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Tattersall MC, Jarjour NN, Busse PJ. Systemic Inflammation in Asthma: What Are the Risks and Impacts Outside the Airway? THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2024; 12:849-862. [PMID: 38355013 PMCID: PMC11219096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Airway inflammation in asthma has been well recognized for several decades, with general agreement on its role in asthma pathogenesis, symptoms, propensity toward exacerbation, and decline in lung function. This has led to universal recommendation in asthma management guidelines to incorporate the use of inhaled corticosteroid as an anti-inflammatory therapy for all patients with persistent asthma symptoms. However, there has been limited attention paid to the presence and potential impact of systemic inflammation in asthma. Accumulating evidence from epidemiological observations and cohort studies points to a host of downstream organ dysfunction in asthma especially among patients with longstanding or more severe disease, frequent exacerbations, and underlying risk factors for organ dysfunction. Most studies to date have focused on cognitive impairment, depression/anxiety, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular abnormalities. In this review, we summarize some of the evidence demonstrating these abnormalities and highlight the proposed mechanisms and potential benefits of treatment in limiting these extrapulmonary abnormalities in patients with asthma. The goal of this commentary is to raise awareness of the importance of recognizing potential extrapulmonary conditions associated with systemic inflammation of asthma. This area of treatment of patients with asthma is a large unmet need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Tattersall
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis.
| | - Nizar N Jarjour
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis
| | - Paula J Busse
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
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Wei L, Hongping H, Chufang L, Cuomu M, Jintao L, Kaiyin C, Lvyi C, Weiwu C, Zuguang Y, Nanshan Z. Effects of Shiwei Longdanhua formula on LPS induced airway mucus hypersecretion, cough hypersensitivity, oxidative stress and pulmonary inflammation. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114793. [PMID: 37121151 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiwei Longdanhua Granule (SWLDH) is a classic Tibetan medicine (TM) ranking in the top 20 Chinese patent medicines in prescription rate to treat respiratory diseases like pneumonia, acute and chronic tracheobronchitis, acute exacerbation of COPD and bronchial asthma in solution of inflammation, cough and phlegm obstruction in clinical practice. However, its systematic pharmacological mechanisms have not been elucidated yet. Here, we studied the therapeutic efficacy of SWLDH in treatment of acute respiratory diseases in BALB/c mice by comprehensive analysis of airway inflammation, oxidative stress, mucus hypersecretion, cough hypersensitivities and indicators associated with the development of chronic diseases. Our results show that SWLDH might exhibit its inhibitory effects on pulmonary inflammation by interference with arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism pathways. Oxidative stress that highly related to the degree of tissue injury could be alleviated by enhancing the reductive activities of glutathione redox system, thioredoxin system and the catalytic activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) after SWLDH treatment. In addition, SWLDH could significantly abrogate the mucus hypersecretion induced bronchiole obstruction by inactivate the globlet cells and decrease the secretion of gel-forming mucins (MUC5AC and MUC5B) under pathological condition, demonstrating its mucoactive potency. SWLDH also showed reversed effects on the release of neuropeptides that are responsible for airway sensory hypersensitivity. Simultaneously observed inhibition of calcium influx, reduction in in vivo biosynthesis of acetylcholine and the recovery of the content of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) might collaboratively contribute to cause airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) relexation. These findings indicated that SWLDH might exhibited antitussive potency via suppression of the urge to cough and ASMCs contraction. Moreover, SWLDH might affect airway remodeling. We found SWLDH could retard the elevation of TGF-β1 and α-SMA, which are important indicators for hyperplasia and contraction during the progression of the chronic airway inflammatory diseases like COPD and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Wei
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hou Hongping
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Mingji Cuomu
- The University of Tibetan Medicine, Lhasa, China
| | - Li Jintao
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Cai Kaiyin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Tibet Cheezheng Tibet Medicine Co.,Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Chen Lvyi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Weiwu
- Tibet Cheezheng Tibet Medicine Co.,Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Ye Zuguang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhong Nanshan
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Tattersall MC. Asthma as a Systemic Disease: Cardiovascular Effects Associated with Asthma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1426:77-100. [PMID: 37464117 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32259-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Asthma and cardiovascular disease (CVD) pose significant public health burdens. Airway inflammation is central to asthma pathophysiology and systemic inflammation, which occurs in asthma, is central to CVD pathophysiology. Numerous robust epidemiological studies have demonstrated deleterious systemic cardiovascular effects associated with the asthma syndrome. The cardiovascular effects associated with asthma include arterial injury, atherosclerotic CVD events, atrial fibrillation, and hypertension. Asthma is a heterogeneous disease, however, and the risk of CVD is not homogeneous across the various clinical phenotypes and molecular endotypes, highlighting prior inconsistent associations of asthma and its subtypes with various forms of CVD. The mechanistic underpinnings of the increased CVD risk in asthma remain multifactorial and undefined. Collectively, this supports the need for a precision approach in the identification of individuals with asthma who remain at elevated risk of development of cardiovascular diseases to guide both diagnostic and preventive interventions to decrease CVD risk among individuals living with asthma.
