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Li L, Zhang H, Wang X, Wang Z, Cui L, Xu Y, Guan K. Upregulated antimicrobial immune response mediated by neutrophils in the development from allergic rhinitis to asthma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1026121. [PMID: 36569909 PMCID: PMC9771683 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1026121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma are closely related, and AR is regarded as an important risk factor for the onset of asthma. However, the pathogenesis of the development of asthma from AR is still undefined. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying the development of asthma from AR by comparing the transcriptome features of patients with AR with and without asthma. Methods Patients with AR with or without asthma caused by weed pollen who presented to the Allergy Clinic of Peking Union Medical College Hospital were recruited for this study. Peripheral blood samples of all the patients were collected during the weed pollen season (September) when the patients had allergic symptoms and outside the pollen season (November) when the patients had no symptoms. Transcriptomic analysis was conducted, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and enriched immune pathways between the patients with AR with asthma (AR-asthma group) and those without asthma (AR group) were identified. In addition, the expression levels of some pivotal differentially expressed RNAs were quantified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results During the weed pollen season, the immune-related Gene Ontology (GO) terms with P value < 0.05, enriched by the upregulated genes in the AR-asthma group compared to the AR group included antifungal humoral response, neutrophil-mediated killing of bacterium, antibacterial humoral response, antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptides, and regulation of the T cell receptor signaling pathway. The immune-related GO terms with P values <0.05 enriched by downregulated genes were positive regulation of natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, microglial cell activation, natural killer cell activation, and leukocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. The GO term of antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptides was upregulated both during and outside the pollen season, and the upregulated expression of three DEGs (LTF, PF4, and ELANE) included in this term was verified through quantitative PCR. Conclusions The activation of the antimicrobial immune response mediated by neutrophils and the depression of cytotoxicity mediated by natural killer cells may play roles in the progression from AR to asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Li
- Department of Allergy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment on Allergic Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiujie Wang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zixi Wang
- Department of Allergy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment on Allergic Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Le Cui
- Department of Allergy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment on Allergic Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yingyang Xu
- Department of Allergy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment on Allergic Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Guan
- Department of Allergy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment on Allergic Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Kai Guan,
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Wu T, He S, Jiao Z, Liang X, Chen Y, Liu H, Zhang Y, He G. Low Molecular Weight Heparin Improves the Inflammatory State of Acute Sinusitis Rats Through Inhibiting the TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:726630. [PMID: 34867331 PMCID: PMC8635784 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.726630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), a natural sulfated glycosaminoglycan with an affinity for proangiogenic factors, is produced by chemical or enzymatic depolymerization of unfractionated heparin (UFH). Known for its anticoagulant effects, LMWH has recently been reported to have a strong anti-inflammatory effect on colitis, myocarditis, and airway inflammation. However, as a newly-developed drug, its anti-inflammatory mechanism in upper respiratory tract inflammation has not been well-studied. Methods: SD rats were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group was established by building an acute nasal sinusitis model with expansion sponges mixed with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Then the experimental group rats were subcutaneously injected with different concentrations of LMWH. After seven consecutive days of injection, some rats were sacrificed, and blood and nasal mucosa samples were taken to determine their inflammation status. The remaining acute sinusitis rats were randomly selected for a week of nasal irrigation with normal saline or saline mixed with different concentrations of LMWH. One week later, rats were sacrificed, and samples of blood and nasal mucosa were taken to determine the inflammation status. Results: Rat nasal mucosa in the model group had obvious inflammation. The degree of nasal mucosa inflammation damage in the experimental group was lower than in the experimental control group, proving that LMWH has a protective effect on the nasal mucosa and that the effect correlates with dosage. Irrigation of the nose with saline mixed with LMWH can improve the anti-inflammatory effect. Protein related to the TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway was activated in the acute sinusitis rat model, and LMWH can significantly inhibit its expression. Conclusion: This is the first report of the anti-inflammatory effect of LMWH in acute upper respiratory tract inflammation, together with an explanation of its anti-inflammatory mechanism. The findings contribute a theoretical basis for its potential anti-tumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sihan He
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital and Center for Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zan Jiao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Liang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huow Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongq Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - GuangX He
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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The blocking effect of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor in the mouse model of asthma. Clin Mol Allergy 2021; 19:11. [PMID: 34256766 PMCID: PMC8275907 DOI: 10.1186/s12948-021-00149-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is apparent that the interaction between platelets and eosinophils plays a critical role in the activation of allergic inflammation. We investigated whether blocking of the glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor can attenuate allergic inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness through inhibition of platelet-eosinophil aggregation (PEA) in asthma. METHODS BALB/c mice were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin (OVA) on days 0 and 14, followed by 3 nebulized OVA challenges on days 28-30. On each challenge day, 5 mg/kg tirofiban was administered intraperitoneally 30 min before the challenge. Mice were assessed for airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), airway inflammation, and the degree of PEA. Finally, the activation levels of platelets and eosinophils were evaluated. RESULTS Tirofiban treatment decreased AHR and eosinophilic inflammation in Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) fluid. This treatment also reduced the levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in BAL fluid and airway inflammatory cell infiltration in histological evaluation. Interestingly, the blocking of the GP IIb/IIIa receptor more reduced PEA in both blood and lung tissue of tirofiban-treated mice than in those of the positive control mice, and both eosinophilic and platelet activations were attenuated in tirofiban-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS The blocking of GP IIb/IIIa receptor with tirofiban can attenuate AHR and airway inflammation through the inhibition of PEA and activation.
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4
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Abstract
This article will discuss in detail the pathophysiology of asthma from the point of view of lung mechanics. In particular, we will explain how asthma is more than just airflow limitation resulting from airway narrowing but in fact involves multiple consequences of airway narrowing, including ventilation heterogeneity, airway closure, and airway hyperresponsiveness. In addition, the relationship between the airway and surrounding lung parenchyma is thought to be critically important in asthma, especially as related to the response to deep inspiration. Furthermore, dynamic changes in lung mechanics over time may yield important information about asthma stability, as well as potentially provide a window into future disease control. All of these features of mechanical properties of the lung in asthma will be explained by providing evidence from multiple investigative methods, including not only traditional pulmonary function testing but also more sophisticated techniques such as forced oscillation, multiple breath nitrogen washout, and different imaging modalities. Throughout the article, we will link the lung mechanical features of asthma to clinical manifestations of asthma symptoms, severity, and control. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:975-1007, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Kaminsky
- University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - David G Chapman
- University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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5
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Airway hypersensitivity induced by eosinophil granule-derived cationic proteins. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2019; 57:101804. [PMID: 31096035 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2019.101804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Vagal bronchopulmonary C-fiber sensory nerves play an important role in the manifestation of airway hypersensitivity, a common and prominent pathophysiological feature of airway inflammatory diseases. Eosinophil granule-derived cationic proteins are known to be involved in the mucosal damage and development of bronchial hyperresponsiveness during allergic airway inflammation. In view of these background information, we have carried out a series of studies to investigate the effect of cationic proteins on these C-fiber afferents and the mechanism(s) possibly involved; a summary of these studies is presented in this mini-review. Intra-tracheal instillation of either eosinophil granule-derived (e.g., major basic protein, MBP) or synthetic cationic proteins (e.g., poly-l-lysine) induced a sporadic, but intense and lingering discharge of pulmonary C-fibers, and greatly enhanced the chemical and mechanical sensitivities of these afferents in anesthetized rats. The stimulatory and sensitizing effects of these proteins were completely nullified when their cationic charges were neutralized or removed. Furthermore, in isolated rat bronchopulmonary capsaicin-sensitive neurons, eosinophil granule cationic proteins induced a direct and long-lasting (>60 min) but reversible sensitizing effect on their responses to chemical and electrical stimulations. More importantly, our study showed that these cationic proteins exerted an inhibitory effect on the sustained delayed-rectifier voltage-gated K+ current and the A-type, fast-inactivating K+ current; these actions were at least in part responsible for the sensitizing effect in these neurons. In awake mice, intra-tracheal instillation of MBP also induced a slowly developing (peaking in 2-3 days), progressive and sustained (lasting for 3-7 days) elevation of the cough responses to inhaled irritant gases. Taken together, these findings suggest that the enhanced sensitivity of bronchopulmonary C-fibers induced by the eosinophil granule cationic proteins may be a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and chronic cough associated with eosinophilic infiltration of the airways.
