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Chen L, Li H, Liu X, Zhang N, Wang K, Shi A, Gao H, Akdis D, Saguner AM, Xu X, Osto E, Van de Veen W, Li G, Bayés-Genís A, Duru F, Song J, Li X, Hu S. PBX/Knotted 1 homeobox-2 (PKNOX2) is a novel regulator of myocardial fibrosis. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:94. [PMID: 38644381 PMCID: PMC11033280 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01804-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Much effort has been made to uncover the cellular heterogeneities of human hearts by single-nucleus RNA sequencing. However, the cardiac transcriptional regulation networks have not been systematically described because of the limitations in detecting transcription factors. In this study, we optimized a pipeline for isolating nuclei and conducting single-nucleus RNA sequencing targeted to detect a higher number of cell signal genes and an optimal number of transcription factors. With this unbiased protocol, we characterized the cellular composition of healthy human hearts and investigated the transcriptional regulation networks involved in determining the cellular identities and functions of the main cardiac cell subtypes. Particularly in fibroblasts, a novel regulator, PKNOX2, was identified as being associated with physiological fibroblast activation in healthy hearts. To validate the roles of these transcription factors in maintaining homeostasis, we used single-nucleus RNA-sequencing analysis of transplanted failing hearts focusing on fibroblast remodelling. The trajectory analysis suggested that PKNOX2 was abnormally decreased from fibroblast activation to pathological myofibroblast formation. Both gain- and loss-of-function in vitro experiments demonstrated the inhibitory role of PKNOX2 in pathological fibrosis remodelling. Moreover, fibroblast-specific overexpression and knockout of PKNOX2 in a heart failure mouse model induced by transverse aortic constriction surgery significantly improved and aggravated myocardial fibrosis, respectively. In summary, this study established a high-quality pipeline for single-nucleus RNA-sequencing analysis of heart muscle. With this optimized protocol, we described the transcriptional regulation networks of the main cardiac cell subtypes and identified PKNOX2 as a novel regulator in suppressing fibrosis and a potential therapeutic target for future translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Haotong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ningning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Kui Wang
- School of Statistics and Data Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Anteng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Deniz Akdis
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ardan M Saguner
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xinjie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Elena Osto
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Willem Van de Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Guangyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Antoni Bayés-Genís
- Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, CIBERCV, Spain
| | - Firat Duru
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jiangping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Xiangjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Shengshou Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China.
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Zhao L, Li P, Xu Z, Ji X, Guan L, Wang X, Luo J, Cheng H, Ye L. Diagnosis of post-neurosurgical bacterial meningitis in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage based on the immunity-related proteomics signature of the cerebrospinal fluid. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1166598. [PMID: 37409018 PMCID: PMC10319054 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1166598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Post-neurosurgical bacterial meningitis (PNBM) is a serious complication for patients who receive neurosurgical treatment, but the diagnosis is difficult given the complicated microenvironment orchestrated by sterile brain injury and pathogenic infection. In this study, we explored potential diagnostic biomarkers and immunological features using a proteomics platform. Methods A total of 31 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) who received neurosurgical treatment were recruited for this study. Among them, 15 were diagnosed with PNBM. The remaining 16 patients were categorized into the non-PNBM group. Proteomics analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was conducted on the Olink platform, which contained 92 immunity-related molecules. Results We found that the expressions of 27 CSF proteins were significantly different between the PNBM and non-PNBM groups. Of those 27 proteins, 15 proteins were upregulated and 12 were downregulated in the CSF of the PNBM group. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that three proteins (pleiotrophin, CD27, and angiopoietin 1) had high diagnostic accuracy for PNBM. Furthermore, we also performed bioinformatics analysis to explore potential pathways and the subcellular localization of the proteins. Conclusion In summary, we found a cohort of immunity-related molecules that can serve as potential diagnostic biomarkers for PNBM in patients with aSAH. These molecules also provide an immunological profile of PNBM.