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Mishra A, Mamidi AS, Rajmani RS, Ray A, Roy R, Surolia A. An allosteric inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ArgJ: Implications to a novel combinatorial therapy. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:emmm.201708038. [PMID: 29483133 PMCID: PMC5887547 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The existing treatment regime against tuberculosis is not adequate, and novel therapeutic interventions are required to target Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) pathogenesis. We report Pranlukast (PRK) as a novel allosteric inhibitor of Mtb's arginine biosynthetic enzyme, Ornithine acetyltransferase (MtArgJ). PRK treatment remarkably abates the survival of free as well as macrophage‐internalized Mtb, and shows enhanced efficacy in combination with standard‐of‐care drugs. Notably, PRK also reduces the 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LO) signaling in the infected macrophages, thereby surmounting an enhanced response against intracellular pathogen. Further, treatment with PRK alone or with rifampicin leads to significant decrease in Mtb burden and tubercular granulomas in Mtb‐infected mice lungs. Taken together, this study demonstrates a novel allosteric inhibitor of MtArgJ, which acts as a dual‐edged sword, by targeting the intracellular bacteria as well as the bacterial pro‐survival signaling in the host. PRK is highly effective against in vitro and in vivo survival of Mtb and being an FDA‐approved drug, it shows a potential for development of advanced combinatorial therapy against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archita Mishra
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ashalatha S Mamidi
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Raju S Rajmani
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, CIDR, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ananya Ray
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Rajanya Roy
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Avadhesha Surolia
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Toledo SLDO, Guedes JVM, Alpoim PN, Rios DRA, Pinheiro MDB. Sickle cell disease: Hemostatic and inflammatory changes, and their interrelation. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 493:129-137. [PMID: 30825426 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease, the most common genetic blood disorder in the world, has high clinical variability, negatively impacts quality of life and contributes to early mortality. Sickled erythrocytes cause blood flow obstruction, hemolysis, and several hemostatic changes that promote coagulation. These events, in turn, induce chronic inflammation, characterized by elevated plasma levels of pro-inflammatory markers, which aggravates the already unfavorable state of the circulatory system. Empirical evidence indicates that the hemostatic and inflammatory systems continuously interact with each other and thereby further propagate the hypercoagulability and inflammatory conditions. In this review article, we discuss the pathophysiological aspects of sickle cell disease and the hemostatic and inflammatory changes that underlie its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia L de O Toledo
- Federal University of São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Dona Lindu Center-West Campus, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho Street, 400, Chanadour, 35501-296 Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - João V M Guedes
- Federal University of São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Dona Lindu Center-West Campus, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho Street, 400, Chanadour, 35501-296 Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrícia N Alpoim
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil
| | - Danyelle R A Rios
- Federal University of São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Dona Lindu Center-West Campus, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho Street, 400, Chanadour, 35501-296 Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Melina de B Pinheiro
- Federal University of São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Dona Lindu Center-West Campus, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho Street, 400, Chanadour, 35501-296 Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
