to affected individuals, their families, and healthcare systems, with adherence to medications being a pivotal determinant of health outcomes. In this study, we aim to evaluate the medication adherence of stroke patients living in Iraq, and explore how patients' demographic and clinical details relate to their adherence levels. Furthermore, we seek to assess the self-care practices used by stroke patients and their adherence to them.

Patients and Methods

We carried out a cross-sectional correlational study conducted from November 2022 to April 2023, stroke patients diagnosed in seven hospitals across Baghdad and Al-Mothanna governorate were recruited, with diagnoses confirmed by physicians and senior neurologists using MRI and/or CT scans. Patients' adherence to medications, demographic data, clinical characteristics, and self-care activities were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analyses.

Results

Of the 200 participants, mean age was 58.27 years, with males constituting 53.5%. About 40.5% had a hemorrhagic stroke, and 59.5% an ischemic stroke. The mean adherence score was 13.36 (SD= 4.658) out of a possible 28. Factors significantly correlated with medication adherence included age, monthly income, time since having a stroke, and education level. Adherence was also significantly linked to having diabetes mellitus or high blood pressure. The assessment of participants' self-care activities and medication adherence revealed that responses to questions about healthcare habits varied, with "None" being the most common response for most items. Notably, we found no significant association between adherence and factors such as gender, marital status, living place, and smoking status.

Conclusion

Medication adherence remains suboptimal among stroke patients in Iraq. Various demographic and clinical factors play a role in influencing adherence. The conformity to medication regimens and factors associated with it among individuals who have suffered a stroke in Iraq is vital.

Association Between Oral Anticoagulant Adherence and Serious Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Long-Term Retrospective Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

Patients with atrial fibrillation are frequently nonadherent to oral anticoagulants (OACs) prescribed for stroke and systemic embolism (SSE) prevention. We quantified the relationship between OAC adherence and atrial fibrillation clinical outcomes using methods not previously applied to this problem.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Retrospective observational cohort study of incident cases of atrial fibrillation from population-based administrative data over 23 years. The exposure of interest was proportion of days covered during 90 days before an event or end of follow-up. Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate time to first SSE and the composite of SSE, transient ischemic attack, or death and several secondary outcomes. A total of 44 172 patients were included with median follow-up of 6.7 years. For direct OACs (DOACs), each 10% decrease in adherence was associated with a 14% increased hazard of SSE and 5% increased hazard of SSE, transient ischemic attack, or death. For vitamin K antagonist (VKA) the corresponding increase in SSE hazard was 3%. Receiving DOAC or VKA was associated with primary outcome hazard reduction across most the proportion of days covered spectrum. Differences between VKA and DOAC were statistically significant for all efficacy outcomes and at most adherence levels.

CONCLUSIONS

Even small reductions in OAC adherence in patients with atrial fibrillation were associated with significant increases in risk of stroke, with greater magnitudes for DOAC than VKA. DOAC recipients may be more vulnerable than VKA recipients to increased risk of stroke and death even with small reductions in adherence. The worsening efficacy outcomes associated with decreasing adherence occurred without the benefit of major bleeding reduction.

Left atrial appendage closure for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: current status and perspectives

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with an increased risk of stroke and systemic embolism, and the left atrial appendage (LAA) has been identified as a principal source of thromboembolism in these patients. While oral anticoagulation is the current standard of care, LAA closure (LAAC) emerges as an alternative or complementary treatment approach to reduce the risk of stroke or systemic embolism in patients with AF. Moderate-sized randomized clinical studies have provided data for the efficacy and safety of catheter-based LAAC, largely compared with vitamin K antagonists. LAA device iterations, advances in pre- and peri-procedural imaging, and implantation techniques continue to increase the efficacy and safety of LAAC. More data about efficacy and safety of LAAC have been collected, and several randomized clinical trials are currently underway to compare LAAC with best medical care (including non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants) in different clinical settings. Surgical LAAC in patients with AF undergoing cardiac surgery reduced the risk of stroke on background of anticoagulation therapy in the LAAOS III study. In this review, we describe the rapidly evolving field of LAAC and discuss recent clinical data, ongoing studies, open questions, and current limitations of LAAC.

Left Atrial Appendage Closure Compared With Oral Anticoagulants for Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

Percutaneous left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) has been suggested as an alternative to long-term oral anticoagulation for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, but comparative data remain scarce. We aimed to assess ischemic and bleeding outcomes of LAAC compared with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) for the prevention of cardioembolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Embase and MEDLINE were searched for randomized trials comparing LAAC, VKAs, and DOACs. The primary efficacy end point was any stroke or systemic embolism. Treatment effects were calculated from a network meta-analysis and ranked according to the surface under the cumulative ranking curve. Seven trials and 73 199 patients were included. The risk of the primary end point was not statistically different between LAAC versus VKAs (odds ratio [OR], 0.92 [95% CI, 0.62-1.50]) and LAAC versus DOACs (OR, 1.11 [95% CI, 0.71-1.73]). LAAC and DOACs resulted in similar risk of major or minor (OR, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.61-1.42]) and major bleeding (OR, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.58-1.46]); however, after exclusion of procedural bleeding, bleeding risk was significantly lower in those undergoing LAAC. Both LAAC and DOACs reduced the risk of all-cause death  compared with VKAs (LAAC versus VKAs: OR, 0.70 [95% CI, 0.53-0.91]; DOACs versus VKAs: OR, 0.90 [95% CI, 0.85-0.95], respectively). DOACs ranked as the best treatment for stroke or systemic embolism prevention (66.9%) and LAAC for reducing major bleeding (63.9%) and death (96.4%).

CONCLUSIONS

As a nonpharmacological alternative to oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation, LAAC showed similar efficacy and safety compared with VKAs or DOACs. Prospective confirmation from larger studies is warranted.

Artificial intelligence and atrial fibrillation: A bibliometric analysis from 2013 to 2023

Background

In the study of atrial fibrillation (AF), a prevalent cardiac arrhythmia, the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies holds the potential to address existing limitations. This research employs bibliometrics to objectively investigate research hotspots, development trends, and existing issues in the application of AI within the AF field, aiming to provide targeted recommendations for relevant researchers.

Methods

Relevant publications on the application of AI in AF field were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database from 2013 to 2023. The bibliometric analysis was conducted by the R (4.2.2) "bibliometrix" package and VOSviewer(1.6.19).

Results

Analysis of 912 publications reveals that the field of AI in AF is currently experiencing rapid development. The United States, China, and the United Kingdom have made outstanding contributions to this field. Acharya UR is a notable contributor and pioneer in the area. The following topics have been elucidated: AI's application in managing the risk of AF complications is a hot mature topic; AI-electrocardiograph for AF diagnosis and AI-assisted catheter ablation surgery are the emerging and booming topics; smart wearables for real-time AF monitoring and AI for individualized AF medication are niche and well-developed topics.

Conclusion

This study offers comprehensive analysis of the origin, current status, and future trends of AI applications in AF, aiming to advance the development of the field.

