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Johnston KC, Deal B, Estrada S, Elizabeth C, Barnes G, Swanberg A. The response readiness tool: An instrument to measure knowledge, skills, and attitude after taking a stop the Bleed® course. Public Health Nurs 2024. [PMID: 38766686 DOI: 10.1111/phn.13335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Stop the Bleed® is an emergency response course that offers a certificate of completion but no ending assessment. The purpose of this educational study was to develop and test the Response Readiness Tool (RRT) that measures learning of participants after taking Stop the Bleed®. The study used a pre-/post-test design to measure knowledge and attitudes, and a post-test only for skills. Participants were recruited from existing Stop the Bleed® courses. Knowledge was measured with a 10-item questionnaire, attitude was measured with five Likert-style questions, and skills were measured by observing simulated tourniquet placement. Ninety-five participants were recruited over two semesters. There was a significant difference in the knowledge and attitude scores indicating participants' improvement in learning and attitude toward responding. Internal consistency reliability of scores showed moderate reliability with Cronbach's Alpha of 0.73 and McDonald's Omega of 0.75. A positive correlation was found between expected proficiency and pre-test indicating the tool had construct validity. RRT provides Stop the Bleed® instructors with an instrument to measure knowledge, skills, and attitude of participants after taking Stop the Bleed®. Statistics show moderate reliability and validity; however, larger samples are needed for full psychometric testing. This publication presents the revised tool after the completion of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Belinda Deal
- The University of Texas at Tyler, College of Nursing, Tyler, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Glenn Barnes
- The University of Texas at Tyler, College of Nursing, Tyler, Texas, USA
| | - Amanda Swanberg
- The University of Texas at Tyler, College of Nursing, Tyler, Texas, USA
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Munot S, Redfern J, Bray JE, Angell B, Bauman A, Coggins A, Denniss AR, Ferry C, Jennings G, Kovoor P, Kumar S, Lai K, Khanlari S, Marschner S, Middleton PM, Nelson M, Opperman I, Semsarian C, Taylor L, Vukasovic M, Ware S, Chow C. Improving community-based first response to out of hospital cardiac arrest (FirstCPR): protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e057175. [PMID: 35680270 PMCID: PMC9185498 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is associated with poor survival outcomes, but prompt bystander action can more than double survival rates. Being trained, confident and willing-to-perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) are known predictors of bystander action. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of a community organisation targeted multicomponent education and training initiative on being willing to respond to OHCAs. The study employs a novel approach to reaching community members via social and cultural groups, and the intervention aims to address commonly cited barriers to training including lack of availability, time and costs. METHODS AND ANALYSIS FirstCPR is a cluster randomised trial that will be conducted across 200 community groups in urban and regional Australia. It will target community groups where CPR training is not usual. Community groups (clusters) will be stratified by region, size and organisation type, and then randomly assigned to either immediately receive the intervention programme, comprising digital and in-person education and training opportunities about CPR and OHCA over 12 months, or a delayed programme implementation. The primary outcome is self-reported 'training and willingness-to-perform CPR' at 12 months. It will be assessed through surveys of group members that consent in intervention versus control groups and administered prior to control groups receiving the intervention. The primary analysis will follow intention-to-treat principles, use log binomial regression accounting for baseline covariates and be conducted at the individual level, while accounting for clustering within communities. Focus groups and interviews will be conducted to examine barriers and enablers to implementation and costs will also be examined. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was obtained from The University of Sydney. Findings from this study will be disseminated via presentations at scientific conferences, publications in peer-reviewed journals, scientific and lay reports. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12621000367842.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Munot
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julie Redfern
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Janet E Bray
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Blake Angell
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adrian Bauman
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Coggins
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alan Robert Denniss
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cate Ferry
- NSW Division, Heart Foundation, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Garry Jennings
- Sydney Health Partners, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pramesh Kovoor
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kevin Lai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Khanlari
- Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence, NSW Ministry of Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simone Marschner
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul M Middleton
- Emergency Department, Ingham Institute, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Milperra, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Nelson
- Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence, NSW Ministry of Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian Opperman
- NSW Data Analytics Centre, NSW Government, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher Semsarian
- Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lee Taylor
- Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence, NSW Ministry of Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew Vukasovic
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sandra Ware
- Ambulance Service of NSW, Rozelle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Clara Chow
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Edinboro D, Brady W. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation training: A narrative review comparing traditional educational programs with alternative, reduced-resource methods of CPR instruction for lay providers. Am J Emerg Med 2022; 56:196-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Nguyen DT, Lauridsen KG, Krogh K, Løfgren B. Bystander performance using the 2010 vs 2015 ERC guidelines: A post-hoc analysis of two randomised simulation trials. Resusc Plus 2021; 6:100123. [PMID: 34223381 PMCID: PMC8244366 DOI: 10.1016/j.resplu.2021.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The European Resuscitation Council (ERC) basic life support (BLS) 2015 guidelines were simplified compared to the 2010 guidelines. We aimed to compare BLS/automated external defibrillator (AED) skill performance and skill retention following training with the 2010 or 2015 BLS/AED guidelines. METHODS Post-hoc analysis of two randomised simulation trials including videorecordings of laypersons skill-tested after ERC BLS/AED training using either the 2010 (n = 70) or 2015 (n = 70) BLS guidelines. Outcomes: (a) correct sequence of the BLS/AED algorithm, (b) correct sequence of the BLS/AED algorithm with all skills performed correctly, and (c) time to EMS call, first chest compression and shock delivery immediately after training and three months later. Groups were compared using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS Mean age (±standard deviation) was 40 (±11) vs. 44 (±11) years and 70% vs. 50% were females for the 2010 and 2015 groups, respectively. Correct sequence of the BLS/AED algorithm for the 2010 vs. 2015 group was 84% vs. 91%, P = 0.08 immediately after training and 16% vs. 41%, adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 5.6 (95% CI: 2.3-14.0, P < 0.001) after three months. Correct sequence with all skills performed correctly was 56% vs. 47%, P = 0.31 immediately after training and 5% vs. 16%, aOR: 4.8 (95% CI: 1.2-19.2), P = 0.03 after three months. Time to EMS call was shorter in the 2015 group immediately after training (P = 0.008) but all other time points did not differ. CONCLUSION The simplified 2015 BLS guidelines was associated with better adherence to the sequence of the BLS/AED algorithm when compared to the 2010 BLS guidelines three months after training in a simulated cardiac arrest scenario, without significantly improving skill performance immediately after training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung Thuy Nguyen
- Research Center for Emergency Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Clinical Research Unit, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
| | - Kasper Glerup Lauridsen
- Research Center for Emergency Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Clinical Research Unit, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
- Center for Simulation, Advanced Education, and Innovation, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA
| | - Kristian Krogh
- Research Center for Emergency Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Viborg Regional Hospital, Denmark
| | - Bo Løfgren
- Research Center for Emergency Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Ali DM, Hisam B, Shaukat N, Baig N, Ong MEH, Epstein JL, Goralnick E, Kivela PD, McNally B, Razzak J. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training strategies in the times of COVID-19: a systematic literature review comparing different training methodologies. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2021; 29:53. [PMID: 33781299 PMCID: PMC8006111 DOI: 10.1186/s13049-021-00869-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional, instructor led, in-person training of CPR skills has become more challenging due to COVID-19 pandemic. We compared the learning outcomes of standard in-person CPR training (ST) with alternative methods of training such as hybrid or online-only training (AT) on CPR performance, quality, and knowledge among laypersons with no previous CPR training. METHODS We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for relevant articles from January 1995 to May 2020. Covidence was used to review articles by two independent researchers. Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) Quality Assessment Tool was used to assess quality of the manuscripts. RESULTS Of the 978 articles screened, twenty met the final inclusion criteria. All included studies had an experimental design and moderate to strong global quality rating. The trainees in ST group performed better on calling 911, time to initiate chest compressions, hand placement and chest compression depth. Trainees in AT group performed better in assessing scene safety, calling for help, response time including initiating first rescue breathing, adequate ventilation volume, compression rates, shorter hands-off time, confidence, willingness to perform CPR, ability to follow CPR algorithm, and equivalent or better knowledge retention than standard teaching methodology. CONCLUSION AT methods of CPR training provide an effective alternative to the standard in-person CPR for large scale public training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniyal Mansoor Ali
- Centre of Excellence Trauma and Emergencies, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Butool Hisam
- Centre of Excellence Trauma and Emergencies, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Natasha Shaukat
- Centre of Excellence Trauma and Emergencies, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.,Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Noor Baig
- Centre of Excellence Trauma and Emergencies, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Marcus Eng Hock Ong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jonathan L Epstein
- Emergency Care Safety Institute, Public Safety Group, Burlington, MA, USA
| | - Eric Goralnick
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul D Kivela
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, USA
| | - Bryan McNally
