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Pereira AC, Alakbarzade V, Shribman S, Crossingham G, Moullaali T, Werring D. Stroke as a career option for neurologists. Pract Neurol 2024:pn-2024-004111. [PMID: 38908861 DOI: 10.1136/pn-2024-004111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the most common acute neurological disorders and a leading cause of disability worldwide. Evidence-based treatments over the last two decades have driven a revolution in the clinical management and design of stroke services. We need a highly skilled, multidisciplinary workforce that includes neurologists as core members to deliver modern stroke care. In the UK, the dedicated subspecialty training programme for stroke medicine has recently been integrated into the neurology curriculum. All neurologists will be trained to contribute to each aspect of the stroke care pathway. We discuss how training in stroke medicine is evolving for neurologists and the opportunities and challenges around practising stroke medicine in the UK and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Pereira
- Department of Neurology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Vafa Alakbarzade
- Department of Neurology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Samuel Shribman
- Department of Neurology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ginette Crossingham
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK
| | - Tom Moullaali
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh Division of Medical and Radiological Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Werring
- Stroke Research Group, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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2
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Planas AM. Role of microglia in stroke. Glia 2024; 72:1016-1053. [PMID: 38173414 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Microglia play key roles in the post-ischemic inflammatory response and damaged tissue removal reacting rapidly to the disturbances caused by ischemia and working to restore the lost homeostasis. However, the modified environment, encompassing ionic imbalances, disruption of crucial neuron-microglia interactions, spreading depolarization, and generation of danger signals from necrotic neurons, induce morphological and phenotypic shifts in microglia. This leads them to adopt a proinflammatory profile and heighten their phagocytic activity. From day three post-ischemia, macrophages infiltrate the necrotic core while microglia amass at the periphery. Further, inflammation prompts a metabolic shift favoring glycolysis, the pentose-phosphate shunt, and lipid synthesis. These shifts, combined with phagocytic lipid intake, drive lipid droplet biogenesis, fuel anabolism, and enable microglia proliferation. Proliferating microglia release trophic factors contributing to protection and repair. However, some microglia accumulate lipids persistently and transform into dysfunctional and potentially harmful foam cells. Studies also showed microglia that either display impaired apoptotic cell clearance, or eliminate synapses, viable neurons, or endothelial cells. Yet, it will be essential to elucidate the viability of engulfed cells, the features of the local environment, the extent of tissue damage, and the temporal sequence. Ischemia provides a rich variety of region- and injury-dependent stimuli for microglia, evolving with time and generating distinct microglia phenotypes including those exhibiting proinflammatory or dysfunctional traits and others showing pro-repair features. Accurate profiling of microglia phenotypes, alongside with a more precise understanding of the associated post-ischemic tissue conditions, is a necessary step to serve as the potential foundation for focused interventions in human stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Planas
- Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Cerebrovascular Diseases, Area of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Bauer A, Boehme C, Mayer-Suess L, Rudzki D, Knoflach M, Kiechl S, Reindl M. Peripheral inflammatory response in people after acute ischaemic stroke and isolated spontaneous cervical artery dissection. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12063. [PMID: 38802464 PMCID: PMC11130263 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62557-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The systemic inflammatory response following acute ischaemic stroke remains incompletely understood. We characterised the circulating inflammatory profile in 173 acute ischaemic stroke patients by measuring 65 cytokines and chemokines in plasma. Participants were grouped based on their inflammatory response, determined by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in the acute phase. We compared stroke patients' profiles with 42 people experiencing spontaneous cervical artery dissection without stroke. Furthermore, variations in cytokine levels among stroke aetiologies were analysed. Follow-up samples were collected in a subgroup of ischaemic stroke patients at three and twelve months. Ischaemic stroke patients had elevated plasma levels of HGF and SDF-1α, and lower IL-4 levels, compared to spontaneous cervical artery dissection patients without stroke. Aetiology-subgroup analysis revealed reduced levels of nine cytokines/chemokines (HGF, SDF-1α, IL-2R, CD30, TNF-RII, IL-16, MIF, APRIL, SCF), and elevated levels of IL-4 and MIP-1β, in spontaneous cervical artery dissection (with or without ischaemic stroke as levels were comparable between both groups) compared to other aetiologies. The majority of cytokine/chemokine levels remained stable across the study period. Our research indicates that stroke due to large artery atherosclerosis, cardioembolism, and small vessel occlusion triggers a stronger inflammatory response than spontaneous cervical artery dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Bauer
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- VASCage Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Boehme
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas Mayer-Suess
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dagmar Rudzki
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- VASCage Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Knoflach
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- VASCage Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Kiechl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- VASCage Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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4
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Fetsko AR, Sebo DJ, Budzynski LB, Scharbarth A, Taylor MR. IL-1β disrupts the initiation of blood-brain barrier development by inhibiting endothelial Wnt/β-catenin signaling. iScience 2024; 27:109651. [PMID: 38638574 PMCID: PMC11025013 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
During neuroinflammation, the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) impacts blood-brain barrier (BBB) function by disrupting brain endothelial tight junctions, promoting vascular permeability, and increasing transmigration of immune cells. Here, we examined the effects of Il-1β on the in vivo initiation of BBB development. We generated doxycycline-inducible transgenic zebrafish to secrete Il-1β in the CNS. To validate the utility of our model, we showed Il-1β dose-dependent mortality, recruitment of neutrophils, and expansion of microglia. Using live imaging, we discovered that Il-1β causes a significant reduction in CNS angiogenesis and barriergenesis. To demonstrate specificity, we rescued the Il-1β induced phenotypes by targeting the zebrafish il1r1 gene using CRISPR-Cas9. Mechanistically, we determined that Il-1β disrupts the initiation of BBB development by decreasing Wnt/β-catenin transcriptional activation in brain endothelial cells. Given that several neurodevelopmental disorders are associated with inflammation, our findings support further investigation into the connections between proinflammatory cytokines, neuroinflammation, and neurovascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey R. Fetsko
- School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Dylan J. Sebo
- School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Lilyana B. Budzynski
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Alli Scharbarth
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Michael R. Taylor
- School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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5
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Lénárt N, Cserép C, Császár E, Pósfai B, Dénes Á. Microglia-neuron-vascular interactions in ischemia. Glia 2024; 72:833-856. [PMID: 37964690 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a devastating condition that results in impaired blood flow in the brain leading to acute brain injury. As the most common form of stroke, occlusion of cerebral arteries leads to a characteristic sequence of pathophysiological changes in the brain tissue. The mechanisms involved, and comorbidities that determine outcome after an ischemic event appear to be highly heterogeneous. On their own, the processes leading to neuronal injury in the absence of sufficient blood supply to meet the metabolic demand of the cells are complex and manifest at different temporal and spatial scales. While the contribution of non-neuronal cells to stroke pathophysiology is increasingly recognized, recent data show that microglia, the main immune cells of the central nervous system parenchyma, play previously unrecognized roles in basic physiological processes beyond their inflammatory functions, which markedly change during ischemic conditions. In this review, we aim to discuss some of the known microglia-neuron-vascular interactions assumed to contribute to the acute and delayed pathologies after cerebral ischemia. Because the mechanisms of neuronal injury have been extensively discussed in several excellent previous reviews, here we focus on some recently explored pathways that may directly or indirectly shape neuronal injury through microglia-related actions. These discoveries suggest that modulating gliovascular processes in different forms of stroke and other neurological disorders might have presently unexplored therapeutic potential in combination with neuroprotective and flow restoration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolett Lénárt
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Cserép
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Császár
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Pósfai
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dénes
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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6
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Carnwath TP, Demel SL, Prestigiacomo CJ. Genetics of ischemic stroke functional outcome. J Neurol 2024; 271:2345-2369. [PMID: 38502340 PMCID: PMC11055934 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, which accounts for 87% of cerebrovascular accidents, is responsible for massive global burden both in terms of economic cost and personal hardship. Many stroke survivors face long-term disability-a phenotype associated with an increasing number of genetic variants. While clinical variables such as stroke severity greatly impact recovery, genetic polymorphisms linked to functional outcome may offer physicians a unique opportunity to deliver personalized care based on their patient's genetic makeup, leading to improved outcomes. A comprehensive catalogue of the variants at play is required for such an approach. In this review, we compile and describe the polymorphisms associated with outcome scores such as modified Rankin Scale and Barthel Index. Our search identified 74 known genetic polymorphisms spread across 48 features associated with various poststroke disability metrics. The known variants span diverse biological systems and are related to inflammation, vascular homeostasis, growth factors, metabolism, the p53 regulatory pathway, and mitochondrial variation. Understanding how these variants influence functional outcome may be helpful in maximizing poststroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy P Carnwath
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
| | - Stacie L Demel
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Charles J Prestigiacomo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
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7
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Dasdelen MF, Caglayan AB, Er S, Beker MC, Ates N, Gronewold J, Doeppner TR, Hermann DM, Kilic E. Social isolation initiated post-weaning augments ischemic brain injury by promoting pro-inflammatory responses. Exp Neurol 2024; 375:114729. [PMID: 38365135 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Social isolation is associated with poor stroke outcome, but the underlying molecular mechanisms were largely unknown. In male Balb/C mice exposed to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), we examined the effects of social isolation initiated post-weaning on ischemic injury, cytokine/chemokine responses and cell signaling using a broad panel of techniques that involved immunocytochemistry, cytokine/chemokine array and Western blots. Social isolation initiated post-weaning elevated infarct size, brain edema and neuronal injury in the ischemic brain tissue 3 days after MCAo, and increased microglia/ macrophage and leukocyte accumulation. In line with the increased immune cell recruitment, levels of several proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-13, IL-17, TNF-α, IFN-γ), chemokines (e.g., CCL3, CCL4, CCL12, CXCL2, CXCL9, CXCL12) and adhesion molecules (i.e., ICAM-1) were increased in the ischemic brain tissue of socially isolated compared with paired housing mice, whereas levels of selected cytokines (IL-5, IL-6, IL-16) and colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF, GM-CSF) were reduced. The activity of the transcription factor nuclear factor-ĸB (NF-ĸB), which promotes cell injury via pro-inflammatory responses, was increased by social isolation, whereas that of nuclear factor erythroid related factor-2 (Nrf-2), which mediates anti-oxidative responses under oxidative stress conditions, was reduced. Our study shows that social isolation profoundly alters post-ischemic cell signaling in a way promoting pro-inflammatory responses. Our results highlight the importance of social support in preventing deleterious health effects of social isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Furkan Dasdelen
