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Ulger O, Eş I, Proctor CM, Algin O. Stroke studies in large animals: Prospects of mitochondrial transplantation and enhancing efficiency using hydrogels and nanoparticle-assisted delivery. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 100:102469. [PMID: 39191353 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
One of the most frequent reasons for mortality and disability today is acute ischemic stroke, which occurs by an abrupt disruption of cerebral circulation. The intricate damage mechanism involves several factors, such as inflammatory response, disturbance of ion balance, loss of energy production, excessive reactive oxygen species and glutamate release, and finally, neuronal death. Stroke research is now carried out using several experimental models and potential therapeutics. Furthermore, studies are being conducted to address the shortcomings of clinical care. A great deal of research is being done on novel pharmacological drugs, mitochondria targeting compounds, and different approaches including brain cooling and new technologies. Still, there are many unanswered questions about disease modeling and treatment strategies. Before these new approaches may be used in therapeutic settings, they must first be tested on large animals, as most of them have been done on rodents. However, there are several limitations to large animal stroke models used for research. In this review, the damage mechanisms in acute ischemic stroke and experimental acute ischemic stroke models are addressed. The current treatment approaches and promising experimental methods such as mitochondrial transplantation, hydrogel-based interventions, and strategies like mitochondria encapsulation and chemical modification, are also examined in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oner Ulger
- Department of Mitochondria and Cellular Research, Gulhane Health Sciences Institute, University of Health Sciences, Ankara 06010, Turkiye; Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara 06010, Turkiye.
| | - Ismail Eş
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Christopher M Proctor
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Oktay Algin
- Interventional MR Clinical R&D Institute, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkiye; Department of Radiology, Medical Faculty, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkiye; National MR Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkiye
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2
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Sun W, Ahmed I, Dubrof ST, Park HJ, West FD, Zhao Q. Affinity of structural white matter tracts between infant and adult pig. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 406:110134. [PMID: 38588923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The piglet brain has been increasingly used as an excellent surrogate for investigation of pediatric neurodevelopment, nutrition, and traumatic brain injuries. This study intends to establish a piglet brain's structural connectivity model and compare it with the adult pig, enhancing its application for structurally guided functional analysis. METHODS In this study, diffusion-weighted (DW)-MRI data from piglets (n=11, 3-week-old) was used to establish piglet model and compare with adult pigs. We employed a data-driven independent component analysis (ICA) method to derive piglet-specific tracts. Pearson correlations and Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergences was employed to identify common tracts and unique tracts for piglet. Common tracts were then used in a blueprint connectome study to highlight differences in regions of interest (ROI). RESULTS The data-driven approach applied to piglet brains revealed 17 common tracts, showing high similarity with adult pigs' white matter (WM) tracts, and identified 3 tracts unique to piglets and 10 negative marker tracts. Additionally, the study highlighted notable differences in 3 ROIs associated with blueprint connectome. COMPARING WITH EXISTING METHODS This study marks a significant shift from surface-based to voxel-based methodologies in analyzing pig brain structural connectivity and generating connectome blueprints. Additionally, it sheds light on the use of the piglet model for developmental studies, offering new perspectives in this area. CONCLUSION This study established a piglet brain tract model and conducts a comparative analysis of adult pig's and piglet's structural connectivity. These findings underscore the potential use of the piglet brain model in employing piglet model for developmental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwu Sun
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ishfaque Ahmed
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Stephanie T Dubrof
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, USA
| | - Hea Jin Park
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, USA
| | - Franklin D West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Animal and Diary Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Qun Zhao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Nielsen TGNDS, Dancause N, Janjua TAM, Andreis FR, Kjærgaard B, Jensen W. Porcine Model of Cerebral Ischemic Stroke Utilizing Intracortical Recordings for the Continuous Monitoring of the Ischemic Area. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2967. [PMID: 38793822 PMCID: PMC11124877 DOI: 10.3390/s24102967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our aim was to use intracortical recording to enable the tracking of ischemic infarct development over the first few critical hours of ischemia with a high time resolution in pigs. We employed electrophysiological measurements to obtain quick feedback on neural function, which might be useful for screening, e.g., for the optimal dosage and timing of agents prior to further pre-clinical evaluation. METHODS Micro-electrode arrays containing 16 (animal 1) or 32 electrodes (animal 2-7) were implanted in the primary somatosensory cortex of seven female pigs, and continuous electrical stimulation was applied at 0.2 Hz to a cuff electrode implanted on the ulnar nerve. Ischemic stroke was induced after 30 min of baseline recording by injection of endothelin-1 onto the cortex adjacent to the micro-electrode array. Evoked responses were extracted over a moving window of 180 s and averaged across channels as a measure of cortical excitability. RESULTS Across the animals, the cortical excitability was significantly reduced in all seven 30 min segments following endothelin-1 injection, as compared to the 30 min preceding this intervention. This difference was not explained by changes in the anesthesia, ventilation, end-tidal CO2, mean blood pressure, heart rate, blood oxygenation, or core temperature, which all remained stable throughout the experiment. CONCLUSIONS The animal model may assist in maturing neuroprotective approaches by testing them in an accessible model of resemblance to human neural and cardiovascular physiology and body size. This would constitute an intermediate step for translating positive results from rodent studies into human application, by more efficiently enabling effective optimization prior to chronic pre-clinical studies in large animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Numa Dancause
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Taha Al Muhammadee Janjua
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Selma Lagerløfs Vej 249, 9260 Gistrup, Denmark
| | - Felipe Rettore Andreis
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Selma Lagerløfs Vej 249, 9260 Gistrup, Denmark
| | - Benedict Kjærgaard
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Winnie Jensen
- Bevica Center, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Selma Lagerløfs Vej 249, 9260 Gistrup, Denmark
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Selma Lagerløfs Vej 249, 9260 Gistrup, Denmark
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Pupillary Light Response Deficits in 4-Week-Old Piglets and Adolescent Children after Low-Velocity Head Rotations and Sports-Related Concussions. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020587. [PMID: 36831121 PMCID: PMC9952885 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders and traumatic brain injury (TBI) are among the leading causes of death and disability. The pupillary light reflex (PLR) is an emerging diagnostic tool for concussion in humans. We compared PLR obtained with a commercially available pupillometer in the 4 week old piglet model of the adolescent brain subject to rapid nonimpact head rotation (RNR), and in human adolescents with and without sports-related concussion (SRC). The 95% PLR reference ranges (RR, for maximum and minimum pupil diameter, latency, and average and peak constriction velocities) were established in healthy piglets (N = 13), and response reliability was validated in nine additional healthy piglets. PLR assessments were obtained in female piglets allocated to anesthetized sham (N = 10), single (sRNR, N = 13), and repeated (rRNR, N = 14) sagittal low-velocity RNR at pre-injury, as well as days 1, 4, and 7 post injury, and evaluated against RRs. In parallel, we established human PLR RRs in healthy adolescents (both sexes, N = 167) and compared healthy PLR to values obtained <28 days from a SRC (N = 177). In piglets, maximum and minimum diameter deficits were greater in rRNR than sRNR. Alterations peaked on day 1 post sRNR and rRNR, and remained altered at day 4 and 7. In SRC adolescents, the proportion of adolescents within the RR was significantly lower for maximum pupil diameter only (85.8%). We show that PLR deficits may persist in humans and piglets after low-velocity head rotations. Differences in timing of assessment after injury, developmental response to injury, and the number and magnitude of impacts may contribute to the differences observed between species. We conclude that PLR is a feasible, quantifiable involuntary physiological metric of neurological dysfunction in pigs, as well as humans. Healthy PLR porcine and human reference ranges established can be used for neurofunctional assessments after TBI or hypoxic exposures (e.g., stroke, apnea, or cardiac arrest).