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Junaid Razzak
- Centre of Excellence Trauma and Emergencies, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.,Centre of Global Emergency Care, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
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Jensen TW, Lockey A, Perkins GD, Granholm A, Eberhard KE, Hasselager A, Møller TP, Ersbøll AK, Folke F, Lippert A, Østergaard D, Handley AJ, Chamberlain D, Lippert F. The Copenhagen Tool a research tool for evaluation of basic life support educational interventions. Resuscitation 2020; 156:125-136. [PMID: 32889023 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.08.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past decades, major changes have been made in basic life support (BLS) guidelines and manikin technology. The aim of this study was to develop a BLS evaluation tool based on international expert consensus and contemporary validation to enable more valid comparison of research on BLS educational interventions. METHODS A modern method for collecting validation evidence based on Messick's framework was used. The framework consists of five domains of evidence: content, response process, internal structure, relations with other variables, and consequences. The research tool was developed by collecting content evidence based on international consensus from an expert panel; a modified Delphi process decided items essential for the tool. Agreement was defined as identical ratings by 70% of the experts. RESULTS The expert panel established consensus on a three-levelled score depending on expected response level: laypersons, first responders, and health care personnel. Three Delphi rounds with 13 experts resulted in 16 "essential" items for laypersons, 21 for first responders, and 22 for health care personnel. This, together with a checklist for planning and reporting educational interventional studies within BLS, serves as an example to be used for researchers. CONCLUSIONS An expert panel agreed on a three-levelled score to assess BLS skills and the included items. Expert panel consensus concluded that the tool serves its purpose and can act to guide improved research comparison on BLS educational interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Walther Jensen
- Copenhagen Emergency Medical Services, University of Copenhagen, Telegrafvej 5, 2750 Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Resuscitation Council, c/o Emergency Medical Services, Telegrafvej 5, 2750 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Andrew Lockey
- Emergency Department, Calderdale Royal Hospital, Halifax, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin D Perkins
- Warwick Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Anders Granholm
- Department of Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristine E Eberhard
- Copenhagen Emergency Medical Services, University of Copenhagen, Telegrafvej 5, 2750 Copenhagen, Denmark; Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, Capital Region of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Asbjørn Hasselager
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, Capital Region of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thea Palsgaard Møller
- Copenhagen Emergency Medical Services, University of Copenhagen, Telegrafvej 5, 2750 Copenhagen, Denmark; Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, Capital Region of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annette Kjær Ersbøll
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestræde 6, DK-1455 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Folke
- Copenhagen Emergency Medical Services, University of Copenhagen, Telegrafvej 5, 2750 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Lippert
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, Capital Region of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Doris Østergaard
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, Capital Region of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Douglas Chamberlain
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Freddy Lippert
- Copenhagen Emergency Medical Services, University of Copenhagen, Telegrafvej 5, 2750 Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Resuscitation Council, c/o Emergency Medical Services, Telegrafvej 5, 2750 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hansen C, Bang C, Rasmussen SE, Nebsbjerg MA, Lauridsen KG, Bjørnshave Bomholt K, Krogh K, Løfgren B. Basic life support training: Demonstration versus lecture – A randomised controlled trial. Am J Emerg Med 2020; 38:720-726. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Basic Life-Support Learning in Undergraduate Students of Sports Sciences: Efficacy of 150 Minutes of Training and Retention after Eight Months. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16234771. [PMID: 31795163 PMCID: PMC6926514 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Several professional groups, which are not health professionals, are more likely to witness situations requiring basic life support (BLS) due to the nature of their job. The aim of this study was to assess BLS learning after 150 min of training in undergraduate students of sports science and their retention after eight months. Participants trained on BLS (150-min session: 30 theory, 120 practice). After training (T1) and after 8 months (T2), we evaluated their performance of the BLS sequence and two minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). At T1, the 23 participants presented a mean score of 72.5 ± 21.0% in the quality of the CPRs (compressions: 78.6 ± 25.9%, ventilation: 69.9 ± 30.1%). More than 90% of the participants acted correctly in each step of the BLS sequence. At T2, although the overall quality of the CPR performed did not decrease, significant decreases were observed for: correct hand position (T1: 98.2 ± 8.8, T2: 77.2 ± 39.7%), compression depth (T1: 51.4 ± 7.9, T2: 56.0 ± 5.7 mm), and compression rate. They worsened opening the airway and checking for breathing. In conclusions, participants learned BLS and good-quality CPR after the 150-min training session. At eight months they had good retention of the BLS sequence and CPR skills. Training on airway management and the position of the hands during CPR should be reinforced.