- International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Burak Caglayan
- Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sezgin Er
- International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Caglar Beker
- Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilay Ates
- Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Janine Gronewold
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-, Essen, Germany
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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8
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Noll JM, Sherafat AA, Ford GD, Ford BD. The case for neuregulin-1 as a clinical treatment for stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1325630. [PMID: 38638304 PMCID: PMC11024452 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1325630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of serious long-term disability and the 5th leading cause of death in the United States. Revascularization of the occluded cerebral artery, either by thrombolysis or endovascular thrombectomy, is the only effective, clinically-approved stroke therapy. Several potentially neuroprotective agents, including glutamate antagonists, anti-inflammatory compounds and free radical scavenging agents were shown to be effective neuroprotectants in preclinical animal models of brain ischemia. However, these compounds did not demonstrate efficacy in clinical trials with human patients following stroke. Proposed reasons for the translational failure include an insufficient understanding on the cellular and molecular pathophysiology of ischemic stroke, lack of alignment between preclinical and clinical studies and inappropriate design of clinical trials based on the preclinical findings. Therefore, novel neuroprotective treatments must be developed based on a clearer understanding of the complex spatiotemporal mechanisms of ischemic stroke and with proper clinical trial design based on the preclinical findings from specific animal models of stroke. We and others have demonstrated the clinical potential for neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) in preclinical stroke studies. NRG-1 significantly reduced ischemia-induced neuronal death, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in rodent stroke models with a therapeutic window of >13 h. Clinically, NRG-1 was shown to be safe in human patients and improved cardiac function in multisite phase II studies for heart failure. This review summarizes previous stroke clinical candidates and provides evidence that NRG-1 represents a novel, safe, neuroprotective strategy that has potential therapeutic value in treating individuals after acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Noll
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California-Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, United States
- Nanostring Technologies, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Arya A. Sherafat
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California-Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Gregory D. Ford
- Southern University-New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Byron D. Ford
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
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9
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Lemarchand E, Grayston A, Wong R, Rogers M, Ouvrier B, Llewellyn B, Webb F, Lénárt N, Denes A, Brough D, Allan SM, Bix G, Pinteaux E. Selective deletion of interleukin-1 alpha in microglia regulates neuronal responses and neurorepair processes after experimental ischemic stroke. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.16.580635. [PMID: 38585834 PMCID: PMC10996562 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.16.580635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation is a key contributor to stroke pathogenesis and drives exacerbated brain damage leading to poor outcome. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is an important regulator of post-stroke inflammation, and blocking its actions is beneficial in pre-clinical stroke models and safe in the clinical setting. IL-1α and IL-1β are the two major IL-1 type 1 receptor (IL-1R1) agonists from the IL-1 family. The distinct roles of both isoforms, and particularly that of IL-1α, remain largely unknown. Here we show that IL-1α and IL-1β have different spatio-temporal expression profiles in the brain after experimental stroke, with early microglial IL-1α expression (4 h) and delayed IL-1β expression in infiltrated neutrophils and a small microglial subset (24-72 h). We examined the specific contribution of microglial-derived IL-1α in experimental permanent and transient ischemic stroke through cell-specific tamoxifen-inducible Cre-loxP-mediated recombination. Microglial IL-1α deletion did not influence acute brain damage, cerebral blood flow, IL-1β expression, neutrophil infiltration, microglial nor endothelial activation after ischemic stroke. However, microglial IL-1α knock out (KO) mice showed reduced peri-infarct vessel density and reactive astrogliosis at 14 days post-stroke, alongside a worse functional recovery. RNA sequencing analysis and subsequent pathway analysis on ipsilateral/contralateral cortex 4 h after stroke revealed a downregulation of the neuronal CREB signaling pathway in microglial IL-1α KO compared to WT mice. Our study identifies for the first time a critical role for microglial IL-1α on neuronal activity, neurorepair and functional recovery after stroke, highlighting the importance of targeting specific IL-1 mechanisms in brain injury to develop more effective therapies.
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Cliteur MP, van der Kolk AG, Hannink G, Hofmeijer J, Jolink WMT, Klijn CJM, Schreuder FHBM. Anakinra in cerebral haemorrhage to target secondary injury resulting from neuroinflammation (ACTION): Study protocol of a phase II randomised clinical trial. Eur Stroke J 2024; 9:265-273. [PMID: 37713268 PMCID: PMC10916813 DOI: 10.1177/23969873231200686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation plays a vital role in the development of secondary brain injury after spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). Interleukin-1 beta is an early pro-inflammatory cytokine and a potential therapeutic target. AIM To determine the effect of treatment with recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist anakinra on perihematomal oedema (PHO) formation in patients with spontaneous ICH compared to standard medical management, and investigate whether this effect is dose-dependent. METHODS ACTION is a phase-II, prospective, randomised, three-armed (1:1:1) trial with open-label treatment and blinded end-point assessment (PROBE) at three hospitals in The Netherlands. We will include 75 patients with a supratentorial spontaneous ICH admitted within 8 h after symptom onset. Participants will receive anakinra in a high dose (loading dose 500 mg intravenously, followed by infusion with 2 mg/kg/h over 72 h; n = 25) or in a low dose (loading dose 100 mg subcutaneously, followed by 100 mg subcutaneous twice daily for 72 h; n = 25), plus standard care. The control group (n = 25) will receive standard medical management. OUTCOMES Primary outcome is PHO, measured as oedema extension distance on MRI at day 7 ± 1. Secondary outcomes include the safety profile of anakinra, the effect of anakinra on serum inflammation markers, MRI measures of blood brain barrier integrity, and functional outcome at 90 ± 7 days. DISCUSSION The ACTION trial will provide insight into whether targeting interleukin-1 beta in the early time window after ICH onset could ameliorate secondary brain injury. This may contribute to the development of new treatment options to improve clinical outcome after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- MP Cliteur
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - AG van der Kolk
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - G Hannink
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Hofmeijer
- Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - WMT Jolink
- Department of Neurology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - CJM Klijn
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - FHBM Schreuder
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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11
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Fetsko AR, Sebo DJ, Budzynski LB, Scharbarth A, Taylor MR. IL-1β disrupts blood-brain barrier development by inhibiting endothelial Wnt/β-catenin signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.04.569943. [PMID: 38106202 PMCID: PMC10723338 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.04.569943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
During neuroinflammation, the proinflammatory cytokine Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) impacts blood-brain barrier (BBB) function by disrupting brain endothelial tight junctions, promoting vascular permeability, and increasing transmigration of immune cells. Here, we examined the effects of Il-1β on the in vivo development of the BBB. We generated a doxycycline-inducible transgenic zebrafish model that drives secretion of Il-1β in the CNS. To validate the utility of our model, we showed Il-1β dose-dependent mortality, recruitment of neutrophils, and expansion of microglia. Using live imaging, we discovered that Il-1β causes a significant reduction in CNS angiogenesis and barriergenesis. To demonstrate specificity, we rescued the Il-1β induced phenotypes by targeting the zebrafish il1r1 gene using CRISPR/Cas9. Mechanistically, we determined that Il-1β disrupts BBB development by decreasing Wnt/β-catenin transcriptional activation in brain endothelial cells. Given that several neurodevelopmental disorders are associated with inflammation, our findings support further investigation into the connections between proinflammatory cytokines, neuroinflammation, and neurovascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey R. Fetsko
- School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dylan J. Sebo
- School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lilyana B. Budzynski
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alli Scharbarth
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael R. Taylor
- School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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12
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Parry-Jones AR, Stocking K, MacLeod MJ, Clarke B, Werring DJ, Muir KW, Vail A. Phase II randomised, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in intracerebral haemorrhage: BLOcking the Cytokine IL-1 in ICH (BLOC-ICH). Eur Stroke J 2023; 8:819-827. [PMID: 37452707 PMCID: PMC10472954 DOI: 10.1177/23969873231185208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra) is an anti-inflammatory with efficacy in animal models of stroke. We tested the effect of anakinra on perihaematomal oedema in acute intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) and explored effects on inflammatory markers. METHODS We conducted a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with acute, spontaneous, supratentorial ICH between May 2019 and February 2021. Patients were randomised to 100 mg subcutaneous anakinra within 8 h of onset, followed by five, 12-hourly, 100 mg subcutaneous injections, or matched placebo. Primary outcome was oedema extension distance (OED) on a 72 h CT scan. Secondary outcomes included plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). FINDINGS 25 patients (target = 80) were recruited, 14 randomised to anakinra, 11 to placebo. Mean age was 67 and 52% were male. The anakinra group had higher median baseline ICH volume (12.6 ml, interquartile range[IQR]:4.8-17.9) versus placebo (5.5 ml, IQR:2.1-10.9). Adjusting for baseline, 72 h OED was not significantly different between groups (mean difference OED anakinra vs placebo -0.05 cm, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.17-0.06, p = 0.336). There was no significant difference in area-under-the-curve to Day 4 for IL-6 and CRP, but a post-hoc analysis demonstrated IL-6 was 56% (95% CI: 2%-80%) lower at Day 2 with anakinra. There were 10 and 2 serious adverse events in anakinra and placebo groups, respectively, none attributed to anakinra. CONCLUSION We describe feasibility for delivering anakinra in acute ICH and provide preliminary safety data. We lacked power to test for effects on oedema thus further trials will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian R Parry-Jones
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Katie Stocking
- Centre for Biostatistics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mary Joan MacLeod
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Brian Clarke
- Department of Stroke Medicine, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - David J Werring
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Keith W Muir
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andy Vail
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Centre for Biostatistics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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13