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Trinh HKT, Suh DH, Nguyen TVT, Choi Y, Park HS, Shin YS. Characterization of cysteinyl leukotriene-related receptors and their interactions in a mouse model of asthma. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2019; 141:17-23. [PMID: 30661601 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the characterization of cysteinyl leukotrienes receptor (CysLTRs) could facilitate our understanding of these receptors' role in asthma. We aimed to investigate the localization and interactions of CysLTRs using a mouse model of asthma. BALB/c mice were administered ovalbumin (OVA) to induce allergic asthma. Some mice were administered the antagonists of CysLTR1, CysLTR2, and purinergic receptor P2Y12 (P2Y12R) (montelukast, HAMI 3379 and clopidogrel, respectively). The expression levels of CysLTR1, CysLTR2, and P2Y12R on lung tissues and inflammatory cells were evaluated by western blot, flow cytometry, and immunochemistry. CysLTR1 and P2Y12R were significantly up-regulated in lung tissues (P < 0.05 for each) from mouse after being sensitized and challenged with OVA (OVA/OVA). The ratio of CysLTR1: CysLTR2: P2Y12R in lungs of negative control (NC) mice was shifted from 1:0.43:0.35 to 1:0.65:1.34 in OVA/OVA mice. Montelukast significantly diminished the up-regulation of CysLTR1, CysLTR2, and P2Y12R (P < 0.05 for each), while the effects of HAMI 3379 and clopidogrel were predominant on the expression of CysLTR2 and P2Y12R, respectively. Montelukast predominantly diminished the cell count, while clopidogrel potently inhibited the release of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Our study demonstrated the interactions between CysLTRs, thereby highlighting the potential synergistic effects of CysLTR antagonists in asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Kim Tu Trinh
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hyeon Suh
- Department of Pharmacology, CKD Research institute, Yong-in, South Korea
| | - Thuy Van Thao Nguyen
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam
| | - Youngwoo Choi
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hae-Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yoo Seob Shin
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
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Abstract
Prostaglandins are synthesized through the metabolism of arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase pathway. There are five primary prostaglandins, PGD2, PGE2, PGF2, PGI2, and thromboxane B2, that all signal through distinct seven transmembrane, G-protein coupled receptors. The receptors through which the prostaglandins signal determines their immunologic or physiologic effects. For instance, the same prostaglandin may have opposing properties, dependent upon the signaling pathways activated. In this article, we will detail how inhibition of cyclooxygenase metabolism and regulation of prostaglandin signaling regulates allergic airway inflammation and asthma physiology. Possible prostaglandin therapeutic targets for allergic lung inflammation and asthma will also be reviewed, as informed by human studies, basic science, and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stokes Peebles
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.
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Slutsky AS. Giants in Chest Medicine: Jeffrey M. Drazen, MD, FCCP. Chest 2018; 153:14-15. [PMID: 29307415 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur S Slutsky
- Keenan Research Center, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital and the Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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ZHU ZHENG, XIE YANQING, GUAN WEIJIE, GAO YI, XIA SHU, LIANG JIANXIN, ZHENG JINPING. Leukotriene D4 nasal provocation test: Rationale, methodology and diagnostic value. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:525-529. [PMID: 27347089 PMCID: PMC4906572 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (LT) play a vital role in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis (AR), but few studies have investigated the nasal mucosal physiological response to LTs in AR patients. The aim of the present study was to establish the methodology and investigate the diagnostic value and safety of a leukotriene D4 (LTD4) nasal provocation test. LTD4 nasal provocation tests were performed in 26 AR patients and 16 normal control subjects. Nasal airway responsiveness was assessed by calculating the concentration of LTD4 required to cause a 60% increase in nasal airway resistance (PC60NAR-LTD4), which was measured using rhinomanometry and a composite symptom score. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to evaluate the diagnostic value of LTD4 nasal provocation test, and adverse events were recorded. The study protocol was registered with the U.S. National Institutes of Health (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01963741). PC60NAR-LTD4 in AR was significantly lower compared with that of normal controls [8.36 (IQR, 10.00) vs. 17.00 (IQR, 0.00) µg/ml, P=0.005]. Composite symptom score was higher in AR as compared with normal controls (1.19±0.94 vs. 0.12±0.50, P<0.001). The symptom scores included sneezing (0.12±0.34 vs. 0.00±0.00, P=0.149), rhinorrhea (0.79±0.66 vs. 0.06±0.25, P<0.001) and chemosis or itching of the eyes (0.06±0.25 vs. 0.21±0.42, P=0.216). High diagnostic value was indicated by the ROC [AUC: 0.822, 95%CI (0.665, 0.961)]. No serious adverse events were observed. Thus, the present results indicate that AR patients exhibited nasal hyperactivity to LTD4, and the established procedure of LTD4 nasal provocation testing is effective and safe for use in the diagnosis of AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZHENG ZHU