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5
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Jia JM, Jin Y. Modeling Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Neonatal Rodents with Magnetic Nanoparticles or Magnetized Red Blood Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2616:55-65. [PMID: 36715928 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2926-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
It is challenging to establish animal models to mimic perinatal arterial ischemic stroke. Here, we provided two approaches that precisely occlude rodent pups' distal middle cerebral artery of rodent pups at any postnatal age. One uses magnetic nanoparticles to generate platelet-rich thrombus, and the other utilizes magnetized red blood cells (mRBCs) to generate an erythrocyte-rich embolus. Both approaches result in focal cerebral ischemia followed by controllable reperfusion while requiring no arterial surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Min Jia
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yuxiao Jin
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
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6
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Singh AA, Kharwar A, Dandekar MP. A Review on Preclinical Models of Ischemic Stroke: Insights Into the Pathomechanisms and New Treatment Strategies. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1667-1686. [PMID: 34493185 PMCID: PMC9881062 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210907092928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is a serious neurovascular problem and the leading cause of disability and death worldwide. The disrupted demand to supply ratio of blood and glucose during cerebral ischemia develops hypoxic shock, and subsequently necrotic neuronal death in the affected regions. Multiple causal factors like age, sex, race, genetics, diet, and lifestyle play an important role in the occurrence as well as progression of post-stroke deleterious events. These biological and environmental factors may be contributed to vasculature variable architecture and abnormal neuronal activity. Since recombinant tissue plasminogen activator is the only clinically effective clot bursting drug, there is a huge unmet medical need for newer therapies for the treatment of stroke. Innumerous therapeutic interventions have shown promise in the experimental models of stroke but failed to translate it into clinical counterparts. METHODS Original publications regarding pathophysiology, preclinical experimental models, new targets and therapies targeting ischemic stroke have been reviewed since the 1970s. RESULTS We highlighted the critical underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of cerebral stroke and preclinical stroke models. We discuss the strengths and caveats of widely used ischemic stroke models, and commented on the potential translational problems. We also describe the new emerging treatment strategies, including stem cell therapy, neurotrophic factors and gut microbiome-based therapy for the management of post-stroke consequences. CONCLUSION There are still many inter-linked pathophysiological alterations with regards to stroke, animal models need not necessarily mimic the same conditions of stroke pathology and newer targets and therapies are the need of the hour in stroke research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya A. Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Balanagar, TS 500037, India
| | - Akash Kharwar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Balanagar, TS 500037, India
| | - Manoj P. Dandekar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Balanagar, TS 500037, India,Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Balanagar, TS 500037, India; Tel: +91-40-23074750; E-mail:
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7
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Taha A, Bobi J, Dammers R, Dijkhuizen RM, Dreyer AY, van Es ACGM, Ferrara F, Gounis MJ, Nitzsche B, Platt S, Stoffel MH, Volovici V, Del Zoppo GJ, Duncker DJ, Dippel DWJ, Boltze J, van Beusekom HMM. Comparison of Large Animal Models for Acute Ischemic Stroke: Which Model to Use? Stroke 2022; 53:1411-1422. [PMID: 35164533 PMCID: PMC10962757 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.036050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Translation of acute ischemic stroke research to the clinical setting remains limited over the last few decades with only one drug, recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator, successfully completing the path from experimental study to clinical practice. To improve the selection of experimental treatments before testing in clinical studies, the use of large gyrencephalic animal models of acute ischemic stroke has been recommended. Currently, these models include, among others, dogs, swine, sheep, and nonhuman primates that closely emulate aspects of the human setting of brain ischemia and reperfusion. Species-specific characteristics, such as the cerebrovascular architecture or pathophysiology of thrombotic/ischemic processes, significantly influence the suitability of a model to address specific research questions. In this article, we review key characteristics of the main large animal models used in translational studies of acute ischemic stroke, regarding (1) anatomy and physiology of the cerebral vasculature, including brain morphology, coagulation characteristics, and immune function; (2) ischemic stroke modeling, including vessel occlusion approaches, reproducibility of infarct size, procedural complications, and functional outcome assessment; and (3) implementation aspects, including ethics, logistics, and costs. This review specifically aims to facilitate the selection of the appropriate large animal model for studies on acute ischemic stroke, based on specific research questions and large animal model characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aladdin Taha
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology (A.T., J.B., D.J.D., H.M.M.v.B.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center (A.T., D.W.J.D.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joaquim Bobi
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology (A.T., J.B., D.J.D., H.M.M.v.B.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ruben Dammers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stroke Center (R.D., V.V.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rick M Dijkhuizen
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands (R.M.D.)
| | - Antje Y Dreyer
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany (A.Y.D.)
| | - Adriaan C G M van Es
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (A.C.G.M.v.E.)
| | - Fabienne Ferrara
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany (F.F.)
| | - Matthew J Gounis
- Department of Radiology, New England Center for Stroke Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (M.J.G.)
| | - Björn Nitzsche
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (B.N.), University of Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine (B.N.), University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simon Platt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens (S.P.)
| | - Michael H Stoffel
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland (M.H.S.)
| | - Victor Volovici
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stroke Center (R.D., V.V.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gregory J Del Zoppo
- Division of Hematology (G.J.d.Z.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
- Department of Medicine (G.J.d.Z.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
- Department of Neurology (G.J.d.Z.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Dirk J Duncker
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology (A.T., J.B., D.J.D., H.M.M.v.B.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Diederik W J Dippel
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center (A.T., D.W.J.D.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes Boltze
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom (J.B.)
| | - Heleen M M van Beusekom
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology (A.T., J.B., D.J.D., H.M.M.v.B.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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8
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Jin Y, Shi P, Wang Y, Li J, Zhang J, Zhao X, Ge Y, Huang Y, Guo M, Wang F, Ci B, Xiao X, Gao X, Xu J, Dang B, Ji B, Ge WP, Jia JM. Precise control of embolic stroke with magnetized red blood cells in mice. Commun Biol 2022; 5:136. [PMID: 35173272 PMCID: PMC8850623 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise embolism control in immature brains can facilitate mechanistic studies of brain damage and repair after perinatal arterial ischemic stroke (PAIS), but it remains a technical challenge. Microhemorrhagic transformation is observed in one-third of infant patients who have suffered PAIS, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Building on an established approach that uses magnetic nanoparticles to induce PAIS, we develop a more advanced approach that utilizes magnetized erythrocytes to precisely manipulate de novo and in situ embolus formation and reperfusion in perinatal rodent brains. This approach grants spatiotemporal control of embolic stroke without any transarterial delivery of pre-formed emboli. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that erythrocytes rather than nanoparticles are the main material obstructing the vessels. Both approaches can induce microbleeds as an age-dependent complication; this complication can be prevented by microglia and macrophage depletion. Thus, this study provides an animal model mimicking perinatal embolic stroke and implies a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of perinatal stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China.,Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China.,Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Peijun Shi
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,School of Engineering, Westlake University and Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinghang Li
- School of Engineering, Westlake University and Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiachen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaping Ge
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China.,Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China.,Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Yanjie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Mengzhun Guo
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feidi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bo Ci
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xian Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China.,Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Xiaofei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China.,Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Jianrong Xu
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bobo Dang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Botao Ji
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,School of Engineering, Westlake University and Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Woo-Ping Ge
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Jie-Min Jia
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China. .,Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China. .,Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
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9
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Simchick G, Scheulin KM, Sun W, Sneed SE, Fagan MM, Cheek SR, West FD, Zhao Q. Detecting functional connectivity disruptions in a translational pediatric traumatic brain injury porcine model using resting-state and task-based fMRI. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12406. [PMID: 34117318 PMCID: PMC8196021 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91853-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has significant potential to evaluate changes in brain network activity after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and enable early prognosis of potential functional (e.g., motor, cognitive, behavior) deficits. In this study, resting-state and task-based fMRI (rs- and tb-fMRI) were utilized to examine network changes in a pediatric porcine TBI model that has increased predictive potential in the development of novel therapies. rs- and tb-fMRI were performed one day post-TBI in piglets. Activation maps were generated using group independent component analysis (ICA) and sparse dictionary learning (sDL). Activation maps were compared to pig reference functional connectivity atlases and evaluated using Pearson spatial correlation coefficients and mean ratios. Nonparametric permutation analyses were used to determine significantly different activation areas between the TBI and healthy control groups. Significantly lower Pearson values and mean ratios were observed in the visual, executive control, and sensorimotor networks for TBI piglets compared to controls. Significant differences were also observed within several specific individual anatomical structures within each network. In conclusion, both rs- and tb-fMRI demonstrate the ability to detect functional connectivity disruptions in a translational TBI piglet model, and these disruptions can be traced to specific affected anatomical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Simchick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, 500 D.W. Brooks Drive Rm 119, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, 425 River Road Rm 316, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Kelly M Scheulin
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, 425 River Road Rm 316, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Wenwu Sun
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, 500 D.W. Brooks Drive Rm 119, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, 425 River Road Rm 316, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Sydney E Sneed
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, 425 River Road Rm 316, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Madison M Fagan
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, 425 River Road Rm 316, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Savannah R Cheek
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Franklin D West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, 425 River Road Rm 316, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Qun Zhao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, 500 D.W. Brooks Drive Rm 119, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, 425 River Road Rm 316, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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10
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Spellicy SE, Hess DC. The Immunomodulatory Capacity of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in the Post-stroke Environment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:647415. [PMID: 33796535 PMCID: PMC8007866 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.647415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has proven to be a key contributing factor to the pathogenesis of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. This sequential and progressive response, marked by proliferation of resident immune cells and recruitment of peripheral immune populations, results in increased oxidative stress, and neuronal cell death. Therapeutics aimed at quelling various stages of this post-stroke inflammatory response have shown promise recently, one of which being differentiated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). While direct repopulation of damaged tissues and enhanced neurogenesis are hypothesized to encompass some of the therapeutic potential of iPSCs, recent evidence has demonstrated a substantial paracrine effect on neuroinflammation. Specifically, investigation of iPSCs, iPSC-neural progenitor cells (iPSC-NPCs), and iPSC-neuroepithelial like stem cells (iPSC-lt-NESC) has demonstrated significant immunomodulation of proinflammatory signaling and endogenous inflammatory cell populations, such as microglia. This review aims to examine the mechanisms by which iPSCs mediate neuroinflammation in the post-stroke environment, as well as delineate avenues for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E Spellicy
- MD-Ph.D. Program, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - David C Hess
- Dean's Office, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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11
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Jiao Y, Liu YW, Chen WG, Liu J. Neuroregeneration and functional recovery after stroke: advancing neural stem cell therapy toward clinical application. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:80-92. [PMID: 32788451 PMCID: PMC7818886 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.286955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a main cause of death and disability worldwide. The ability of the brain to self-repair in the acute and chronic phases after stroke is minimal; however, promising stem cell-based interventions are emerging that may give substantial and possibly complete recovery of brain function after stroke. Many animal models and clinical trials have demonstrated that neural stem cells (NSCs) in the central nervous system can orchestrate neurological repair through nerve regeneration, neuron polarization, axon pruning, neurite outgrowth, repair of myelin, and remodeling of the microenvironment and brain networks. Compared with other types of stem cells, NSCs have unique advantages in cell replacement, paracrine action, inflammatory regulation and neuroprotection. Our review summarizes NSC origins, characteristics, therapeutic mechanisms and repair processes, then highlights current research findings and clinical evidence for NSC therapy. These results may be helpful to inform the direction of future stroke research and to guide clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiao
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian Innovation Institute of Stem Cells and Precision Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yu-Wan Liu
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wei-Gong Chen
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian Innovation Institute of Stem Cells and Precision Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian Innovation Institute of Stem Cells and Precision Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
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12
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Melià-Sorolla M, Castaño C, DeGregorio-Rocasolano N, Rodríguez-Esparragoza L, Dávalos A, Martí-Sistac O, Gasull T. Relevance of Porcine Stroke Models to Bridge the Gap from Pre-Clinical Findings to Clinical Implementation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186568. [PMID: 32911769 PMCID: PMC7555414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search of animal stroke models providing translational advantages for biomedical research, pigs are large mammals with interesting brain characteristics and wide social acceptance. Compared to rodents, pigs have human-like highly gyrencephalic brains. In addition, increasingly through phylogeny, animals have more sophisticated white matter connectivity; thus, ratios of white-to-gray matter in humans and pigs are higher than in rodents. Swine models provide the opportunity to study the effect of stroke with emphasis on white matter damage and neuroanatomical changes in connectivity, and their pathophysiological correlate. In addition, the subarachnoid space surrounding the swine brain resembles that of humans. This allows the accumulation of blood and clots in subarachnoid hemorrhage models mimicking the clinical condition. The clot accumulation has been reported to mediate pathological mechanisms known to contribute to infarct progression and final damage in stroke patients. Importantly, swine allows trustworthy tracking of brain damage evolution using the same non-invasive multimodal imaging sequences used in the clinical practice. Moreover, several models of comorbidities and pathologies usually found in stroke patients have recently been established in swine. We review here ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke models reported so far in pigs. The advantages and limitations of each model are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Melià-Sorolla
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Department of Neurosciences, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; (M.M.-S.); (N.D.-R.)