Residual risk of thromboembolic events despite anticoagulation in Middle Eastern patients with atrial fibrillation. The JoFib study

OBJECTIVES

To investigate residual risk of thromboembolic events despite anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation form the Middle East.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Using data from the JoFib registry, we described the characteristics of patients treated with anticoagulants (n = 1654) and calculated the incidence rate for thromboembolic events. We constructed multivariable Cox proportional hazard models and calculated the population-attributable fraction to determine clinical factors predictive of residual thromboembolic events.

RESULTS

During the one-year follow-up, 57 thromboembolic events occurred (incidence rate 4.1 per 100 person-years). In multivariable time-to-event analysis, prior thromboembolic events (aHR 3.8, 95 %CI 2.2-6.4, p < 0.001) and diabetes (aHR 2.3, 95 %CI 1.3-4.1, p = 0.004) were independently predictive of residual thromboembolism. Percentage of thromboembolic risk attributable to prior thromboembolic events was 30.9 % (95 %CI 13.9-44.6, p = 0.001) and was 37.1 % (95 %CI 8.8-56.6, p = 0.015) for diabetes. Furthermore, the effect of diabetes on thromboembolic events depends on the type of anticoagulant, with diabetes being significantly predictive of thromboembolic events in patients anticoagulated with warfarin (aHR 4.11, 95 %CI 1.81-9.37, p = 0.001), but not non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (aHR 1.23, 95 %CI 0.51-2.97, p = 0.643) with a p = 0.045 for interaction. Prior thromboembolism was independently predictive of thromboembolic events in both anticoagulants (aHR 2.67, 95 %CI 1.28-5.58, p = 0.009; aHR 7.33, 95 %CI 3.05-17.65, p < 0.001; respectively; p = 0.084 for interaction).

CONCLUSIONS

Middle Eastern patients with atrial fibrillation remain at significant risk of thromboembolism and its recurrence despite anticoagulation, and especially in diabetic patients. Therefore, management should focus on controlling diabetes as well as other modifiable risk factors in addition to antithrombotic therapy.

Ten-Year Trend of Oral Anticoagulation Use in Postoperative and Nonpostoperative Atrial Fibrillation in Routine Clinical Practice

BACKGROUND

The study aimed to describe the patterns and trends of initiation, discontinuation, and adherence of oral anticoagulation (OAC) in patients with new-onset postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF), and compare with patients newly diagnosed with non-POAF.

METHODS AND RESULTS

This retrospective cohort study identified patients newly diagnosed with atrial fibrillation or flutter between 2012 and 2021 using administrative claims data from OptumLabs Data Warehouse. The POAF cohort included 118 366 patients newly diagnosed with atrial fibrillation or flutter within 30 days after surgery. The non-POAF cohort included the remaining 315 832 patients who were newly diagnosed with atrial fibrillation or flutter but not within 30 days after a surgery. OAC initiation increased from 28.9% to 44.0% from 2012 to 2021 in POAF, and 37.8% to 59.9% in non-POAF; 12-month medication adherence increased from 47.0% to 61.8% in POAF, and 59.7% to 70.4% in non-POAF. The median time to OAC discontinuation was 177 days for POAF, and 242 days for non-POAF. Patients who saw a cardiologist within 90 days of the first atrial fibrillation or flutter diagnosis, regardless of POAF or non-POAF, were more likely to initiate OAC (odds ratio, 2.92 [95% CI, 2.87-2.98]; P <0.0001), adhere to OAC (odds ratio, 1.08 [95% CI, 1.04-1.13]; P <0.0001), and less likely to discontinue (odds ratio, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.82-0.85]; P <0.0001) than patients who saw a surgeon or other specialties.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of and adherence to OAC were higher in non-POAF patients than in POAF patients, but they increased over time in both groups. Patients managed by cardiologists were more likely to use and adhere to OAC, regardless of POAF or non-POAF.

Challenges and advances in device-related thrombus in left atrial appendage occlusion

Oral anticoagulation therapy (OAC) is a mainstay for mitigating stroke and other embolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Despite the demonstrated efficacy of OAC in reducing events, many patients are unable to tolerate OAC due to bleeding risks. Left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) devices were developed as implantable technologies to moderate stroke risk in patients with intolerance to OAC. Despite clinical data supporting near-comparable protection against thromboembolic events with OAC, device-related thrombus formation has emerged as a critical complication following LAAO that remains a potential limitation to the safety and efficacy of LAAO. Improved biocompatibility of LAAO devices with fluoropolymers, a well-established stent-coating technology used to reduce thrombus formation and promote endothelialization, may optimize outcomes after LAAO.

Stroke Risk Reduction in Atrial Fibrillation Through Pharmacist Prescribing: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance

Major gaps in the delivery of appropriate oral anticoagulation therapy (OAC) exist, leaving a large proportion of persons with atrial fibrillation (AF) unnecessarily at risk for stroke and its sequalae.

Objective

To investigate whether pharmacist-led OAC prescription can increase the delivery of stroke risk reduction therapy in individuals with AF.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This prospective, open-label, patient-level randomized clinical trial of early vs delayed pharmacist intervention from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2022, was performed in 27 community pharmacies in Alberta, Canada. Pharmacists identified patients 65 years or older with 1 additional stroke risk factor and known, untreated AF (OAC nonprescription or OAC suboptimal dosing) or performed screening using a 30-second single-lead electrocardiogram to detect previously unrecognized AF. Patients with undertreated or newly diagnosed AF eligible for OAC therapy were considered to have actionable AF. Data were analyzed from April 3 to November 30, 2023.

Interventions

In the early intervention group, pharmacists prescribed OAC using guideline-based algorithms with follow-up visits at 1 and 3 months. In the delayed intervention group, which served as the usual care control, the primary care physician (PCP) was sent a notification of actionable AF along with a medication list (both enhancement over usual care). After 3 months, patients without OAC optimization in the control group underwent delayed pharmacist intervention.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was the difference in the rate of guideline-concordant OAC use in the 2 groups at 3-month follow-up ascertained by a research pharmacist blinded to treatment allocation.

Results

Eighty patients were enrolled with actionable AF (9 [11.3%] newly diagnosed in 235 individuals screened). The mean (SD) age was 79.7 (7.4) years, and 45 patients (56.3%) were female. The median CHADS2 (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age, diabetes, and stroke or transient ischemic attack) score was 2 (IQR, 2-3). Seventy patients completed follow-up. Guideline-concordant OAC use at 3 months occurred in 36 of 39 patients (92.3%) in the early intervention group vs 23 of 41 (56.1%) in the control group (P < .001), with an absolute increase of 34% and number needed to treat of 3. Of the 23 patients who received appropriate OAC prescription in the control group, the PCP called the pharmacist for prescribing advice in 6 patients.

Conclusions and Relevance

This randomized clinical trial found that pharmacist OAC prescription is a potentially high-yield opportunity to effectively close gaps in the delivery of stroke risk reduction therapy for AF. Scalability and sustainability of pharmacist OAC prescription will require larger trials demonstrating effectiveness and safety.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03126214.