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6
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Lin AH, Athukorala A, Gleich GJ, Lee LY. Cough responses to inhaled irritants are enhanced by eosinophil major basic protein in awake mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 317:R93-R97. [PMID: 30995073 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00081.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A distinct association between airway eosinophilia and chronic cough is well documented. Eosinophil granule-derived cationic proteins, such as major basic protein (MBP), have been shown to activate and enhance the excitability of bronchopulmonary C-fiber sensory nerves, which may then lead to an increase in cough sensitivity. This study was carried out to determine whether cough responses to inhaled irritant gases were altered by delivery of MBP into the airways. An awake mouse moved freely in a recording chamber that was ventilated with a constant flow of air or irritant gas mixture. Cough responses to separate inhalation challenges of sulfur dioxide (SO2; 300 and 600 ppm) and ammonia (NH3; 0.1 and 0.2%), each for 5-min duration, were measured daily for 3 days before and for up to 8 days after MBP (10-20 µg) instillation into the trachea. During control, inhalations of SO2 and NH3 consistently elicited cough responses in a dose-dependent manner. After MBP treatment, cough responses to both SO2 and NH3 increased significantly and progressively and reached peaks 2-3 days after the treatment before returning to control level in 3-7 days. In sharp contrast, cough responses to these irritant gases were not affected by the treatment with the vehicle of MBP. These results suggest that the MBP-induced lingering elevation of cough responsiveness may be a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of chronic cough associated with eosinophilic infiltration of the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Ashami Athukorala
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Gerald J Gleich
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Lu-Yuan Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
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7
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Transcriptomic Sequencing of Airway Epithelial Cell NCI-H292 Induced by Synthetic Cationic Polypeptides. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3638469. [PMID: 31058187 PMCID: PMC6463615 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3638469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophil asthma is characterized by the infiltration of eosinophils to the bronchial epithelium. The toxic cationic protein released by eosinophils, mainly major basic protein (MBP), is one of the most important causative factors of epithelium damage. Poly-L-Arginine (PLA) is a kind of synthetic cationic polypeptides, which is widely used to mimic the effects of MBP on epithelial cells in vitro. However, little is known about the changes of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and transcriptome profiles in cationic protein stimulated epithelial cells. In this study, we compared the expression of DEGs and transcriptome profiles between PLA-treated airway epithelial cells NCI-H292 and control. The results showed that there were a total of 230 DEGs, of which 86 were upregulated and 144 were downregulated. These DEGs were further analyzed using gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. The results showed that the upregulated DEGs were involved in cholesterol synthesis, protein binding, and composition of cellular membranes, mainly enriched in metabolic and biosynthesis pathways. While downregulated DEGs were implicated in cell adhesion, extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and cytoskeleton and were enriched in ECM pathway. In conclusion, our research provided the mechanism of the cationic polypeptides acting on the airway epithelial cells on the basis of transcriptomic profile, and this could be regarded as important indications in unveiling the pathologic role of natural cationic proteins in the damage to epithelial cells of asthmatics.
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8
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Trinh HKT, Nguyen TVT, Choi Y, Park HS, Shin YS. The synergistic effects of clopidogrel with montelukast may be beneficial for asthma treatment. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:3441-3450. [PMID: 30905080 PMCID: PMC6484307 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets modulate asthma pathogenesis by forming the platelet‐eosinophil aggregation (PEA), which facilitates the activation of eosinophils. Platelets exhibit the purinergic receptor (P2Y12R), which responds to cysteinyl leukotriene E4 (LTE4). We have suggested that the combination of an antiplatelet drug (clopidogrel, [Clo]) and montelukast (Mon) would synergistically suppress asthma. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) on days 0 and 14 and subsequently challenged on days 28‐30 and 42‐44. Mice were administered with Clo (10 mg/kg), Mon (10 mg/kg) or both drugs (Clo/Mon) orally 30 minutes before the OVA (1%) challenge on days 42‐44. Mice were assayed for airway hyper‐responsiveness (AHR) to methacholine and airway inflammation. Clopidogrel and montelukast attenuated the increased AHR; the combined treatment was more effective than a single treatment for total and eosinophil counts (all P < 0.05). Levels of interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐5, IL‐13, platelet factor 4, eosinophil peroxidase and LTE4 increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of asthmatic mice, but these levels decreased in mice treated with Clo/Mon (all P < 0.05). Goblet cell hyperplasia decreased in response to Clo/Mon. Mouse platelets and eosinophils were isolated and co‐cultured for an in vitro assay with 10 µmol/L adenosine diphosphate (ADP), LTE4 (200 nmol/L), Mon (1 µmol/L), Clo (1 µmol/L) and Clo/Mon (1 µmol/L). Flow cytometry revealed that the increased formation of the PEA (%) was fully mediated by ADP and partly mediated by LTE4. Clo/Mon reduced ADP‐induced PEA formation and P‐selectin expression (P < 0.05). In conclusion, Clo/Mon synergistically relieved asthma by inhibiting ADP‐mediated PEA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Kim Tu Trinh
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Thuy Van Thao Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Youngwoo Choi
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hae-Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yoo Seob Shin
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
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9
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Cardenas EI, Breaux K, Da Q, Flores JR, Ramos MA, Tuvim MJ, Burns AR, Rumbaut RE, Adachi R. Platelet Munc13-4 regulates hemostasis, thrombosis and airway inflammation. Haematologica 2018; 103:1235-1244. [PMID: 29674495 PMCID: PMC6029531 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.185637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet degranulation is crucial for hemostasis and may participate in inflammation. Exocytosis in platelets is mediated by SNARE proteins and should be controlled by Munc13 proteins. We found that platelets express Munc13-2 and -4. We assessed platelet granule exocytosis in Munc13-2 and -4 global and conditional knockout (KO) mice, and observed that deletion of Munc13-4 ablates dense granule release and indirectly impairs alpha granule exocytosis. We found no exocytic role for Munc13-2 in platelets, not even in the absence of Munc13-4. In vitro, Munc13-4-deficient platelets exhibited defective aggregation at low doses of collagen. In a flow chamber assay, we observed that Munc13-4 acted as a rate-limiting factor in the formation of thrombi. In vivo, we observed a dose-dependency between Munc13-4 expression in platelets and both venous bleeding time and time to arterial thrombosis. Finally, in a model of allergic airway inflammation, we found that platelet-specific Munc13-4 KO mice had a reduction in airway hyper-responsiveness and eosinophilic inflammation. Taken together, our results indicate that Munc13-4-dependent platelet dense granule release plays essential roles in hemostasis, thrombosis and allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo I Cardenas
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Keegan Breaux
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qi Da
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jose R Flores
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marco A Ramos
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael J Tuvim
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alan R Burns
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rolando E Rumbaut
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roberto Adachi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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10
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Shute JK, Puxeddu E, Calzetta L. Therapeutic use of heparin and derivatives beyond anticoagulation in patients with bronchial asthma or COPD. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 40:39-45. [PMID: 29455115 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we identify potential targets for the therapeutic effects of heparin in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), consider the safety and delivery modalities of this therapeutic approach. Specifically, we point to the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and mucolytic effects of unfractionated heparin with potential to modify disease progression in COPD and asthma when administered via the inhaled route. Inhaled heparin may represent an effective add-on therapy in COPD and asthma patient groups, especially when taking into consideration the relative deficiency in endogenous heparin reported in asthma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis K Shute
- Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK.
| | - Ermanno Puxeddu
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigino Calzetta
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Jacobsen EA, Ochkur SI, Doyle AD, LeSuer WE, Li W, Protheroe CA, Colbert D, Zellner KR, Shen HH, Irvin CG, Lee JJ, Lee NA. Lung Pathologies in a Chronic Inflammation Mouse Model Are Independent of Eosinophil Degranulation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195:1321-1332. [PMID: 27922744 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201606-1129oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The release of eosinophil granule proteins in the lungs of patients with asthma has been dogmatically linked with lung remodeling and airway hyperresponsiveness. However, the demonstrated inability of established mouse models to display the eosinophil degranulation occurring in human subjects has prevented a definitive in vivo test of this hypothesis. OBJECTIVES To demonstrate in vivo causative links between induced pulmonary histopathologies/lung dysfunction and eosinophil degranulation. METHODS A transgenic mouse model of chronic T-helper cell type 2-driven inflammation overexpressing IL-5 from T cells and human eotaxin 2 in the lung (I5/hE2) was used to test the hypothesis that chronic histopathologies and the development of airway hyperresponsiveness occur as a consequence of extensive eosinophil degranulation in the lung parenchyma. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS Studies targeting specific inflammatory pathways in I5/hE2 mice surprisingly showed that eosinophil-dependent immunoregulative events and not the release of individual secondary granule proteins are the central contributors to T-helper cell type 2-induced pulmonary remodeling and lung dysfunction. Specifically, our studies highlighted a significant role for eosinophil-dependent IL-13 expression. In contrast, extensive degranulation leading to the release of major basic protein-1 or eosinophil peroxidase was not causatively linked to many of the induced pulmonary histopathologies. However, these studies did define a previously unappreciated link between the release of eosinophil peroxidase (but not major basic protein-1) and observed levels of induced airway mucin. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that improvements observed in patients with asthma responding to therapeutic strategies ablating eosinophils may occur as a consequence of targeting immunoregulatory mechanisms and not by simply eliminating the destructive activities of these purportedly end-stage effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wen Li
- 2 Department of Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou, China; and
| | - Cheryl A Protheroe
- 3 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Dana Colbert
- 3 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | | | - HuaHao H Shen
- 2 Department of Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou, China; and
| | - Charles G Irvin
- 4 Vermont Lung Center, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | | | - Nancy A Lee
- 3 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Asthma is a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, and not surprisingly, many myeloid cells play a crucial role in pathogenesis. Antigen-presenting dendritic cells are the first to recognize the allergens, pollutants, and viruses that are implicated in asthma pathogenesis, and subsequently initiate the adaptive immune response by migrating to lymph nodes. Eosinophils are the hallmark of type 2 inflammation, releasing toxic compounds in the airways and contributing to airway remodeling. Mast cells and basophils control both the early- and late-phase allergic response and contribute to alterations in smooth muscle reactivity. Finally, relatively little is known about neutrophils and macrophages in this disease. Although many of these myeloid cells respond well to treatment with inhaled steroids, there is now an increasing armamentarium of targeted biologicals that can specifically eliminate only one myeloid cell population, like eosinophils. It is only with those new tools that we will be able to fully understand the role of myeloid cells in chronic asthma in humans.