| | - Carlos Castaño
- Neurointerventional Radiology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain;
| | - Núria DeGregorio-Rocasolano
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Department of Neurosciences, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; (M.M.-S.); (N.D.-R.)
| | - Luis Rodríguez-Esparragoza
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; (L.R.-E.); (A.D.)
| | - Antoni Dávalos
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; (L.R.-E.); (A.D.)
| | - Octavi Martí-Sistac
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Department of Neurosciences, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; (M.M.-S.); (N.D.-R.)
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Carretera del Canyet, Camí de les Escoles s/n, Edifici Mar, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Correspondence: (O.M.-S.); (T.G.); Tel.: +34-930330531 (O.M.-S.)
| | - Teresa Gasull
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Department of Neurosciences, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; (M.M.-S.); (N.D.-R.)
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Carretera del Canyet, Camí de les Escoles s/n, Edifici Mar, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Correspondence: (O.M.-S.); (T.G.); Tel.: +34-930330531 (O.M.-S.)
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13
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Fang X, Sun W, Jeon J, Azain M, Kinder H, Ahn J, Chung HC, Mote RS, Filipov NM, Zhao Q, Rayalam S, Park HJ. Perinatal Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation Improves Cognition and Alters Brain Functional Organization in Piglets. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2090. [PMID: 32679753 PMCID: PMC7400913 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies associate maternal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/DHA-containing seafood intake with enhanced cognitive development; although, it should be noted that interventional trials show inconsistent findings. We examined perinatal DHA supplementation on cognitive performance, brain anatomical and functional organization, and the brain monoamine neurotransmitter status of offspring using a piglet model. Sows were fed a control (CON) or a diet containing DHA (DHA) from late gestation throughout lactation. Piglets underwent an open field test (OFT), an object recognition test (ORT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to acquire anatomical, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) at weaning. Piglets from DHA-fed sows spent 95% more time sniffing the walls than CON in OFT and exhibited an elevated interest in the novel object in ORT, while CON piglets demonstrated no preference. Maternal DHA supplementation increased fiber length and tended to increase fractional anisotropy in the hippocampus of offspring than CON. DHA piglets exhibited increased functional connectivity in the cerebellar, visual, and default mode network and decreased activity in executive control and sensorimotor network compared to CON. The brain monoamine neurotransmitter levels did not differ in healthy offspring. Perinatal DHA supplementation may increase exploratory behaviors, improve recognition memory, enhance fiber tract integrity, and alter brain functional organization in offspring at weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Fang
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (X.F.); (J.J.)
| | - Wenwu Sun
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (W.S.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Julie Jeon
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (X.F.); (J.J.)
| | - Michael Azain
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (M.A.); (H.K.)
| | - Holly Kinder
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (M.A.); (H.K.)
| | - Jeongyoun Ahn
- Department of Statistics, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (J.A.); (H.C.C.)
| | - Hee Cheol Chung
- Department of Statistics, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (J.A.); (H.C.C.)
| | - Ryan S. Mote
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (R.S.M.); (N.M.F.)
| | - Nikolay M. Filipov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (R.S.M.); (N.M.F.)
| | - Qun Zhao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (W.S.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Srujana Rayalam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Suwanee, GA 30024, USA
| | - Hea Jin Park
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (X.F.); (J.J.)
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14
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Rodent Models of Developmental Ischemic Stroke for Translational Research: Strengths and Weaknesses. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:5089321. [PMID: 31093271 PMCID: PMC6476045 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5089321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia can occur at any stage in life, but clinical consequences greatly differ depending on the developmental stage of the affected brain structures. Timing of the lesion occurrence seems to be critical, as it strongly interferes with neuronal circuit development and determines the way spontaneous plasticity takes place. Translational stroke research requires the use of animal models as they represent a reliable tool to understand the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the generation, progression, and pathological consequences of a stroke. Moreover, in vivo experiments are instrumental to investigate new therapeutic strategies and the best temporal window of intervention. Differently from adults, very few models of the human developmental stroke have been characterized, and most of them have been established in rodents. The models currently used provide a better understanding of the molecular factors involved in the effects of ischemia; however, they still hold many limitations due to matching developmental stages across different species and the complexity of the human disorder that hardly can be described by segregated variables. In this review, we summarize the key factors contributing to neonatal brain vulnerability to ischemic strokes and we provide an overview of the advantages and limitations of the currently available models to recapitulate different aspects of the human developmental stroke.