How drug onset rate and duration of action affect drug forgiveness

Medication nonadherence is one of the largest problems in healthcare today, particularly for patients undergoing long-term pharmacotherapy. To combat nonadherence, it is often recommended to prescribe so-called "forgiving" drugs, which maintain their effect despite lapses in patient adherence. Nevertheless, drug forgiveness is difficult to quantify and compare between different drugs. In this paper, we construct and analyze a stochastic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model to quantify and understand drug forgiveness. The model parameterizes a medication merely by an effective rate of onset of effect when the medication is taken (on-rate) and an effective rate of loss of effect when a dose is missed (off-rate). Patient dosing is modeled by a stochastic process that allows for correlations in missed doses. We analyze this "on/off" model and derive explicit formulas that show how treatment efficacy depends on drug parameters and patient adherence. As a case study, we compare the effects of nonadherence on the efficacy of various antihypertensive medications. Our analysis shows how different drugs can have identical efficacies under perfect adherence, but vastly different efficacies for adherence patterns typical of actual patients. We further demonstrate that complex PK/PD models can indeed be parameterized in terms of effective on-rates and off-rates. Finally, we have created an online app to allow pharmacometricians to explore the implications of our model and analysis.

Role of a National Health Service Electronic Prescriptions Database in the Detection of Prescribing and Dispensing Issues and Adherence Evaluation of Direct Oral Anticoagulants

BACKGROUND

Anticoagulation therapy plays a crucial role in the management of atrial fibrillation (AF) by significantly reducing the risk of stroke. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) became preferred over warfarin due to their superior safety and efficacy profile. Assessing adherence to anticoagulation therapy is necessary in clinical practice for optimising patient outcomes and treatment efficacy, thus emphasising its significance.

METHODS

A retrospective study utilised the Latvian National Health Service reimbursement prescriptions database, covering prescriptions for AF and flutter from January 2012 to December 2022. The proportion of days covered method was selected for adherence assessment, categorising it into three groups: (1) below 80%, (2) between 80% and 90%, and (3) above 90%.

RESULTS

A total of 1,646,648 prescriptions were analysed. Dabigatran prescriptions started declining after 2020, coinciding with a decrease in warfarin prescriptions since 2018. The total adherence levels to DOAC therapy were 69.4%. Only 44.2% of users achieved an adherence level exceeding 80%. The rate of paper prescriptions decreased from 98.5% in 2017 to 1.3% in 2022. Additionally, the utilisation of international non-proprietary names reached 79.7% in 2022. Specifically, 16.7% of patients selected a single pharmacy, whereas 27.7% visited one or two pharmacies. Meanwhile, other patients obtained medicines from multiple pharmacies.

CONCLUSIONS

The total adherence level to DOAC therapy is evaluated as low and there was no significant difference in age, gender, or "switcher" status among adherence groups. Physicians' prescribing habits have changed over a decade.

Development of immediate-release formulation with reliable absorption of rivaroxaban in various meal regimes

The bioavailability of rivaroxaban at the higher doses (15 and 20 mg) is considerably reduced when the drug is administered on an empty stomach. This can lead to inadequate anticoagulant effect, and therefore, it is recommended to use the higher doses at fed state. However, proper posology may represent a barrier for some patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate innovative rivaroxaban-containing formulations designed to eliminate the food effect to ensure reliable absorption and thus to improve patient adherence with the treatment. Three prototypes (Cocrystal, HPMCP and Kollidon) with rivaroxaban were developed and their bioavailability and food effect in comparison to the reference product was tested in open label, randomized, single oral dose, crossover studies, where test products were administered under fasting and fed conditions and the reference product was administered under fed conditions. Comparable bioavailability for all tested prototypes both under fed and fasting conditions was demonstrated as the 90% confidence intervals of the geometric mean ratios for area under the concentration-time curve remained within the standard acceptance range of 80.00%-125.00%. An innovative immediate release form of rivaroxaban with no food effect on drug bioavailability has been developed, which may represent an important step toward increasing adherence, improving treatment outcome and reducing health care costs.

Lights and shadows on left atrial appendage occlusion: mind the gap in knowledge and think twice on long-term outcomes

Ischemic stroke prevention represents a crucial concern in health systems, being associated with high morbidity and mortality. Atrial fibrillation is associated with 15-20% of ischemic strokes, in the presence of thrombus in the left atrial appendage in 90% of patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Oral anticoagulation represents the standard of care. However, left atrial appendage occlusions have been developed for selected patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. With regard to the latter, particularly, some important concerns have been raised on the selection of patients potentially amenable to the procedure, seemingly emphasizing a gap in knowledge, real-life clinical practice, and current management guidelines. In light of the recent evidence regarding the current indications for management of left atrial appendage in presence of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, the purpose of this critical review is to highlight the blind spots of left atrial appendage occlusion indications, taking into account the evidence-based mid- to long-term outcomes. Apparently, many unsolved concerns and problems are still present, mainly including mid- and long-term device-related potential complications, the possibility of concurrent sources of embolization, ethical and economic issues. Furthermore, larger, well designed, long-term, multicentric, and more inclusive studies, as well as shared/integrated registries are needed, aiming at comparing direct oral anticoagulation with left atrial appendage occlusion in the long run.

The progress of percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion: A bibliometric analysis from 1994 to 2022

BACKGROUND

Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, affecting 32 million individuals worldwide. Although atrial fibrillation has been studied for decades, a comprehensive analysis using bibliometrics has not been performed for atrial fibrillation-left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO). Therefore, we analyzed the scientific outputs of global LAAO research and explored the current research status and hotpots from 1994 to 2022.

METHODS

We searched the Web of Science core collection for publications related to LAAO that were published between 1994 and 2022. We then performed bibliometric analysis and visualization using Microsoft Excel 2021, Bibliometric (https://bibliometric.com), VOSviewer (version 1.6.19), CiteSpace (version 6.2. R2), and the Bibliometrix 4.0.0 Package (https://www.bibliometrix.org) based on the R language were used to perform the bibliometric analysis, trend and emerging foci of LAAO in the past 29 years, including author, country, institution, journal distribution, article citations, and keywords. In total, we identified 1285 eligible publications in the field of LAAO, with an increasing trend in the annual number of publications.

RESULTS

The United States is the country with the most published articles in this field, while the United Kingdom is the country with the most cited literature. Mayo Clinic, from the United States, has the most publications in this area and Horst Sievert from Germany had the highest number of individual publications. The analysis of keywords showed that fibrillation, stroke, safety, oral anticoagulants, and watchman were the main hotpots and frontier directions of LAAO. Surgical treatment of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, upgrading of related surgical instruments, and anticoagulation regimen after surgical treatment are the major research frontiers.

CONCLUSION

We show that the research of percutaneous LAAO has been increasing rapidly over the last decade. Our aim was to overview past studies in the field of LAAO, to grasp the frame of LAAO research, and identify new perspectives for future research.