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13
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Siddesha JM, Nakada EM, Mihavics BR, Hoffman SM, Rattu GK, Chamberlain N, Cahoon JM, Lahue KG, Daphtary N, Aliyeva M, Chapman DG, Desai DH, Poynter ME, Anathy V. Effect of a chemical chaperone, tauroursodeoxycholic acid, on HDM-induced allergic airway disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L1243-59. [PMID: 27154200 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00396.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced unfolded protein response plays a critical role in inflammatory diseases, including allergic airway disease. However, the benefits of inhibiting ER stress in the treatment of allergic airway disease are not well known. Herein, we tested the therapeutic potential of a chemical chaperone, tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), in combating allergic asthma, using a mouse model of house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic airway disease. TUDCA was administered during the HDM-challenge phase (preventive regimen), after the HDM-challenge phase (therapeutic regimen), or therapeutically during a subsequent HDM rechallenge (rechallenge regimen). In the preventive regimen, TUDCA significantly decreased HDM-induced inflammation, markers of ER stress, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and fibrosis. Similarly, in the therapeutic regimen, TUDCA administration efficiently decreased HDM-induced airway inflammation, mucus metaplasia, ER stress markers, and AHR, but not airway remodeling. Interestingly, TUDCA administered therapeutically in the HDM rechallenge regimen markedly attenuated HDM-induced airway inflammation, mucus metaplasia, ER stress markers, methacholine-induced AHR, and airway fibrotic remodeling. These results indicate that the inhibition of ER stress in the lungs through the administration of chemical chaperones could be a valuable strategy in the treatment of allergic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalahalli M Siddesha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Emily M Nakada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Bethany R Mihavics
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Sidra M Hoffman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | | | - Nicolas Chamberlain
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jonathon M Cahoon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Karolyn G Lahue
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Nirav Daphtary
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Minara Aliyeva
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - David G Chapman
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont; Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and
| | - Dhimant H Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pensylvania
| | - Matthew E Poynter
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Vikas Anathy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont;
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14
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Chapman DG, Irvin CG. Mechanisms of airway hyper-responsiveness in asthma: the past, present and yet to come. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:706-19. [PMID: 25651937 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) has long been considered a cardinal feature of asthma. The development of the measurement of AHR 40 years ago initiated many important contributions to our understanding of asthma and other airway diseases. However, our understanding of AHR in asthma remains complicated by the multitude of potential underlying mechanisms which in reality are likely to have different contributions amongst individual patients. Therefore, the present review will discuss the current state of understanding of the major mechanisms proposed to contribute to AHR and highlight the way in which AHR testing is beginning to highlight distinct abnormalities associated with clinically relevant patient populations. In doing so we aim to provide a foundation by which future research can begin to ascribe certain mechanisms to specific patterns of bronchoconstriction and subsequently match phenotypes of bronchoconstriction with clinical phenotypes. We believe that this approach is not only within our grasp but will lead to improved mechanistic understanding of asthma phenotypes and we hoped to better inform the development of phenotype-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Chapman
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
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15
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Idzko M, Pitchford S, Page C. Role of platelets in allergic airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:1416-23. [PMID: 26051948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests an important role for platelets and their products (e.g., platelet factor 4, β-thromboglobulin, RANTES, thromboxane, or serotonin) in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. A variety of changes in platelet function have been observed in patients with asthma, such as alterations in platelet secretion, expression of surface molecules, aggregation, and adhesion. Moreover, platelets have been found to actively contribute to most of the characteristic features of asthma, including bronchial hyperresponsiveness, bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation, and airway remodeling. This review brings together the current available data from both experimental and clinical studies that have investigated the role of platelets in allergic airway inflammation and asthma. It is anticipated that a better understanding of the role of platelets in the pathogenesis of asthma might lead to novel promising therapeutic approaches in the treatment of allergic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Idzko
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Simon Pitchford
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clive Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Kim JH, Cho TS, Moon JH, Kim CR, Oh JW. Serial Changes in Serum Eosinophil-associated Mediators between Atopic and Non-atopic Children after Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2014; 6:428-33. [PMID: 25229000 PMCID: PMC4161684 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2014.6.5.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MP) is associated with the exacerbation, timing, and onset of asthma. The goal of this study was to elucidate the impact of MP on eosinophil-related hyper-reactive amplification in atopic children. Methods We studied 48 patients with MP (26 atopic, 22 non-atopic), between 3 and 12 years of age. Serial changes in blood eosinophil counts, serum interleukin-5 (IL-5), and serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) levels were measured in atopic and non-atopic children with MP upon admission, recovery, and at 2 months post-recovery. Serum IL-5 and ECP levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays; eosinophil counts were measured using an autoanalyzer. Results Serial changes in serum IL-5, ECP, and total eosinophil counts were significantly higher in atopic patients, relative to non-atopic controls (P≤0.001). Serum IL-5 and ECP levels were significantly higher in atopic patients at all three time points tested, while eosinophil counts were higher in the clinical recovery and follow-up phases, but not in the acute phase. Furthermore, among atopic patients, serum ECP levels were significantly higher in the recovery and follow-up phases than in the acute phase. Conclusions The present study demonstrated significant differences in eosinophil counts, serum IL-5, and serum ECP levels between atopic and non-atopic children with MP at admission, recovery, and 2 months after clinical recovery. These outcomes are suggestive of eosinophil-related hyperreactivity in atopic children, with this status maintained for at least 2 months after MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hwa Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Shik Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Hwa Moon
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Ryul Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Won Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Jönsson F, Mancardi DA, Albanesi M, Bruhns P. Neutrophils in local and systemic antibody-dependent inflammatory and anaphylactic reactions. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:643-56. [PMID: 23532517 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1212623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are notorious for their efficacy in microbial killing. Various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis, production of ROS, cytokines/chemokines and lipid mediators, degranulation of antimicrobials and enzymes, as well as NETosis contribute to this capacity. However, every incidence of neutrophil activation bears a risk to cause damage to the host. Several distinct steps, i.e., adhesion to endothelial cells, transmigration, chemotaxis, cytokine stimulation, and TLR signaling, are thought to control the extent of neutrophil activation. In the absence of a microbial stimulus, other pathways can induce neutrophil activation, among which FcR-induced activation when neutrophils encounter ICs. In these situations (inflammation, autoimmunity, allergy), neutrophils may act as primary or secondary effectors of immune reactions. In the presence of circulating ICs, neutrophils can indeed get stimulated directly in the bloodstream and trigger an immune response. Upon deposition of antibody complexes inside of tissues, neutrophils are first recruited and primed before being highly activated to amplify the ongoing inflammation. This review focuses on the engagement, activation, and responses of neutrophils to antibody ICs, inside of tissues or in the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Jönsson
- 2.Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Inserm U760, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France. or
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Kim DW, Khalmuratova R, Hur DG, Jeon SY, Kim SW, Shin HW, Lee CH, Rhee CS. Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B contributes to induction of nasal polypoid lesions in an allergic rhinosinusitis murine model. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2012; 25:e255-61. [PMID: 22185735 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2011.25.3727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on the pathophysiology of nasal polyps in human subjects have been limited; thus an animal model is needed. There is increasing evidence supporting the role of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB) in the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis. The aim of this study was to investigate the histological and immunologic effects of SEB on the formation of nasal polypoid lesions in an allergic rhinosinusitis murine model. METHODS After induction of an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic rhinosinusitis, OVA with SEB (5 or 500 ng) was instilled into the nasal cavity of mice for 8 weeks. Control mice did not receive SEB or OVA instillation. Histopathological changes were observed using hematoxylin and eosin, Sirius red, Giemsa, Masson's trichrome, and Alcian blue stains. The levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-13, eotaxin, interferon gamma, total IgE, and OVA-specific IgE from serum or nasal lavage fluid were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The group treated with OVA plus 5 ng of SEB had significantly more mucosal lesions with epithelial disruption and nasal polypoid lesions than mice treated with OVA only, showing a significant increase in the infiltration of total inflammatory cells, eosinophils, and lymphocytes than the other groups. Levels of IL-5, eotaxin, and OVA-specific IgE in nasal lavage fluid were increased in the group treated with OVA plus 5 ng of SEB than in the other groups. A higher number of secretory cells in the groups treated with OVA plus SEB was observed than in other groups. CONCLUSION Low-dose SEB induced nasal polypoid lesions with an increased eosinophilic infiltration in an allergic rhinosinusitis murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Woo Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
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19
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Nitrative stress in inflammatory lung diseases. Nitric Oxide 2011; 25:138-44. [PMID: 21440655 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2011.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of nitric oxide (NO), an intracellular signal transmitter, the role of NO has been investigated in various organs. In the respiratory system, NO derived from the constitutive type of NO synthase (cNOS, NOS1, NOS3) induces bronchodilation and pulmonary vasodilatation to maintain homeostasis. In contrast, the roles of excessive NO derived from the inducible type of NOS (iNOS, NOS2) in airway and lung inflammation in inflammatory lung diseases including bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are controversial. In these inflammatory lung diseases, excessive nitrosative stress has also been observed. In asthma, some reports have shown that nitrosative stress causes airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and airway remodeling, which are the features of asthma, whereas others have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory role of NO derived from NOS2. In the case of refractory asthma, more nitrosative stress has been reported to be observed in such airways compared with that in well-controlled asthmatics. In COPD, reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which are NO and NO-related molecules including nitrogen dioxide and peroxynitrite, cause lung inflammation, oxidative stress, activation of matrix metalloproteinase, and inactivation of antiprotease, which are involved in the pathophysiology of the disease. In the present paper, we review the physiological and pathophysiological effects of NO and NO-related molecules in the respiratory system and in inflammatory lung diseases.
