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Shagdarova B, Konovalova M, Varlamov V, Svirshchevskaya E. Anti-Obesity Effects of Chitosan and Its Derivatives. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3967. [PMID: 37836016 PMCID: PMC10575173 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of obese people in the world is rising, leading to an increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and other metabolic disorders. The search for medications including natural compounds for the prevention of obesity is an urgent task. Chitosan polysaccharide obtained through the deacetylation of chitin, and its derivatives, including short-chain oligosaccharides (COS), have hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and antioxidant properties. Chemical modifications of chitosan can produce derivatives with increased solubility under neutral conditions, making them potential therapeutic substances for use in the treatment of metabolic disorders. Multiple studies both in animals and clinical trials have demonstrated that chitosan improves the gut microbiota, restores intestinal barrier dysfunction, and regulates thermogenesis and lipid metabolism. However, the effect of chitosan is rather mild, especially if used for a short periods, and is mostly independent of chitosan's physical characteristics. We hypothesized that the major mechanism of chitosan's anti-obesity effect is its flocculant properties, enabling it to collect the chyme in the gastrointestinal tract and facilitating the removal of extra food. This review summarizes the results of the use of COS, chitosan, and its derivatives in obesity control in terms of pathways of action and structural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balzhima Shagdarova
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Mariya Konovalova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Valery Varlamov
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Elena Svirshchevskaya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
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Recent Molecular Mechanisms and Beneficial Effects of Phytochemicals and Plant-Based Whole Foods in Reducing LDL-C and Preventing Cardiovascular Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050784. [PMID: 34063371 PMCID: PMC8157003 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal lipid metabolism leads to the development of hyperlipidemia, a common cause of multiple chronic disorders, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), obesity, diabetes, and cerebrovascular disease. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) currently remains the primary target for treatment of hyperlipidemia. Despite the advancement of treatment and prevention of hyperlipidemia, medications used to manage hyperlipidemia are limited to allopathic drugs, which present certain limitations and adverse effects. Increasing evidence indicates that utilization of phytochemicals and plant-based whole foods is an alternative and promising strategy to prevent hyperlipidemia and CVD. The current review focuses on phytochemicals and their pharmacological mode of actions for the regulation of LDL-C and prevention of CVD. The important molecular mechanisms illustrated in detail in this review include elevation of reverse cholesterol transport, inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption, acceleration of cholesterol excretion in the liver, and reduction of cholesterol synthesis. Moreover, the beneficial effects of plant-based whole foods, such as fresh fruits, vegetables, dried nuts, flax seeds, whole grains, peas, beans, vegan diets, and dietary fibers in LDL-C reduction and cardiovascular health are summarized. This review concludes that phytochemicals and plant-based whole foods can reduce LDL-C levels and lower the risk for CVD.
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Nie Y, Luo F. Dietary Fiber: An Opportunity for a Global Control of Hyperlipidemia. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5542342. [PMID: 33897940 PMCID: PMC8052145 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5542342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fiber has a long history in the intervention study of hyperlipidemia. In this review, current understandings of structures, sources, and natures of various kinds of dietary fibers (DFs) were analyzed first. Available evidences for the use of different varieties of DFs in the lipid-lowering action both in vitro and in vivo were subsequently classified, including both soluble ones, such as glucans, pectins, and gums, and insoluble ones, including arabinooxylans and chitosans, in order to draw a primary conclusion of their dose and molecular weight relationship with lipid-lowering effect. Their potential mechanisms, especially the related molecular mechanism of protective action in the treatment and prevention of hyperlipidemia, were summarized at last. Five major mechanisms are believed to be responsible for the antihyperlipidemic benefits of DFs, including low levels of energy, bulking effect, viscosity, binding capacity, and fermentation thus ameliorating the symptoms of hyperlipidemia. From the molecular level, DFs could possibly affect the activities of HMG-CoA reductase, LDL receptors, CYP7A1, and MAPK signaling pathway as well as other lipid metabolism-related target genes. In summary, dietary fibers could be used as alternative supplements to exert certain lipid-lowering effects on humans. However, more clinical evidence is needed to strengthen this proposal and its fully underlying mechanism still requires more investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Nie
- School of Food Technology and Biological Science, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, College of Food science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Processing of Rice and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Feijun Luo
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, College of Food science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Processing of Rice and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
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Matias LLR, Costa ROA, Passos TS, Queiroz JLC, Serquiz AC, Maciel BLL, Santos PPA, Camillo CS, Gonçalves C, Amado IR, Pastrana L, Morais AHA. Tamarind Trypsin Inhibitor in Chitosan-Whey Protein Nanoparticles Reduces Fasting Blood Glucose Levels without Compromising Insulinemia: A Preclinical Study. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2770. [PMID: 31739532 PMCID: PMC6893787 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo studies show the benefits of the trypsin inhibitor isolated from tamarind (Tamarindusindica L.) (TTI) seeds in satiety and obesity. In the present study, TTI nanoencapsulation (ECW) was performed to potentialize the effect of TTI and allow a controlled release in the stomach. The impact on glycemia, insulin, and lipid profile was evaluated in Wistar rats overfed with a high glycemic index diet (HGLI). Characterization of the nanoparticles and in vitro stability in simulated gastrointestinal conditions, monitored by antitrypsin activity and HPLC, was performed. ECW and empty nanoparticles (CW) were administered by gavage, using 12.5 and 10.0 mg/kg, respectively. Both nanoformulations presented a spherical shape and smooth surface, with an average diameter of 117.4 nm (24.1) for ECW and 123.9 nm (11.3) for CW. ECW maintained the antitrypsin activity (95.5%) in the gastric phase, while TTI was completely hydrolyzed. In Wistar rats, the nanoformulations significantly reduced glycemia and HOMA IR, and ECW increased HDL-c compared to CW (p < 0.05).Pancreas histopathology of animals treated with ECW suggested an onset of tissue repair. Thenanoencapsulation provided TTI protection, gradual release in the desired condition, and improvement of biochemical parameters related to carbohydrate metabolism disorders,without compromising insulinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia L. R. Matias
- Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil (B.L.L.M.)