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15
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Armstead WM, Hekierski H, Pastor P, Yarovoi S, Higazi AAR, Cines DB. Release of IL-6 After Stroke Contributes to Impaired Cerebral Autoregulation and Hippocampal Neuronal Necrosis Through NMDA Receptor Activation and Upregulation of ET-1 and JNK. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 10:104-111. [PMID: 29476447 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0617-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The sole FDA-approved drug treatment for ischemic stroke is tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). However, upregulation of JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and endothelin 1 (ET-1) by tPA after stroke contributes to impaired cerebrovascular autoregulation. Wild-type (wt) tPA can bind to the lipoprotein-related receptor (LRP), which mediates vasodilation, or NMDA receptors (NMDA-Rs), exacerbating vasoconstriction. Elevations in IL-6, a marker of inflammation that accompanies stroke, are reported to be an adverse prognostic factor. We hypothesized that IL-6 released into CSF after stroke by wt-tPA through activation of NMDA-Rs and upregulation of ET-1 and JNK contribute to impairment of cerebrovascular autoregulation and increased histopathology. Results show that IL-6 was increased post stroke in pigs, which was increased further by wt-tPA. Co-administration of the IL-6 antagonist LMT-28 with wt-tPA prevented impairment of cerebrovascular autoregulation and necrosis of hippocampal cells. wt-tPA co-administered with the JNK inhibitor SP 600125 and the ET-1 antagonist BQ 123 blocked stroke-induced elevation of IL-6. Co-administration of LMT-28 with wt-tPA blocked the augmentation of JNK and ET-1 post stroke. In conclusion, IL-6 released after stroke, which is enhanced by wt-tPA through activation of NMDA-Rs and upregulation of ET-1 and JNK, impairs cerebrovascular autoregulation and increases histopathology. Strategies that promote fibrinolysis while limiting activation of NMDA-Rs and upregulation of IL-6 may improve the benefit/risk ratio compared to wt-tPA in treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Armstead
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, JM3, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Hugh Hekierski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, JM3, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Philip Pastor
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, JM3, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Serge Yarovoi
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Abd Al-Roof Higazi
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Douglas B Cines
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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16
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Kim KT, Streijger F, Manouchehri N, So K, Shortt K, Okon EB, Tigchelaar S, Cripton P, Kwon BK. Review of the UBC Porcine Model of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2018; 61:539-547. [PMID: 30196652 PMCID: PMC6129752 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2017.0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) research has recently focused on the use of rat and mouse models for in vivo SCI experiments. Such small rodent SCI models are invaluable for the field, and much has been discovered about the biologic and physiologic aspects of SCI from these models. It has been difficult, however, to reproduce the efficacy of treatments found to produce neurologic benefits in rodent SCI models when these treatments are tested in human clinical trials. A large animal model may have advantages for translational research where anatomical, physiological, or genetic similarities to humans may be more relevant for pre-clinically evaluating novel therapies. Here, we review the work carried out at the University of British Columbia (UBC) on a large animal model of SCI that utilizes Yucatan miniature pigs. The UBC porcine model of SCI may be a useful intermediary in the pre-clinical testing of novel pharmacological treatments, cell-based therapies, and the “bedside back to bench” translation of human clinical observations, which require preclinical testing in an applicable animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Tae Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Femke Streijger
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Neda Manouchehri
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kitty So
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Katelyn Shortt
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Elena B Okon
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Seth Tigchelaar
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Peter Cripton
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Brian K Kwon
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Vancouver Spine Surgery Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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17
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Webb RL, Kaiser EE, Jurgielewicz BJ, Spellicy S, Scoville SL, Thompson TA, Swetenburg RL, Hess DC, West FD, Stice SL. Human Neural Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles Improve Recovery in a Porcine Model of Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2018; 49:1248-1256. [PMID: 29650593 PMCID: PMC5916046 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recent work from our group suggests that human neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle (NSC EV) treatment improves both tissue and sensorimotor function in a preclinical thromboembolic mouse model of stroke. In this study, NSC EVs were evaluated in a pig ischemic stroke model, where clinically relevant end points were used to assess recovery in a more translational large animal model. METHODS Ischemic stroke was induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and either NSC EV or PBS treatment was administered intravenously at 2, 14, and 24 hours post-MCAO. NSC EV effects on tissue level recovery were evaluated via magnetic resonance imaging at 1 and 84 days post-MCAO. Effects on functional recovery were also assessed through longitudinal behavior and gait analysis testing. RESULTS NSC EV treatment was neuroprotective and led to significant improvements at the tissue and functional levels in stroked pigs. NSC EV treatment eliminated intracranial hemorrhage in ischemic lesions in NSC EV pigs (0 of 7) versus control pigs (7 of 8). NSC EV-treated pigs exhibited a significant decrease in cerebral lesion volume and decreased brain swelling relative to control pigs 1-day post-MCAO. NSC EVs significantly reduced edema in treated pigs relative to control pigs, as assessed by improved diffusivity through apparent diffusion coefficient maps. NSC EVs preserved white matter integrity with increased corpus callosum fractional anisotropy values 84 days post-MCAO. Behavior and mobility improvements paralleled structural changes as NSC EV-treated pigs exhibited improved outcomes, including increased exploratory behavior and faster restoration of spatiotemporal gait parameters. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated for the first time that in a large animal model novel NSC EVs significantly improved neural tissue preservation and functional levels post-MCAO, suggesting NSC EVs may be a paradigm changing stroke therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Webb
- From the ArunA Biomedical, Athens, GA (R.L.W., S.L. Scoville, T.A.T., R.L.S).,Regenerative Bioscience Center (R.L.W., E.E.K., B.J.J., S.S., F.D.W., S.L. Stice)
| | - Erin E Kaiser
- Regenerative Bioscience Center (R.L.W., E.E.K., B.J.J., S.S., F.D.W., S.L. Stice).,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (E.E.K., F.D.W.)
| | - Brian J Jurgielewicz
- Regenerative Bioscience Center (R.L.W., E.E.K., B.J.J., S.S., F.D.W., S.L. Stice)
| | - Samantha Spellicy
- Regenerative Bioscience Center (R.L.W., E.E.K., B.J.J., S.S., F.D.W., S.L. Stice)
| | - Shelley L Scoville
- From the ArunA Biomedical, Athens, GA (R.L.W., S.L. Scoville, T.A.T., R.L.S)
| | - Tyler A Thompson
- From the ArunA Biomedical, Athens, GA (R.L.W., S.L. Scoville, T.A.T., R.L.S)
| | | | - David C Hess
- University of Georgia, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens; and Department of Neurology, Augusta University, GA (D.C.H.)
| | - Franklin D West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center (R.L.W., E.E.K., B.J.J., S.S., F.D.W., S.L. Stice).,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (E.E.K., F.D.W.)
| | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center (R.L.W., E.E.K., B.J.J., S.S., F.D.W., S.L. Stice)
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18
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Sorby-Adams AJ, Vink R, Turner RJ. Large animal models of stroke and traumatic brain injury as translational tools. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29537289 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00163.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute central nervous system injury, encompassing traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke, accounts for a significant burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Studies in animal models have greatly enhanced our understanding of the complex pathophysiology that underlies TBI and stroke and enabled the preclinical screening of over 1,000 novel therapeutic agents. Despite this, the translation of novel therapeutics from experimental models to clinical therapies has been extremely poor. One potential explanation for this poor clinical translation is the choice of experimental model, given that the majority of preclinical TBI and ischemic stroke studies have been conducted in small animals, such as rodents, which have small lissencephalic brains. However, the use of large animal species such as nonhuman primates, sheep, and pigs, which have large gyrencephalic human-like brains, may provide an avenue to improve clinical translation due to similarities in neuroanatomical structure when compared with widely adopted rodent models. This purpose of this review is to provide an overview of large animal models of TBI and ischemic stroke, including the surgical considerations, key benefits, and limitations of each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel J Sorby-Adams
- Adelaide Medical School and Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Robert Vink
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Renée J Turner
- Adelaide Medical School and Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia
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19
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Release of IL-6 After Stroke Contributes to Impaired Cerebral Autoregulation and Hippocampal Neuronal Necrosis Through NMDA Receptor Activation and Upregulation of ET-1 and JNK. Transl Stroke Res 2018. [PMID: 29476447 DOI: 10.1007/s12975‐018‐0617‐z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The sole FDA-approved drug treatment for ischemic stroke is tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). However, upregulation of JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and endothelin 1 (ET-1) by tPA after stroke contributes to impaired cerebrovascular autoregulation. Wild-type (wt) tPA can bind to the lipoprotein-related receptor (LRP), which mediates vasodilation, or NMDA receptors (NMDA-Rs), exacerbating vasoconstriction. Elevations in IL-6, a marker of inflammation that accompanies stroke, are reported to be an adverse prognostic factor. We hypothesized that IL-6 released into CSF after stroke by wt-tPA through activation of NMDA-Rs and upregulation of ET-1 and JNK contribute to impairment of cerebrovascular autoregulation and increased histopathology. Results show that IL-6 was increased post stroke in pigs, which was increased further by wt-tPA. Co-administration of the IL-6 antagonist LMT-28 with wt-tPA prevented impairment of cerebrovascular autoregulation and necrosis of hippocampal cells. wt-tPA co-administered with the JNK inhibitor SP 600125 and the ET-1 antagonist BQ 123 blocked stroke-induced elevation of IL-6. Co-administration of LMT-28 with wt-tPA blocked the augmentation of JNK and ET-1 post stroke. In conclusion, IL-6 released after stroke, which is enhanced by wt-tPA through activation of NMDA-Rs and upregulation of ET-1 and JNK, impairs cerebrovascular autoregulation and increases histopathology. Strategies that promote fibrinolysis while limiting activation of NMDA-Rs and upregulation of IL-6 may improve the benefit/risk ratio compared to wt-tPA in treatment of stroke.
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20
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Stem Cell Therapy Enhances Recovery in an Ischemic Stroke Pig Model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10075. [PMID: 28855627 PMCID: PMC5577218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem cells (iNSCs) have significant potential as an autologous, multifunctional cell therapy for stroke, which is the primary cause of long term disability in the United States and the second leading cause of death worldwide. Here we show that iNSC transplantation improves recovery through neuroprotective, regenerative, and cell replacement mechanisms in a novel ischemic pig stroke model. Longitudinal multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) following iNSC therapy demonstrated reduced changes in white matter integrity, cerebral blood perfusion, and brain metabolism in the infarcted tissue. The observed tissue level recovery strongly correlated with decreased immune response, enhanced neuronal protection, and increased neurogenesis. iNSCs differentiated into neurons and oligodendrocytes with indication of long term integration. The robust recovery response to iNSC therapy in a translational pig stroke model with increased predictive potential strongly supports that iNSCs may be the critically needed therapeutic for human stroke patients.