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Grommes J, Soehnlein O. Contribution of neutrophils to acute lung injury. Mol Med 2010; 17:293-307. [PMID: 21046059 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2010.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 961] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of acute lung injury (ALI) and its most severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), remain unsolved problems of intensive care medicine. ALI/ARDS are characterized by lung edema due to increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary barrier and subsequent impairment of arterial oxygenation. Lung edema, endothelial and epithelial injury are accompanied by an influx of neutrophils into the interstitium and broncheoalveolar space. Hence, activation and recruitment of neutrophils are regarded to play a key role in progression of ALI/ARDS. Neutrophils are the first cells to be recruited to the site of inflammation and have a potent antimicrobial armour that includes oxidants, proteinases and cationic peptides. Under pathological circumstances, however, unregulated release of these microbicidal compounds into the extracellular space paradoxically can damage host tissues. This review focuses on the mechanisms of neutrophil recruitment into the lung and on the contribution of neutrophils to tissue damage in ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Grommes
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany.
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Burster T, Macmillan H, Hou T, Boehm BO, Mellins ED. Cathepsin G: roles in antigen presentation and beyond. Mol Immunol 2009; 47:658-65. [PMID: 19910052 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Contributions from multiple cathepsins within endosomal antigen processing compartments are necessary to process antigenic proteins into antigenic peptides. Cysteine and aspartyl cathepsins have been known to digest antigenic proteins. A role for the serine protease, cathepsin G (CatG), in this process has been described only recently, although CatG has long been known to be a granule-associated proteolytic enzyme of neutrophils. In line with a role for this enzyme in antigen presentation, CatG is found in endocytic compartments of a variety of antigen presenting cells. CatG is found in primary human monocytes, B cells, myeloid dendritic cells 1 (mDC1), mDC2, plasmacytoid DC (pDC), and murine microglia, but is not expressed in B cell lines or monocyte-derived DC. Purified CatG can be internalized into endocytic compartments in CatG non-expressing cells, widening the range of cells where this enzyme may play a role in antigen processing. Functional assays have implicated CatG as a critical enzyme in processing of several antigens and autoantigens. In this review, historical and recent data on CatG expression, distribution, function and involvement in disease will be summarized and discussed, with a focus on its role in antigen presentation and immune-related events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Burster
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
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22
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Fan XY, van den Berg A, Snoek M, van der Flier LG, Smids B, Jansen HM, Liu RY, Lutter R. Arginine deficiency augments inflammatory mediator production by airway epithelial cells in vitro. Respir Res 2009; 10:62. [PMID: 19575800 PMCID: PMC2714041 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-10-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previously we showed that reduced availability of the essential amino acid tryptophan per se attenuates post-transcriptional control of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 leading to hyperresponsive production of these inflammatory mediators by airway epithelial cells. Availability of the non-essential amino acid arginine in the inflamed airway mucosa of patients with asthma is reduced markedly, but it is not known whether this can also lead to an exaggerated production of IL-6 and IL-8. Methods IL-6 and IL-8 were determined by ELISA in culture supernatants of NCI-H292 airway epithelial-like cells and normal bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells that were exposed to TNF-α, LPS or no stimulus, in medium with or without arginine. Arginine deficiency may also result from exposure to poly-L-arginine or major basic protein (MBP), which can block arginine uptake. Epithelial cells were exposed to these polycationic proteins and L-14C-arginine uptake was assessed as well as IL-6 and IL-8 production. To determine the mode of action, IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA profiles over time were assessed as were gene transcription and post-transcriptional mRNA degradation. Results For both NCI-H292 and NHBE cells, low arginine concentrations enhanced basal epithelial IL-6 and IL-8 production and synergized with TNF-α-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production. Poly-L-arginine enhanced the stimulus-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production, however, blocking arginine uptake and the enhanced IL-6 and IL-8 production appeared unrelated. The exaggerated IL-6 and IL-8 production due to arginine deficiency and to poly-L-arginine depend on a post-transcriptional and a transcriptional process, respectively. Conclusion We conclude that both reduced arginine availability per se and the presence of polycationic proteins may promote airway inflammation by enhanced pro-inflammatory mediator production in airway epithelial cells, but due to distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yun Fan
- Department of Pulmonology, The Geriatric Institute of Anhui, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.
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Gu Q, Lim ME, Gleich GJ, Lee LY. Mechanisms of eosinophil major basic protein-induced hyperexcitability of vagal pulmonary chemosensitive neurons. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 296:L453-61. [PMID: 19136577 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90467.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We have reported recently that eosinophil-derived basic proteins directly enhance the capsaicin- and electrical stimulation-evoked whole cell responses in rat pulmonary sensory neurons (19). Our present study further elucidates the mechanisms underlying the sensitization of pulmonary afferent nerves induced by these cationic proteins. Our results show that pretreatment with eosinophil major basic protein (MBP; 2 microM, 60 s) significantly enhanced the excitability of isolated rat vagal pulmonary chemosensitive neurons to acid and ATP in the current-clamp mode, but this potentiating effect was absent in the voltage-clamp recordings. The hyperexcitability induced by MBP was not prevented by the blockade of either transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 receptor (TRPV1) selectively (inhibitor: AMG 9810; 1 microM, 2 min) or all TRPV1-4 channels (inhibitor: ruthenium red; 5 microM, 2 min). In addition, MBP also markedly potentiated the excitability of mouse pulmonary chemosensitive neurons, and no detectable difference was found between those isolated from wild-type and TRPV1 knockout mice. Furthermore, MBP pretreatment affected the decay time and recovery phase of the action potentials evoked by current injections and significantly inhibited both the sustained delayed-rectifier voltage-gated K(+) current (IK(dr)) and the A-type, fast-inactivating K(+) current (IK(a)) in these sensory neurons. In conclusion, our results indicate that the inhibition of IK(dr) and IK(a) should, at least in part, account for the hyperexcitability of pulmonary chemosensitive neurons induced by eosinophil-derived cationic proteins, whereas an interaction with TRPV1 channels does not seem to be required for the sensitizing effect of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihai Gu
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298, USA
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Abstract
There has been a marked increase in the global prevalence, morbidity, and mortality of asthma, and its associated economic burden has also grown over the last 40 years. Approximately 300 million people worldwide currently have asthma, and its prevalence increases by 50% every decade. Airway inflammation is the most proximate cause of the recurrent episodes of airflow limitation in asthma. Recent research has revealed that numerous biologically active proinflammatory mediators are responsible for the pathogenesis of asthma. Among these mediators, there is increasing evidence that endogenous or exogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are responsible for the airway inflammation of asthma. Many reports have shown that there is an excessive production of ROS and RNS in the airways of asthmatic individuals compared with healthy subjects. Excessively produced ROS and RNS have been reported to lead to airway inflammation, airway hyper-responsiveness, airway microvascular hyperpermeability, tissue injury, and remodeling in animal models and human studies. Although human lungs have a potent antioxidant system, excessive oxidative and nitrative stress leads to an imbalance of oxidants/antioxidants. This review describes the rapidly accruing data linking oxidative and nitrative events to the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisatoshi Sugiura
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama City, Wakayama, Japan
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Maarsingh H, Zaagsma J, Meurs H. Arginine homeostasis in allergic asthma. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 585:375-84. [PMID: 18410920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.02.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2008] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic disease characterized by early and late asthmatic reactions, airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation and airway remodelling. Changes in l-arginine homeostasis may contribute to all these features of asthma by decreased nitric oxide (NO) production and increased formation of peroxynitrite, polyamines and l-proline. Intracellular l-arginine levels are regulated by at least three distinct mechanisms: (i) cellular uptake by cationic amino acid (CAT) transporters, (ii) metabolism by NO-synthase (NOS) and arginase, and (iii) recycling from l-citrulline. Ex vivo studies using animal models of allergic asthma have indicated that attenuated l-arginine bioavailability to NOS causes deficiency of bronchodilating NO and increased production of procontractile peroxynitrite, which importantly contribute to allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness after the early and late asthmatic reaction, respectively. Decreased cellular uptake of l-arginine, due to (eosinophil-derived) polycations inhibiting CATs, as well as increased consumption by increased arginase activity are major causes of substrate limitation to NOS. Increasing substrate availability to NOS by administration of l-arginine, l-citrulline, the polycation scavenger heparin, or an arginase inhibitor alleviates allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness by restoring the production of bronchodilating NO. In addition, reduced l-arginine levels may contribute to the airway inflammation associated with the development of airway hyperresponsiveness, which similarly may involve decreased NO synthesis and increased peroxynitrite formation. Increased arginase activity could also contribute to airway remodelling and persistent airway hyperresponsiveness in chronic asthma via increased synthesis of l-ornithine, the precursor of polyamines and l-proline. Drugs that increase the bioavailability of l-arginine in the airways - particularly arginase inhibitors - may have therapeutic potential in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm Maarsingh