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, China Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - YANQING XIE
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, China Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - WEIJIE GUAN
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, China Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - YI GAO
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, China Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - SHU XIA
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, China Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - JIANXIN LIANG
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - JINPING ZHENG
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, China Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
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Fajmut A, Emeršič T, Dobovišek A, Antić N, Schäfer D, Brumen M. Dynamic model of eicosanoid production with special reference to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-triggered hypersensitivity. IET Syst Biol 2016; 9:204-15. [PMID: 26405144 DOI: 10.1049/iet-syb.2014.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The authors developed a mathematical model of arachidonic acid (AA) degradation to prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs), which are implicated in the processes of inflammation and hypersensitivity to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The model focuses on two PGs (PGE2 and PGD2) and one LT (LTC4), their % increases and their ratios. Results are compared with experimental studies obtained from non-asthmatics (NAs), and asthmatics tolerant (ATA) or intolerant (AIA) to aspirin. Simulations are carried out for predefined model populations NA, ATA and three AIA, based on the differences of two enzymes, PG E synthase and/or LTC4-synthase in two states, that is, no-inflammation and inflammation. Their model reveals that the model population with concomitant malfunctions in both enzymes is the most sensitive to NSAIDs, since the duration and the capacity for bronchoconstriction risk are highest after simulated oral dosing of indomethacin. Furthermore, inflammation prolongs the duration of the bronchoconstriction risk in all AIA model populations, and the sensitivity analysis reveals multiple possible scenarios leading to hypersensitivity, especially if inflammatory processes affect the expression of multiple enzymes of the AA metabolic pathway. Their model estimates the expected fold-changes in enzyme activities and gives valuable information for further targeted transcriptomic/proteomic and metabolomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Fajmut
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor, Žitna ulica 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
| | - Tadej Emeršič
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 160, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Dobovišek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Antić
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 160, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Dirk Schäfer
- Allergie und Intoleranzlabor, Medizinisch Klinik III, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glückstraße 4a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Milan Brumen
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova ulica 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Mawson AR, Eriator I, Karre S. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN): could retinoids play a causative role? Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:133-43. [PMID: 25579087 PMCID: PMC4301467 DOI: 10.12659/msm.891043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) are overlapping manifestations on a spectrum of acute drug-induced conditions associated with severe blistering, skin peeling, and multi-organ damage. TEN is an eruption resembling severe scalding, with ≥30% skin detachment. SJS is a mild form of TEN, characterized histologically by epidermal keratinocyte apoptosis with dermo-epidermal separation and extensive small blisters with <10% body surface skin detachment. The syndrome can be induced by numerous medications and typically occurs 1–4 weeks after the initiation of therapy. Granulysin is found in the lesions of patients with SJS/TEN and plays a significant pathogenic role in the condition, but the overall mechanisms linking medications, granulysin, and disease manifestations remain obscure. This paper reviews evidence suggesting that the different medications implicated in SJS/TEN have the common property of interacting and synergizing with endogenous retinoids (vitamin A and its congeners), in many instances causing the latter to accumulate in and damage the liver, the main storage organ for vitamin A. It is hypothesized that liver damage leads to the spillage of toxic retinoid compounds into the circulation, resulting in an endogenous form of hypervitaminosis A and cytotoxicity with widespread apoptosis, mediated by granulysin and recognized as SJS/TEN. Subject to testing, the model suggests that symptom worsening could be arrested at onset by lowering the concentration of circulating retinoids and/or granulysin via phlebotomy or plasmapheresis or by pharmacological measures to limit their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Mawson