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21
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Armstead WM, Hekierski H, Yarovoi S, Higazi AAR, Cines DB. tPA variant tPA-A 296-299 Prevents impairment of cerebral autoregulation and necrosis of hippocampal neurons after stroke by inhibiting upregulation of ET-1. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:128-137. [PMID: 28703856 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is neurotoxic and exacerbates uncoupling of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and metabolism after stroke, yet it remains the sole FDA-approved drug for treatment of ischemic stroke. Upregulation of c-Jun-terminal kinase (JNK) after stroke contributes to tPA-mediated impairment of autoregulation, but the role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) is unknown. Based on the Glasgow Coma Scale, impaired autoregulation is linked to adverse outcomes after TBI, but correlation with hippocampal histopathology after stroke has not been established. We propose that given after stroke, tPA activates N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptors (NMDA-Rs) and upregulates ET-1 in a JNK dependent manner, imparing autoregulation and leading to histopathology. After stroke, CBF was reduced in the hippocampus and reduced further during hypotension, which did not occur in hypotensive sham pigs, indicating impairment of autoregulation. Autoregulation and necrosis of hippocampal CA1 and CA3 neurons were further impaired by tPA, but were preserved by the ET-1 antagonist BQ 123 and tPA-A,296-299 a variant that is fibrinolytic but does not bind to NMDA-Rs. Expression of ET-1 was increased by stroke and potentiated by tPA but returned to sham levels by tPA-A296-299 and the JNK antagonist SP600125. Results show that JNK releases ET-1 after stroke. Tissue-type plasminogen activator -A296-299 prevents impairment of cerebral autoregulation and histopathology after stroke by inhibiting upregulation of ET-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Armstead
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, l9l04.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, l9l04
| | - Hugh Hekierski
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, l9l04
| | - Serge Yarovoi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, l9l04
| | - Abd Al-Roof Higazi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, l9l04.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Douglas B Cines
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, l9l04
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22
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Liu NW, Ke CC, Zhao Y, Chen YA, Chan KC, Tan DTW, Lee JS, Chen YY, Hsu TW, Hsieh YJ, Chang CW, Yang BH, Huang WS, Liu RS. Evolutional Characterization of Photochemically Induced Stroke in Rats: a Multimodality Imaging and Molecular Biological Study. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 8:244-256. [PMID: 27910074 PMCID: PMC5435782 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0512-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photochemically induced cerebral ischemia is an easy-manipulated, reproducible, relatively noninvasive, and lesion controllable model for translational study of ischemic stroke. In order to longitudinally investigate the characterization of the model, magnetic resonance imaging, 18F-2-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography, fluorescence, and bioluminescence imaging system were performed in correlation with triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC), hematoxylin-eosin staining, and immunohistochemistry examinations of glial fibrillary acidic protein, CD68, NeuN, von willebrand factor, and α-smooth muscle actin in the infarct zone. The results suggested that the number of inflammatory cells, astrocytes, and neovascularization significantly elevated in peri-infarct region from day 7 and a belt of macrophage/microglial and astrocytes was formed surrounding infarct lesion at day 14. Both vasogenic and cytotoxic edema, as well as blood brain-barrier leakage, occurred since day 1 after stroke induction and gradually attenuated with time. Numerous cells other than neuronal cells infiltrated into infarct lesion, which resulted in no visible TTC negative regional existence at day 14. Furthermore, recovery of cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization in peri-infarct zone were noted and more remarkably than that in infarct core following the stroke progression. In conclusion, these characterizations may be highly beneficial to the development of therapeutic strategies for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau
| | - Chien-Chih Ke
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yonghua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau.
| | - Yi-An Chen
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kim-Chuan Chan
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - David Tat-Wei Tan
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Shian Lee
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - You-Yin Chen
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tun-Wei Hsu
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ju Hsieh
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wei Chang
- Molecular and Genetic Imaging Core/Taiwan Mouse Clinic, National Comprehensive Mouse Phenotyping and Drug Testing Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bang-Hung Yang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and National PET/Cyclotron Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Sheng Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and National PET/Cyclotron Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Shyan Liu
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Molecular and Genetic Imaging Core/Taiwan Mouse Clinic, National Comprehensive Mouse Phenotyping and Drug Testing Center, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine and National PET/Cyclotron Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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23
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Armstead WM, Riley J, Yarovoi S, Higazi AAR, Cines DB. Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator-A296-299 Prevents Impairment of Cerebral Autoregulation After Stroke Through Lipoprotein-Related Receptor-Dependent Increase in cAMP and p38. Stroke 2016; 47:2096-102. [PMID: 27354223 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.116.012678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The sole Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment for stroke is tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), but its brief therapeutic window and complications of treatment constrain its use. One limitation may be its potential to exacerbate impairment of cerebral autoregulation after stroke. Vasodilation is maintained by elevations in cAMP. However, cAMP levels fall after stroke because of overactivation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors by toxic levels of glutamate, an effect that is exacerbated by tPA. Binding of wild-type (wt) tPA to the low-density lipoprotein-related receptor (LRP) mediates dilation. We propose that binding of wt-tPA to N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor reduces cAMP and impairs vasodilation. We hypothesize that tPA-A(296-299), a variant that is fibrinolytic but cannot bind to N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor, preferentially binds to LRP and increases cAMP and p38, limiting autoregulation impairment after stroke. METHODS Stroke was induced by photothrombosis in pigs equipped with a closed cranial window, cerebral blood flow determined by microspheres, and cerebrospinal fluid cAMP and p38 determined by ELISA. RESULTS Stroke decreased cerebral blood flow. Cerebral blood flow was reduced further during hypotension, indicating impairment of autoregulation. Autoregulation was further impaired by wt-tPA, which was prevented by MK801 and tPA-A(296-299). Protection by tPA-A(296-299) was blocked by anti-LRP Ab, the LRP antagonist receptor-associated protein, and the p38 inhibitor SB 203580, but not by control IgG. Stroke reduced cerebrospinal fluid cAMP, which was reduced further by wt-tPA, but augmented by tPA-A(296-299). Cerebrospinal fluid p38 was unchanged by wt-tPA, increased by tPA-A(296-299), and decreased by anti-LRP Ab and receptor-associated protein. CONCLUSIONS tPA-A(296-299) prevents impairment of cerebral autoregulation after stroke through an LRP-dependent increase in cAMP and p38.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Armstead
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (W.M.A., J.R.), Pharmacology (W.M.A.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.Y., A.A.-R.H., D.B.C.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Clinical Biochemistry Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (A.A.-R.H.).
| | - John Riley
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (W.M.A., J.R.), Pharmacology (W.M.A.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.Y., A.A.-R.H., D.B.C.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Clinical Biochemistry Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (A.A.-R.H.)
| | - Serge Yarovoi
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (W.M.A., J.R.), Pharmacology (W.M.A.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.Y., A.A.-R.H., D.B.C.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Clinical Biochemistry Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (A.A.-R.H.)
| | - Abd Al-Roof Higazi
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (W.M.A., J.R.), Pharmacology (W.M.A.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.Y., A.A.-R.H., D.B.C.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Clinical Biochemistry Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (A.A.-R.H.)
| | - Douglas B Cines
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (W.M.A., J.R.), Pharmacology (W.M.A.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.Y., A.A.-R.H., D.B.C.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Clinical Biochemistry Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (A.A.-R.H.)
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24
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Mikkelsen MLG, Ambrus R, Miles JE, Poulsen HH, Moltke FB, Eriksen T. Effect of propofol and remifentanil on cerebral perfusion and oxygenation in pigs: a systematic review. Acta Vet Scand 2016; 58:42. [PMID: 27334375 PMCID: PMC4917978 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-016-0223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review is to evaluate the existing literature with regard to the influence of propofol and remifentanil total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) on cerebral perfusion and oxygenation in healthy pigs. Anaesthesia has influence on cerebral haemodynamics and it is important not only in human but also in veterinary anaesthesia to preserve optimal regulation of cerebral haemodynamics. Propofol and remifentanil are widely used in neuroanaesthesia and are increasingly used in experimental animal studies. In translational models, the pig has advantages compared to small laboratory animals because of brain anatomy, metabolism, neurophysiological maturation, and cerebral haemodynamics. However, reported effects of propofol and remifentanil on cerebral perfusion and oxygenation in pigs have not been reviewed. An electronic search identified 99 articles in English. Title and abstract screening selected 29 articles for full-text evaluation of which 19 were excluded with reasons. Of the 10 peer-reviewed articles included for review, only three had propofol or remifentanil anaesthesia as the primary study objective and only two directly investigated the effect of anaesthesia on cerebral perfusion and oxygenation (CPO). The evidence evaluated in this systematic review is limited, not focused on propofol and remifentanil and possibly influenced by factors of potential importance for CPO assessment. In one study of healthy pigs, CPO measures were within normal ranges following propofol-remifentanil anaesthesia, and addition of a single remifentanil bolus did not affect regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2). Even though the pool of evidence suggests that propofol and remifentanil alone or in combination have limited effects on CPO in healthy pigs, confirmative evidence is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rikard Ambrus