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University Centre for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Gu Q, Wiggers ME, Gleich GJ, Lee LY. Sensitization of isolated rat vagal pulmonary sensory neurons by eosinophil-derived cationic proteins. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 294:L544-52. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00271.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that airway exposure to eosinophil-derived cationic proteins stimulated vagal pulmonary C fibers and markedly potentiated their responses to lung inflation in anesthetized rats (Lee LY, Gu Q, Gleich GJ, J Appl Physiol 91: 1318–1326, 2001). However, whether the effects resulted from a direct action of these proteins on the sensory nerves was not known. The present study was therefore carried out to determine the effects of these proteins on isolated rat vagal pulmonary sensory neurons. Our results obtained from perforated whole cell patch-clamp recordings showed that pretreatment with eosinophil major basic protein (MBP; 2 μM, 60 s) significantly increased the capsaicin-evoked inward current in these neurons; this effect peaked ∼10 min after MBP and lasted for >60 min; in current-clamp mode, MBP substantially increased the number of action potentials evoked by both capsaicin and electrical stimulation. Pretreatment with MBP did not significantly alter the input resistance of these sensory neurons. In addition, the sensitizing effect of MBP was completely abolished when its cationic charge was neutralized by mixing with a polyanion, such as low-molecular-weight heparin or poly-l-glutamic or poly-l-aspartic acid, before its delivery to the neurons. Moreover, a similar sensitizing effect was also generated by other eosinophil granule-derived proteins (e.g., eosinophil peroxidase). These results demonstrate a direct, charge-dependent, and long-lasting sensitizing effect of cationic proteins on pulmonary sensory neurons, which may contribute to the airway hyperresponsiveness associated with airway infiltration of eosinophils under pathophysiological conditions.
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Harrison S, Gatti R, Baraldo S, Oliani KL, Andre E, Trevisani M, Gazzieri D, Saetta M, Geppetti P. Montelukast inhibits inflammatory responses in small airways of the Guinea-pig. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2007; 21:317-23. [PMID: 17905619 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Revised: 06/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Increased resistance in the small airways is a major contributor of airway obstruction in asthma. The role of leukotrienes (LT) in determining inflammation and obstruction of small size bronchi is not completely understood. Here, we have examined the effect of the cysteinyl-leukotriene (CysLT 1) receptor antagonist, montelukast, against the bronchoconstriction and inflammatory responses induced by exogenous leukotriene and by allergen challenge in small size (<or=1mm) Guinea-pig bronchi. Montelukast potently (pA(2) 8.3) inhibited the contraction induced by LTD4 in small bronchi taken from naïve Guinea-pigs. Furthermore, montelukast reduced the contraction produced by in vitro ovalbumin (OVA) challenge in small size bronchi from sensitized Guinea-pigs. Montelukast (10 microg kg(-1)) also blocked plasma protein extravasation and accumulation of inflammatory cells (eosinophils) induced by OVA challenge in small intra-parenchymal bronchi of OVA sensitized animals. These findings provide additional evidence that CysLT 1 receptor antagonism reduces allergic reactions that cause contractile and inflammatory responses in Guinea-pig small airways during OVA challenge. If the anti-bronchospastic and anti-inflammatory actions of the CysLT 1 receptor antagonists observed in the small airways of Guinea-pigs occur also in man these effects may contribute to the beneficial effects of montelukast in asthmatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Harrison
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Geriatric Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
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HULSMANN AR, DE JONGSTE JC. Modulation of airway responsiveness by the airway epithelium in humans: putative mechanisms. Clin Exp Allergy 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wegmann M, Fehrenbach H, Fehrenbach A, Held T, Schramm C, Garn H, Renz H. Involvement of distal airways in a chronic model of experimental asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 35:1263-71. [PMID: 16238784 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchial asthma is characterized by chronic airway inflammation and airway remodelling which occurs in both proximal and distal airways. These changes are associated with development of airway hyper-responsiveness and airflow limitation. OBJECTIVE This study was aimed to analyse whether chronic inhalative allergen challenges in mice lead to morphological and physiological changes comparable with this phenotype. METHODS For this purpose, BALB/c mice were systemically sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) followed by aerosol allergen challenges on 2 consecutive days per week for 12 weeks. RESULTS In chronically challenged mice, tissue inflammation in proximal as well as distal airways was observed with a predominance of lymphocytes within the cellular infiltrate. In contrast, inflammation in the airway lumen decreased over time. These changes were associated by a shift in bronchoalveolar lavage-cytokine levels from IL-4, IL-5 and TNF-alpha production (during the acute phase) towards markedly increased levels of TGF-beta during the chronic phase. Goblet cell hyperplasia and subepithelial fibrosis occurred throughout the airway tree. In terms of lung function, chronically challenged mice developed persistent bronchial hyper-responsiveness and progressive airflow limitation. Six weeks after OVA aerosol discontinuation, airway inflammation still persisted although lung function was normalized. CONCLUSION These data indicate that our model of chronic aerosol allergen challenges leads to a phenotype of experimental asthma with participation of distal airways and persistence of inflammation thereby resembling many morphological and physiological aspects of human bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wegmann
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Hospital of the Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
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Ishiura Y, Fujimura M, Nobata K, Oribe Y, Abo M, Myou S, Nonomura A. In vivo PAF-induced airway eosinophil accumulation reduces bronchial responsiveness to inhaled histamine. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2005; 75:1-12. [PMID: 15789611 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2004.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic eosinophilic bronchitis and bronchial hyperresponsiveness have been considered to be the fundamental features of bronchial asthma. However, the role of airway eosinophils in bronchial responsiveness in vivo has not been fully discussed. The aim of this study was to investigate the direct effect of airway eosinophil accumulation on bronchial responsiveness in vivo. Guinea pigs were transnasally treated with platelet activating factor (PAF) or vehicle twice a week for a total of 3 weeks. Anesthetized guinea pigs were surgically cannulated and artificially ventilated 48 h after the last administration of PAF or vehicle. Ten minutes after the installation of artificial ventilation, ascending doses of histamine were inhaled. In a subsequent study, selective inhibitors of diamine oxidase and histamine N-methyltransferase were intravenously administered before the histamine inhalation in the PAF-treated animals. Next study was conducted 20 min after treatment with indomethacin in this study line. Finally, ascending doses of methacholine were inhaled in our animal model. Proportion of eosinophils and the number of nuclear segmentation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid significantly increased in guinea pigs treated with PAF compared with vehicle and this finding was confirmed histologically. Nevertheless, bronchial responsiveness to inhaled histamine, but not methacholine, was significantly decreased by the PAF treatment. This bronchoprotective effect induced by PAF remained following aminoguanidine and histamine N-methyltransferase administration, but abolished by treatment of indomethacin. These results suggest that in vivo airway eosinophils may reduce nonspecific bronchial responsiveness through production of inhibitory or bronchoprotective prostanoids, but not through histaminase production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Ishiura
- Respiratory Medicine, Cellular Transplantation Biology, Kanazawa Graduate University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan. ishiura-@p2322.nsk.ne.jp
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Toward TJ, Johnson FJ, Boult JE, Maillard JY. Airway function and reactivity, leukocyte influx and nitric oxide after inoculation with parainfluenza-3 virus: effects of dexamethasone or rolipram. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:771-82. [PMID: 15710345 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2003] [Accepted: 12/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Guinea-pigs were inoculated with parainfluenza type 3 (PI3) virus (5.2 x 10(7)) or medium (125 microl each nostril). The PDE4-inhibitor, rolipram (1 mg kg(-1)), the corticosteroid, dexamethasone (20 mg kg(-1)), or vehicle were administered (i.p.) 24 h and 0.5 h before inoculation and for 4 days thereafter. Respiratory function, recorded in conscious guinea-pigs as specific airways conductance (sGaw) by whole-body plethysmography, was unaffected over 4 days by inoculation with medium or PI3. Inhaled histamine (nose-only, 1 mM, 20 s) 24 h before inoculation produced no response but 4 days after PI3 inoculation, a significant (P<0.001) bronchoconstriction occurred, indicating airway hyperreactivity (AHR). Dexamethasone or rolipram treatment inhibited the AHR. Four days after PI3- or medium-inoculation, animals underwent bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) for total and differential (macrophages, eosinophils and neutrophils) cell counts and determination of nitric oxide (NO) as nitrite and nitrate. Compared with medium-inoculated animals, BAL fluid removed 4 days after PI3 inoculation had significantly increased macrophages, eosinophils and neutrophils. Dexamethasone or rolipram significantly (P<0.05) reduced the PI3-induced airways influx of macrophages (by 40% and 47%), eosinophils (79% and 84%) and neutrophils (58% and 61%). PI3-inoculation significantly (P<0.05) increased BALF combined NO metabolites (84.8+/-2.2 microM 100 microl(-1)), compared with medium-inoculated (56.0+/-5.8) or naive animals (45.7+/-2.0). Treating the PI3-infected guinea-pigs with dexamethasone or rolipram significantly (P<0.001) reduced the raised NO metabolites by 34% and 37%, respectively. These results support a role for steroids and PDE4-inhibitors in the management of inflammation and airways hyperreactivity arising from viral infection of the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Toward
- Division of Pharmacology, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cathays Park, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK.