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Bucci T, Sagris D, Harrison SL, Underhill P, Pastori D, Ntaios G, McDowell G, Buckley BJR, Lip GYH. C-reactive protein levels are associated with early cardiac complications or death in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a propensity-matched analysis of a global federated health from the TriNetX network. Intern Emerg Med 2023; 18:1329-1336. [PMID: 37119383 PMCID: PMC10412660 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-023-03280-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The role of inflammation in predicting early cardiac complications among stroke patients is unclear. Electronic medical records from TriNetX, a global federated health research network, were used for this retrospective analysis. Patients with ischemic stroke and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) levels measured within 24 h post-stroke were categorized into three groups: (i) < 1 mg/L, (ii)1-3 mg/L and (iii) > 3 mg/L. The primary outcome was a composite outcome of cardiac complications (heart failure (HF), ischemic heart disease, atrial fibrillation (AF), ventricular arrhythmias and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy) or death at 30 days from the index event. Cox-regression analyses were used to produce hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) following 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM). Of the 104,741 patients enrolled, 51% were female and the mean age was 66 ± 16 years. After PSM, a new cardiac complication or death within 30 days occurred in 5624 (33.1%) patients with CRP > 3 mg/L, in 4243 (25.6%) patients with CRP 1-3 mg/L and in 3891 (23.5%) patients with CRP < 1 mg/L. Patients with CRP levels of 1-3 mg/L and > 3 mg/L had higher risk of the composite outcome (HR 1.10, 95%CI 1.05-1.52; HR 1.51, 95%CI 1.45-1.58), death (HR 1.43, 95%CI 1.24-1.64; HR 3.50, 95%CI 3.01-3.96), HF (HR 1.08, 95%CI 1.01-1.16; HR 1.51, 95%CI 1.41-1.61), AF (HR 1.10, 95% CI:1.02-1.18; HR 1.42, 95%CI 1.33-1.52) and ventricular arrhythmias (HR 1.25, 95%CI 1.02-1.52; HR 1.67, 95% CI 1.38-2.01) compared to those with CRP < 1 mg/L. Ischemic heart disease were more common among patients with CRP levels > 3 mg/L compared to those with CRP < 1 mg/L (HR:1.33, 95% CI:1.26-1.40), while no association with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy was found in all the analyses. CRP levels within the first 24 h of an ischemic stroke predict 30-day cardiac complications or death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Bucci
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool and Heart and Chest Hospital, William Henry Duncan Building 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialties "Paride Stefanini", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Dimitrios Sagris
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool and Heart and Chest Hospital, William Henry Duncan Building 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Stephanie L Harrison
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool and Heart and Chest Hospital, William Henry Duncan Building 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | | | - Daniele Pastori
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool and Heart and Chest Hospital, William Henry Duncan Building 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - George Ntaios
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Garry McDowell
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool and Heart and Chest Hospital, William Henry Duncan Building 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Benjamin J R Buckley
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool and Heart and Chest Hospital, William Henry Duncan Building 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool and Heart and Chest Hospital, William Henry Duncan Building 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
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14
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Kouchek M, Shojaei S, Amniati S, Ghaffari M, Salarian S, Miri MM, Taherpour N, Masbough F, Sistanizad M. Effect of High-dose Vitamin D on IL-1β Blood Level in Patients with Moderate Stroke: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Anesth Pain Med 2023; 13:e138810. [PMID: 38024000 PMCID: PMC10664162 DOI: 10.5812/aapm-138810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in stroke patients, but its effect on pro-inflammatory and inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-1, has been investigated in a few trials. Objectives This study aimed to determine the effect of prescribing a high dose of vitamin D on the anti-inflammatory parameters, short-term and long-term prognosis of patients with ischemic stroke. Methods This randomized clinical trial was performed on 42 patients randomly divided into two equal groups of 21 in Imam Hussein Hospital. The patients were allocated through block randomization methods to receive 300,000 units of vitamin D (intramuscularly) or not receive it as a control group. Age, gender, and clinical and laboratory information were recorded. The stroke severity was calculated according to the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at the beginning of hospitalization and upon hospital discharge. The 3-month prognosis of the patients was recorded according to the Barthel criteria three months after the stroke. Vitamin D3 levels were recorded before and after injection, while the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were assessed on the first day and for 7 consecutive days after hospitalization. All statistical analyses were performed using STATA version 14. A P-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results The mean age of the patients was 61.45 ± 4.74 years. There were 18 female (42.86%) and 24 male patients (57.14%). In the vitamin D group, the mean IL-1 decreased compared to before the intervention (-23.60 ± 103.83), but this decrease was not statistically significant (P = 0.070). In addition, the changes in IL-1 after the intervention were statistically different between the two groups (mean difference of -23.60 ± 103.83 in the vitamin D group vs. 15.96 ± 9.64 in the control group). The mean IL-6 decreased in both groups after the intervention compared to before, although these changes were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). In the group receiving vitamin D compared to the control group, the mean NLR decreased by about 2 units, the PLR decreased by about 10 units, and the NIHSS score decreased by about one unit during the study. However, these changes were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusions A high dose of vitamin D can improve the NIHSS score and decrease IL-1 and IL-6, although these changes were not statistically significant. The mean NLR and PLR decreased after using high-dose vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Kouchek
- Critical Care Quality Improvement Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Imam Hossein Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedpouzhia Shojaei
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Critical Care Quality Improvement Research Center, Shohada-e Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saied Amniati
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Ghaffari
- Department of Neurology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Salarian
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Imam Hossein Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Mohammad Miri
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Imam Hossein Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Taherpour
- Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Research Center, Imam Hossein Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Masbough
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sistanizad
- Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Research Center, Imam Hossein Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Henke K, Galimanis A, Blaser I, Ziaka M. Stroke-heart syndrome: A case report and mini literature review. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2023; 11:2050313X231183869. [PMID: 37440975 PMCID: PMC10334023 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x231183869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that cardiac troponin (cTn) elevation is commonly seen in the acute phase of ischemic stroke, investigating its etiology represents a challenge for healthcare practitioners. Therefore, we describe the case of an 86-year-old woman with dyspnea and cTn-elevation within the first days following acute ischemic stroke and discuss potential differential diagnoses and diagnostic dilemmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Henke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Thun
Hospital, Thun, Switzerland
| | | | - Isaac Blaser
- Department of Cardiology, Thun
Hospital, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Mairi Ziaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Thun
Hospital, Thun, Switzerland
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16
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Roth S, Wernsdorf SR, Liesz A. The role of circulating cell-free DNA as an inflammatory mediator after stroke. Semin Immunopathol 2023:10.1007/s00281-023-00993-5. [PMID: 37212886 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-023-00993-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide and a leading cause of disability. Clinical and experimental studies highlighted the complex role of the immune system in the pathophysiology of stroke. Ischemic brain injury leads to the release of cell-free DNA, a damage-associated molecular pattern, which binds to pattern recognition receptors on immune cells such as toll-like receptors and cytosolic inflammasome sensors. The downstream signaling cascade then induces a rapid inflammatory response. In this review, we are highlighting the characteristics of cell-free DNA and how these can affect a local as well as a systemic response after stroke. For this purpose, we screened literature on clinical studies investigating cell-free DNA concentration and properties after brain ischemia. We report the current understanding for mechanisms of DNA uptake and sensing in the context of post-stroke inflammation. Moreover, we compare possible treatment options targeting cell-free DNA, DNA-sensing pathways, and the downstream mediators. Finally, we describe clinical implications of this inflammatory pathway for stroke patients, open questions, and potential future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Roth
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Saskia R Wernsdorf
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Arthur Liesz
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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17
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Stephens R, Grainger JR, Smith CJ, Allan SM. Systemic innate myeloid responses to acute ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke. Semin Immunopathol 2023; 45:281-294. [PMID: 36346451 PMCID: PMC9641697 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00968-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Acute ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke account for significant disability and morbidity burdens worldwide. The myeloid arm of the peripheral innate immune system is critical in the immunological response to acute ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke. Neutrophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells (DC) contribute to the evolution of pathogenic local and systemic inflammation, whilst maintaining a critical role in ongoing immunity protecting against secondary infections. This review aims to summarise the key alterations to myeloid immunity in acute ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), and subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). By integrating clinical and preclinical research, we discover how myeloid immunity is affected across multiple organ systems including the brain, blood, bone marrow, spleen, and lung, and evaluate how these perturbations associate with real-world outcomes including infection. These findings are placed in the context of the rapidly developing field of human immunology, which offers a wealth of opportunity for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Stephens
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - John R Grainger
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Craig J Smith
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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18
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Puy L, Parry-Jones AR, Sandset EC, Dowlatshahi D, Ziai W, Cordonnier C. Intracerebral haemorrhage. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:14. [PMID: 36928219 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00424-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is a dramatic condition caused by the rupture of a cerebral vessel and the entry of blood into the brain parenchyma. ICH is a major contributor to stroke-related mortality and dependency: only half of patients survive for 1 year after ICH, and patients who survive have sequelae that affect their quality of life. The incidence of ICH has increased in the past few decades with shifts in the underlying vessel disease over time as vascular prevention has improved and use of antithrombotic agents has increased. The pathophysiology of ICH is complex and encompasses mechanical mass effect, haematoma expansion and secondary injury. Identifying the causes of ICH and predicting the vital and functional outcome of patients and their long-term vascular risk have improved in the past decade; however, no specific treatment is available for ICH. ICH remains a medical emergency, with prevention of haematoma expansion as the key therapeutic target. After discharge, secondary prevention and management of vascular risk factors in patients remains challenging and is based on an individual benefit-risk balance evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Puy
- Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (LilNCog) - U1172, University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Adrian R Parry-Jones
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Else Charlotte Sandset
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Unit, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- The Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dar Dowlatshahi
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Ottawa and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wendy Ziai
- Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charlotte Cordonnier
- Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (LilNCog) - U1172, University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille, France.