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ANGPT1 methylation and delayed cerebral ischemia in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. EPIGENETICS COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 1. [PMID: 35359917 PMCID: PMC8967216 DOI: 10.1186/s43682-021-00001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background: Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is a common secondary complication and an important cause of disability and mortality among patients who survive aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Knowledge on DCI pathogenesis, risk factors, and biomarkers are essential for early detection and improved prognosis. To investigate the role of DNA methylation in DCI risk, we conducted an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) in 68 patients followed up to 1 year after the initial aneurysm rupture. Blood samples were collected within 48 h post hemorrhage and used for DNA methylation profiling at ~ 450k CpG sites. A separate cohort of 175 patients was sequenced for the top CpG sites from the discovery analysis for a replication of the EWAS findings. Results: EWAS did not identify any epigenome-wide significant CpGs. The top signal, cg18031596, was annotated to ANGPT1, a gene with critical functions in angiogenesis after vascular injury. Post hoc power calculations indicated a well-powered discovery analysis for cg18031596. Analysis of the replication cohort showed that four out of the five CpG sites sequenced at the ANGPT1 locus passed a Bonferroni-adjusted significance threshold. In a pooled analysis of the entire sample, three out of five yielded a significant p-value, and the top association signal (p-value = 0.004) was seen for a CpG that was not originally measured in the discovery EWAS. However, four ANGPT1 CpG sites had an opposite effect direction in the replication analysis compared to the discovery EWAS, marking a failure of replication. We carefully examined this observed flip in directions and propose several possible explanations in addition to that it was a random chance that ANGPT1 ranked at the top in the discovery EWAS. Conclusions: We failed to demonstrate a significant and consistent effect of ANGPT1 methylation in DCI risk in two cohorts. Though the replication attempt to weaken the overall support of this gene, given its relevant function and top rank of significance in the EWAS, our results call for future studies of larger aSAH cohorts to determine its relevance for the occurrence of DCI.
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Kamalova A, Futai K, Delpire E, Nakagawa T. AMPA Receptor Auxiliary Subunit GSG1L Suppresses Short-Term Facilitation in Corticothalamic Synapses and Determines Seizure Susceptibility. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107921. [PMID: 32697982 PMCID: PMC7425083 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The anterior thalamus (AT) is critical for memory formation, processing navigational information, and seizure initiation. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate synaptic function of AT neurons remain largely unexplored. We report that AMPA receptor auxiliary subunit GSG1L controls short-term plasticity in AT synapses that receive inputs from the cortex, but not in those receiving inputs from other pathways. A canonical auxiliary subunit stargazin co-exists in these neurons but is functionally absent from corticothalamic synapses. In GSG1L knockout mice, AT neurons exhibit hyperexcitability and the animals have increased susceptibility to seizures, consistent with a negative regulatory role of GSG1L. We hypothesize that negative regulation of synaptic function by GSG1L plays a critical role in maintaining optimal excitation in the AT. Kamalova et al. report the phenotypes of GSG1L KO mice. The synaptic function of AMPAR auxiliary subunit GSG1L in the anterior thalamus is input specific. GSG1L suppresses short-term facilitation and decreases AMPAR activity specifically in corticothalamic synapses, where stargazin is functionally absent. GSG1L KO mice exhibit hyperexcitability and seizure susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aichurok Kamalova
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kensuke Futai
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Terunaga Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Mercurio D, Piotti A, Valente A, Oggioni M, Ponstein Y, Van Amersfoort E, Gobbi M, Fumagalli S, De Simoni MG. Plasma-derived and recombinant C1 esterase inhibitor: Binding profiles and neuroprotective properties in brain ischemia/reperfusion injury. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 93:299-311. [PMID: 33444732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
C1 esterase inhibitor (C1INH) is known to exert its inhibitory effect by binding to several target proteases of the contact and complement systems. One of C1INH's targets comprise mannose-binding lectin (MBL), a critical player in post-stroke pathophysiology. We therefore explored the effects of recombinant human (rh) and plasma derived (pd) C1INH in C57BL/6J mice subjected to transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (tMCAo), receiving 15U/mouse of pd or rhC1INH intravenously, at reperfusion. We analyzed the compounds' (i)neuroprotective effects, (ii) plasma presence, (iii)effects on circulating and brain MBL, (iv)time course of endothelial deposition, and (v) effects on the formation of active complement products. rhC1INH-treated mice had neuroprotective effects, including reduced behavioral deficits and neuronal loss, associated with decreased MBL brain deposition and decreased formation of complement C4b active fragments. In contrast, pdC1INH did not show these neuroprotective effects despite its longer plasma residence time. We also analyzed the response to tMCAo in C1INH-deficient mice, observing a poorer ischemic outcome compared to the wild type mice, which could be partially prevented by rhC1INH administration. In conclusion, we show that rhC1INH exhibits stronger neuroprotective effects than the corresponding plasma-derived protein after experimental ischemia/reperfusion injury in the brain, placing it as a promising drug for stroke. Differential effects are likely related to more effective MBL inhibition which further confirms it as a useful pharmacological target for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Mercurio
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Piotti
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Valente
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Oggioni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Gobbi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Fumagalli
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy.