Effectiveness of Anticoagulants in Reducing Stroke Risk Among Patients With Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a type of cardiac arrhythmia causing shortness of breath, lightheadedness, and palpitations. It may go unrecognized and asymptomatic among many patients. AF is not a potentially fatal arrhythmia; its hemodynamic, structural, and hemocoagulative effects have a significant impact on the standard of life, which can lead to various complications such as stroke. A stroke caused by AF leads to additional burdens on both patients and the global economy. Patients with AF can prevent strokes with oral anticoagulants; however, ensuring diligent adherence to medication is crucial for maximizing treatment efficacy. Since they have a lighter treatment load than warfarin, non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are also recommended with better hope for medication adherence. Various anticoagulants such as warfarin and ximelagatran, among many more, are prescribed to patients who have the potential to reduce the incidence of stroke as well as alleviate their likelihood of developing other thromboembolic events that can decrease their quality of life. Economic and psychological burdens associated with diminished functionality can be prevented by anticoagulant therapy among AF patients, therefore reducing their economic and social burden. This is due to the negative association between stroke among AF patients and anticoagulation consumption.

Minimally invasive left atrial appendage occlusion plus reduced dose direct oral anticoagulant to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation-the LAAO-PlusRE

The onset of atrial fibrillation (AF) has a direct association with left atrial appendage (LAA) function, as demonstrated by recent studies demonstrating the link between left atrial (LA) wall fibrosis, impaired contractility, and the development of AF. Non-valvular AF (NVAF) affects almost 30 million people worldwide, with this number expected to increase in the next 20 years. It is the main cause of ischemic stroke, with significant subsequent economic and social impact. Currently, the mainstay of stroke prevention in patients with NVAF is oral anticoagulation (OAC), which reduces the incidence of ischemic events at the stake of increased hemorrhagic events. Despite the introduction and widespread use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), which almost completely replaced vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), the adherence to OAC is still low, hindering the efficacy of stroke prevention. Percutaneous LAA occlusion (LAAO) is now indicated (class IIB) in patients with NVAF at increased ischemic risk who cannot undergo OAC. Recently published data demonstrated that a reduced dose of DOAC after percutaneous LAAO is superior to long-term dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) for stroke prevention in the mid-term. One of the possible pitfalls of percutaneous LAAO is postprocedural peri-device leaks (PDLs) that have been associated with increased thromboembolic events. According to LAAOS III results, surgical LAAO during cardiac surgery brings a 33% reduction in risk of stroke at five years, independently from the OAC regimen with a high rate of complete appendage occlusion. The combination of surgical LAAO and reduced dose DOAC might ensure adequate embolic prevention, lowering the hemorrhagic risk. The present manuscript aims to describe the rationale and design of the Minimally Invasive Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion Plus REduced Dose DOAC To Prevent Stroke In Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Randomized Clinical Trial (LAAO-PlusRE).

Adherence to direct or vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation: a long-term observational study

Our objectives were to measure long-term adherence to oral anticoagulants (OACs) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and to identify patient factors associated with adherence. Using linked, population-based administrative data from British Columbia, Canada, an incident cohort of adults prescribed OACs for AF was identified. We calculated the proportion of days covered (PDC) as a time-dependent covariate for each 90-day window from OAC initiation until the end of follow-up. Associations between patient attributes and adherence were assessed using generalized mixed effect linear regression models. 30,264 patients were included. Mean PDC was 0.69 (SD 0.28) over a median follow-up of 6.7 years. 54% of patients were non-adherent (PDC < 0.8). After controlling for confounders, factors positively associated with adherence were number of drug class switches, history of stroke or transient ischemic attack, history of vascular disease, time since initiation, and age. Age > 75 years at initiation, polypharmacy (among VKA users only), and receiving DOAC (vs. VKA) were negatively associated with adherence. PDC decreased over time for VKA users and increased for DOAC users. Over half of AF patients studied were, on average, nonadherent to OAC therapy and missed 32% of their doses. Several patient factors were associated with higher or lower adherence, and adherence to VKA declined during therapy while DOAC adherence increased slightly over time. To min im ize the risk stroke, adherence-supporting interventions are needed for all patients with AF, particularly those aged > 75 years, those with prior stroke or vascular disease, VKA users with polypharmacy, and DOAC recipients.

5-year stroke rates in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation after watchman compared to direct oral anticoagulants

BACKGROUND

The WATCHMAN device (Boston Scientific; Marlborough, MA, USA) is noninferior to warfarin in preventing ischemic strokes while reducing bleeding risks associated with long term anticoagulation in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AFib). The device's performance compared to direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) is less well known.

OBJECTIVE

To compare 5-year major bleeding and ischemic stroke rates in patients with nonvalvular AFib who received a WATCHMAN device or DOAC therapy after a major bleeding event.

METHODS

This retrospective, multicenter, 1:1 matched cohort study was derived from the PearlDiver Mariner database from 2010 to 2020. Patients with nonvalvular AFib on oral anticoagulation who had a major bleeding event were identified. Those who received either WATCHMAN or DOAC after resolution of the bleeding event were selected. The two groups were exactly matched 1:1 based on various comorbidities. Rates of ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), major bleeding, and hemorrhagic stroke were compared over 5 years.

RESULTS

Each cohort consisted of 2248 patients after 1:1 matching. The mean CHADS2-VASC score was 4.81 ± 1.25. At 5 years, the WATCHMAN cohort had significantly lower rates of major bleeding events [OR 0.24 (0.21, 0.27)], TIAs [OR 0.75 (0.58, 0.95)], and ischemic strokes [OR 0.72 (0.61, 0.86)]. There was no significant difference in hemorrhagic strokes [OR 1.14 (0.83, 1.58)].

CONCLUSION

Even in a high-risk population, the WATCHMAN is comparable to DOAC therapy in the primary prevention of hemorrhagic strokes and may provide benefit in the rates of bleeding events, TIAs, and ischemic strokes.

Patient Characteristics Associated With Using Transcatheter Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion Versus Oral Anticoagulants for Atrial Fibrillation

BACKGROUND

Transcatheter left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) is an alternative to oral anticoagulants (OACs) for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation, but the predictors of LAAO use in routine care are unclear. We aimed to assess the utilization trends of LAAO and compare the change in characteristics of LAAO users versus OACs since its marketing.

METHODS

Using the US Medicare claims database (March 15, 2015, to December 31, 2020), we identified patients with atrial fibrillation, ≥65 years, and CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥2 (men) or ≥3 (women), with either first implantation of an LAAO device or initiation of OACs, including apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, edoxaban, or warfarin. Patient characteristics, measured 365 days before the first LAAO or OAC use date, were compared using logistic regression.

RESULTS

There were 30 058 LAAO recipients (mean age, 77.74 years; female, 42.1%) and 792 600 OAC initiators (mean age, 78.48; female, 53.3%). In 2020, patients had higher odds of initiating LAAO use than in 2015 (0.52 versus 9.32%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 13.64 [95% CI, 12.56-14.81]). Old age (ie, >85 versus 65-75 years; aOR, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.80-0.88]), female sex (aOR, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.71-0.76]), Black race (aOR, 0.63 [95% CI, 0.58-0.68]) versus White race, and Medicaid eligibility (aOR, 0.61 [95% CI, 0.58-0.64]) were associated with lower odds of receiving LAAO. Among clinical characteristics, frailty, cancer, fractures, and venous thromboembolism were associated with lower odds of LAAO use, while history of intracranial and extracranial bleeding, coagulopathy, and falls were associated with higher odds of receiving LAAO.