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Suzuki T, Kataoka Y, Shiozawa M, Morris K, Kiyoshige E, Nishimura K, Murai K, Sawada K, Iwai T, Matama H, Honda S, Fujino M, Yoneda S, Takagi K, Otsuka F, Asaumi Y, Koga M, Ihara M, Toyoda K, Tsujita K, Noguchi T. Heart-Brain Team Approach of Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicating Acute Stroke: Characteristics of Guideline-Recommended Coronary Revascularization and Antithrombotic Therapy and Cardiovascular and Bleeding Outcomes. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e027156. [PMID: 36645078 PMCID: PMC9939076 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.027156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) infrequently occurs after acute stroke. The Heart-brain team approach has a potential to appropriately manage this poststroke cardiovascular complication. However, clinical outcomes of AMI complicating acute stroke (AMI-CAS) with the heart-brain team approach have not been characterized. The current study investigated cardiovascular outcomes in patients with AMI-CAS managed by a heart-brain team. Methods and Results We retrospectively analyzed 2390 patients with AMI at our institute (January 1, 2007-September 30, 2020). AMI-CAS was defined as the occurrence of AMI within 14 days after acute stroke. Major adverse cerebral/cardiovascular events (cardiac-cause death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke) and major bleeding events were compared in subjects with AMI-CAS and those without acute stroke. AMI-CAS was identified in 1.6% of the subjects. Most AMI-CASs (37/39=94.9%) presented ischemic stroke. Median duration of AMI from the onset of acute stroke was 2 days. Patients with AMI-CAS less frequently received primary percutaneous coronary intervention (43.6% versus 84.7%; P<0.001) and dual-antiplatelet therapy (38.5% versus 85.7%; P<0.001), and 33.3% of them did not receive any antithrombotic agents (versus 1.3%; P<0.001). During the observational period (median, 2.4 years [interquartile range, 1.1-4.4 years]), patients with AMI-CAS exhibited a greater likelihood of experiencing major adverse cerebral/cardiovascular events (hazard ratio [HR], 3.47 [95% CI, 1.99-6.05]; P<0.001) and major bleeding events (HR, 3.30 [95% CI, 1.34-8.10]; P=0.009). These relationships still existed even after adjusting for clinical characteristics and medication use (major adverse cerebral/cardiovascular event: HR, 1.87 [95% CI, 1.02-3.42]; P=0.04; major bleeding: HR, 2.67 [95% CI, 1.03-6.93]; P=0.04). Conclusions Under the heart-brain team approach, AMI-CAS was still a challenging disease, reflected by less adoption of primary percutaneous coronary intervention and antithrombotic therapies, with substantially elevated cardiovascular and major bleeding risks. Our findings underscore the need for a further refined approach to mitigate their ischemic/bleeding risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Suzuki
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuita, OsakaJapan,Department of Advanced Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Yu Kataoka
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuita, OsakaJapan,Department of Advanced Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Masayuki Shiozawa
- Department of Cerebrovascular MedicineNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuita, OsakaJapan
| | - Kensuke Morris
- Department of Preventive CardiologyNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuita, OsakaJapan
| | - Eri Kiyoshige
- Department of Preventive CardiologyNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuita, OsakaJapan
| | - Kunihiro Nishimura
- Department of Preventive CardiologyNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuita, OsakaJapan
| | - Kota Murai
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuita, OsakaJapan,Department of Advanced Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Kenichiro Sawada
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuita, OsakaJapan,Department of Advanced Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Takamasa Iwai
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuita, OsakaJapan
| | - Hideo Matama
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuita, OsakaJapan,Department of Advanced Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Satoshi Honda
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuita, OsakaJapan
| | - Masashi Fujino
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuita, OsakaJapan
| | - Shuichi Yoneda
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuita, OsakaJapan
| | - Kensuke Takagi
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuita, OsakaJapan
| | - Fumiyuki Otsuka
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuita, OsakaJapan
| | - Yasuhide Asaumi
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuita, OsakaJapan
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- Department of Cerebrovascular MedicineNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuita, OsakaJapan
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of NeurologyNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuita, OsakaJapan
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- Department of Cerebrovascular MedicineNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuita, OsakaJapan
| | - Kenichi Tsujita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Teruo Noguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuita, OsakaJapan,Department of Advanced Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
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20
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Niu P, Li L, Zhang Y, Su Z, Wang B, Liu H, Zhang S, Qiu S, Li Y. Immune regulation based on sex differences in ischemic stroke pathology. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1087815. [PMID: 36793730 PMCID: PMC9923235 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1087815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the world's leading causes of death and disability. It has been established that gender differences in stroke outcomes prevail, and the immune response after stroke is an important factor affecting patient outcomes. However, gender disparities lead to different immune metabolic tendencies closely related to immune regulation after stroke. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of the role and mechanism of immune regulation based on sex differences in ischemic stroke pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Liqin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Zhongzhou Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Binghao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - He Liu
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Shehong Zhang
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Sheng Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Yuntao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
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21
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Ziaka M, Exadaktylos A. The Heart Is at Risk: Understanding Stroke-Heart-Brain Interactions with Focus on Neurogenic Stress Cardiomyopathy-A Review. J Stroke 2023; 25:39-54. [PMID: 36592971 PMCID: PMC9911836 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2022.02173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it has been convincingly demonstrated that acute brain injury may cause severe cardiac complications-such as neurogenic stress cardiomyopathy (NSC), a specific form of takotsubo cardiomyopathy. The pathophysiology of these brain-heart interactions is complex and involves sympathetic hyperactivity, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, as well as immune and inflammatory pathways. There have been great strides in our understanding of the axis from the brain to the heart in patients with isolated acute brain injury and more specifically in patients with stroke. On the other hand, in patients with NSC, research has mainly focused on hemodynamic dysfunction due to arrhythmias, regional wall motion abnormality, or left ventricular hypokinesia that leads to impaired cerebral perfusion pressure. Comparatively little is known about the underlying secondary and delayed cerebral complications. The aim of the present review is to describe the stroke-heart-brain axis and highlight the main pathophysiological mechanisms leading to secondary and delayed cerebral injury in patients with concurrent hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke and NSC as well as to identify further areas of research that could potentially improve outcomes in this specific patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairi Ziaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Thun General Hospital, Thun, Switzerland,Correspondence: Mairi Ziaka Department of Internal Medicine, Thun General Hospital, Krankenhausstrasse 12, 3600, Thun, Switzerland Tel: +0041636582967 E-mail:
| | - Aristomenis Exadaktylos
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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22
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Flores AE, Pascotini ET, Kegler A, Broetto N, Gabbi P, Duarte T, Prado ALC, Duarte MMMF, da Cruz IBM, Dos Santos ARS, Royes LFF, Fighera MR. Worst spasticity in patients post-stroke associated with MNSOD ALA16VAL polymorphism and interleukin-1β. Gene X 2022; 847:146880. [PMID: 36100117 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The MnSOD Ala16Val single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has shown to be associated to risk factors of several metabolic and vascular diseases. However, little is known about interaction between MnSOD Ala16Val SNP in stroke, a frequent neurologic disease that involves clinic manifestations such as motor deficits and spasticity. In this sense, we decided to investigate the relationship between MnSOD Ala16Val SNP with spasticity in stroke and also its influence on interleukin levels, BDNF, and glycolipid parameters. Eighty post-stroke subjects and 80 healthy controls were investigated. We showed a higher spasticity, levels of total cholesterol, LDL, IL-1β, IL-6, and INF-γ in VV post-stroke group. Interesting, we found a correlation between IL-1β levels and spasticity in VV post-stroke. Triglycerides, glucose levels and caspases (1 and 3) activation were significantly higher, as well as BDNF levels were lower in VV and AV post-stroke. DNA damage was higher in post-stroke group. Thus, we can suggest that the V allele has a worse glycolipid profile, which would facilitate changes in neurovascular homeostasis. These events associated with an increase in inflammatory markers and a reduction in BDNF can contribute with the stroke and a worse clinical evolution in relation to spasticity in patients with VV genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Ethur Flores
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Tanuri Pascotini
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Kegler
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Núbia Broetto
- Curso de Fisioterapia, Departamento de Ginástica e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Patricia Gabbi
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Thiago Duarte
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Marta M M F Duarte
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ivana B M da Cruz
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício (BIOEX), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Michele Rechia Fighera
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício (BIOEX), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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23
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Hu R, Liang J, Ding L, Zhang W, Liu X, Song B, Xu Y. Edaravone dexborneol provides neuroprotective benefits by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome-induced microglial pyroptosis in experimental ischemic stroke. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109315. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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24
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Chen Y, Hou C, Yang N, Yang Y, Chen Y, Kong D, Jiang Y, Lin M, Zheng S, Li S, Lu M. Regulatory Effect of JAK2/STAT3 on the Immune Function of Endotoxin-tolerant Dendritic Cells and its Involvement in Acute Liver Failure. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2022; 10:879-890. [PMID: 36304491 PMCID: PMC9547265 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2021.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Acute liver failure (ALF) is a potentially fatal clinical syndrome with no effective treatment. This study aimed to explore the role of Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) pathway in modulating the phenotype and immune function of endotoxin-tolerant dendritic cells (ETDCs). In addition, we explored the use of EDTCs in an experimental model of ALF and investigated the associated mechanisms. METHODS In the in vitro experiment, ETDCs were transfected with adenovirus to induce SOCS1+/+ETDCs and SOCS1-/-ETDCs. Thereafter, costimulatory molecules and mixed lymphocyte reaction were assessed. Experimental mice were randomly divided into normal control, ALF, ALF+mock-ETDCs, ALF+SOCS1+/+ETDCs, ALF+AG490, and ALF+AG490+SOCS1+/+ETDCs groups. We examined the therapeutic effect of adoptive cellular immunotherapy by tail-vein injection of target ETDCs 12 h before ALF modeling. AG490, a JAK2/STAT3 inhibitor, was used in the in vivo experiment to further explore the protective mechanism of SOCS1+/+ETDCs. RESULTS Compared with control ETDCs, SOCS1+/+ETDCs had lower expression of costimulatory molecules, weaker allostimulatory ability, lower levels of IL-6 and TNF-α expression and higher IL-10 secretion. SOCS1-/-ETDCs showed the opposite results. In the in vivo experiments, the ALF+SOCS1+/+ETDCs and ALF+AG490+SOCS1+/+ETDCs groups showed less pathological damage and suppressed activation of JAK2/STAT3 pathway. The changes were more pronounced in the ALF+AG490+SOCS1+/+ETDCs group. Infusion of SOCS1+/+ETDCs had a protective effect against ALF possibly via inhibition of JAK2 and STAT3 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS The SOCS1 gene had an important role in induction of endotoxin tolerance. SOCS1+/+ETDCs alleviated lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced ALF by downregulating the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukai Chen
- Ningbo Puji Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chaochen Hou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Naibin Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Youran Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Deyong Kong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuchun Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Minghao Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sijie Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Correspondence to: Mingqin Lu and Shanshan Li, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8331-5862 (ML) and https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5017-7766 (SL). Tel: +86-577-55579631 (ML) and +86-13736772148 (SL), Fax: +86-577-55578033, E-mail: (ML) and (SL)
| | - Mingqin Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Correspondence to: Mingqin Lu and Shanshan Li, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8331-5862 (ML) and https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5017-7766 (SL). Tel: +86-577-55579631 (ML) and +86-13736772148 (SL), Fax: +86-577-55578033, E-mail: (ML) and (SL)
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25
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Li J, Abedi V, Zand R. Dissecting Polygenic Etiology of Ischemic Stroke in the Era of Precision Medicine. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11205980. [PMID: 36294301 PMCID: PMC9604604 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11205980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS), the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, is caused by many modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. This complex disease is also known for its multiple etiologies with moderate heritability. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs), which have been used to establish a common genetic basis for IS, may contribute to IS risk stratification for disease/outcome prediction and personalized management. Statistical modeling and machine learning algorithms have contributed significantly to this field. For instance, multiple algorithms have been successfully applied to PRS construction and integration of genetic and non-genetic features for outcome prediction to aid in risk stratification for personalized management and prevention measures. PRS derived from variants with effect size estimated based on the summary statistics of a specific subtype shows a stronger association with the matched subtype. The disruption of the extracellular matrix and amyloidosis account for the pathogenesis of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). Pathway-specific PRS analyses confirm known and identify novel etiologies related to IS. Some of these specific PRSs (e.g., derived from endothelial cell apoptosis pathway) individually contribute to post-IS mortality and, together with clinical risk factors, better predict post-IS mortality. In this review, we summarize the genetic basis of IS, emphasizing the application of methodologies and algorithms used to construct PRSs and integrate genetics into risk models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Li
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Vida Abedi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Correspondence: (V.A.); (R.Z.)
| | - Ramin Zand
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Geisinger Health System, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, PA 17822, USA
- Correspondence: (V.A.); (R.Z.)