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
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Rebelo MÂ, Gómez C, Gomes I, Poza J, Martins S, Maturana-Candelas A, Ruiz-Gómez SJ, Durães L, Sousa P, Figueruelo M, Rodríguez M, Pita C, Arenas M, Álvarez L, Hornero R, Pinto N, Lopes AM. Genome-Wide Scan for Five Brain Oscillatory Phenotypes Identifies a New QTL Associated with Theta EEG Band. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110870. [PMID: 33218114 PMCID: PMC7698967 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain waves, measured by electroencephalography (EEG), are a powerful tool in the investigation of neurophysiological traits and a noninvasive and cost-effective alternative in the diagnostic of some neurological diseases. In order to identify novel Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) for brain wave relative power (RP), we collected resting state EEG data in five frequency bands (δ, θ, α, β1, and β2) and genome-wide data in a cohort of 105 patients with late onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD), 41 individuals with mild cognitive impairment and 45 controls from Iberia, correcting for disease status. One novel association was found with an interesting candidate for a role in brain wave biology, CLEC16A (C-type lectin domain family 16), with a variant at this locus passing the adjusted genome-wide significance threshold after Bonferroni correction. This finding reinforces the importance of immune regulation in brain function. Additionally, at a significance cutoff value of 5 × 10−6, 18 independent association signals were detected. These signals comprise brain expression Quantitative Loci (eQTLs) in caudate basal ganglia, spinal cord, anterior cingulate cortex and hypothalamus, as well as chromatin interactions in adult and fetal cortex, neural progenitor cells and hippocampus. Moreover, in the set of genes showing signals of association with brain wave RP in our dataset, there is an overrepresentation of loci previously associated with neurological traits and pathologies, evidencing the pleiotropy of the genetic variation modulating brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ângelo Rebelo
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.Â.R.); (I.G.); (S.M.); (A.M.L.)
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Gómez
- Grupo de Ingeniería Biomédica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (J.P.); (A.M.-C.); (S.J.R.-G.); (R.H.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBER-BBN), 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Iva Gomes
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.Â.R.); (I.G.); (S.M.); (A.M.L.)
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jesús Poza
- Grupo de Ingeniería Biomédica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (J.P.); (A.M.-C.); (S.J.R.-G.); (R.H.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBER-BBN), 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Matemáticas (IMUVA), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Sandra Martins
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.Â.R.); (I.G.); (S.M.); (A.M.L.)
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Aarón Maturana-Candelas
- Grupo de Ingeniería Biomédica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (J.P.); (A.M.-C.); (S.J.R.-G.); (R.H.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBER-BBN), 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Saúl J. Ruiz-Gómez
- Grupo de Ingeniería Biomédica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (J.P.); (A.M.-C.); (S.J.R.-G.); (R.H.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBER-BBN), 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Luis Durães
- Associação Portuguesa de Familiares e Amigos de Doentes de Alzheimer, Delegação Norte, 4455-301 Lavra, Portugal; (L.D.); (P.S.)
| | - Patrícia Sousa
- Associação Portuguesa de Familiares e Amigos de Doentes de Alzheimer, Delegação Norte, 4455-301 Lavra, Portugal; (L.D.); (P.S.)
| | - Manuel Figueruelo
- Asociación de Familiares y Amigos de Enfermos de Alzheimer y otras demencias de Zamora, 49021 Zamora, Spain; (M.F.); (M.R.); (C.P.)
| | - María Rodríguez
- Asociación de Familiares y Amigos de Enfermos de Alzheimer y otras demencias de Zamora, 49021 Zamora, Spain; (M.F.); (M.R.); (C.P.)
| | - Carmen Pita
- Asociación de Familiares y Amigos de Enfermos de Alzheimer y otras demencias de Zamora, 49021 Zamora, Spain; (M.F.); (M.R.); (C.P.)
| | - Miguel Arenas
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
| | | | - Roberto Hornero
- Grupo de Ingeniería Biomédica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (J.P.); (A.M.-C.); (S.J.R.-G.); (R.H.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBER-BBN), 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Matemáticas (IMUVA), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Nádia Pinto
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.Â.R.); (I.G.); (S.M.); (A.M.L.)