CONCLUSIONS

Among patients with atrial fibrillation receiving stroke-preventive therapy, LAAO use increased rapidly from 2015 to 2020 and was positively associated with the risk factors for OAC complications but negatively associated with old age, advanced frailty, and cancer. Black race and female sex were associated with a lower likelihood of receiving LAAO.

Adherence, persistence and switching rates of apixaban, dabigatran and rivaroxaban in non-valvular atrial fibrillation: a multicentre real-life analysis at 3 years

INTRODUCTION

Adherence to and persistence with long-term treatment with oral anticoagulants play a significant role in preventing adverse events and mortality in patients with cardiac conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the adherence, persistence and switching rate at 3 years in real-life patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation receiving treatment with first-line new oral anticoagulants.

METHODS

The study assessed all patients treated with drugs with the ATC codes B01AA, B01AE, B01AF and dispensed in pharmacies in the Lanciano-Vasto-Chieti and Pescara Local Health Units from 1 January 2011 to 30 September 2021. Adherence was calculated as the proportion of days covered; persistence was calculated as the difference in days between the start and end of treatment; and the switching rate was calculated as the difference in days between the start of treatment and the switch.

RESULTS

A total of 4270 patients were analysed. The absolute adherence figure at 3 years was 0.85. The lowest adherence levels were found in patients treated with dabigatran with an absolute value of 0.72, while the highest levels were found in patients treated with rivaroxaban with an absolute value at 3 years of 0.88. The persistence curves at 3 years of treatment with dabigatran showed a statistically significant difference (p<0.0001) compared with those of rivaroxaban and apixaban.

CONCLUSIONS

The data collected over a 3-year period showed that adherence and persistence levels and switch data were optimal and comparable in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation receiving treatment with either rivaroxaban or apixaban. In contrast, patients treated with dabigatran had worrying adherence and persistence levels.

Comparative Costs to Medicare and Medicare Beneficiaries of Alternative AF Stroke Risk Reduction Strategies

Background

As healthcare costs are increasingly being shifted from payers to patients, it is important to understand the economic consequences of therapeutic strategies to both payers and patients.

Objective

To determine the relative costs to Medicare and Medicare beneficiaries (patients) of warfarin, non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs), and left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) for stroke risk reduction in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.

Methods

An economic model was developed to assess costs at 5 and 10 years. For warfarin and NOACs, inputs were derived from published meta-analyses; for LAAC with the Watchman device, inputs were derived from pooled 5-year PROTECT AF and PREVAIL trial results. The model captured therapy costs vs clinical event costs, including procedural complications and follow-up clinical outcomes. Costs were based on 2023 Medicare reimbursement and copayment rates.

Results

At 10 years, overall LAAC costs ($48,337) were lower than those of NOACs ($81,198) and warfarin ($52,359). Overall LAAC costs were lower than those of NOACs by year 5 and warfarin by year 9. At 5 years, patient LAAC costs were lowest at $4,764, compared to $7,146 and $6,453 for NOACs and warfarin, respectively. LAAC patient costs were lower than those of NOACs by year 3 and warfarin by year 4. Clinical events comprised 96% of overall warfarin costs vs 48% for LAAC and 40% for NOACs.

Conclusion

LAAC yielded the lowest overall and patient costs. Warfarin costs were largely driven by clinical events, which may represent an unplanned financial burden for patients. These considerations should be incorporated into shared decision-making discussions about stroke prophylaxis strategies.

Changing or Retaining Direct Oral Anticoagulant After Ischemic Stroke Despite Direct Oral Anticoagulant Treatment

BACKGROUND

The optimal antithrombotic strategies for patients with atrial fibrillation who experience ischemic stroke (IS) despite direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) therapy remain inconclusive. This study compared outcomes for patients with DOAC treatment failure who changed or retained their prestroke DOAC.

METHODS AND RESULTS

This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from the National Health Insurance Research Database from 2012 to 2020. Patients with atrial fibrillation who experienced IS during DOAC therapy were assigned to either (1) the DOAC-change group: changing prestroke DOAC or (2) the DOAC-retain group: retaining prestroke DOAC. The primary outcome was a composite of recurrent IS and transient ischemic attack. The secondary outcomes included intracranial hemorrhage, major bleeding, systemic thromboembolism, and all-cause death. Propensity score-based inverse probability of treatment weighting was applied to balance the baseline characteristics between the DOAC-change and DOAC-retain groups. The Cox proportional hazards model compared the risk of outcomes between the 2 groups. In total, 1979 patients were enrolled (609 DOAC-change patients and 1370 DOAC-retain patients). The incidence rates of recurrent IS or transient ischemic attack were 7.20 and 6.56 per 100 person-years in the DOAC-change and DOAC-retain groups, respectively (hazard ratio [HR], 1.07 [95% CI, 0.87-1.30]). A nonsignificantly higher incidence rate of intracranial hemorrhage was observed in the DOAC-change group compared with the DOAC-retain group (0.75 versus 0.53 per 100-person-years; HR, 1.49 [95% CI, 0.78-2.83]). The systemic thromboembolism, major bleeding, and death rates were comparable between the DOAC-change and DOAC-retain groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Changing prestroke DOAC does not reduce the risk of recurrent cerebral ischemia in patients with atrial fibrillation who develop IS during DOAC therapy. However, future studies should continue to observe the potential trends of increased intracranial hemorrhage risk.

Assessment of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (REMS) for prasugrel (EFFIENT): A narrative review

Background

Prasugrel, first approved in 2009, was subject to a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) to mitigate the risk of bleeding associated with its use.

Methods

We performed a narrative review of FDA documents obtained through a Freedom of Information Act request. Document classification and primary evidence extraction was performed by three authors (TM, JC, and SL).

Results

The prasugrel REMS consists of a medication guide and a communication plan. Assessment of the REMS was via patient and clinician surveys. 1560 patients were invited to participate and 212 individuals (13.6 %) completed the survey. Rates of awareness among respondents varied across key messages and were highest for those examining the risks of premature discontinuation (96 % and 88 % of respondents), while lower for those regarding the importance of perioperative discontinuation (66 %) and contraindications posed by a history of stroke (16 %) or transient ischemic attack (17 %). Of the 6000 clinicians invited to participate in the survey, 201 (3.4 %) agreed to take part. Four of 11 key risk messages did not meet prespecified acceptable levels of comprehension. No prespecified levels of patient or provider knowledge were required for the retirement of the REMS, which took place on March 23, 2012 based on the sponsor's request.

Conclusions

The prasugrel REMS consisted of passive educational materials whose adequacy was evaluated using highly limited, one-time, cross-sectional surveys. Our assessment adds to evidence suggesting the importance of improving the quality and impact of the FDA's post-approval activities to maximize drug safety.