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology C, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - James Edward Miles
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 16 Dyrlægevej, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Helle Harding Poulsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 16 Dyrlægevej, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Finn Borgbjerg Moltke
- Department of Neuroanaesthesia, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Department of Anaesthesia, Sealand Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 1 Lykkebækvej, 4600 Køge, Denmark
| | - Thomas Eriksen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 16 Dyrlægevej, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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25
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Clowry GJ, Basuodan R, Chan F. What are the Best Animal Models for Testing Early Intervention in Cerebral Palsy? Front Neurol 2014; 5:258. [PMID: 25538677 PMCID: PMC4255621 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interventions to treat cerebral palsy should be initiated as soon as possible in order to restore the nervous system to the correct developmental trajectory. One drawback to this approach is that interventions have to undergo exceptionally rigorous assessment for both safety and efficacy prior to use in infants. Part of this process should involve research using animals but how good are our animal models? Part of the problem is that cerebral palsy is an umbrella term that covers a number of conditions. There are also many causal pathways to cerebral palsy, such as periventricular white matter injury in premature babies, perinatal infarcts of the middle cerebral artery, or generalized anoxia at the time of birth, indeed multiple causes, including intra-uterine infection or a genetic predisposition to infarction, may need to interact to produce a clinically significant injury. In this review, we consider which animal models best reproduce certain aspects of the condition, and the extent to which the multifactorial nature of cerebral palsy has been modeled. The degree to which the corticospinal system of various animal models human corticospinal system function and development is also explored. Where attempts have already been made to test early intervention in animal models, the outcomes are evaluated in light of the suitability of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin John Clowry
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Reem Basuodan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Felix Chan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
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26
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Dolezalova D, Hruska-Plochan M, Bjarkam CR, Sørensen JCH, Cunningham M, Weingarten D, Ciacci JD, Juhas S, Juhasova J, Motlik J, Hefferan MP, Hazel T, Johe K, Carromeu C, Muotri A, Bui J, Strnadel J, Marsala M. Pig models of neurodegenerative disorders: Utilization in cell replacement-based preclinical safety and efficacy studies. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:2784-801. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dasa Dolezalova
- Department of Anesthesiology; University of California; San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| | | | - Carsten R. Bjarkam
- Department of Neurosurgery; Aalborg University Hospital; Aalborg Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine; Institute of Anatomy, University of Aarhus; Aarhus Denmark
| | | | - Miles Cunningham
- MRC 312, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Belmont MA 02478 USA
| | - David Weingarten
- UCSD Division of Neurosurgery; University of California; San Diego CA USA
| | - Joseph D. Ciacci
- UCSD Division of Neurosurgery; University of California; San Diego CA USA
| | - Stefan Juhas
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences; 277 21 Libechov Czech Republic
| | - Jana Juhasova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences; 277 21 Libechov Czech Republic
| | - Jan Motlik
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences; 277 21 Libechov Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Cassiano Carromeu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of California; San Diego CA USA
| | - Alysson Muotri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of California; San Diego CA USA
| | - Jack Bui
- Department of Pathology; University of California; San Diego CA USA
| | - Jan Strnadel
- Department of Pathology; University of California; San Diego CA USA
| | - Martin Marsala
- Department of Anesthesiology; University of California; San Diego La Jolla CA USA
- Institute of Neurobiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences; Kosice Slovakia
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27
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Platt SR, Holmes SP, Howerth EW, Duberstein KJJ, Dove CR, Kinder HA, Wyatt EL, Linville AV, Lau VW, Stice SL, Hill WD, Hess DC, West FD. Development and characterization of a Yucatan miniature biomedical pig permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke model. EXPERIMENTAL & TRANSLATIONAL STROKE MEDICINE 2014; 6:5. [PMID: 24655785 PMCID: PMC3977938 DOI: 10.1186/2040-7378-6-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts to develop stroke treatments have met with limited success despite an intense need to produce novel treatments. The failed translation of many of these therapies in clinical trials has lead to a close examination of the therapeutic development process. One of the major factors believed to be limiting effective screening of these treatments is the absence of an animal model more predictive of human responses to treatments. The pig may potentially fill this gap with a gyrencephalic brain that is larger in size with a more similar gray-white matter composition to humans than traditional stroke animal models. In this study we develop and characterize a novel pig middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) ischemic stroke model. METHODS Eleven male pigs underwent MCAO surgery with the first 4 landrace pigs utilized to optimize stroke procedure and 7 additional Yucatan stroked pigs studied over a 90 day period. MRI analysis was done at 24 hrs and 90 days and included T2w, T2w FLAIR, T1w FLAIR and DWI sequences and associated ADC maps. Pigs were sacrificed at 90 days and underwent gross and microscopic histological evaluation. Significance in quantitative changes was determined by two-way analysis of variance and post-hoc Tukey's Pair-Wise comparisons. RESULTS MRI analysis of animals that underwent MCAO surgery at 24 hrs had hyperintense regions in T2w and DWI images with corresponding ADC maps having hypointense regions indicating cytotoxic edema consistent with an ischemic stroke. At 90 days, region of interest analysis of T1 FLAIR and ADC maps had an average lesion size of 59.17 cc, a loss of 8% brain matter. Histological examination of pig brains showed atrophy and loss of tissue, consistent with MRI, as well as glial scar formation and macrophage infiltration. CONCLUSIONS The MCAO procedure led to significant and consistent strokes with high survivability. These results suggest that the pig model is potentially a robust system for the study of stroke pathophysiology and potential diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Platt
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Small Animal and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Shannon P Holmes
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences & Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Howerth
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kylee Jo J Duberstein
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - C Robert Dove
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Holly A Kinder
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Emily L Wyatt
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Amie V Linville
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Vivian W Lau
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - William D Hill
- Department of Neurology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - David C Hess
- Department of Neurology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Franklin D West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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28
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RBC-coupled tPA Prevents Whereas tPA Aggravates JNK MAPK-Mediated Impairment of ATP- and Ca-Sensitive K Channel-Mediated Cerebrovasodilation After Cerebral Photothrombosis. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 3:114-21. [PMID: 23577046 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-011-0105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The sole Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment for acute stroke is tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), but tPA aggravates impairment of cerebrovasodilation during hypotension in a newborn pig photothrombotic model of stroke. Coupling to carrier red blood cells (RBC) enhances thrombolytic effects of tPA, while reducing its side effects. ATP- and Ca-sensitive K channels (Katp and Kca) are important regulators of cerebrovascular tone and mediate cerebrovasodilation during hypotension. Mitogen-activated protein kinase, a family of at least three kinases, ERK, p38, and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), is upregulated after photothrombosis. This study examined the effect of photothrombosis on Katp- and Kca-induced cerebrovasodilation and the roles of tPA and JNK during/after injury. Photothrombosis blunted vasodilation induced by the Katp agonists cromakalim, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and the Kca agonist NS 1619, which was aggravated by injection of tPA. In contrast, both pre- or post-injury thrombosis injection of RBC-tPA and JNK antagonist SP 600125 prevented impairment of Katp- and Kca-induced vasodilation. Therefore, JNK activation in thrombosis impairs K channel-mediated cerebrovasodilation. Standard thrombolytic therapy of central nervous system ischemic disorders using free tPA poses the danger of further dysregulation of cerebrohemodynamics by impairing cation-mediated control of cerebrovascular tone, whereas RBC-coupled tPA both restores reperfusion and normalizes cerebral hemodynamics.
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29
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Herson PS, Bombardier CG, Parker SM, Shimizu T, Klawitter J, Klawitter J, Quillinan N, Exo JL, Goldenberg NA, Traystman RJ. Experimental pediatric arterial ischemic stroke model reveals sex-specific estrogen signaling. Stroke 2013; 44:759-63. [PMID: 23349190 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.112.675124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pediatric stroke, birth to 18 years, is a significant cause of long-term disability in the United States; however, there is currently little experimental data on the pathophysiology of childhood stroke owing to lack of animal models. We developed a novel mouse model of experimental childhood-onset arterial ischemic stroke to characterize the sex-specific response of the adolescent brain to cerebral ischemia and assess the neuroprotective effect of estrogen at this developmental stage. METHODS Postnatal day 20 to 25 mice were subjected to 90 minutes experimental stroke via the intraluminal filament middle cerebral artery occlusion model and ischemic damage assessed 22 hours after reperfusion. Real-time quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed 22 hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion to determine the effects of ischemia and estrogen treatment on the proapoptotic gene Bax. RESULTS Ischemic injury did not differ between male and female juvenile (postnatal day 20-25) mice after middle cerebral artery occlusion. However, estrogen reduced ischemic injury in female mice, whereas having no effect in juvenile males. No differences in estrogen receptor expression were observed on postnatal day between 20 males and females. In contrast, estrogen minimized the ischemia-induced increase in the proapoptotic gene Bax in female mice, whereas having no effect on Bax induction in the male brain. CONCLUSIONS Focal ischemia has fundamentally different effects in the juvenile brain compared with the adult, as evidenced by the lack of sex difference in ischemic injury in the murine postnatal day 20 to 25 middle cerebral artery occlusion model and the sexually dimorphic response to estrogen neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paco S Herson