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Schwarz KB, Rosensweig J, Sharma S, Jones L, Durant M, Potter C, Narkewicz MR. Plasma markers of platelet activation in cystic fibrosis liver and lung disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2003; 37:187-91. [PMID: 12883307 DOI: 10.1097/00005176-200308000-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFbeta1) is a major fibrogenic cytokine, the expression of which is increased in the livers of children with cystic fibrosis liver disease (CFLD) and in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with cystic fibrosis pulmonary disease (CFPD). The purpose of our study was to investigate the usefulness of plasma TGFbeta1 as a noninvasive marker of CFLD and CFPD, or both and to investigate the contribution of platelet-derived TGFbeta1 to plasma TGFbeta1 by correlating the latter with platelet factor 4 (PF4). METHODS Three groups of patients with cystic fibrosis were studied: 1) those with CFLD, 2) those with CF and no liver disease (CFNLD), and 3) those with CFPD. Controls were healthy adolescents and adults. Plasma TGFbeta1 was assayed using the R and D Quantikine quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique and PF4 (American Bioproducts ELISA kit). RESULTS Plasma TGFbeta1 was markedly increased in CFPD (15 +/- 3 ng/mL) versus healthy adults (1 +/- 0 ng/mL; P < 0.004. The PF4 values followed a similar pattern: 105 +/- 8 ng/mL in CFPD versus 12 +/- 4 ng/mL (P < 0.0001). Plasma TGFbeta1 values in CFLD did not differ from CFNLD patients of comparable age nor from values for healthy adolescents. Plasma TGFbeta1 values were strongly correlated with values for PF4: r = 0.543, P < 0.0001. CONCLUSIONS Plasma TGFbeta1 is not a useful marker of CFLD. The increased plasma TGFbeta1 and PF4 in CFPD patients are of interest both as possible noninvasive markers of pulmonary fibrosis and because the increased values suggest that platelet activation may play a pathogenetic role in CFPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen B Schwarz
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Abstract
Cationic proteins secreted by inflammatory cells infiltrating into the airways are known to cause mucosal injury and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Although an involvement of bronchopulmonary C-fiber afferents in the cationic protein-induced airway hyperresponsiveness has been suggested, direct electrophysiological evidence has not been established. Accordingly, a series of studies was recently carried out using the single-fiber recording technique to determine the responses of pulmonary C fibers to cationic proteins and to investigate the mechanisms possibly underlying these effects. Intratracheal instillation of either human eosinophil granule-derived cationic proteins or synthetic cationic proteins induced a sporadic but intense stimulatory effect on pulmonary C fibers and greatly enhanced the sensitivities of these afferents to both lung inflation and chemical stimuli in anesthetized rats. These responses developed slowly (latency: 20-40s), reached peak in 2-10 min, then gradually declined. The effects of synthetic cationic proteins sustained for >60 min. When administered by intravenous injection or instilled into a different region of the lung, the same cationic proteins had no effect on the C-fiber endings, even at a higher dose. Furthermore, the stimulatory and sensitizing effects of these proteins were completely nullified when their cationic charges were neutralized with negatively charged heparin before delivery. However, heparin administered 5-10 min after the delivery of cationic proteins was ineffective in reversing the effects. In conclusion, intratracheal instillation of cationic proteins consistently induces intense stimulation and sensitization of pulmonary C fibers, and an interaction between the cationic charges carried by these proteins and the airway mucosa is probably responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Yuan Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
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Davis MS, Schofield B, Freed AN. Repeated peripheral airway hyperpnea causes inflammation and remodeling in dogs. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003; 35:608-16. [PMID: 12673144 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000058660.88987.a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE Elite winter athletes have an increased incidence of asthma, the cause of which is unknown. Strenuous exercise, particularly while breathing cold air, results in airway cooling and desiccation. We used a canine model of hyperpnea with cold, dry air to test the hypothesis that repeated cooling and desiccation of peripheral airways can cause asthma-like pathology. METHODS Canine sublobar airways were challenged with room temperature, dry air insufflated though a bronchoscope to simulate the mucosal cooling and desiccation that occurs in human peripheral airways during strenuous cold weather exercise. Airways were challenged once daily on four consecutive days, and control and challenged airways were harvested 24 h after the last challenge for histological analyses. RESULTS Repeated challenge caused airway obstruction and remodeling that persisted for at least 24 h. The percentage of mucosal squamous epithelium increased with a corresponding decrease in ciliated epithelium. Challenged airways had thicker lamina propria that contained greater concentrations of eosinophils, neutrophils, and mast cells when compared with control airways. The severity of airway obstruction was correlated with mucosal condition, airway thickness, and eosinophil infiltration. With the exception of mast cell infiltration, all changes were reversed within 1 wk of cessation of challenges. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that repeated cooling and desiccation of peripheral airways can cause airway remodeling similar to that seen in asthma. These findings, in concert with other reports using this model, support the hypothesis that asthma-like symptoms found in winter athletes may be the result of repeated hyperpnea with cold air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Davis
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Roche N, Stirling RG, Lim S, Oliver BG, Chung KF. Regulation of protease-activated receptor-1 in mononuclear cells by neutrophil proteases. Respir Med 2003; 97:228-33. [PMID: 12645829 DOI: 10.1053/rmed.2003.1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils and mononuclear cells are implicated in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory conditions including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Neutrophil-derived serine proteases, such as cathepsin G (CG) and neutrophil elastase (NE), may interact with mononuclear cells via protease-activated receptors (PARs) which are seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors activated by proteolytic cleavage of the extracellular N-terminus, and which, on activation, induce the release of several mediators and cytokines. We determined whether CG and NE could affect PAR-1 expression and function in mononuclear cells. Human blood mononuclear cells were isolated from 20 healthy donors. Surface and intracellular receptor expression and calcium mobilisation (using the calcium chelator, FLUO3-AM) were studied by fluorescence-assisted cell sorting (FACS analysis). Positive controls, i.e. thrombin (0.1-100 mU/ml) and the PAR-1-activating peptide SFLLRN (100 microM) induced a rapid and transient intemalisation of PAR-1 in monocytes and lymphocytes. CG but not NE had a similar effect. By contrast, in monocytes intracellular calcium mobilisation was induced by thrombin and SFLLRN but not by CG and NE. Thus, CG can induce intracellular PAR-1 sequestration without activation of the receptor, and may act as an antagonist and prevent subsequent activation of PAR-1 in mononuclear cells. These findings may be of relevance to the pathogenesis of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Roche
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine at National Heart & Lung Institute, London, UK