Use of a steerable delivery sheath to obtain coaxial alignment in left atrial appendage occlusion after mitral transcatheter edge-to-edge repair: a case report

Background

Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) have a five-fold increase in stroke events, and ∼90% of the thrombi develop in the left atrial appendage (LAA). Left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) has emerged as a safe and feasible alternative to oral anticoagulation (OAC) for stroke prevention in selected patients with non-valvular AF and contraindications to OAC. Atrial fibrillation is closely associated with mitral disease, and there is a growing interest in combined procedures. More than half of patients undergoing a mitral transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (M-TEER) suffer of AF and many have high or unacceptable bleeding risk.

Case summary

We present a case of an 80-year-old woman suffering from paroxysmal AF, right carotid siphon aneurysm, and primary mitral regurgitation, with a high bleeding risk, who underwent a combined intervention of M-TEER and LAAO.

Discussion

The combination of these two procedures is a logical step once the access to the left atrium is obtained with a transseptal puncture (TSP) and a transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is in place to guide both procedures. The turning point in LAAO procedure is a correct TSP allowing coaxial alignment of the sheath with the LAA neck. Steerable delivery sheaths are promising dedicated tools, particularly in challenging anatomy or during combined procedures requiring different TSP positions.

Risk Profiles and Treatment Patterns in Atrial Fibrillation Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Receiving or not Receiving Anticoagulation Therapy

Background  Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at high risk for both thromboembolism and bleeding events. The latter induces a potential reason for withholding oral anticoagulation (OAC) despite an indication for prophylaxis of thromboembolic events. Methods  AF patients with CKD (estimated glomerular filtration [eGFR] rate between 15 and 49 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 ) were included in a prospective international registry in Europe between 2016 and 2020, that is, XARENO (factor XA inhibition in renal patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation observational registry). The study enrolled adult patients treated at the discretion of physicians with rivaroxaban, vitamin K antagonists (VKA), or without OAC (w/oOAC). Here, we report a prespecified explorative baseline comparison between patients receiving OAC or no OAC within XARENO. Results  In total, 1,544 patients (mean age: 78.2 years, mean eGFR: 36.2 mL/min) were studied (rivaroxaban n  = 764, VKA n  = 691, w/oOAC n  = 89). Patients in the w/oOAC group were older and had a similar stroke (mean CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score 4.0) but higher bleeding risk (mean modified Hypertension, Abnormal Renal/Liver Function, Stroke, Bleeding History or Predisposition, Labile INR, Elderly, Drugs/Alcohol Concomitantly score 2.5 vs. 1.8) compared with the OAC groups. The distribution of comorbidities including hypertension, diabetes, and heart failure was similar. Treatment with antiplatelet drugs was fivefold more frequent in the w/oOAC group. Conclusion  Only 5.8% of the overall population of AF patients with advanced CKD received no OAC. These patients were older and had a higher bleeding risk, which might explain this decision, but which contrasts with the more frequent use of antiplatelet drugs in this vulnerable group of patients.

New-onset as opposed to established atrial fibrillation as a risk factor for incident stroke

BACKGROUND

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an established risk factor for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). It remains unclear if new-onset AF confers a higher risk of AIS than longer-standing AF.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed all stroke-free patients who underwent transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in the Henry Ford Health System between March 6 and September 6, 2016. Incident AIS and new-onset AF were ascertained by the presence of new diagnostic codes in the electronic medical record over a follow-up period of up to 5 years. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to identify risk factors for new-onset AF or AIS.

RESULTS

Of 7310 patients who underwent baseline TTE the mean age was 65 years, 54% were female, 51% were Caucasian, and 46% had left atrial enlargement (LAE). Of at-risk patients, 10.9% developed new-onset AF and 2.9% experienced incident AIS. The risk of new-onset AF among at-risk patients was 3.1 times higher among patients with any degree of LAE compared to those with normal LA size (95% CI 2.6-3.6, P < 0.0001). New-onset AF, more than established AF, in turn had a powerful association with incident AIS. The cumulative 5-year risk of AIS was 3.5% in those without AF, 5.9% in those with established AF prior to TTE, and 20.1% in those with new-onset AF (P < 0.0001). In multivariable analysis new-onset AF had the strongest association with incident AIS (P < 0.0001), followed by increasing age (P = 0.0025), black race (P = 0.0032), and smoking (P = 0.0063).

CONCLUSIONS

New-onset AF has a strong relationship with incident AIS. LAE was present in nearly half of stroke-free patients undergoing TTE, and was associated with a significantly higher likelihood of new-onset AF during follow-up. Vigilant cardiac monitoring for AF in individuals with LAE, coupled with the timely initiation of anticoagulation, may be an important strategy for the primary prevention of AF-related stroke.

Country and health expenditure are major predictors of withholding anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation patients at high risk of stroke

BACKGROUND

Guidelines for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) at high thromboembolic risk recommend oral anticoagulants (OACs) for preventing stroke and systemic embolism (SE). The reasons for guideline non-adherence are still unclear.

AIM

The aim is to identify clinical, demographic and non-patient characteristics associated with withholding OAC in patients with AF at high stroke risk.

METHODS

Patients in the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-AF, newly diagnosed with AF between March 2010 and August 2016, and with CHA2DS2-VASc Score≥2 (excluding sex), were grouped by OAC treatment at enrolment. Factors associated with OAC non-use were analysed by multivariable logistic regression.

RESULTS

Of 40 416 eligible patients, 12 126 (30.0%) did not receive OACs at baseline. Globally, OAC prescription increased over time, from 60.4% in 2010-2011 to 74.7% in 2015-2016. Country of enrolment was the major predictor for OAC withholding (χ2-df=2576). Clinical predictors of OAC non-use included type of AF (χ2-df=404), history of bleeding (χ2-df=263) and vascular disease (χ2-df=99). OACs were used most frequently around the age of 75 years and decreasingly with younger as well as older age beyond 75 years (χ2-df=148). Non-cardiologists (χ2-df=201) and emergency room physicians (χ2-df=14) were less likely to prescribe OACs. OAC prescription correlated positively with country health expenditure.

CONCLUSIONS

Approximately one out of three AF patients did not receive OAC, while eligible according to the guidelines. Country of enrolment was the major determinant of anticoagulation strategy, while higher country health expenditure was associated with lower likelihood of withholding anticoagulation.