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Matemática da, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (C.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Alexandra M. Lopes
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.Â.R.); (I.G.); (S.M.); (A.M.L.)
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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Cody JD. The Consequences of Abnormal Gene Dosage: Lessons from Chromosome 18. Trends Genet 2020; 36:764-776. [PMID: 32660784 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accurate interpretation of genomic copy number variation (CNV) remains a challenge and has important consequences for both congenital and late-onset disease. Hemizygosity dosage characterization of the genes on chromosome 18 reveals a spectrum of outcomes ranging from no clinical effect, to risk factors for disease, to both low- and high-penetrance disease. These data are important for accurate and predictive clinical management. Additionally, the potential mechanisms of reduced penetrance due to dosage compensation are discussed as a key to understanding avenues for potential treatment. This review describes the chromosome 18 findings, and discusses the molecular mechanisms that allow haploinsufficiency, reduced penetrance, and dosage compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannine DeMars Cody
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Chromosome 18 Registry and Research Society, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Kostyuk AI, Kokova AD, Podgorny OV, Kelmanson IV, Fetisova ES, Belousov VV, Bilan DS. Genetically Encoded Tools for Research of Cell Signaling and Metabolism under Brain Hypoxia. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E516. [PMID: 32545356 PMCID: PMC7346190 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is characterized by low oxygen content in the tissues. The central nervous system (CNS) is highly vulnerable to a lack of oxygen. Prolonged hypoxia leads to the death of brain cells, which underlies the development of many pathological conditions. Despite the relevance of the topic, different approaches used to study the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia have many limitations. One promising lead is the use of various genetically encoded tools that allow for the observation of intracellular parameters in living systems. In the first part of this review, we provide the classification of oxygen/hypoxia reporters as well as describe other genetically encoded reporters for various metabolic and redox parameters that could be implemented in hypoxia studies. In the second part, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the primary hypoxia model systems and highlight inspiring examples of research in which these experimental settings were combined with genetically encoded reporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I. Kostyuk
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.D.K.); (O.V.P.); (I.V.K.); (E.S.F.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra D. Kokova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.D.K.); (O.V.P.); (I.V.K.); (E.S.F.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg V. Podgorny
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.D.K.); (O.V.P.); (I.V.K.); (E.S.F.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya V. Kelmanson
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.D.K.); (O.V.P.); (I.V.K.); (E.S.F.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena S. Fetisova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.D.K.); (O.V.P.); (I.V.K.); (E.S.F.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod V. Belousov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.D.K.); (O.V.P.); (I.V.K.); (E.S.F.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Georg August University Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Federal Center for Cerebrovascular Pathology and Stroke, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry S. Bilan
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.D.K.); (O.V.P.); (I.V.K.); (E.S.F.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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Prokopenko D, Hecker J, Kirchner R, Chapman BA, Hoffman O, Mullin K, Hide W, Bertram L, Laird N, DeMeo DL, Lange C, Tanzi RE. Identification of Novel Alzheimer's Disease Loci Using Sex-Specific Family-Based Association Analysis of Whole-Genome Sequence Data. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5029. [PMID: 32193444 PMCID: PMC7081222 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61883-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of whole genome-sequencing (WGS) studies, family-based designs enable sex-specific analysis approaches that can be applied to only affected individuals; tests using family-based designs are attractive because they are completely robust against the effects of population substructure. These advantages make family-based association tests (FBATs) that use siblings as well as parents especially suited for the analysis of late-onset diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD). However, the application of FBATs to assess sex-specific effects can require additional filtering steps, as sensitivity to sequencing errors is amplified in this type of analysis. Here, we illustrate the implementation of robust analysis approaches and additional filtering steps that can minimize the chances of false positive-findings due to sex-specific sequencing errors. We apply this approach to two family-based AD datasets and identify four novel loci (GRID1, RIOK3, MCPH1, ZBTB7C) showing sex-specific association with AD risk. Following stringent quality control filtering, the strongest candidate is ZBTB7C (Pinter = 1.83 × 10-7), in which the minor allele of rs1944572 confers increased risk for AD in females and protection in males. ZBTB7C encodes the Zinc Finger and BTB Domain Containing 7C, a transcriptional repressor of membrane metalloproteases (MMP). Members of this MMP family were implicated in AD neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Prokopenko