- Behavioral and Environmental Health Unit, School of Health Sciences, College of Public Service, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Ike Eriator
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Sridhar Karre
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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Guan WJ, Shi X, Zheng JP, Gao Y, Jiang CY, Xie YQ, Liu QX, Zhu Z, Guo E, An JY, Yu XX, Liu WT, Zhong NS. Leukotriene D4 inhalation challenge for predicting short-term efficacy of montelukast: a pilot study. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2014; 9:111-20. [PMID: 24506412 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The convenient measure to predict efficacy of leukotriene receptor antagonist is lacking. OBJECTIVES To determine if leukotriene D4 inhalation challenge predicts short-term efficacy of montelukast in asthma. METHODS In this open-labelled 28-day trial, 45 patients with asthma were allocated to leukotriene-sensitive and leukotriene-insensitive group to receive montelukast monotherapy (10 mg, once daily) based on the positive threshold of leukotriene D4 inhalation challenge test (4.800 nmol). Miscellaneous measurements comprised fractional exhaled nitric oxide, methacholine inhalation challenge, Asthma Control Test and Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire. Peak expiratory flow was self-monitored throughout the treatment. End point assessments were performed 3 to 5 days after montelukast withdrawal. RESULTS Twenty-three patients in leukotriene-sensitive group and 10 leukotriene-insensitive group completed the study. Both groups differed neither in 28-day peak expiratory flow rate nor in maximal weekly peak expiratory flow (both P > 0.05). However, minimal weekly peak expiratory flow was significantly higher in leukotriene-insensitive group throughout the treatment course (all P < 0.05) except for week 1 (P > 0.05). Both groups did not differ statistically in the post-treatment improvement in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1 ) predicted% prior to inhalation challenge, fractional exhaled nitric oxide or the airway responsiveness to leukotriene D4 or methacholine (all P > 0.05). There was a marked increase in Asthma Control Test score and the symptom score of Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire in both groups (both P < 0.05). The overall significance of Logistic regression model was unremarkable (P = 0.467). CONCLUSION Responsiveness to inhaled leukotriene D4 alone might not be sufficient to predict the short-term efficacy of montelukast monotherapy in patients with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-jie Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Guan WJ, Zheng JP, Gao Y, Jiang CY, Xie YQ, Shi X, Zhu Z, An JY, Yu XX, Liu WT, Zhong NS. Responsiveness to leukotriene D4 and methacholine for predicting efficacy of montelukast in asthma. J Thorac Dis 2013; 5:298-301. [PMID: 23825762 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.02.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A lower responsiveness to leukotriene D4 (LTD4) or higher LTD4/[methacholine (MCh)] potency ratio might suggest preferable outcomes of short-term montelukast monotherapy in terms of airway inflammation and lung function in asthmatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
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Possa SS, Leick EA, Prado CM, Martins MA, Tibério IFLC. Eosinophilic inflammation in allergic asthma. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:46. [PMID: 23616768 PMCID: PMC3627984 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are circulating granulocytes involved in pathogenesis of asthma. A cascade of processes directed by Th2 cytokine producing T-cells influence the recruitment of eosinophils into the lungs. Furthermore, multiple elements including interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13, chemoattractants such as eotaxin, Clara cells, and CC chemokine receptor (CCR)3 are already directly involved in recruiting eosinophils to the lung during allergic inflammation. Once recruited, eosinophils participate in the modulation of immune response, induction of airway hyperresponsiveness and remodeling, characteristic features of asthma. Various types of promising treatments for reducing asthmatic response are related to reduction in eosinophil counts both in human and experimental models of pulmonary allergic inflammation, showing that the recruitment of these cells really plays an important role in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases such asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha S Possa