Development and Feasibility of a Primary Care Provider Training Intervention to Improve Atrial Fibrillation Management

The disparities in atrial fibrillation (AF) care are partially attributed to inadequate access to providers with specialized training in AF. Primary care providers (PCPs) are often the sole providers of AF care in under-resourced regions. As such, we sought to create a virtual education intervention for PCPs and to evaluate its impact on the use of stroke risk reduction strategies in patients with AF. A multidisciplinary team mentored PCPs on AF management over 6 months using a virtual case-based training format. Surveys of participant knowledge and confidence in AF care were compared before and after the intervention. Hierarchical logistic regression modeling was used to evaluate change in oral anticoagulation (OAC) therapy in the patients seen by participants before or after training. Of 41 participants trained, 49% worked in family medicine, 41% internal medicine, and 10% general cardiology. Participants attended a mean of 14 1-hour sessions. Overall, the appropriate use of OAC (for CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥1 man, ≥2 women) increased from 37% to 46% (p <0.001) comparing the patients seen before (n = 1,739) versus after (n = 610) intervention. The factors independently associated with appropriate OAC use included participant training (odds ratio [OR] 1.4, p = 0.002) and participant competence in AF management. The factors associated with decreased OAC use included patient age (OR 0.8 per 10 year, p = 0.008) and nonwhite race (OR 0.7, p = 0.028). Provider knowledge and confidence in AF care improved (p <0.001). In conclusion, we show that a virtual PCP training intervention improves the use of stroke risk reduction therapy in outpatients with AF and could be a widely scalable intervention to improve AF care in under-resourced communities.

Position Statement on In-hospital/Clinic Point-of-care Coagulation Testing for Anticoagulation Monitoring in Saudi Arabia

Objectives

Hospital overload is a persistent occurrence in daily practice. Interventions such as point-of-care testing (POCT) are needed to alleviate the pressure faced by healthcare providers and administrators.

Methods

An invited panel of experts from Saudi Arabia was formed under the auspices of the Saudi Heart Association in order to discuss local treatment gaps in the management of patients receiving anticoagulation therapy. This was done in a series of meetings, which resulted in the development of official recommendations for the implementation of POCT for anticoagulation monitoring in the country. Recommendations were based on a comprehensive literature review and international guidelines taking into consideration local clinical practice, clinical gaps, and treatment/testing availabilities.

Results

Vitamin K antagonist (VKA)-based anticoagulation therapy requires routine monitoring. POCT is a promising model of care for the monitoring of International Normalized Ratio (INR) in patients receiving oral anticoagulation in terms efficacy, safety and convenience. The availability of POC INR testing should not replace the use of standard laboratory anticoagulation monitoring. However, there are several indications for implementing POCTINR monitoring that was agreed upon by the expert panel. POCT for anticoagulation monitoring should primarily be used in the warfarin (or other VKA) monitoring clinic in order to ensure treatment efficiency, cost-effectiveness of care, patient satisfaction, and quality of life improvement. The expert panel detailed the requirements for the establishment of a warfarin (or other VKA) monitoring clinic in terms of organization, safety, quality control, and other logistic and technical considerations. The limitations of POCT should be recognized and recommendations on best practices should be strictly followed. Core laboratory confirmation should be sought for patients with higher INR results (>4.7) on POCT. Proper training, quality control, and regulatory oversight are also critical for preserving the accuracy and reliability of POCT results.

Conclusions

POCT enables more rapid clinical decision-making in the process of diagnosis (rule-in or rule-out), treatment choice and monitoring, and prognosis, as well as operational decision-making and resource utilization. POCT thus can fulfill an important role in clinical practice, particularly for patients receiving VKAs.

Trends in Atrial Fibrillation Management-Results from a National Multi-Center Urgent Care Network Registry

BACKGROUND

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common diagnosis in patients presenting to urgent care centers (UCCs), yet there is scant research regarding treatment in these centers. While some of these patients are managed within UCCs, some are referred for further care in an emergency department (ED).

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to identify the rate of patients referred to an ED and define predictors for this outcome. We analyzed the rates of AF diagnosis and hospital referral over the years. Finally, we described trends in patient anticoagulation (AC) medication use.

METHODS

This retrospective study included 5873 visits of patients over age 18 visiting the TEREM UCC network with a diagnosis of AF over 11 years. Multivariate analysis was used to identify predictors for ED referral.

RESULTS

In a multivariate model, predictors of referral to an ED included vascular disease (OR 1.88 (95% CI 1.43-2.45), p < 0.001), evening or night shifts (OR 1.31 (95% CI 1.11-1.55), p < 0.001; OR 1.68 (95% CI 1.32-2.15), p < 0.001; respectively), previously diagnosed AF (OR 0.31 (95% CI 0.26-0.37), p < 0.001), prior treatment with AC (OR 0.56 (95% CI 0.46-0.67), p < 0.001), beta blockers (OR 0.63 (95% CI 0.52-0.76), p < 0.001), and antiarrhythmic medication (OR 0.58 (95% CI 0.48-0.69), p < 0.001). Visits diagnosed with AF increased over the years (p = 0.030), while referrals to an ED decreased over the years (p = 0.050). The rate of novel oral anticoagulant prescriptions increased over the years.

CONCLUSIONS

The rate of referral to an ED from a UCC over the years is declining but remains high. Referrals may be predicted using simple clinical variables. This knowledge may help to reduce the burden of hospitalizations.

Limitations in Contemporary Pharmacological Stroke Prevention Therapies in Atrial Fibrillation: A Descriptive Literature Review

The most common arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation (AF), increases with age and is associated with a 5-fold increased risk of stroke. Although lifelong oral anticoagulation (OAC) is strongly recommended for stroke prevention in patients with AF and CHA2DS2-VASc ≥ 2 only 50-60% of patients in Western countries belonging to this group are treated with oral anticoagulants, and less than half of these adhere to therapy over time. Before 2010, the numerous limitations associated with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) were considered to be the reason behind OAC underuse; however, the approval of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) that require once- or twice-daily intake, no regular blood tests and fewer drug-food interactions has resulted in only modest improvements in OAC use and adherence.

Considerations for Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion During Cardiac Surgery

Atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk of stroke secondary to thrombus formation in the left atrial appendage. Left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) is an effective method of reducing the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. Although LAAO does not remove the requirement for anticoagulation, it reduces the risk of stroke when compared to anticoagulation alone. We critically analyze the data on LAAO in cardiac surgery. We also discuss the methods of LAAO, the risks of LAAO, and patient populations that could benefit from LAAO. We discuss high-level evidence that LAAO at the time of cardiac surgery reduces the risk of stroke in patients with a history of atrial fibrillation. In patients without a history of atrial fibrillation undergoing cardiac surgery, we suggest that LAAO should be considered in select patients at high risk of atrial fibrillation and stroke, when technically feasible.

Effectiveness and safety of oral anticoagulants for non-valvular atrial fibrillation: a population-based cohort study in primary healthcare in Catalonia

Objectives: Our objective was to analyse effectiveness and safety of oral anticoagulants (OAC) for stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Material and methods: Population-based cohort study including adults initiating oral anticoagulants, either direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) or vitamin K antagonists (VKA), during 2011-2020. Data source: SIDIAP, capturing information from the electronic health records of Primary Health Care in Catalonia, Spain. Study outcomes: stroke, cerebral and gastrointestinal (GI) haemorrhage, assessed by patients' subgroups according to different clinical characteristics. Results: We included 90,773 patients. Male sex, older than 75, previous event, peripheral artery disease, deep vein thrombosis, or receiving antiplatelets, antidiabetics or proton pump inhibitors (PPI) was associated with higher stroke risk. For DOAC-treated, treatment switch increased stroke risk, while being adherent had a protective effect. Men, antidiabetic treatment or a previous event increased the risk of cerebral bleeding. Receiving direct oral anticoagulants had a protective effect in comparison to vitamin K antagonists. For DOAC-treated, treatment switch increased, and adherence decreased the bleeding risk. Men, people with chronic kidney disease or a previous event posed an increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, whereas receiving PPI had a protective effect. For DOAC-treated, switch was associated with a higher bleeding risk. Conclusion: Being men, a previous event and DOAC-switch posed a higher risk for all study outcomes. direct oral anticoagulants had a protective effect against cerebral bleeding in comparison to vitamin K antagonists. Adherence to direct oral anticoagulants resulted in lower risk of stroke and cerebral bleeding. We found no differences in the risk of stroke and gastrointestinal bleeding when we compared direct oral anticoagulants vs. vitamin K antagonists.