- Genetics and Aging Unit and McCance Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julian Hecker
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rory Kirchner
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brad A Chapman
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oliver Hoffman
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kristina Mullin
- Genetics and Aging Unit and McCance Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Winston Hide
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neurosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, US
| | - Lars Bertram
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics and Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nan Laird
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dawn L DeMeo
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christoph Lange
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Unit and McCance Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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10
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Moxon JV, Trollope AF, Dewdney B, de Hollander C, Nastasi DR, Maguire JM, Golledge J. The effect of angiopoietin-1 upregulation on the outcome of acute ischaemic stroke in rodent models: A meta-analysis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:2343-2354. [PMID: 31581897 PMCID: PMC6893985 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19876876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Clinical studies report that low circulating angiopoietin-1 concentration at presentation predicts worse outcomes after ischaemic stroke. Upregulating angiopoietin-1 may therefore have therapeutic benefit for ischaemic stroke. This systematic review assessed whether upregulating angiopoietin-1 improved outcomes in rodent models of ischaemic stroke. Random-effects models quantified the effect of angiopoietin-1 upregulation on stroke severity in terms of the size of cerebral infarction and the extent of blood-brain barrier permeability. Eleven studies utilising rat and mouse models of ischaemic stroke fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses demonstrated that angiopoietin-1 upregulation significantly reduced cerebral infarction size (standardised mean difference: -3.02; 95% confidence intervals: -4.41, -1.63; p < 0.001; n = 171 animals) and improved blood-brain barrier integrity (standardized mean difference: -2.02; 95% confidence intervals: -3.27, -0.77; p = 0.002; n = 129 animals). Subgroup analyses demonstrated that angiopoietin-1 upregulation improved outcomes in models of transient, not permanent cerebral ischaemia. Six studies assessed the effect of angiopoietin-1 upregulation on neurological function; however, inter-study heterogeneity prevented meta-analysis. In conclusion, published rodent data suggest that angiopoietin-1 upregulation improves outcome following temporary cerebral ischaemia by reducing cerebral infarction size and improving blood-brain barrier integrity. Additional research is required to examine the effect of angiopoietin-1 upregulation on neurological function during stroke recovery and investigate the benefit and risks in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph V Moxon
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,The Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Alexandra F Trollope
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,The Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Department of Anatomy, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Brittany Dewdney
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Domenico R Nastasi
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Jane M Maguire
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jonathan Golledge
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,The Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Australia
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11
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Rudy RF, Charoenvimolphan N, Qian B, Berndt A, Friedlander RM, Weiss ST, Du R. A Genome-Wide Analysis of the Penumbral Volume in Inbred Mice following Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5070. [PMID: 30911049 PMCID: PMC6433893 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Following ischemic stroke, the penumbra, at-risk neural tissue surrounding the core infarct, survives for a variable period of time before progressing to infarction. We investigated genetic determinants of the size of penumbra in mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) using a genome-wide approach. 449 male mice from 33 inbred strains underwent MCAO for 6 hours (215 mice) or 24 hours (234 mice). A genome-wide association study using genetic data from the Mouse HapMap project was performed to examine the effects of genetic variants on the penumbra ratio, defined as the ratio of the infarct volume after 6 hours to the infarct volume after 24 hours of MCAO. Efficient mixed model analysis was used to account for strain interrelatedness. Penumbra ratio differed significantly by strain (F = 2.7, P < 0.001) and was associated with 18 significant SNPs, including 6 protein coding genes. We have identified 6 candidate genes for penumbra ratio: Clint1, Nbea, Smtnl2, Rin3, Dclk1, and Slc24a4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Rudy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Baogang Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Annerose Berndt
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert M Friedlander
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rose Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. .,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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12