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26
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Qin C, Yang S, Chu YH, Zhang H, Pang XW, Chen L, Zhou LQ, Chen M, Tian DS, Wang W. Signaling pathways involved in ischemic stroke: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:215. [PMID: 35794095 PMCID: PMC9259607 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is caused primarily by an interruption in cerebral blood flow, which induces severe neural injuries, and is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Thus, it is of great necessity to further detailly elucidate the mechanisms of ischemic stroke and find out new therapies against the disease. In recent years, efforts have been made to understand the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke, including cellular excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, cell death processes, and neuroinflammation. In the meantime, a plethora of signaling pathways, either detrimental or neuroprotective, are also highly involved in the forementioned pathophysiology. These pathways are closely intertwined and form a complex signaling network. Also, these signaling pathways reveal therapeutic potential, as targeting these signaling pathways could possibly serve as therapeutic approaches against ischemic stroke. In this review, we describe the signaling pathways involved in ischemic stroke and categorize them based on the pathophysiological processes they participate in. Therapeutic approaches targeting these signaling pathways, which are associated with the pathophysiology mentioned above, are also discussed. Meanwhile, clinical trials regarding ischemic stroke, which potentially target the pathophysiology and the signaling pathways involved, are summarized in details. Conclusively, this review elucidated potential molecular mechanisms and related signaling pathways underlying ischemic stroke, and summarize the therapeutic approaches targeted various pathophysiology, with particular reference to clinical trials and future prospects for treating ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Qin
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yun-Hui Chu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Pang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lian Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Luo-Qi Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Man Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dai-Shi Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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27
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Targeted BRD4 protein degradation by dBET1 ameliorates acute ischemic brain injury and improves functional outcomes associated with reduced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress and preservation of blood-brain barrier integrity. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:168. [PMID: 35761277 PMCID: PMC9237998 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02533-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4), a member of the bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) protein family, plays a crucial role in regulating inflammation and oxidative stress that are tightly related to stroke development and progression. Consequently, BRD4 blockade has attracted increasing interest for associated neurological diseases, including stroke. dBET1 is a novel and effective BRD4 degrader through the proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) strategy. We hypothesized that dBET1 protects against brain damage and neurological deficits in a transient focal ischemic stroke mouse model by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress and preserving the blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Post-ischemic dBET1 treatment starting 4 h after stroke onset significantly ameliorated severe neurological deficits and reduced infarct volume 48 h after stroke. dBET1 markedly reduced inflammation and oxidative stress after stroke, indicated by multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, CCL2, CXCL1 and CXCL10, and oxidative damage markers 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and gp91phox and antioxidative proteins SOD2 and GPx1. Meanwhile, stroke-induced BBB disruption, increased MMP-9 levels, neutrophil infiltration, and increased ICAM-1 were significantly attenuated by dBET1 treatment. Post-ischemic dBET1 administration also attenuated ischemia-induced reactive gliosis in microglia and astrocytes. Overall, these findings demonstrate that BRD4 degradation by dBET1 improves acute stroke outcomes, which is associated with reduced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress and preservation of BBB integrity. This study identifies a novel role of BET proteins in the mechanisms resulting in ischemic brain damage, which can be leveraged to develop novel therapies.
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28
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Hu C, Chen X, Wang M, Zhang L, Gao D, Zhang L. Analgecine protects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion through apoptosis inhibition and anti-neuroinflammation in rats. Neuropeptides 2022; 93:102230. [PMID: 35378359 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2022.102230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stroke influence the quality of life of patients and leave big public health issues as acute cerebrovascular disease all over the world. Analgecine (AGC) relieves pain and accelerates repair of nerve injury. This current study aims to observe the pharmacological effects and related mechanisms of AGC in cerebral ischemic stroke among middle cerebral artery ischemia-reperfusion (MCAO) rats. After seven days of AGC administration, motor function was enhanced as evidenced by the prehensile traction test. Morphological ameliorations were observed by immunohistochemistry analysis. The protein expression levels of HSP70, Bcl-2, Bax, TRAF-6, MyD88, BDNF, NGF, pCREB, CREB, pTrkB, TrkB, pAKT and AKT were estimated by western blot. Meanwhile, AGC alleviated MCAO-induced inflammation chiefly by decreasing inflammatory cytokines in rat brain tissues. These results above suggested that MCAO-caused brain infarction was obviously alleviated by AGC. The immunohistochemistry data showed that AGC reduced neuronal injury and apoptosis, and inhibited microglia and astrocytes activation. The protein results suggested the expression of apoptosis-relevant proteins decreased among AGC treated groups and the neurotrophin related proteins were obviously enhanced by CREB/BDNF/TrkB/AKT and HSP70/Bcl-2/Bax pathways. Collectively, the results demonstrated that AGC primarily promoted neuro-nutrition, reduced the injury of nerve apoptosis and ameliorated neuroinflammation. In summary, AGC played a neuroprotective role, which had provided reliable evidence for AGC to be a potential drug in treating stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoying Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Mingyang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Dan Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China.
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29
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Candelario-Jalil E, Dijkhuizen RM, Magnus T. Neuroinflammation, Stroke, Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction, and Imaging Modalities. Stroke 2022; 53:1473-1486. [PMID: 35387495 PMCID: PMC9038693 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.036946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity is crucial for the homeostasis of the central nervous system. Structurally comprising the BBB, brain endothelial cells interact with pericytes, astrocytes, neurons, microglia, and perivascular macrophages in the neurovascular unit. Brain ischemia unleashes a profound neuroinflammatory response to remove the damaged tissue and prepare the brain for repair. However, the intense neuroinflammation occurring during the acute phase of stroke is associated with BBB breakdown, neuronal injury, and worse neurological outcomes. Here, we critically discuss the role of neuroinflammation in ischemic stroke pathology, focusing on the BBB and the interactions between central nervous system and peripheral immune responses. We highlight inflammation-driven injury mechanisms in stroke, including oxidative stress, increased MMP (matrix metalloproteinase) production, microglial activation, and infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the ischemic tissue. We provide an updated overview of imaging techniques for in vivo detection of BBB permeability, leukocyte infiltration, microglial activation, and upregulation of cell adhesion molecules following ischemic brain injury. We discuss the possibility of clinical implementation of imaging modalities to assess stroke-associated neuroinflammation with the potential to provide image-guided diagnosis and treatment. We summarize the results from several clinical studies evaluating the efficacy of anti-inflammatory interventions in stroke. Although convincing preclinical evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is a promising target for ischemic stroke, thus far, translating these results into the clinical setting has proved difficult. Due to the dual role of inflammation in the progression of ischemic damage, more research is needed to mechanistically understand when the neuroinflammatory response begins the transition from injury to repair. This could have important implications for ischemic stroke treatment by informing time- and context-specific therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Candelario-Jalil
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville (E.C-J)
| | - Rick M Dijkhuizen
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands (R.M.D.)
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (T.M.)
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30
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Ye X, Song G, Huang S, Liang Q, Fang Y, Lian L, Zhu S. Caspase-1: A Promising Target for Preserving Blood–Brain Barrier Integrity in Acute Stroke. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:856372. [PMID: 35370546 PMCID: PMC8971909 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.856372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) acts as a physical and biochemical barrier that plays a fundamental role in regulating the blood-to-brain influx of endogenous and exogenous components and maintaining the homeostatic microenvironment of the central nervous system (CNS). Acute stroke leads to BBB disruption, blood substances extravasation into the brain parenchyma, and the consequence of brain edema formation with neurological impairment afterward. Caspase-1, one of the evolutionary conserved families of cysteine proteases, which is upregulated in acute stroke, mainly mediates pyroptosis and compromises BBB integrity via lytic cellular death and inflammatory cytokines release. Nowadays, targeting caspase-1 has been proven to be effective in decreasing the occurrence of hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and in attenuating brain edema and secondary damages during acute stroke. However, the underlying interactions among caspase-1, BBB, and stroke still remain ill-defined. Hence, in this review, we are concerned about the roles of caspase-1 activation and its associated mechanisms in stroke-induced BBB damage, aiming at providing insights into the significance of caspase-1 inhibition on stroke treatment in the near future.
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31
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Zhu H, Hu S, Li Y, Sun Y, Xiong X, Hu X, Chen J, Qiu S. Interleukins and Ischemic Stroke. Front Immunol 2022; 13:828447. [PMID: 35173738 PMCID: PMC8841354 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.828447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke after cerebral artery occlusion is one of the major causes of chronic disability worldwide. Interleukins (ILs) play a bidirectional role in ischemic stroke through information transmission, activation and regulation of immune cells, mediating the activation, multiplication and differentiation of T and B cells and in the inflammatory reaction. Crosstalk between different ILs in different immune cells also impact the outcome of ischemic stroke. This overview is aimed to roughly discuss the multiple roles of ILs after ischemic stroke. The roles of IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-19, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-32, IL-33, IL-34, IL-37, and IL-38 in ischemic stroke were discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siping Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
| | - Yuntao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyao Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjing Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Junjing Chen, ; Sheng Qiu,
| | - Sheng Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Junjing Chen, ; Sheng Qiu,
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32
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Nouh CD, Ray B, Xu C, Zheng B, Danala G, Koriesh A, Hollabaugh K, Gordon D, Sidorov EV. Quantitative Analysis of Stress-Induced Hyperglycemia and Intracranial Blood Volumes for Predicting Mortality After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2022; 13:595-603. [PMID: 35040036 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-00985-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stress-induced hyperglycemia (SIH) is a neuroendocrine response to acute illness. Although SIH has an adverse association with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), quantitative measures and determinants of SIH are not well delineated. In the present study, we objectively evaluated SIH using glycemic gap (GG) and identified its radiological and clinical determinants, with a 5-year retrospective review of charts of ICH patients. We calculated GG using the regression equation (GG = AG -28.7 × HbA1c + 46.7) and evaluated whether GG is an independent predictor of mortality using a multivariate regression model. Radiological volumes of different intracranial compartments were determined using image segmentation software. We correlated GG with different clinical and radiological parameters using Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC), Spearman's rank correlation (SRC), and Wilcoxon rank sum test. Then, we calculated the value of GG associated with mortality. Out of 328 patients, 238 (73%) survived hospitalization and 90 (27%) expired. GG was found to be an independent predictor of mortality (r=0.008, p=0.04). Additionally, GG was positively correlated with intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH) volume (PCC=0.185, p<0.01) and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) volume (PCC=0.233, p<0.01) and negatively correlated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume (PCC=-0.151, p<0.01) and brain tissue volume (PCC=-0.099, p=0.08). GG was positively correlated with patients' ICH score (SRC=0.377, p<0.01), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) (PCC=-0.356, p<0.01), hydrocephalus (p<0.01), and IVH in the third ventricle (p<0.01). The univariate logistic regression model identified 30.0 mg/dl as the value of GG (AUC=0.655, p<0.01) that predicted mortality with 52.2% sensitivity and 75.2% specificity and defined SIH. In conclusion, GG independently predicts mortality in ICH patients and positively correlates with IPH and IVH volumes. However, causality between the two is not established and would require specifically designed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Delpirou Nouh
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 920 S.L. Young Blvd #2040, Oklahoma City, OK, 73014, USA.,Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Bappaditya Ray
- Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chao Xu
- Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Bin Zheng
- Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Electrical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Gopichand Danala
- Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Electrical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Ahmed Koriesh
- Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - Kimberly Hollabaugh
- Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - David Gordon
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 920 S.L. Young Blvd #2040, Oklahoma City, OK, 73014, USA.,Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Evgeny V Sidorov