A Real-World Evaluation of Primary Medication Nonadherence in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation Prescribed Oral Anticoagulants in the United States

BACKGROUND

Nonadherence to oral anticoagulants (OACs) is a challenge to stroke risk reduction in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Data on primary medication nonadherence (PMN) in NVAF are lacking.

OBJECTIVES

Our aim was to assess the rates and predictors of PMN among NVAF patients who were newly prescribed an OAC.

METHODS

This was a retrospective database analysis of linked healthcare claims and electronic health record data. Adult NVAF patients with a prescription order for an OAC (apixaban, rivaroxaban, dabigatran, or warfarin) between January 2016 and June 2019 were identified (date of first prescription order = index date). Patients had a 1-year baseline and a 6-month post-index period to assess the rates of PMN, defined as having a prescription order but no paid claim for any OAC on or within 30 days after the index date. Sensitivity analyses explored 60-, 90- and 180-day PMN thresholds. Logistic regression models were used to examine the predictors of PMN.

RESULTS

Among 20,393 patients, the overall 30-day PMN rate was 28.4%; PMN rates decreased to 17% with a 180-day threshold. PMN was numerically lowest for warfarin among OACs and numerically lowest for apixaban among direct OACs. A CHA2DS2-VASc score of ≥ 3, commercial insurance, and African American race were associated with higher odds of PMN.

CONCLUSIONS

More than one-quarter of patients experienced PMN within 30 days of their initial prescription order. This rate decreased over a longer period, suggesting a delay in fills. Understanding the factors associated with PMN is warranted to develop effective interventions for improving OAC treatment rates in NVAF.

Ischemic stroke and systemic embolism among patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation who abandon oral anticoagulant therapy

OBJECTIVES

To compare the risk of stroke and systemic embolism (SE) among patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) who abandoned their first direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) fill ("abandoners") relative to patients who continued DOACs beyond the first fill ("continuers").

METHODS

In this retrospective longitudinal study, adults with NVAF prescribed DOACs were selected from Symphony Health, an ICON plc Company, PatientSource, 1 April 2017 to 31 October 2020. A 90-day landmark period following the first DOAC fill was used to classify patients as abandoners or continuers. Inverse probability of treatment weighting was used to balance baseline characteristics between cohorts. Time to ischemic stroke/SE was described and compared between cohorts using weighted Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard models from the end of the landmark period until end of clinical activity or data.

RESULTS

After weighting, 200,398 and 211,352 patients comprised the abandoner and continuer cohorts, respectively. The mean duration of follow-up was 14.9 and 15.7 months, respectively. At 12 months of follow-up, the probability of ischemic stroke/SE was 1.34% in the abandoner cohort and 1.00% in the continuer cohort; the risk of ischemic stroke/SE was 35% higher in the abandoner versus continuer cohort (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] = 1.35 [1.20, 1.51]; p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with NVAF who abandoned the first DOAC fill had significantly higher risk of ischemic stroke/SE compared to patients who continued therapy beyond the first fill. There is an unmet need for better access to DOACs so that the long-term risk of poor outcomes may be minimized.

Non-Pharmacological Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia worldwide. It is associated with increased mortality and morbidity, especially due to the increased risk of ischemic stroke and systemic embolism in these patients. For this reason, thromboembolism prevention is the cornerstone of managing AF, and oral anticoagulation is nowadays the first-line treatment. However, since most thrombi form in the left atrial appendage and anticoagulant therapy may have side effects and be contraindicated in some patients, surgical and percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) have emerged as a non-pharmacological alternative. This review summarizes all existing evidence on surgical and percutaneous LAAO.

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Patients with Extremely Low and High Body Weight-Pilot Study

Phase III clinical trials for individual direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) contained a limited representation of subjects with abnormal body weight, which were mostly limited to a BMI > 40 kg/m2, or body weight > 120 kg for obese subjects, and <50 kg for underweight subjects. Although low or high body weight is not a contraindication to DOACs therapy, it can significantly affect the safety and effectiveness of treatment. Due to the limited amount of clinical data on the use of DOACs in extremely abnormal weight ranges, optimal pharmacotherapy in this group of patients is a matter of controversy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of DOAC properties in patients with abnormal body weight beyond the established cut-off points in the phase III studies for rivaroxaban, apixaban, and dabigatran. In total, 38 patients took DOACs for at least 12 months for non-valvular atrial fibrillation in 2019-2021. Blood samples were collected before the planned intake of the drug and 4 h after its administration. The determined concentrations of DOACs were statistically analyzed in relation to body weight, age, and eGFR (estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate). Among subjects taking apixaban, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran, the smallest representation of patients who achieved therapeutic concentrations were those treated with dabigatran. The population of people with abnormal body weight is a potential risk group of patients, in which some of them do not reach the therapeutic range of DOACs.

Previous antithrombotic therapy does not have an impact on the in-hospital mortality of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding

The association between antithrombotics (ATs) and the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding is well known; however, data regarding the influence of ATs on outcomes are scarce. The goals of this study are: (i) to assess the impact of prior AT therapy on in-hospital and 6-month outcomes and (ii) to determine the re-initiation rate of the ATs after a bleeding event. All patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB) who underwent urgent gastroscopy in three centres from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2019 were retrospectively analysed. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used. Among 333 patients [60% males, mean age 69.2 (±17.3) years], 44% were receiving ATs. In multivariate logistic regression, no association between AT treatment and worse in-hospital outcomes was observed. Development of haemorrhagic shock led to worse survival [odds ratio (OR) 4.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9-10.2, P < 0.001; after PSM: OR 5.3, 95% CI 1.8-15.7, P = 0.003]. During 6-months follow-up, higher age (OR 1.0, 95% CI 1.0-1.1, P = 0.002), higher comorbidity (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2-1.7, P < 0.001), a history of cancer (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.6-8.1, P < 0.001) and a history of liver cirrhosis (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.0-4.4, P = 0.029) were associated with higher mortality. After a bleeding episode, ATs were adequately re-initiated in 73.8%. Previous AT therapy does not worsen in-hospital outcomes in after UGB. Development of haemorrhagic shock predicted poor prognosis. Higher 6-month mortality was observed in older patients, patients with more comorbidities, with liver cirrhosis and cancer.