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Sheldon RA, Windsor C, Ferriero DM. Strain-Related Differences in Mouse Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia. Dev Neurosci 2019; 40:490-496. [PMID: 30820007 DOI: 10.1159/000495880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is commonly studied by means of the Vannucci procedure in mice or rats (unilateral common carotid artery occlusion followed by hypoxia). Previously, we modified the postnatal day 7 (P7) rat procedure for use in mice, and later demonstrated that genetic strain strongly influences the degree of brain injury in the P7 mouse model of hypoxia-ischemia (HI). Recently, the P9 or P10 mouse brain was recognized as the developmental equivalent of a term neonatal human brain, rather than P7. Consequently, the Vannucci procedure has again been modified, and a commonly used protocol employs 10% oxygen for 50 min in C57Bl/6 mice. Strain differences have yet to be described for the P9/P10 mouse model. In order to determine if the strain differences we previously reported in the P7 mouse model are present in the P9 model, we compared 2 commonly used strains, CD1 and C57Bl/6J, in both the P7 (carotid ligation [in this case, right] followed by exposure to 8% oxygen for 30 min) and P9 (carotid ligation [in this case left] followed by exposure to 10% oxygen) models of HI. Experiments using the P7 model were performed in 2001-2012 and those using the P9 model were performed in 2012-2016. Five to seven days after the HI procedure, mice were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde, their brains were sectioned on a Vibratome (50 µm) and alternate sections were stained with Perl's iron stain or cresyl violet. Brain sections were examined microscopically and scored for the degree of injury. Since brains in the P7 group had been scored previously with a slightly different system, they were reanalyzed using our current scoring system which scores injury in 11 regions: the anterior, middle, and posterior cortex; the anterior, middle, and posterior striatum; CA1, CA2, CA3, and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and thalamus, on a scale from 0 (none) to 3 (cystic infarct) for a total score of 0-33. Brains in the P9 group were scored with the same system. Given the same insult, the P7 CD1 mice had greater injury than the C57Bl/6J mice, which agrees with our previous findings. The P9 CD1 mice also had greater injury than the C57Bl/6J mice. This study confirms that CD1 mice are more susceptible to injury than C57Bl/6J mice and that strain selection is important when using mouse models of HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ann Sheldon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA, .,Department of Newborn Brain Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA,
| | - Christine Windsor
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Newborn Brain Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Donna M Ferriero
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Newborn Brain Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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13
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Saad MN, Mabrouk MS, Eldeib AM, Shaker OG. Studying the effects of haplotype partitioning methods on the RA-associated genomic results from the North American Rheumatoid Arthritis Consortium (NARAC) dataset. J Adv Res 2019; 18:113-126. [PMID: 30891314 PMCID: PMC6403413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Haplotype blocks methods plays a complementary role to the single-SNP approaches. CIT, FGT, SSLD, and single-SNP methods should be applied to discover the markers. Selection of the method used for the association has an impact on the biomarkers. SSLD method detected more significant SNPs than CIT, FGT, and single-SNP methods. The 383 SNPs discovered by all methods are significantly associated with RA.
The human genome, which includes thousands of genes, represents a big data challenge. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex autoimmune disease with a genetic basis. Many single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) association methods partition a genome into haplotype blocks. The aim of this genome wide association study (GWAS) was to select the most appropriate haplotype block partitioning method for the North American Rheumatoid Arthritis Consortium (NARAC) dataset. The methods used for the NARAC dataset were the individual SNP approach and the following haplotype block methods: the four-gamete test (FGT), confidence interval test (CIT), and solid spine of linkage disequilibrium (SSLD). The measured parameters that reflect the strength of the association between the biomarker and RA were the P-value after Bonferroni correction and other parameters used to compare the output of each haplotype block method. This work presents a comparison among the individual SNP approach and the three haplotype block methods to select the method that can detect all the significant SNPs when applied alone. The GWAS results from the NARAC dataset obtained with the different methods are presented. The individual SNP, CIT, FGT, and SSLD methods detected 541, 1516, 1551, and 1831 RA-associated SNPs respectively, and the individual SNP, FGT, CIT, and SSLD methods detected 65, 156, 159, and 450 significant SNPs respectively, that were not detected by the other methods. Three hundred eighty-three SNPs were discovered by the haplotype block methods and the individual SNP approach, while 1021 SNPs were discovered by all three haplotype block methods. The 383 SNPs detected by all the methods are promising candidates for studying RA susceptibility. A hybrid technique involving all four methods should be applied to detect the significant SNPs associated with RA in the NARAC dataset, but the SSLD method may be preferred because of its advantages when only one method was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed N Saad