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
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Guan W, Zheng J, Gao Y, Jiang C, Xie Y, An J, Yu X, Liu W, Zhong N. Leukotriene D4 and methacholine bronchial provocation tests for identifying leukotriene-responsiveness subtypes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 131:332-8.e1-4. [PMID: 23040886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both leukotriene D(4) (LTD(4)) and methacholine bronchial provocation tests are measurements of airway responsiveness; however, their correlation and distinction remain unexplored. OBJECTIVES We sought to compare the 2 tests and classify leukotriene-responsiveness subtypes in asthmatic patients. METHODS In this randomized cross-over study we enrolled healthy subjects and asthmatic patients with different control statuses. All subjects underwent both tests with a 2- to 14-day interval. Distribution and correlation of cumulative doses inducing a 20% decrease in FEV(1), LTD(4)/methacholine potency ratio, diagnostic value, and adverse events were recorded and analyzed. Asthmatic patients with a lower cumulative dose for LTD(4) and a higher leukotriene/methacholine potency ratio than geometric means were regarded as leukotriene responsive. RESULTS Twenty patients with uncontrolled, 22 with partly controlled, and 20 with controlled asthma and 21 healthy subjects were enrolled. Geometric means of cumulative doses for LTD(4) and methacholine (0.272 nmol vs 0.945 μmol) were lowest in patients with uncontrolled asthma, followed by those with partly controlled (0.387 nmol vs 1.933 μmol) and controlled (1.484 nmol vs 3.946 μmol) asthma. The average potency ratio was highest in those with partly controlled asthma (5000.2), followed by those with uncontrolled (3477.7) and controlled (2702.6) asthma. Eighteen leukotriene-responsive asthmatic patients (29.03%) with a cumulative dose of LTD(4) of 0.533 nmol or less and a potency ratio of 3647 or greater were identified. Adverse events, including tachypnea and chest tightness, were similar and mild. No serious adverse event was reported. CONCLUSION Diagnostic value and safety were ideal in both tests. The combination of cumulative dose for LTD(4) and potency ratio might be useful to identify leukotriene-responsive asthmatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China
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Fugazzola M, Barton AK, Niedorf F, Kietzmann M, Ohnesorge B. Non-genomic action of beclomethasone dipropionate on bronchoconstriction caused by leukotriene C4 in precision cut lung slices in the horse. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:160. [PMID: 22963524 PMCID: PMC3485115 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids have been proven to be effective in the therapy of recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in horses via systemic as well as local (inhalative) administration. Elective analysis of the effects of this drug on bronchoconstriction in viable lung tissue offers an insight into the mechanism of action of the inflammatory cascade occurring during RAO which is still unclear. The mechanism of action of steroids in treatment of RAO is thought to be induced through classical genomic pathways. We aimed at electively studying the effects of the glucocorticoid beclomethasone dipropionate on equine precision-cut lung slices (PCLS).PCLS were used to analyze ex-vivo effects of beclomethasone on inhibiting bronchoconstriction in the horse. The inhibiting effect was measured through instillation of a known mediator of inflammation and bronchoconstriction, leukotriene C4. For this, the accessory lobes of 13 horses subjected to euthanasia for reasons unrelated to the respiratory apparatus were used to obtain viable lung slices. RESULTS After 30 minutes of PCLS incubation, beclomethasone showed to significantly inhibit the contraction of the bronchioles after instillation with leukotriene C4. The EC50 values of the two contraction curves (LTC4 with and without BDP) differed significantly from each other (p = 0.002). The possibility of a non-genomic rapid mechanism of action seems likely since transcriptional activities require a longer lag period. CONCLUSIONS In human neuroendocrinology, high levels of glucocorticoids have been proven to function via a non-genomic mechanism of membrane receptors. The concentration of beclomethasone used on the lung slices in our study can be considered as high. This allows speculation about similar rapid non-genomic mechanisms of high-dosage inhaled glucocorticoids in the lower airways of horses. However, further assessment on a molecular basis is needed to confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fugazzola
- University of Veterinary Sciences Hanover, Clinic for Horses, Hanover, Germany.