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Wu AY, Chik SC, Chan AW, Li Z, Tsang KW, Li W. Anti-inflammatory effects of high-dose montelukast in an animal model of acute asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2003; 33:359-66. [PMID: 12614451 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthmatic inflammation is mediated by a network of cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules. Corticosteroids are the only effective agents available to control asthmatic inflammation. We investigated the effect of high-dose montelukast (MK), a selective cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 antagonist, on mediators of airway inflammation. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a 3-day course of high-dose MK on mediators of airway inflammation induced by a single allergen challenge in sensitized mice. METHODS Ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized BALB/c mice were treated with 25 mg/kg of MK or saline intravenously for 3 days. On the third day, a single inhalation challenge with OVA was given. Cellular infiltration was assessed in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and in the lung. Expression of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and eotaxin in the BAL, and the lung was determined. Serum IL-5 and total IgE was measured. IL-5 and eotaxin mRNA expression in the lung was determined. Finally, eotaxin and VACM-1 expression in the lung was assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS MK reduced the number of eosinophils in the BAL by > 90%. There was also significant reduction in IL-5 in the BAL, lung and the serum, and IL-5 mRNA expression in the lung. IL-4 level in the lung and BAL, and IL-13 level in the lung also significantly decreased. Serum IgE level and lung VCAM-1 expression was also significantly lower in treated animals, but eotaxin protein and mRNA expression in the lung remained unchanged. CONCLUSION MK exerts its anti-inflammatory effect through the suppression of T helper type-2 (Th2) cytokines. The use of high-dose MK as an anti-inflammatory agent in acute asthma should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Wu
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Hamelmann E, Schleimer RP. Corticosteroid treatment in bronchial asthma: for better or for worse? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111:248-50. [PMID: 12589340 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2003.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Shahana S, Kampf C, Roomans GM. Effects of the cationic protein poly-L-arginine on airway epithelial cells in vitro. Mediators Inflamm 2002; 11:141-8. [PMID: 12137242 PMCID: PMC1781659 DOI: 10.1080/09622935020138172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic asthma is associated with an increased number of eosinophils in the airway wall. Eosinophils secrete cationic proteins, particularly major basic protein (MBP). AIM To investigate the effect of synthetic cationic polypeptides such as poly-L-arginine, which can mimic the effect of MBP, on airway epithelial cells. METHODS Cultured airway epithelial cells were exposed to poly-L-arginine, and effects were determined by light and electron microscopy. RESULTS Poly-L-arginine induced apoptosis and necrosis. Transmission electron microscopy showed mitochondrial damage and changes in the nucleus. The tight junctions were damaged, as evidenced by penetration of lanthanum. Scanning electron microscopy showed a damaged cell membrane with many pores. Microanalysis showed a significant decrease in the cellular content of magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and chlorine, and an increase in calcium. Plakoglobin immunoreactivity in the cell membrane was decreased, indicating a decrease in the number of desmosomes CONCLUSIONS The results point to poly-L-arginine induced membrane damage, resulting in increased permeability, loss of cell-cell contacts and generalized cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahida Shahana
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Uppsala, Sweden.
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Kumar RK, Thomas PS, Seetoo DQ, Herbert C, McKenzie ANJ, Foster PS, Lloyd AR. Eotaxin expression by epithelial cells and plasma cells in chronic asthma. J Transl Med 2002; 82:495-504. [PMID: 11950906 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoattractants such as eotaxin are believed to play an important role in the recruitment of eosinophils into the airways in asthma. We investigated expression of eotaxin in the airway wall in a model of chronic human asthma, in which systemically sensitized mice were exposed to low mass concentrations of aerosolized antigen for 6 weeks. In these animals, the number of intraepithelial eosinophils in the airways was significantly increased 3 hours after exposure and declined by 24 hours. In parallel, immunoreactivity for eotaxin was strikingly up-regulated in airway epithelial cells and in inflammatory cells in the lamina propria. The latter were identified as plasma cells by double immunofluorescent labeling. Increased expression of eotaxin by epithelial cells and plasma cells was also demonstrated in a case of fatal human asthma. In contrast, sensitized mice that received a single exposure to a high mass concentration of aerosolized antigen exhibited delayed eosinophil recruitment, which did not correlate with eotaxin expression. Furthermore, in sensitized chronically exposed interleukin-13-deficient mice there was virtually no recruitment of eosinophils into the airways, although eotaxin expression was greater than or equal to that in wild-type mice. These results indicate that there are striking differences between acute and chronic exposure models in the time course of eotaxin expression and eosinophil recruitment. Although high eotaxin levels alone are not sufficient to cause recruitment of eosinophils into the airways, recurrent exposure may generate or up-regulate additional signals required for eosinophil chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Kumar
- Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Lee LY, Gu Q, Gleich GJ. Effects of human eosinophil granule-derived cationic proteins on C-fiber afferents in the rat lung. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2001; 91:1318-26. [PMID: 11509531 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2001.91.3.1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that human eosinophil granule-derived cationic proteins stimulate vagal C-fiber afferents in the lungs and elicit pulmonary chemoreflex responses in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. Intratracheal instillation of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP; 1-2 mg/ml, 0.1 ml) consistently induced an irregular breathing pattern, characterized by tachypnea (change in breathing frequency of 44.7%) and small unstable tidal volume (VT). The tachypnea, accompanied by decreased heart rate and arterial blood pressure, started within 30 s after the delivery of ECP and lasted for >30 min. These ECP-induced cardiorespiratory responses were completely prevented by perineural capsaicin treatment of both cervical vagi, which selectively blocked C-fiber conduction, suggesting the involvement of these afferents. Indeed, direct recording of single-unit activities of pulmonary C-fibers further demonstrated that the same dose of ECP evoked a pronounced and sustained (>30-min) stimulatory effect on pulmonary C-fibers. Furthermore, the sensitivity of these afferents to lung inflation was also markedly elevated after the ECP instillation, whereas the vehicle of ECP administered in the same manner had no effect. Other types of eosinophil granule cationic proteins, such as major basic protein and eosinophil peroxidase, induced very similar respiratory and cardiovascular reflex responses. In conclusion, these results show that eosinophil granule-derived cationic proteins induce a distinct stimulatory effect on vagal pulmonary C-fiber endings, which may play an important role in the airway hyperresponsiveness associated with eosinophil infiltration in the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA.
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Abstract
Current strategies for the management of asthma focus on suppressing airway inflammation. Other characteristic features of human asthma, such as airway hyperreactivity and the structural changes collectively referred to as airway remodeling, are largely ignored in existing guidelines for monitoring the effectiveness of treatment. Evidence is accumulating that pharmacologic therapy targeting airway wall remodeling may be valuable in treating asthma. However, development of appropriate therapeutic agents will require a better understanding of the pathogenesis of remodeling, which appears to be regulated by a variety of cytokines and growth factors produced by inflammatory, epithelial, and stromal cells. Furthermore, testing the effectiveness of novel agents that specifically target the process of remodeling will require appropriate experimental models, but most currently available animal models of asthma have major limitations. A recently described murine model of chronic human asthma offers considerable potential for dissection of the mechanisms of airway wall remodeling, as well as for investigation of the therapeutic potential of drugs that can modulate chronic inflammation and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Kumar
- Inflammation Research Unit, School of Pathology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia 2052.