| | - Rafael O. A. Costa
- Biochemistry Postgraduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil; (R.O.A.C.)
| | - Thaís S. Passos
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil;
| | - Jaluza L. C. Queiroz
- Biochemistry Postgraduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil; (R.O.A.C.)
| | - Alexandre C. Serquiz
- Course of Nutrition, Center University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59014-545, Brazil;
| | - Bruna L. L. Maciel
- Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil (B.L.L.M.)
| | - Pedro P. A. Santos
- Structural and Functional Biology Postgraduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil (C.S.C.)
| | - Christina S. Camillo
- Structural and Functional Biology Postgraduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil (C.S.C.)
| | - Catarina Gonçalves
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (C.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Isabel R. Amado
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (C.G.); (L.P.)
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo, Campus As Lagoas s/n, Ourense, 32004 Galicia, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Pastrana
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (C.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Ana H. A. Morais
- Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil (B.L.L.M.)
- Biochemistry Postgraduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil; (R.O.A.C.)
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil;
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (C.G.); (L.P.)
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Abstract
Consumption of dietary soluble fibers has been associated with health benefits such as reduced lipid levels, lower blood pressure, improved blood glucose control, weight loss, improved immune function, and reduced inflammation. Many of these health benefits relate to a reduced risk of developing cardiovascular disease. In this paper, we have reviewed recent studies on the hypocholesterolemic effects of dietary soluble fibers as well as fiber-rich foods. Findings include the following: (a) consumption of water-soluble, viscous-forming fibers can reduce total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by about 5-10 %; (b) minimal changes of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglyceride levels were observed; (c) cholesterol-lowering properties of soluble fibers depend on their physical and chemical properties; and (d) medium to high molecular weight fibers are more effective in reducing lipid levels. Hypocholesterolemic benefits were also observed with some fiber-rich foods, such as whole oats, whole barley, legumes, peas, beans, flax seeds, apples, and citrus foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth Surampudi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Byambaa Enkhmaa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Erdembileg Anuurad
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lars Berglund
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. .,2UC Davis Medical Center, CTSC, 2921 Stockton Blvd, Suite 1400, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
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Zhang S, Zhang H, Wang L, Liu X, Wu Y. Microwave-assisted synthesis of chitosan biguanidine hydrochloride and its regulation on InsR and GLUT2 in insulin resistant HepG2 cells. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra25998g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CSGH increased glucose consumption of HepG2 cells by accelerating the expression of InsR and inhibiting the high-insulin-induced over-expression of GLUT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengsheng Zhang
- Department of Polymer Materials Science and Engineering
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Department of Polymer Materials Science and Engineering
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Polymer Materials Science and Engineering
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- Department of Polymer Materials Science and Engineering
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Yuntang Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science
- School of Public Health
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
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van der Gronde T, Hartog A, van Hees C, Pellikaan H, Pieters T. Systematic review of the mechanisms and evidence behind the hypocholesterolaemic effects of HPMC, pectin and chitosan in animal trials. Food Chem 2015; 199:746-59. [PMID: 26776032 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fibres have diverse mechanisms in reducing plasma cholesterol, which could be useful for treating high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The objective of this review is to determine the state of the evidence for the cholesterol-lowering effects of three selected fibres and their mechanisms, using the most recent animal trials. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted for hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), pectin and chitosan in Pubmed, Embase and the Cochrane Library. All fibres reviewed reduced total cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and LDL-C. Pectin gave a small, and chitosan an impressive rise in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). A limitation of this study is the variety of animal models, each with distinct cholesterol profiles. Possible publication bias was also detected. In conclusion, chitosan seems to be the most promising of the studied fibres. A dietary fibre could be designed that yields the best cholesterol-lowering effect, using experiences in tailoring physicochemical properties and primarily exploiting the biophysical mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toon van der Gronde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Hartog
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3583 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte van Hees
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Toine Pieters
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Freudenthal Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Liu X, Zhi X, Liu Y, Wu B, Sun Z, Shen J. Effect of chitosan, O-carboxymethyl chitosan, and N-[(2-hydroxy-3-N,N-dimethylhexadecyl ammonium)propyl] chitosan chloride on overweight and insulin resistance in a murine diet-induced obesity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:3471-3476. [PMID: 22400987 DOI: 10.1021/jf205226r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Two water-soluble chitosan derivatives, O-carboxymethyl chitosan (O-CM-chitosan) and N-[(2-hydroxy-3-N,N-dimethylhexadecyl ammonium)propyl] chitosan chloride (N-CQ-chitosan), were prepared, and the therapeutic effects of chitosan, O-CM-chitosan, and N-CQ-chitosan on insulin resistance were simultaneously evaluated by rats fed on a high-fat diet. The parameters of high-fat diet-induced rats indicated that chitosan and its two derivatives not only have low cytotoxicity but can control overnutrition by fat and achieve insulin resistance therapy. However, the results in experiment in vivo showed that the therapeutic degree varied by the molecular weight and surface charge of chitosan, O-CM-chitosan, and N-CQ-chitosan. N-CQ-chitosan with a MW of 5 × 10(4) decreased body weight, the ratio of fat to body weight, triglyceride, fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin, free fatty acid, and leptin by 11, 17, 44, 46, 44, 87, and 64% and increased fecal lipid by 95%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Liu
- Department of Polymer Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
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