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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30
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Lee JHT, Jones CF, Okon EB, Anderson L, Tigchelaar S, Kooner P, Godbey T, Chua B, Gray G, Hildebrandt R, Cripton P, Tetzlaff W, Kwon BK. A novel porcine model of traumatic thoracic spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:142-59. [PMID: 23316955 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) researchers have predominately utilized rodents and mice for in vivo SCI modeling and experimentation. From these small animal models have come many insights into the biology of SCI, and a growing number of novel treatments that promote behavioral recovery. It has, however, been difficult to demonstrate the efficacy of such treatments in human clinical trials. A large animal SCI model that is an intermediary between rodent and human SCI may be a valuable translational research resource for pre-clinically evaluating novel therapies, prior to embarking upon lengthy and expensive clinical trials. Here, we describe the development of such a large animal model. A thoracic spinal cord injury at T10/11 was induced in Yucatan miniature pigs (20-25 kg) using a weight drop device. Varying degrees of injury severity were induced by altering the height of the weight drop (5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 cm). Behavioral recovery over 12 weeks was measured using a newly developed Porcine Thoracic Injury Behavior Scale (PTIBS). This scale distinguished locomotor recovery among animals of different injury severities, with strong intra-observer and inter-observer reliability. Histological analysis of the spinal cords 12 weeks post-injury revealed that animals with the more biomechanically severe injuries had less spared white matter and gray matter and less neurofilament immunoreactivity. Additionally, the PTIBS scores correlated strongly with the extent of tissue sparing through the epicenter of injury. This large animal model of SCI may represent a useful intermediary in the testing of novel pharmacological treatments and cell transplantation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae H T Lee
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Yang JY, Mumaw JL, Liu Y, Stice SL, West FD. SSEA4-positive pig induced pluripotent stem cells are primed for differentiation into neural cells. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:945-59. [PMID: 23043799 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x657279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the potential for autologous cell therapies in treating patients with severe neurological disorders or injury. However, further study of efficacy and safety are needed in large animal preclinical models that have similar neural anatomy and physiology to humans such as the pig. The pig model for pluripotent stem cell therapy has been made possible for the first time with the development of pig iPSCs (piPSCs) capable of in vitro and in vivo differentiation into tissues of all three germ layers. Still, the question remains if piPSCs are capable of undergoing robust neural differentiation using a system similar to those being used with human iPSCs. In this study, we generated a new line of piPSCs from fibroblast cells that expressed pluripotency markers and were capable of embryoid body differentiation into all three germ layers. piPSCs demonstrated robust neural differentiation forming βIII-TUB/MAP2+ neurons, GFAP+ astrocytes, and O4+ oligodendrocytes and demonstrated strong upregulation of neural cell genes representative of all three major neural lineages of the central nervous system. In the presence of motor neuron signaling factors, piPSC-derived neurons showed expression of transcription factors associated with motor neuron differentiation (HB9 and ISLET1). Our findings demonstrate that SSEA4 expression is required for piPSCs to differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes and furthermore develop specific neuronal subtypes. This indicates that the pigs can fill the need for a powerful model to study autologous neural iPSC therapies in a system similar to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Yeh Yang
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, GA 30602-2771, USA
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Han S, Joo KR, Jeon JW, Lim JU, Park JJ, Shin HP, Cha JM, Huh Y. A novel animal model for studying pancreatic regeneration by employing photochemical reaction. Pancreatology 2011; 12:74-8. [PMID: 22487480 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We present photochemical-induced pancreatic necrosis (PIPN) as a novel induction method for studying pancreatic regeneration in an animal model. METHODS Photosensitive Rose Bengal was injected through the femoral vein in rats, followed by illumination of the surface of the pancreas with a cool halogen light for a period of 20 min. At 3, 6, and 24 h, and 7, 10, 14, and 20 days, experimental animals were sacrificed; all the animals received intravenous injection with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) 1 h prior to sacrifice. RESULTS At 3-6 h of induction of PIPN, pancreatic necrosis was superficially observed in the illuminated field. At 24 h, there was a slight increase in the depth and width of the lesion along with appearance of vascular congestion and thrombosis in the lesion. On days 7-10, the area of illumination was totally replaced by necrotic pancreatic tissue, inflammatory cell infiltrates, and newly appearing cellular components, including mesenchymal and epithelial cells, which formed tubular complexes. On day 14, clusters of tubular complexes intermingled with acinar cells, which were proven as newly formed acinar tissue by BrdU staining. On day 20, all the lesions had returned to a normal state of pancreatic tissue. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the potential of PIPN as a valuable method for production of an animal model for studying healing processes or regeneration of pancreatic tissue after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjun Han
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Red blood cell-coupled tissue plasminogen activator prevents impairment of cerebral vasodilatory responses through inhibition of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase and potentiation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase after cerebral photothrombosis in the newborn pig. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2011; 12:e369-75. [PMID: 21037505 PMCID: PMC3681424 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0b013e3181fe40a7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pediatric ischemic stroke is a poorly understood, yet clinically important, problem. The sole approved treatment for acute stroke is tissue-type plasminogen activator. However, tissue plasminogen activator vasoactivity aggravates hypoxia/ischemia-induced impairment of cerebrovasodilation in response to hypercapnia and hypotension in newborn pigs. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (a family of 3 kinases, extracellular signal-related kinase, p38, and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase) is upregulated after hypoxia/ischemia. Coupling of tissue plasminogen activator to red blood cells prevented hypoxia/ischemia-induced impairment of dilation and suppressed extracellular signal-related kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. This study investigated the differential roles of mitogen-activated protein kinase isoforms in the effects of red blood cells-tissue plasminogen activator on cerebrovasodilation in a translationally relevant injury model, photothrombosis. DESIGN Prospective, randomized animal study. SETTING : University laboratory. SUBJECTS Newborn (1- to 5-day-old) pigs. INTERVENTIONS Cerebral blood flow and pial artery diameter were determined before and after photothrombotic injury (laser 532 nm and erythrosine B) was produced in piglets equipped with a closed cranial window. Cerebral blood flow extracellular signal-related kinase, p38, and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Tissue plasminogen activator and red blood cells-tissue plasminogen activator alleviated reduction of cerebral blood flow after photothrombotic injury. Cerebrovasodilation was blunted by photothrombotic injury, reversed to vasoconstriction by tissue plasminogen activator, but dilation was maintained by red blood cells-tissue plasminogen activator. Cerebral blood flow c-Jun-N-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase but not extracellular signal-related kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase was elevated by photothrombotic injury, an effect potentiated by tissue plasminogen activator. Red blood cells-tissue plasminogen activator blocked c-Jun-N-terminal kinase but potentiated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase upregulation after photothrombotic injury. A c-Jun-N-terminal kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase antagonist prevented, a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase antagonist potentiated, whereas an extracellular signal-related kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase antagonist had no effect on dilator impairment after photothrombotic injury. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that in addition to restoring perfusion, red blood cells-tissue plasminogen activator prevents impairment of cerebrovasodilation after photothrombotic injury through blockade of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase and potentiation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. These data suggest tissue plasminogen activator coupling to red blood cells offers a novel approach to increase the benefit/risk ratio of thrombolytic therapy to treat central nervous system ischemic disorders.
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Comparison of carbamylated erythropoietin-FC fusion protein and recombinant human erythropoietin during porcine aortic balloon occlusion-induced spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury. Intensive Care Med 2011; 37:1525-33. [PMID: 21779851 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-011-2303-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) attenuated ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury-induced spinal cord damage. Since carbamylated EPO derivatives are stated to be devoid of rhEPO side effects, we tested the hypothesis that a newly developed carbamylated EPO-FC fusion protein (cEPO-FC) would compare favorably with rhEPO. METHODS Anesthetized and mechanically ventilated pigs randomly received cEPO-FC (50 μg kg(-1)), rhEPO (5,000 IU kg(-1)) or vehicle (n = 9 per group) 30 min prior to 30 min of aortic occlusion and over the 4 h of reperfusion. During aortic occlusion, mean arterial pressure (MAP) was maintained at 80-120% of baseline values by esmolol, nitroglycerin, and adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP). During reperfusion, noradrenaline was titrated to keep MAP at pre-ischemic levels. Spinal cord function was assessed by motor evoked potentials (MEP) and lower limb reflexes. Tissue damage was evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin, Nissl, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Plasma levels of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and 8-isoprostanes were measured as markers of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. RESULTS While only cEPO-FC restored MEP amplitude to values close to pre-occlusion levels, both cEPO-FC and rhEPO comparably restored lower limb reflexes and reduced the percentage of damaged neurons. Infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells was moderate without intergroup difference; positive TUNEL staining was barely detectable in any group. I/R injury increased blood cytokine levels without intergroup difference, whereas both cEPO-FC and rhEPO significantly lowered 8-isoprostane levels. CONCLUSIONS In a porcine model of aortic balloon occlusion-induced spinal cord I/R injury, cEPO-FC and rhEPO comparably protected against ischemic spinal cord dysfunction and neuronal damage. This effect coincided with attenuated oxidative stress.