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Bucki B, Waniczek D, Michnik R, Karpe J, Bieniek A, Niczyporuk A, Makarska J, Stepien T, Myrcik D, Misiołek H. The assessment of the kinematics of the rescuer in continuous chest compression during a 10-min simulation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Eur J Med Res 2019; 24:9. [PMID: 30736850 PMCID: PMC6367769 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-019-0369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In pursuit of improvement in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), new technologies for the measurement and assessment of CPR quality are implemented. In our study, we assessed the kinematics of the rescuer during continuous chest compression (CCC-CPR). The proper performance of the procedure is a survival predictor for patients with cardiac arrest (CA). The purpose of the study was a prospective assessment of the kinematics of the rescuer's body with consideration given to the depth and rate of chest compression (CC) as the indicator of properly performed CC maneuver by professional and non-professional rescuers during a simulation of a 10-min CCC using a manikin. METHODS Forty participants were enrolled in the study. CCC-CPR was performed in accordance with the 2015 AHA guidelines on a manikin positioned on the floor. Kinematic data on the movement were obtained from the measuring system (X-sens MVN Biomech) transmitting information from 17 inertial sensors. Measurement data were imported to the author's program RKO-Kinemat written in the Matlab and C # environments. Two groups of results were distinguished: Group I-results of CC with the depth of ≥ 40 mm and Group 2-CC results with the depth of < 40 mm. RESULTS The multiple regression model demonstrated that the path length, left knee flexion angle, and left elbow flexion angle were the essential elements of the rescuer's kinematics that facilitated achieving and maintaining the normal depth of CC. CONCLUSIONS We believe that raising the rescuer's hips by moving the center of the rescuer's body over the point of sternal compression increases the value of the CC force vector, thereby increasing the depth of CC. In addition, we observed that, during an effective CC, the rescuer was unable to maintain arms straight and, in consequence, a slight elbow flexion was observed. It, however, did not influence the quality of the maneuver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogusław Bucki
- Wydział Zdrowia Publicznego w Bytomiu, Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach, Katowice, Poland
| | - Dariusz Waniczek
- Department of Propaedeutics Surgery, Chair of General, Colorectal and Polytrauma Surgery, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Bytom, ul. Żeromskiego 7, 41-902 Katowice, Poland
| | - Robert Michnik
- Wydział Inżynierii Biomedycznej w Zabrzu, Politechnika Śląska w Gliwicach, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jacek Karpe
- Wydział Lekarski z Oddziałem Lekarsko–Dentystycznym w Zabrzu, Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach, Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bieniek
- Wydział Inżynierii Biomedycznej w Zabrzu, Politechnika Śląska w Gliwicach, Katowice, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Niczyporuk
- Wydział Zdrowia Publicznego w Bytomiu, Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach, Katowice, Poland
| | - Joanna Makarska
- Wydział Zdrowia Publicznego w Bytomiu, Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach, Katowice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Stepien
- Wydział Zdrowia Publicznego w Bytomiu, Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach, Katowice, Poland
| | - Dariusz Myrcik
- Wydział Zdrowia Publicznego w Bytomiu, Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach, Katowice, Poland
| | - Hanna Misiołek
- Wydział Lekarski z Oddziałem Lekarsko–Dentystycznym w Zabrzu, Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach, Katowice, Poland
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