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 920 S.L. Young Blvd #2040, Oklahoma City, OK, 73014, USA. .,Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. .,Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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33
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Wehrli M, Gallagher K, Chen YB, Leick MB, McAfee SL, El-Jawahri AR, DeFilipp Z, Horick N, O'Donnell P, Spitzer T, Dey B, Cook D, Trailor M, Lindell K, Maus MV, Frigault MJ. Single-center experience using anakinra for steroid-refractory immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-003847. [PMID: 34996813 PMCID: PMC8744112 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to remarkable antitumor activity, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is associated with acute toxicities such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). Current treatment guidelines for CRS and ICANS include use of tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody that blocks the interleukin (IL)-6 receptor, and corticosteroids. In patients with refractory CRS, use of several other agents as third-line therapy (including siltuximab, ruxolitinib, anakinra, dasatinib, and cyclophosphamide) has been reported on an anecdotal basis. At our institution, anakinra has become the standard treatment for the management of steroid-refractory ICANS with or without CRS, based on recent animal data demonstrating the role of IL-1 in the pathogenesis of ICANS/CRS. Here, we retrospectively analyzed clinical and laboratory parameters, including serum cytokines, in 14 patients at our center treated with anakinra for steroid-refractory ICANS with or without CRS after standard treatment with tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah) or axicabtagene ciloleucel (Yescarta) CD19-targeting CAR T. We observed statistically significant and rapid reductions in fever, inflammatory cytokines, and biomarkers associated with ICANS/CRS after anakinra treatment. With three daily subcutaneous doses, anakinra did not have a clear, clinically dramatic effect on neurotoxicity, and its use did not result in rapid tapering of corticosteroids; although neutropenia and thrombocytopenia were common at the time of anakinra dosing, there were no clear delays in hematopoietic recovery or infections that were directly attributable to anakinra. Anakinra may be useful adjunct to steroids and tocilizumab in the management of CRS and/or steroid-refractory ICANs resulting from CAR T-cell therapies, but prospective studies are needed to determine its efficacy in these settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Wehrli
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen Gallagher
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi-Bin Chen
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Hematopoietic Cell Transplant & Cell Therapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark B Leick
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Hematopoietic Cell Transplant & Cell Therapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven L McAfee
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Hematopoietic Cell Transplant & Cell Therapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Areej R El-Jawahri
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Hematopoietic Cell Transplant & Cell Therapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zachariah DeFilipp
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Hematopoietic Cell Transplant & Cell Therapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nora Horick
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Hematopoietic Cell Transplant & Cell Therapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul O'Donnell
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Hematopoietic Cell Transplant & Cell Therapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Spitzer
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Hematopoietic Cell Transplant & Cell Therapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bimal Dey
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Hematopoietic Cell Transplant & Cell Therapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniella Cook
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Hematopoietic Cell Transplant & Cell Therapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Trailor
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Hematopoietic Cell Transplant & Cell Therapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Lindell
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Hematopoietic Cell Transplant & Cell Therapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcela V Maus
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Hematopoietic Cell Transplant & Cell Therapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew J Frigault
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Hematopoietic Cell Transplant & Cell Therapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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34
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Geng X, Gao J, Wehbe A, Li F, Chaudhry N, Peng C, Ding Y. Reperfusion and reperfusion injury after ischemic stroke. ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASE 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_12_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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35
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Zhao YJ, Qiao H, Liu DF, Li J, Li JX, Chang SE, Lu T, Li FT, Wang D, Li HP, He XJ, Wang F. Lithium promotes recovery after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1324-1333. [PMID: 34782578 PMCID: PMC8643056 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.327348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium is associated with oxidative stress and apoptosis, but the mechanism by which lithium protects against spinal cord injury remains poorly understood. In this study, we found that intraperitoneal administration of lithium chloride (LiCl) in a rat model of spinal cord injury alleviated pathological spinal cord injury and inhibited expression of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-6, and interleukin 1 β. Lithium inhibited pyroptosis and reduced inflammation by inhibiting Caspase-1 expression, reducing the oxidative stress response, and inhibiting activation of the Nod-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome. We also investigated the neuroprotective effects of lithium intervention on oxygen/glucose-deprived PC12 cells. We found that lithium reduced inflammation, oxidative damage, apoptosis, and necrosis and up-regulated nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 in PC12 cells. All-trans retinoic acid, an Nrf2 inhibitor, reversed the effects of lithium. These results suggest that lithium exerts anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-pyroptotic effects through the Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1 pathway to promote recovery after spinal cord injury. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Xi’an Jiaotong University (approval No. 2018-2053) on October 23, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hao Qiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Dong-Fan Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jia-Xi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Su-E Chang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Teng Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Feng-Tao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hao-Peng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xi-Jing He
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Department of Orthopedics, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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36
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Müller S, Kufner A, Dell'Orco A, Rackoll T, Mekle R, Piper SK, Fiebach JB, Villringer K, Flöel A, Endres M, Ebinger M, Nave AH. Evolution of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Subacute Ischemic Stroke and Associations With Serum Biomarkers and Functional Outcome. Front Neurol 2021; 12:730923. [PMID: 34744972 PMCID: PMC8567961 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.730923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: In the setting of acute ischemic stroke, increased blood-brain barrier permeability (BBBP) as a sign of injury is believed to be associated with increased risk of poor outcome. Pre-clinical studies show that selected serum biomarkers including C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), matrix metallopeptidases (MMP), and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) may play a role in BBBP post-stroke. In the subacute phase of stroke, increased BBBP may also be caused by regenerative mechanisms such as vascular remodeling and therefore may improve functional recovery. Our aim was to investigate the evolution of BBBP in ischemic stroke using contrast-enhanced (CE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to analyze potential associations with blood-derived biomarkers as well as functional recovery in subacute ischemic stroke patients. Methods: This is an exploratory analysis of subacute ischemic stroke patients enrolled in the BAPTISe study nested within the randomized controlled PHYS-STROKE trial (interventions: 4 weeks of aerobic fitness training vs. relaxation). Patients with at least one CE-MRI before (v1) or after (v2) the intervention were eligible for this analysis. The prevalence of increased BBBP was visually assessed on T1-weighted MR-images based on extent of contrast-agent enhancement within the ischemic lesion. The intensity of increased BBBP was assessed semi-quantitatively by normalizing the mean voxel intensity within the region of interest (ROI) to the contralateral hemisphere (“normalized CE-ROI”). Selected serum biomarkers (high-sensitive CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, MMP-9, and VEGF) at v1 (before intervention) were analyzed as continuous and dichotomized variables defined by laboratory cut-off levels. Functional outcome was assessed at 6 months after stroke using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Results: Ninety-three patients with a median baseline NIHSS of 9 [IQR 6–12] were included into the analysis. The median time to v1 MRI was 30 days [IQR 18–37], and the median lesion volume on v1 MRI was 4 ml [IQR 1.2–23.4]. Seventy patients (80%) had increased BBBP visible on v1 MRI. After the trial intervention, increased BBBP was still detectable in 52 patients (74%) on v2 MRI. The median time to v2 MRI was 56 days [IQR 46–67]. The presence of increased BBBP on v1 MRI was associated with larger lesion volumes and more severe strokes. Aerobic fitness training did not influence the increase of BBBP evaluated at v2. In linear mixed models, the time from stroke onset to MRI was inversely associated with normalized CE-ROI (coefficient −0.002, Standard Error 0.007, p < 0.01). Selected serum biomarkers were not associated with the presence or evolution of increased BBBP. Multivariable regression analysis did not identify the occurrence or evolution of increased BBBP as an independent predictor of favorable functional outcome post-stroke. Conclusion: In patients with moderate-to-severe subacute stroke, three out of four patients demonstrated increased BBB permeability, which decreased over time. The presence of increased BBBP was associated with larger lesion volumes and more severe strokes. We could not detect an association between selected serum biomarkers of inflammation and an increased BBBP in this cohort. No clear association with favorable functional outcome was observed. Trial registration: NCT01954797.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Müller
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Kufner
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie - Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Dell'Orco
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Rackoll
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,BIH QUEST - Center for Transforming Biomedical Research, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,ExcellenceCluster NeuroCure, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Mekle
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie K Piper
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen B Fiebach
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kersten Villringer
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Agnes Flöel
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Endres
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie - Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,ExcellenceCluster NeuroCure, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Ebinger
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Medical Park Berlin Humboldtmühle, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander H Nave
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie - Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
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37
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Clinical Utility of Serum Holotranscobalamin Measurements in Patients with First-Ever Ischemic Stroke. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:9914298. [PMID: 34545295 PMCID: PMC8449731 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9914298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Whether holotranscobalamin (holoTC) indicates B12 deficiency more sensitively than total vitamin B12 (B12) is unclear. This study is aimed at determining the impact of serum holoTC level as a risk factor for ischemic stroke and investigating its association with disease severity and short-term outcomes. Methods Serum holoTC, total B12, and homocysteine levels were compared between 130 stroke patients and 138 healthy controls. Biomarker level correlations with disease severity and stroke functional outcomes were investigated. Results holoTC levels were lower and homocysteine levels were higher in stroke patients than in healthy controls (P < 0.05). The holoTC/total B12 ratio and homocysteine level significantly predicted ischemic stroke in the multivariable regression analysis (P < 0.05). Along with hyperhomocysteinemia, patients more often had holoTC than total B12 deficiency (6.2% vs. 3.1%). holoTC levels negatively correlated with homocysteine levels (partial R -0.165, P < 0.05) in stroke patients in multiple linear regression analyses, but not total B12 levels. The holoTC level and holoTC/total B12 ratio, but not homocysteine and total B12 levels, negatively correlated with the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (partial R, -0.405 and -0.207, respectively, P < 0.01). Conclusions Measurements of serum holoTC levels combined with total B12 and homocysteine levels may provide valuable information for predicting ischemic stroke and its severity and short-term outcomes of ischemic stroke patients.
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38
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Brain Immune Interactions-Novel Emerging Options to Treat Acute Ischemic Brain Injury. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092429. [PMID: 34572077 PMCID: PMC8472028 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is still among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Despite intensive advancements in medical sciences, the clinical options to treat ischemic stroke are limited to thrombectomy and thrombolysis using tissue plasminogen activator within a narrow time window after stroke. Current state of the art knowledge reveals the critical role of local and systemic inflammation after stroke that can be triggered by interactions taking place at the brain and immune system interface. Here, we discuss different cellular and molecular mechanisms through which brain–immune interactions can take place. Moreover, we discuss the evidence how the brain influence immune system through the release of brain derived antigens, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), cytokines, chemokines, upregulated adhesion molecules, through infiltration, activation and polarization of immune cells in the CNS. Furthermore, the emerging concept of stemness-induced cellular immunity in the context of neurodevelopment and brain disease, focusing on ischemic implications, is discussed. Finally, we discuss current evidence on brain–immune system interaction through the autonomic nervous system after ischemic stroke. All of these mechanisms represent potential pharmacological targets and promising future research directions for clinically relevant discoveries.