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Cooper JA, Tichauer KM, Boulton M, Elliott J, Diop M, Arango M, Lee TY, St Lawrence K. Continuous monitoring of absolute cerebral blood flow by near-infrared spectroscopy during global and focal temporary vessel occlusion. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 110:1691-8. [PMID: 21454747 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01458.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of intracranial aneurysms by surgical clipping carries a risk of intraoperative ischemia, caused mainly by prolonged temporary occlusion of cerebral arteries. The objective of this study was to develop a near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technique for continuous monitoring of cerebral blood flow (CBF) during surgery. With this approach, cerebral hemodynamics prior to clipping are measured by a bolus-tracking method that uses indocyanine green as an intravascular contrast agent. The baseline hemodynamic measurements are then used to convert the continuous Hb difference (HbD) signal (HbD = oxyhemoglobin - deoxyhemoglobin) acquired during vessel occlusion to units of CBF. To validate the approach, HbD signal changes, along with the corresponding CBF changes, were measured in pigs following occlusion of the common carotid arteries or a middle cerebral artery. For both occlusion models, the predicted CBF change derived from the HbD signal strongly correlated with the measured change in CBF. Linear regression of the predicted and measured CBF changes resulted in a slope of 0.962 (R(2) = 0.909) following carotid occlusion and 0.939 (R(2) = 0.907) following middle cerebral artery occlusion. These results suggest that calibrating the HbD signal by baseline hemodynamic measurements provides a clinically feasible method of monitoring CBF changes during neurosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Cooper
- Imaging Division, Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor St., London, ON, Canada N6A 4V2
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Witt L, Osthaus W, Lücke T, Jüttner B, Teich N, Jänisch S, Debertin A, Sümpelmann R. Safety of glucose-containing solutions during accidental hyperinfusion in piglets. Br J Anaesth 2010; 105:635-9. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeq204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Armstead WM, Riley J, Kiessling JW, Cines DB, Higazi AAR. Novel plasminogen activator inhibitor-1-derived peptide protects against impairment of cerebrovasodilation after photothrombosis through inhibition of JNK MAPK. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R480-5. [PMID: 20538898 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00256.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The sole FDA-approved treatment for acute stroke is recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rtPA). However, rtPA aggravates the impairment of cerebrovasodilation induced by global hypoxia/ischemia; this impairment is attenuated by the preinjury treatment with the plasminogen activator inhibitor derivative EEIIMD. MAPK (a family of kinases, p38, and JNK) is upregulated after cerebral ischemia. In this study, we determined whether the novel plasminogen activator inhibitor-derived peptide, Ac-RMAPEEIIMDRPFLYVVR-amide, (PAI-1-DP) given 30 min before or 2 h after, focal central nervous system injury induced by photothrombosis would preserve responses to cerebrovasodilators and the role of p38 and JNK MAPK in such effects. Cerebrospinal fluid JNK and p38 levels were elevated by photothrombotic injury, an effect potentiated by rtPA. Cerebrovasodilation was blunted by photothrombosis and reversed to vasoconstriction by rtPA but restored to dilation by PAI-1-DP pre- and posttreatment. PAI-1-DP blocked JNK, but preserved p38 MAPK upregulation after photothrombosis. The JNK MAPK antagonist SP600125 prevented, and the p38 antagonist SB203580 potentiated, impaired cerebrovasodilation after photothrombosis. These data indicate that rtPA impairs cerebrovasodilation after injury by activating JNK, while p38 MAPK is protective, and that the novel peptide PAI-1-DP protects by inhibiting activation of JNK by rtPA. JNK MAPK inhibitors, including PAI-1-DP, may offer a novel approach to increase the benefit-to-risk ratio of thrombolytic therapy and enable its use in central nervous system ischemic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Armstead
- Dept. of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, 3620 Hamilton Walk, JM3, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Armstead WM, Ganguly K, Kiessling JW, Riley J, Chen XH, Smith DH, Stein SC, Higazi AAR, Cines DB, Bdeir K, Zaitsev S, Muzykantov VR. Signaling, delivery and age as emerging issues in the benefit/risk ratio outcome of tPA For treatment of CNS ischemic disorders. J Neurochem 2010; 113:303-12. [PMID: 20405577 PMCID: PMC3467975 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. While tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) remains the only FDA-approved treatment for ischemic stroke, clinical use of tPA has been constrained to roughly 3% of eligible patients because of the danger of intracranial hemorrhage and a narrow 3 h time window for safe administration. Basic science studies indicate that tPA enhances excitotoxic neuronal cell death. In this review, the beneficial and deleterious effects of tPA in ischemic brain are discussed along with emphasis on development of new approaches toward treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke. In particular, roles of tPA-induced signaling and a novel delivery system for tPA administration based on tPA coupling to carrier red blood cells will be considered as therapeutic modalities for increasing tPA benefit/risk ratio. The concept of the neurovascular unit will be discussed in the context of dynamic relationships between tPA-induced changes in cerebral hemodynamics and histopathologic outcome of CNS ischemia. Additionally, the role of age will be considered since thrombolytic therapy is being increasingly used in the pediatric population, but there are few basic science studies of CNS injury in pediatric animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Armstead
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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Kuluz J, Samdani A, Benglis D, Gonzalez-Brito M, Solano JP, Ramirez MA, Luqman A, De Los Santos R, Hutchinson D, Nares M, Padgett K, He D, Huang T, Levi A, Betz R, Dietrich D. Pediatric spinal cord injury in infant piglets: description of a new large animal model and review of the literature. J Spinal Cord Med 2010; 33:43-57. [PMID: 20397443 PMCID: PMC2853328 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2010.11689673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a new, clinically relevant large animal model of pediatric spinal cord injury (SCI) and compare the clinical and experimental features of pediatric SCI. METHODS Infant piglets (3-5 weeks old) underwent contusive SCI by controlled cortical impactor at T7. Severe complete SCI was induced in 6 piglets, defined as SCI with no spontaneous return of sensorimotor function. Eight piglets received incomplete SCI, which was followed by partial recovery. Somatosensory evoked potentials, magnetic resonance imaging, neurobehavioral function, and histopathology were measured during a 28-day survival period. RESULTS Mean SCI volume (defined as volume of necrotic tissue) was larger after complete compared with incomplete SCI (387 +/- 29 vs 77 +/- 38 mm3, respectively, P < 0.001). No functional recovery occurred after complete SCI. After incomplete SCI, piglets initially had an absence of lower extremity sensorimotor function, urinary and stool retention, and little to no rectal tone. Sensory responses recovered first (1-2 days after injury), followed by spontaneous voiding, lower extremity motor responses, regular bowel movements, and repetitive flexion-extension of the lower extremities when crawling. No piglet recovered spontaneous walking, although 4 of 8 animals with incomplete injuries were able to bear weight by 28 days. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging was performed safely, yielded high-resolution images of tissue injury, and correlated closely with injury volume seen on histopathology, which included intramedullary hemorrhage, cellular inflammation, necrosis, and apoptosis. CONCLUSION Piglets performed well as a reproducible model of traumatic pediatric SCI in a large animal with chronic survival and utilizing multiple outcome measures, including evoked potentials, magnetic resonance imaging, functional outcome scores, and histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kuluz
- Pediatric Critical Care (R-131), University of Miami School of Medicine, 1611 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Amer Samdani
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David Benglis
- University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Juan P Solano
- University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Ali Luqman
- University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | | | | | - Mike Nares
- University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Kyle Padgett
- University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Dansha He
- University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Allan Levi
- University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Randal Betz
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Kuluz J, Huang T, Watson B, Vannucci S. Stroke in the immature brain: review of pathophysiology and animal models of pediatric stroke. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.2217/14796708.3.2.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric stroke research presents many challenges. Relatively low incidence, need for age stratification, diverse etiologies, delays in diagnosis, lack of an established age-based stroke severity scale and outcome measures are only some of the issues that have prevented the implementation of clinical trials in infants and children with stroke. Experimental animal models of pediatric stroke, therefore, are critical to understanding the pathophysiology and management of ischemic brain damage in the immature brain, and provide the necessary platform for future clinical trials. In this review we discuss the pertinent clinical aspects of pediatric stroke, the pathophysiology of stroke in the developing brain and the animal models established to study basic mechanisms as well as translational issues in pediatric stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kuluz
- Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Miami, Department of Pediatrics (R-131), Miller School of Medicine, PO Box 016960, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Tingting Huang
- Post-Doctoral Research Associate, University of Miami, Department of Pediatrics (R-131), Miller School of Medicine, PO Box 016960 Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Brant Watson
- Professor of Neurology, University of Miami, Department of Neurology (D4–5), Miller School of Medicine, PO Box 016960, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Susan Vannucci
- Research Professor of Neuroscience in Pediatrics/Newborn Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 525 East 68th Street, N-506, NY 10065, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pediatric arterial ischemic stroke is relatively rare but carries a considerable impact and high risk of recurrence--especially in patients with sickle cell disease and various forms of vasculopathy. We will discuss risk factors, vascular physiology, and primary/secondary/rehabilitative therapies. Goals for future investigation and treatment are suggested. RECENT FINDINGS Risk factors include chronic disease, vasculopathy, acute illness, cardiac disease, head and neck trauma, infection, and prothrombic disorders. Research has begun to implicate genetic risk factors--initially in sickle cell disease and more recently in prothrombotic disorders, moyamoya, and nitric oxide regulation. The vascular physiology of pediatric arterial ischemic stroke, especially sickle cell disease stroke, is currently undergoing study in animal models and in humans. No primary prevention therapy for pediatric arterial ischemic stroke is known. Various primary and secondary prevention therapies are used, however, in at-risk sickle cell disease patients. Aspirin, coumadin, and heparin are often initiated as secondary prevention therapies for non-sickle cell disease-associated arterial ischemic stroke, but no studies have assessed efficacy. SUMMARY Pediatric arterial ischemic stroke is under-recognized and under-studied. Investigation into the hemodynamic aspects of arterial ischemic stroke, although best studied thus far in sickle cell disease, has been neglected. It is likely that enhanced study of hemodynamics and autoregulation will elucidate both new prevention opportunities and novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Seidman
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Sola A, Peng H, Rogido M, Wen T. Animal models of neonatal stroke and response to erythropoietin and cardiotrophin‐1. Int J Dev Neurosci 2007; 26:27-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2007.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Sola
- Division of NeonatologyMANA and Atlantic Neonatal Research InstituteMorristownNJ07960United States
| | - Hui Peng
- Division of NeonatologyMANA and Atlantic Neonatal Research InstituteMorristownNJ07960United States
| | - Marta Rogido
- Division of NeonatologyMANA and Atlantic Neonatal Research InstituteMorristownNJ07960United States
| | - Tong‐Chun Wen
- Division of NeonatologyMANA and Atlantic Neonatal Research InstituteMorristownNJ07960United States
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