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Mai S Mabrouk
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Ayman M Eldeib
- Systems and Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Olfat G Shaker
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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14
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Abstract
Many strains of mice are utilized in mouse models of cerebrovascular diseases. Variations in vascular anatomy between these strains has been documented and may influence the phenotype in stroke models. To address inter-strain variations in the circle of Willis anatomy, the diameters of internal carotid, posterior communicating, anterior cerebral, and middle cerebral arteries in 144 mice from 32 inbred strains were measured. Arterial diameters were analyzed as a function of animal weight, age, and strain. Variations in the structure of the circle of Willis across strains were observed and noted. While right-sided anterior cerebral arteries were significantly greater in diameter than their left-sided counterparts across most strains, variations in arterial diameter are strain specific. Adult mouse weight was not found to be associated with arterial diameter across strains, suggesting that cerebral artery size is associated with strain independently of weight. This study demonstrates strain dependent variations in the murine circle of Willis, which should be taken into consideration when studying mouse models of cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baogang Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robert F Rudy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tianxi Cai
- Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rose Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
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15
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Polygenic Control of Carotid Atherosclerosis in a BALB/cJ × SM/J Intercross and a Combined Cross Involving Multiple Mouse Strains. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:731-739. [PMID: 28040783 PMCID: PMC5295616 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.037879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries is a major cause of ischemic stroke, which accounts for 85% of all stroke cases. Genetic factors contributing to carotid atherosclerosis remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to identify chromosomal regions harboring genes contributing to carotid atherosclerosis in mice. From an intercross between BALB/cJ (BALB) and SM/J (SM) apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe-/-) mice, 228 female F2 mice were generated and fed a "Western" diet for 12 wk. Atherosclerotic lesion sizes in the left carotid artery were quantified. Across the entire genome, 149 genetic markers were genotyped. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis revealed eight loci for carotid lesion sizes, located on chromosomes 1, 5, 12, 13, 15, 16, and 18. Combined cross-linkage analysis using data from this cross, and two previous F2 crosses derived from BALB, C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJ strains, identified five significant QTL on chromosomes 5, 9, 12, and 13, and nine suggestive QTL for carotid atherosclerosis. Of them, the QTL on chromosome 12 had a high LOD score of 9.95. Bioinformatic analysis prioritized Arhgap5, Akap6, Mipol1, Clec14a, Fancm, Nin, Dact1, Rtn1, and Slc38a6 as probable candidate genes for this QTL. Atherosclerotic lesion sizes were significantly correlated with non-HDL cholesterol levels (r = 0.254; p = 0.00016) but inversely correlated with HDL cholesterol levels (r = -0.134; p = 0.049) in the current cross. Thus, we demonstrated the polygenic control of carotid atherosclerosis in mice. The correlations of carotid lesion sizes with non-HDL and HDL suggest that genetic factors exert effects on carotid atherosclerosis partially through modulation of lipoprotein homeostasis.
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16
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Tedeschi A, Omura T, Costigan M. CNS repair and axon regeneration: Using genetic variation to determine mechanisms. Exp Neurol 2017; 287:409-422. [PMID: 27163547 PMCID: PMC5097896 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The importance of genetic diversity in biological investigation has been recognized since the pioneering studies of Gregor Johann Mendel and Charles Darwin. Research in this area has been greatly informed recently by the publication of genomes from multiple species. Genes regulate and create every part and process in a living organism, react with the environment to create each living form and morph and mutate to determine the history and future of each species. The regenerative capacity of neurons differs profoundly between animal lineages and within the mammalian central and peripheral nervous systems. Here, we discuss research that suggests that genetic background contributes to the ability of injured axons to regenerate in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), by controlling the regulation of specific signaling cascades. We detail the methods used to identify these pathways, which include among others Activin signaling and other TGF-β superfamily members. We discuss the potential of altering these pathways in patients with CNS damage and outline strategies to promote regeneration and repair by combinatorial manipulation of neuron-intrinsic and extrinsic determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tedeschi
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53175 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Takao Omura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
| | - Michael Costigan
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center and Anesthesia Department, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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