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Croyle MA, Cheng X, Sandhu A, Wilson JM. Development of novel formulations that enhance adenoviral-mediated gene expression in the lung in vitro and in vivo. Mol Ther 2001; 4:22-8. [PMID: 11472102 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2001.0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite remarkable progress in the development of both viral and non-viral gene delivery vectors for cystic fibrosis therapy, low efficiency of gene transfer to the airway epithelium is a major obstacle to clinical application. Here we develop formulations that enhance cellular absorption of adenoviral vectors. We selected excipients from a panel of pharmaceutically acceptable com-pounds known to enhance drug absorption. Transduction efficiency of the virus in the presence of each ingredient was assessed in vitro and in vivo. Mannitol and chitosan substantially enhanced transduction efficiency in vitro and augmented expression in vivo by 4 and 8 log units, respectively. The most successful formulation (a blend of sucrose, mannitol, and Pluronic F68) transduced 100% of an A549 cell population in vitro and produced areas of intense gene expression in both large and small airways in vivo with minimal toxicity. Dose response studies also indicate that when placed in this formulation, the viral dose can be lowered by 1/2 log while maintaining superior levels of transgene expression. This formulation also enhanced the physical stability of the virus. No significant loss in titer was detected from a lyophilized formulation after storage at 25 degrees C for 30 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Croyle
- Division of Pharmaceutics, The University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Abstract
The ubiquitous serine endoprotease furin has been implicated in the activation of bacterial toxins and viral glycoproteins as well as in the metastatic progression of certain tumors. Although high molecular mass bioengineered serpin inhibitors have been well characterized, no small nontoxic nanomolar inhibitors have been reported to date. Here we describe the identification of such inhibitors using positional scanning amidated and acetylated synthetic l- and d-hexapeptide combinatorial libraries. The results indicated that l-Arg or l-Lys in all positions generated the most potent inhibitors. However, further investigation revealed that the peptide terminating groups hindered inhibition. Consequently, a series of non-amidated and acetylated polyarginines was synthesized. The most potent inhibitor identified, nona-l-arginine, had a K(i) for furin of 40 nm. The K(i) values for the related convertases PACE4 and prohormone convertase-1 (PC1) were 110 nm and 2.5 microm, respectively. Although nona-l-arginine was cleaved by furin, the major products after a 6-h incubation at 37 degrees C were hexa- and hepta-l-arginines, both of which retained the great majority of their potency and specificity against furin. Hexa-d-arginine was as potent and specific a furin inhibitor as hexa-l-arginine (K(i) values of hexa-d-arginine: 106 nm, 580 nm, and 13.2 microm for furin, PACE4, and PC1, respectively). PC2 was not inhibited by any polyarginine tested; indeed, PC2 showed an increase in activity of up to 140% of the control in the presence of l-polyarginines. Data are also presented that show extended subsite recognition by furin and PC2. Whereas N-terminal acetylation was found to reduce the inhibitory potency of the l-hexapeptide LLRVKR against furin 8-fold, C-terminal amidation reduced the potency < 2-fold. Conversely, N-terminal acetylation increased the potency against PC2 nearly 3-fold, whereas C-terminal amidation of the same peptide increased the potency by a factor of 1.6. Our data indicate that non-acetylated, poly-d-arginine-derived molecules may represent excellent lead compounds for the development of therapeutically useful furin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cameron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Abstract
Our understanding of the pathophysiology of asthma has undergone great advances in the past decade, particularly with the recognition of cytokines and the roles they may take in orchestrating the local immune response. With this information, it has been possible to target new therapeutic entities such as cytokine or chemokine receptors. Eosinophils and T lymphocytes have a special place in the inflammatory and structural alterations contributing to the asthmatic diathesis. It is possible that phenotype subsets of these cells exist and they hold the key to perpetuation of immunologic and physiologic abnormalities in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Muro
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Diamant
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Dept. Pulmonary Diseases, Dr Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam, 3015, The Netherlands.
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Oshiro T, Sasaki T, Nara M, Tamada T, Shimura S, Maruyama Y, Shirato K. Suppression of maxi-K channel and membrane depolarization by synthetic polycations in single tracheal myocytes. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 22:528-34. [PMID: 10783123 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.22.5.3837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycationic proteins, e.g., major basic protein from eosinophils or cathepsin G from neutrophils, have been shown to increase nonspecific airway responsiveness. Along with several indirect manners of action, polycations were reported to contract smooth-muscle strips and to raise the cellular Ca(2+) concentration as a direct action on airway smooth muscle. However, the mechanistic basis for the direct behavior remains to be elucidated. To address this issue, we examined the effects of synthetic cationic polypeptides poly-L-arginine and poly-L-lysine on fresh single smooth-muscle cells from bovine trachea using a patch-clamp technique. Both of the polycations significantly depolarized the membrane from a baseline of about -40 to -20 mV in a dose-dependent manner. The polycations also suppressed whole-cell spontaneous transient outward currents as well as both the conductance (from a baseline of about 130 to 70 pS) and open-state probability (about 25% of control values) of large-conductance Ca(2+)-dependent K(+) channel (maxi-K channel) on excised outside-out patch membranes. The polycations were without effect on the whole-cell Ca(2+) currents induced by depolarizing voltage pulses. We concluded that the synthetic polycations had at least two sites of action; one is the delayed rectifier K(+) channel that is responsible for the membrane depolarization that increases Ca(2+) influx, and the other is the maxi-K channel the suppression of which inhibits muscle relaxation. These results may explain the direct contractile action and, therefore, one of the mechanisms underlying the airway hyperresponsiveness induced by various polycationic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Oshiro
- First Department of Internal Medicine; and Department of Cell Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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48
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Foster PS, Ming Y, Matthei KI, Young IG, Temelkovski J, Kumar RK. Dissociation of inflammatory and epithelial responses in a murine model of chronic asthma. J Transl Med 2000; 80:655-62. [PMID: 10830775 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
To study pathogenetic mechanisms in chronic asthma, we employed a novel experimental model that replicates characteristic features of the human disease. Chronic inflammation and epithelial changes, specifically localized to the airways, were induced by repeated exposure of systemically sensitized BALB/c mice to low mass concentrations of aerosolized ovalbumin for 6 weeks. The contribution of Th2 cytokine-driven inflammation to the development of airway lesions and hyperreactivity was assessed in cytokine-deficient mice. In interleukin-5-deficient animals, intraepithelial eosinophils and chronic inflammatory cells in the lamina propria of the airways were markedly decreased; however, these animals developed epithelial hypertrophy and subepithelial fibrosis comparable with that observed in sensitized wild type mice. Airway hyperreactivity to inhaled methacholine did not develop in interleukin-5-deficient mice. In contrast, interleukin-4-deficient mice exhibited no decrease in airway inflammation, but had significantly greater epithelial hypertrophy and subepithelial fibrosis, as well as exaggerated hyperreactivity to methacholine. We conclude that interleukin-5, but not interleukin-4, plays a central role in the development of chronic inflammation of the airways and the induction of airway hyperreactivity. Furthermore, chronic epithelial and fibrotic changes occur independently of interleukin-5 and are not required for the development of airway hyperreactivity. The dissociation between airway wall remodeling and airway hyperreactivity has important implications for therapeutic approaches to chronic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Foster
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra.
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49
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Bals R. Epithelial antimicrobial peptides in host defense against infection. Respir Res 2000; 1:141-50. [PMID: 11667978 PMCID: PMC59560 DOI: 10.1186/rr25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2000] [Revised: 09/25/2000] [Accepted: 09/27/2000] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
One component of host defense at mucosal surfaces seems to be epithelium-derived antimicrobial peptides. Antimicrobial peptides are classified on the basis of their structure and amino acid motifs. Peptides of the defensin, cathelicidin, and histatin classes are found in humans. In the airways, alpha-defensins and the cathelicidin LL-37/hCAP-18 originate from neutrophils. beta-Defensins and LL-37/hCAP-18 are produced by the respiratory epithelium and the alveolar macrophage and secreted into the airway surface fluid. Beside their direct antimicrobial function, antimicrobial peptides have multiple roles as mediators of inflammation with effects on epithelial and inflammatory cells, influencing such diverse processes as proliferation, immune induction, wound healing, cytokine release, chemotaxis, protease-antiprotease balance, and redox homeostasis. Further, antimicrobial peptides qualify as prototypes of innovative drugs that might be used as antibiotics, anti-lipopolysaccharide drugs, or modifiers of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bals
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
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50
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Hammermann R, Hirschmann J, Hey C, Mössner J, Folkerts G, Nijkamp FP, Wessler I, Racké K. Cationic proteins inhibit L-arginine uptake in rat alveolar macrophages and tracheal epithelial cells. Implications for nitric oxide synthesis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 21:155-62. [PMID: 10423396 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.21.2.3574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophil-derived cationic proteins play an essential role in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. We tested whether cationic proteins interfere with the cationic amino-acid transport in alveolar macrophages (AMPhi) and tracheal epithelial cells, and whether L-arginine-dependent pathways were affected. The effect of cationic polypeptides on cellular uptake of [(3)H]-L-arginine, nitrite accumulation, and the turnover of [(3)H]-L-arginine by nitric oxide (NO) synthase and arginase (formation of [(3)H]-L-citrulline and [(3)H]-L-ornithine, respectively) were studied. Poly-L-arginine reduced [(3)H]-L-arginine uptake in rat AMPhi and tracheal epithelial cells in a concentration-dependent manner (at 300 microgram/ml by 70%). Poly-L-lysine, protamine, and major basic protein (each up to 300 microgram/ml) tested in rat AMPhi inhibited [(3)H]-L-arginine uptake by 35 to 50%. During 6 h incubation in amino acid-free Krebs solution, rat AMPhi, precultured in the absence or presence of LPS (1 microgram/ml), accumulated 1.4 and 3.5 nmol/10(6) cells nitrite, respectively. Addition of 100 microM L-arginine increased nitrite accumulation by 70 and 400% in control and lipopolysaccharide-treated AMPhi, respectively. Nitrite accumulation in the presence of L-arginine was reduced by poly-L-arginine and poly-L-lysine (100 and 300 microgram/ml) by 60 to 85% and 20 to 30%, respectively. Poly-L-arginine, but not poly-L-lysine, inhibited nitrite accumulation already in the absence of extracellular L-arginine. Poly-L-arginine (300 microgram/ml) inhibited [(3)H]-L-citrulline formation by AMPhi stronger than that of [(3)H]-L-ornithine. We conclude that cationic proteins can inhibit cellular transport of L-arginine and this can limit NO synthesis. Poly-L-arginine inhibits L-arginine uptake more effectively than other cationic proteins and exerts additional direct inhibitory effects on NO synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hammermann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn; Department of Pharmacology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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