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39
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Venugopal J, Wang J, Mawri J, Guo C, Eitzman D. Interleukin-1 receptor inhibition reduces stroke size in a murine model of sickle cell disease. Haematologica 2021; 106:2469-2477. [PMID: 32817286 PMCID: PMC8409048 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.252395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with chronic hemolytic anemia and a heightened inflammatory state. The causal role of inflammatory pathways in stroke associated with SCD is unclear. Therefore, the hypothesis that deletion of the non-hematopoietic interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) pool may be beneficial in SCD was pursued. Since potential deleterious effects of IL-1R signaling in SCD could be mediated via downstream production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), the role of the nonhematopoietic IL-6 pool was also addressed. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from SCD to wild-type (WT) recipient mice was used to generate SCD mice (Wt,SCDbmt). In order to generate mice with nonhematopoietic deficiency of IL-1R or IL-6, SCD marrow was transplanted into IL-1R deficient (IL1R-/-,SCDbmt) or IL-6 deficient recipients (IL6-/-, SCDbmt). Blood counts, reticulocytes, soluble E-selectin (sEsel), and IL-6 levels were analyzed 14-15 weeks post-BMT. Ischemic stroke was induced by middle cerebral artery (MCA) photothrombosis at 16 weeks post-BMT. A separate group of Wt,SCDbmt mice was given the IL-1R inhibitor, anakinra, following stroke induction. Seventy-two hours after MCA occlusion, stroke volume was assessed by staining brain sections with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Formalin-fixed brain sections were also stained for macrophages with MAC3, for endothelial activation with ICAM-1, and for loss of blood brain barrier integrity with fibrin (ogen) staining. All SCD mice generated by BMT were anemic and the severity of anemia was not different between Wt,SCDbmt, IL1R-/-,SCDbmt, and IL-6-/-,SCDbmt mice. Three days following MCA occlusion, stroke volume was significantly reduced in IL1R-/-,SCDbmt mice compared to Wt,SCDbmt mice and IL6-/-,SCDbmt mice. Plasma levels of sEsel were lower in IL1R-/-,SCDbmt compared to Wt,SCDbmt and IL-6-/-,SCDbmt mice. Post-stroke treatment of Wt,SCDbmt mice with anakinra decreased stroke size, leukocyte infiltration, ICAM-1 expression, and fibrin(ogen) accumulation compared to vehicle-treated mice. Deficiency of non-hematopoietic IL-1R or treatment with an IL-1R antagonist is sufficient to confer protection against the increased stroke size associated with SCD. These effects of IL1R deficiency are associated with reduced endothelial activation, leukocyte infiltration, and blood brain barrier disruption, and are independent of non-hematopoietic IL-6 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Venugopal
- University of Michigan Internal Medicine - Cardiology division, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jintao Wang
- University of Michigan Internal Medicine - Cardiology division, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Chiao Guo
- University of Michigan Internal Medicine - Cardiology division, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel Eitzman
- University of Michigan Internal Medicine - Cardiology division, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Xin WQ, Wei W, Pan YL, Cui BL, Yang XY, Bähr M, Doeppner TR. Modulating poststroke inflammatory mechanisms: Novel aspects of mesenchymal stem cells, extracellular vesicles and microglia. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1030-1048. [PMID: 34567423 PMCID: PMC8422926 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i8.1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in the pathological process of ischemic stroke, and systemic inflammation affects patient prognosis. As resident immune cells in the brain, microglia are significantly involved in immune defense and tissue repair under various pathological conditions, including cerebral ischemia. Although the differentiation of M1 and M2 microglia is certainly oversimplified, changing the activation state of microglia appears to be an intriguing therapeutic strategy for cerebral ischemia. Recent evidence indicates that both mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) regulate inflammation and modify tissue repair under preclinical stroke conditions. However, the precise mechanisms of these signaling pathways, especially in the context of the mutual interaction between MSCs or MSC-derived EVs and resident microglia, have not been sufficiently unveiled. Hence, this review summarizes the state-of-the-art knowledge on MSC- and MSC-EV-mediated regulation of microglial activity under ischemic stroke conditions with respect to various signaling pathways, including cytokines, neurotrophic factors, transcription factors, and microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qiang Xin
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Yong-Li Pan
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Bao-Long Cui
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Xin-Yu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
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41
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Forti P, Maioli F, Zoli M. Association of early glycemic change with short-term mortality in lobar and non-lobar intracerebral hemorrhage. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16059. [PMID: 34373518 PMCID: PMC8352939 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between early glycemic change and short-term mortality in non-diabetic patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is unclear. We retrospectively investigated non-diabetic patients with lobar (n = 262) and non-lobar ICH (n = 370). Each patient had a random serum glucose test on hospital admission and a fasting serum glucose test within the following 48 h. Hyperglycemia was defined as serum glucose ≥ 7.8 mmol/l. Four patterns were determined: no hyperglycemia (reference category), persistent hyperglycemia, delayed hyperglycemia, and decreasing hyperglycemia. Associations with 30-day mortality were estimated using Cox models adjusted for major features of ICH severity. Persistent hyperglycemia was associated with 30-day mortality in both lobar (HR 3.00; 95% CI 1.28–7.02) and non-lobar ICH (HR 4.95; 95% CI 2.20–11.09). In lobar ICH, 30-day mortality was also associated with delayed (HR 4.10; 95% CI 1.77–9.49) and decreasing hyperglycemia (HR 2.01, 95% CI 1.09–3.70). These findings were confirmed in Cox models using glycemic change (fasting minus random serum glucose) as a continuous variable. Our study shows that, in non-diabetic patients with ICH, early persistent hyperglycemia is an independent predictor of short-term mortality regardless of hematoma location. Moreover, in non-diabetic patients with lobar ICH, both a positive and a negative glycemic change are associated with short-term mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Forti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Fabiola Maioli
- Medical Department of Integrated Care Models, Maggiore Hospital Carlo Alberto Pizzardi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Zoli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
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42
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Cytokine-Laden Extracellular Vesicles Predict Patient Prognosis after Cerebrovascular Accident. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157847. [PMID: 34360613 PMCID: PMC8345931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A major contributor to disability after hemorrhagic stroke is secondary brain damage induced by the inflammatory response. Following stroke, global increases in numerous cytokines—many associated with worse outcomes—occur within the brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and peripheral blood. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) may traffic inflammatory cytokines from damaged tissue within the brain, as well as peripheral sources, across the blood–brain barrier, and they may be a critical component of post-stroke neuroinflammatory signaling. Methods: We performed a comprehensive analysis of cytokine concentrations bound to plasma EV surfaces and/or sequestered within the vesicles themselves. These concentrations were correlated to patient acute neurological condition by the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and to chronic, long-term outcome via the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E). Results: Pro-inflammatory cytokines detected from plasma EVs were correlated to worse outcomes in hemorrhagic stroke patients. Anti-inflammatory cytokines detected within EVs were still correlated to poor outcomes despite their putative neuroprotective properties. Inflammatory cytokines macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL2), colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), interleukin 7 (IL7), and monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG/CXCL9) were significantly correlated to both negative GCS and GOS-E when bound to plasma EV membranes. Conclusions: These findings correlate plasma-derived EV cytokine content with detrimental outcomes after stroke, highlighting the potential for EVs to provide cytokines with a means of long-range delivery of inflammatory signals that perpetuate neuroinflammation after stroke, thus hindering recovery.
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43
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Ko E, Poon MLS, Park E, Cho Y, Shin JH. Engineering 3D Cortical Spheroids for an In Vitro Ischemic Stroke Model. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:3845-3860. [PMID: 34275269 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) spheroids composed of brain cells have shown great potential to mimic the pathophysiology of the brain. However, a 3D spheroidal brain-disease model for cerebral ischemia has not been reported. This study investigated an ultralow attachment (ULA) surface-mediated formation of 3D cortical spheroids using primary rat cortical cells to recapitulate the cerebral ischemic responses in stroke by oxygen-glucose deprivation-reoxygenation (OGD-R) treatment. Comparison between two-dimensional (2D) and 3D cell culture models confirmed the better performance of the 3D cortical spheroids as normal brain models. The cortical cells cultured in 3D maintained their healthy physiological morphology of a less activated state and suppressed mRNA expressions of pathological stroke markers, S100B, IL-1β, and MBP, selected based on in vivo stroke model. Interestingly, the spheroids formed on the ULA surface exhibited striking aggregation dynamics involving active cell-substrate interactions, whereas those formed on the agarose surface aggregated passively by the convective flow of the media. Accordingly, ULA spheroids manifested a layered arrangement of neurons and astrocytes with higher expressions of integrin β1, integrin α5, N-cadherin, and fibronectin than the agarose spheroids. OGD-R-induced stroke model of the ULA spheroids successfully mimicked the ischemic response as evidenced by the upregulated mRNA expressions of the key markers for stroke, S100B, IL-1β, and MBP. Our study suggested that structurally and functionally distinct cortical spheroids could be generated by simply tuning the cell-substrate binding activities during dynamic spheroidal formation, which should be an essential factor to consider in establishing a brain-disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunmin Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291, Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mong Lung Steve Poon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291, Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291, Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngbin Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291, Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jennifer H Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291, Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Garcia-Bonilla L, Sciortino R, Shahanoor Z, Racchumi G, Janakiraman M, Montaner J, Zhou P, Anrather J, Iadecola C. Role of microglial and endothelial CD36 in post-ischemic inflammasome activation and interleukin-1β-induced endothelial activation. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 95:489-501. [PMID: 33872708 PMCID: PMC8187325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is associated with an acute inflammatory response that contributes to the resulting injury. The innate immunity receptor CD36, expressed in microglia and endothelium, and the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) are involved in the mechanisms of ischemic injury. Since CD36 has been implicated in activation of the inflammasome, the main source of IL-1β, we investigated whether CD36 mediates brain injury through the inflammasome and IL-1β. We found that active caspase-1, a key inflammasome component, is decreased in microglia of CD36-deficient mice subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, an effect associated with a reduction in brain IL-1β. Conditional deletion of CD36 either in microglia or endothelium reduced ischemic injury in mice, attesting to the pathogenic involvement of CD36 in both cell types. Application of an ischemic brain extract to primary brain endothelial cell cultures from wild type (WT) mice induced IL-1β-dependent endothelial activation, reflected by increases in the cytokine colony stimulating factor-3, a response markedly attenuated in CD36-deficient endothelia. Similarly, the increase in colony stimulating factor-3 induced by recombinant IL-1β was attenuated in CD36-deficient compared to WT endothelia. We conclude that microglial CD36 is a key determinant of post-ischemic IL-1β production by regulating caspase-1 activity, whereas endothelial CD36 is required for the full expression of the endothelial activation induced by IL-1β. The data identify microglial and endothelial CD36 as critical upstream components of the acute inflammatory response to cerebral ischemia and viable putative therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Garcia-Bonilla
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Rose Sciortino
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Ziasmin Shahanoor
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Gianfranco Racchumi
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Mathangi Janakiraman
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Lab, Vall d´Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ping Zhou
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Josef Anrather
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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45
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Kakarla V, Kaneko N, Nour M, Khatibi K, Elahi F, Liebeskind DS, Hinman JD. Pathophysiologic mechanisms of cerebral endotheliopathy and stroke due to Sars-CoV-2. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:1179-1192. [PMID: 33530831 PMCID: PMC8142132 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20985666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular events have emerged as a central feature of the clinical syndrome associated with Sars-CoV-2 infection. This increase in infection-related strokes is marked by atypical presentations including stroke in younger patients and a high rate of hemorrhagic transformation after ischemia. A variety of pathogenic mechanisms may underlie this connection. Efforts to identify synergism in the pathophysiology underlying stroke and Sars-CoV-2 infection can inform the understanding of both conditions in novel ways. In this review, the molecular cascades connected to Sars-CoV-2 infection are placed in the context of the cerebral vasculature and in relationship to pathways known to be associated with stroke. Cytokine-mediated promotion of systemic hypercoagulability is suggested while direct Sars-CoV-2 infection of cerebral endothelial cells may also contribute. Endotheliopathy resulting from direct Sars-CoV-2 infection of the cerebral vasculature can modulate ACE2/AT1R/MasR signaling pathways, trigger direct viral activation of the complement cascade, and activate feed-forward cytokine cascades that impact the blood-brain barrier. All of these pathways are already implicated as independent mechanisms driving stroke and cerebrovascular injury irrespective of Sars-CoV-2. Recognizing the overlap of molecular pathways triggered by Sars-CoV-2 infection with those implicated in the pathogenesis of stroke provides an opportunity to identify future therapeutics targeting both Sars-CoV-2 and stroke thereby reducing the impact of the global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visesha Kakarla
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Naoki Kaneko
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - May Nour
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kasra Khatibi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fanny Elahi
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David S Liebeskind
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason D Hinman
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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46
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Lawler PR, Bhatt DL, Godoy LC, Lüscher TF, Bonow RO, Verma S, Ridker PM. Targeting cardiovascular inflammation: next steps in clinical translation. Eur Heart J 2021; 42:113-131. [PMID: 32176778 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic vascular inflammation plays multiple maladaptive roles which contribute to the progression and destabilization of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). These roles include: (i) driving atheroprogression in the clinically stable phase of disease; (ii) inciting atheroma destabilization and precipitating acute coronary syndromes (ACS); and (iii) responding to cardiomyocyte necrosis in myocardial infarction (MI). Despite an evolving understanding of these biologic processes, successful clinical translation into effective therapies has proven challenging. Realizing the promise of targeting inflammation in the prevention and treatment of ASCVD will likely require more individualized approaches, as the degree of inflammation differs among cardiovascular patients. A large body of evidence has accumulated supporting the use of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) as a clinical measure of inflammation. Appreciating the mechanistic diversity of ACS triggers and the kinetics of hsCRP in MI may resolve purported inconsistencies from prior observational studies. Future clinical trial designs incorporating hsCRP may hold promise to enable individualized approaches. The aim of this Clinical Review is to summarize the current understanding of how inflammation contributes to ASCVD progression, destabilization, and adverse clinical outcomes. We offer forward-looking perspective on what next steps may enable successful clinical translation into effective therapeutic approaches-enabling targeting the right patients with the right therapy at the right time-on the road to more individualized ASCVD care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Lawler
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, 190 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.,Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.,University of Toronto, 27 King's College Cir, Toronto, ON M5S 1K1, Canada
| | - Deepak L Bhatt
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lucas C Godoy
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, 190 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.,Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 44, Doutor Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar Avenue, São Paulo, SP 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospital, Imperial College, 77 Wimpole Street, London W1G 9RU, UK
| | - Robert O Bonow
- Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 251 E Huron, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Subodh Verma
- University of Toronto, 27 King's College Cir, Toronto, ON M5S 1K1, Canada.,Division of Cardiac Surgery, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, 30 Bond St, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Harvard Medical School, 900 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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47
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Wang J, Yao J, Liu Y, Huang L. Targeting the gasdermin D as a strategy for ischemic stroke therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 188:114585. [PMID: 33930348 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of death and disability worldwide that triggers a variety of neuropathological conditions, leading to the initiation of several pro-inflammatory mediators and neuronal damage. Neuroinflammation has been considered the potential therapeutic target and contributes to the pathology of ischemia and reperfusion. Pyroptosis is an inflammatory form of programmed cell death that plays an important role in immune protection against stroke. Gasdermin D (GSDMD) is the final executor of pyroptosis upon cleavage by caspases-1/4/5/11, followed by canonical and noncanonical inflammasome activation, leading to a series of inflammatory responses. GSDMD N-terminal domain assembles plasma membrane as well as organelle membrane pores to induce cytolysis, thereby triggering cytokine release and inflammatory-related cell death. In our review, we concisely summarized and highlighted the potential role of GSDMD-regulated pyroptosis and the biological characteristic of GSDMD as a therapeutic target in ischemic stroke. A better understanding of the roles of GSDMD may provide a theoretical basis for the design of novel therapeutic interventions for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabing Wang
- Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China.
| | - Jiali Yao
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yugang Liu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Lili Huang
- Lihuili Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, China
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48
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Liberale L, Ministrini S, Carbone F, Camici GG, Montecucco F. Cytokines as therapeutic targets for cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases. Basic Res Cardiol 2021; 116:23. [PMID: 33770265 PMCID: PMC7997823 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-021-00863-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite major advances in prevention and treatment, cardiac and cerebral atherothrombotic complications still account for substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this context, inflammation is involved in the chronic process leading atherosclerotic plaque formation and its complications, as well as in the maladaptive response to acute ischemic events. For this reason, modulation of inflammation is nowadays seen as a promising therapeutic strategy to counteract the burden of cardio- and cerebrovascular disease. Being produced and recognized by both inflammatory and vascular cells, the complex network of cytokines holds key functions in the crosstalk of these two systems and orchestrates the progression of atherothrombosis. By binding to membrane receptors, these soluble mediators trigger specific intracellular signaling pathways eventually leading to the activation of transcription factors and a deep modulation of cell function. Both stimulatory and inhibitory cytokines have been described and progressively reported as markers of disease or interesting therapeutic targets in the cardiovascular field. Nevertheless, cytokine inhibition is burdened by harmful side effects that will most likely prevent its chronic use in favor of acute administrations in well-selected subjects at high risk. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the modulatory role of cytokines on atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Then, we discuss evidence from clinical trials specifically targeting cytokines and the potential implication of these advances into daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Liberale
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland. .,First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Stefano Ministrini
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Internal Medicine, Angiology and Atherosclerosis, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Federico Carbone
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa, Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni G Camici
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Research and Education, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa, Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy.,First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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49
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Leasure AC, Kuohn LR, Vanent KN, Bevers MB, Kimberly WT, Steiner T, Mayer SA, Matouk CC, Sansing LH, Falcone GJ, Sheth KN. Association of Serum IL-6 (Interleukin 6) With Functional Outcome After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2021; 52:1733-1740. [PMID: 33682454 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.032888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES IL-6 (interleukin 6) is a proinflammatory cytokine and an established biomarker in acute brain injury. We sought to determine whether admission IL-6 levels are associated with severity and functional outcome after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). METHODS We performed an exploratory analysis of the recombinant activated FAST trial (Factor VII for Acute ICH). Patients with admission serum IL-6 levels were included. Regression analyses were used to assess the associations between IL-6 and 90-day modified Rankin Scale. In secondary analyses, we used linear regression to evaluate the association between IL-6 and baseline ICH and perihematomal edema volumes. RESULTS Of 841 enrolled patients, we included 552 (66%) with available admission IL-6 levels (mean age 64 [SD 13], female sex 203 [37%]). IL-6 was associated with poor outcome (modified Rankin Scale, 4-6; per additional 1 ng/L, odds ratio, 1.30 [95% CI, 1.04-1.63]; P=0.02) after adjustment for known predictors of outcome after ICH and treatment group. IL-6 was associated with ICH volume after adjustment for age, sex, and ICH location, and this association was modified by location (multivariable interaction, P=0.002), with a stronger association seen in lobar (β, 12.51 [95% CI, 6.47-18.55], P<0.001) versus nonlobar (β 5.32 [95% CI, 3.36-7.28], P<0.001) location. IL-6 was associated with perihematomal edema volume after adjustment for age, sex, ICH volume, and ICH location (β 1.22 [95% CI, 0.15-2.29], P=0.03). Treatment group was not associated with IL-6 levels or outcome. CONCLUSIONS In the FAST trial population, higher admission IL-6 levels were associated with worse 90-day functional outcome and larger ICH and perihematomal edema volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey C Leasure
- Department of Neurology (A.C.L., L.R.K., K.N.V., L.H.S., G.J.F., K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Lindsey R Kuohn
- Department of Neurology (A.C.L., L.R.K., K.N.V., L.H.S., G.J.F., K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Kevin N Vanent
- Department of Neurology (A.C.L., L.R.K., K.N.V., L.H.S., G.J.F., K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Matthew B Bevers
- Divisions of Stroke, Cerebrovascular and Critical Care Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.B.B.)
| | - W Taylor Kimberly
- Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (W.T.K.)
| | - Thorsten Steiner
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Frankfurt Höchst, Germany (T.S.).,Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (T.S.)
| | - Stephan A Mayer
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, New York Medical College, Westchester Medical Center Health Network, Valhalla (S.A.M.)
| | - Charles C Matouk
- Department of Neurosurgery (C.C.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Lauren H Sansing
- Department of Neurology (A.C.L., L.R.K., K.N.V., L.H.S., G.J.F., K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Guido J Falcone
- Department of Neurology (A.C.L., L.R.K., K.N.V., L.H.S., G.J.F., K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Kevin N Sheth
- Department of Neurology (A.C.L., L.R.K., K.N.V., L.H.S., G.J.F., K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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50
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Sposato LA, Hilz MJ, Aspberg S, Murthy SB, Bahit MC, Hsieh CY, Sheppard MN, Scheitz JF. Post-Stroke Cardiovascular Complications and Neurogenic Cardiac Injury: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 76:2768-2785. [PMID: 33272372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over 1.5 million deaths worldwide are caused by neurocardiogenic syndromes. Furthermore, the consequences of deleterious brain-heart interactions are not limited to fatal complications. Cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure, and nonfatal coronary syndromes are also common. The brain-heart axis is implicated in post-stroke cardiovascular complications known as the stroke-heart syndrome, sudden cardiac death, and Takotsubo syndrome, among other neurocardiogenic syndromes. Multiple pathophysiological mechanisms with the potential to be targeted with novel therapies have been identified in the last decade. In the present state-of-the-art review, we describe recent advances in the understanding of anatomical and functional aspects of the brain-heart axis, cardiovascular complications after stroke, and a comprehensive pathophysiological model of stroke-induced cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano A Sposato
- Heart & Brain Laboratory, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Max J Hilz
- University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Sara Aspberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Santosh B Murthy
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Unit, Department of Neurology, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York. https://twitter.com/san_murthy
| | - M Cecilia Bahit
- INECO Neurociencias Oroño, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina. https://twitter.com/ceciliabahit
| | - Cheng-Yang Hsieh
- Department of Neurology, Tainan Sin Lau Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. https://twitter.com/chengyanghsieh
| | - Mary N Sheppard
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan F Scheitz
- Klinik für Neurologie mit Experimenteller Neurologie and Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung), partner site Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany. https://twitter.com/Jan_FriSch
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