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Guan W, Zheng J, Gao Y, Jiang C, An J, Yu X, Liu W. Leukotriene D4 bronchial provocation test: methodology and diagnostic value. Curr Med Res Opin 2012; 28:797-803. [PMID: 22435894 DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2012.678936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although leukotriene D4 (LTD4) is a potent bronchoconstrictor, little is known about airway responsiveness to LTD4 in asthmatics with different inflammation phenotypes. OBJECTIVES To establish the methodology and investigate the distribution characters of airway responsiveness, diagnostic value and safety of LTD4 bronchial provocation test. METHODS LTD4 bronchial provocation tests were performed in 62 asthmatics and 21 normal controls. Airway responsiveness was assessed based on the cumulative dosage causing a 20% fall in FEV(1) (PD(20)FEV(1)-LTD4) and was expressed as (median, interquartile range). The fall in spirometric parameters was plotted showing the distribution characters. The diagnostic value was assessed using receiver operation characteristic (ROC) curve. All adverse events were recorded during the test. RESULTS Airway responsiveness to LTD4 was significantly higher in asthmatics (0.410 nmol, 0.808 nmol) as compared with normal controls (5.00 nmol, 0.00 nmol). The decrease in spirometric parameters varied after bronchoprovocation, which was negatively correlated with PD(20)FEV(1)-LTD4, among which FEV(1) had a maximal slope (r = -0.524, P = 0.000). High diagnostic value (AUC: 0.914, 95%CI: [0.855, 0.974]) was revealed by ROC curve. The major adverse events were dyspnea (82.3%), chest tightness (72.6%), wheezing (32.3%) and coughing (25.8%) in asthmatics, which could overall be recovered within 15.0 minutes after inhalation of 200 ∼ 400 mcg salbutamol MDI. No serious adverse event was reported. CONCLUSION The established procedure of LTD4 bronchial provocation test is effective in the diagnosis of asthma and is well tolerated. Future studies are necessary to provide more evidences in terms of safety and efficacy. This may be helpful upon further application in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China
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Kiwamoto T, Ishii Y, Morishima Y, Yoh K, Kikuchi N, Haraguchi N, Masuko H, Kawaguchi M, Nomura A, Sakamoto T, Takahashi S, Hizawa N. Blockade of cysteinyl leukotriene-1 receptors suppresses airway remodelling in mice overexpressing GATA-3. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 41:116-28. [PMID: 20636401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We demonstrated previously that GATA-3 overexpression markedly enhanced allergen-induced airway inflammation and airway remodelling, including subepithelial fibrosis, and smooth muscle cell hyperplasia, in transgenic mice. OBJECTIVE Because cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) have been shown to be involved in such structural changes, the effects of a specific cysLT1 receptor antagonist, montelukast, were evaluated in a mouse model of chronic asthma. METHODS GATA-3-overexpressing mice and wild-type Balb/c mice were sensitized and repeatedly challenged by ovalbumin (OVA) or saline. The effects of montelukast on the development of airway remodelling were compared between the two mouse genotypes. RESULTS CysLTs in the lung were increased after repeated allergen challenges, and significantly enhanced in GATA-3-overexpressing mice. The enhanced cysLT levels were accompanied by the development of eosinophilia, smooth muscle cell hyperplasia, and increased stromal cell-derived factor-1 gene expression with a small increase in pro-collagen gene expression in OVA-challenged GATA-3-overexpressing mice, but not in wild-type mice. Montelukast significantly decreased lung cysLT levels and inhibited the GATA-3-overexpression-related airway remodelling, potently preventing smooth muscle cell hyperplasia, but partially suppressed the increased pro-collagen gene expression and eosinophilic inflammation. Increases in the levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and eotaxin in bronchial lavage and TGF-β gene expression in the lungs were induced by OVA in both mouse genotypes. Montelukast treatment also significantly reduced these levels to the levels seen after saline challenges in GATA-3-overexpressing mice. CONCLUSION Montelukast efficaciously prevented airway inflammation and remodelling in a GATA-3-overexpression antigen challenge mouse model by decreasing the cysLT-driven Th2 cytokine cycle of amplification of airway pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kiwamoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Kotani H, Kishi R, Mouri A, Sashio T, Shindo J, Shiraki A, Hiramatsu T, Iwata S, Taniguchi H, Nishiyama O, Iwata M, Suzuki R, Gonda H, Niwa T, Kondo M, Hasegawa Y, Kume H, Noda Y. Influence of leukotriene pathway polymorphisms on clinical responses to montelukast in Japanese patients with asthma. J Clin Pharm Ther 2011; 37:112-6. [PMID: 21385196 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2011.01248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Montelukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 antagonist, is safe and efficacious in patients with asthma. The mechanisms underlying the significant interpatient variability in response to montelukast are not clear but are believed to be, in part, because of genetic variability. METHODS To examine the associations between polymorphisms in candidate genes in the leukotriene pathway and outcomes in patients with asthma on montelukast for 4-8 weeks, we evaluated the changes in peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1·0) ) and patients' subjective symptom before and after montelukast treatment. DNA was collected from 252 Japanese participants. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ALOX5 (rs2115819) and LTA4H (rs2660845) genes were successfully typed. There was no difference between members of the general population (n = 200) and patients (n = 52) in each genotype frequency. Significant associations were found between SNP genotypes in the LTA4H gene and changes in PEF and FEV(1·0) . The PEF and FEV(1·0) responses to montelukast in the A/A genotypes (n = 4) for the LTA4H SNP were significantly higher than those in the G allele carriers (A/G+G/G) (n = 17). WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION Despite the small sample size, our results suggest that genetic variation in leukotriene pathway candidate genes contributes to variability in clinical responses to montelukast in Japanese patients with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kotani
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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Role of expression of prostaglandin synthases 1 and 2 and leukotriene C4 synthase in aspirin-intolerant asthma: a theoretical study. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2011; 38:261-78. [PMID: 21331560 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-011-9192-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Altered expressions of the key enzymes in arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism, prostaglandin synthase 1 and 2 and cysteinyl leukotriene C(4) synthase, are of importance in understanding aspirin-induced asthma. We propose a mathematical model of AA metabolism and its interaction with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Model simulations depict the impact of modified expressions of the above enzymes on the time dependent synthesis of cysteinyl leukotrienes and anti-inflammatory prostaglandins before and during NSAID exposure in different model states describing healthy humans as well as aspirin-tolerant and -intolerant asthmatics. The results are compared and evaluated with experimental data taken from the literature. Our results identify the decreased expression of prostaglandin H synthase 1 and increased expression of leukotriene C(4) synthase as the key elements in AA metabolism that contribute to increased leukotriene C(4) and decreased anti-inflammatory prostaglandins after NSAID dosing in aspirin-intolerant patients. On the other hand, the decreased expression of prostaglandin H synthase 2 implies permanently increased leukotriene C(4) and lowers the sensitivity to increased drug doses. The model is used for identification of susceptible patient populations for aspirin and ibuprofen, and for identification of critical aspirin doses that might induce bronchoconstriction.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and feasibility of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) collection in children recovering from status asthmaticus (SA) in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU); and to investigate whether 8-isoprostane (8-Iso) could be detected in the EBC of these children and to compare its concentration with that in the EBC collected from healthy children. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING Multidisciplinary PICU in a teaching hospital. PATIENTS Sixteen consecutive patients (7-18 yrs of age) with SA and 16 age- and sex-matched controls. INTERVENTIONS The Wood clinical asthma score and the pulmonary index were used to assess the clinical severity of patients with SA upon admission to the PICU. EBC samples were collected within 24 hrs of admission to the PICU and were analyzed for the concentration of 8-Iso. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Data are presented as mean ± sd values. There were no differences in age (12 ± 3.3 yrs vs.12 ± 2 yrs, p > .05) or sex (n = 10 males and n = 6 females in each group), between SA patients and controls. All patients with SA and the controls completed the EBC collection without complications. There was no statistically significant difference in the pulmonary index (3.2 ± 2.7 vs. 3.1 ± 2.8, p 0.9) post collection of EBC compared with the baseline values. There was a statistically significant correlation between Wood score and pulmonary index at the time of admission to the PICU in children with SA (r = .7, p < .01). The concentration of 8-Iso was significantly higher in the EBC of children with SA compared with controls (14.3 ± 1.8 pg/mL vs. 5.2 ± 0.7 pg/mL, p < .001). The correlation between the concentration 8-Iso and either the pulmonary index or Wood score at the time admission to the PICU was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS EBC collection is well tolerated by children aged 7-18 yrs who are recovering from SA in a PICU. 8-Iso is elevated in the EBC from children with SA and may provide insight into the biochemical changes of oxidative stress in children in this clinical setting.
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Vieira-de-Abreu A, Calheiros AS, Mesquita-Santos FP, Magalhães ES, Mourão-Sá D, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Bozza MT, Bandeira-Melo C, Bozza PT. Cross-talk between macrophage migration inhibitory factor and eotaxin in allergic eosinophil activation forms leukotriene C₄-synthesizing lipid bodies. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 44:509-16. [PMID: 20539011 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0004oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated an essential and nonredundant role for macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in asthma pathogenesis. Here we investigate the mechanisms involved in MIF-induced eosinophil activation. By using a model of allergic pulmonary inflammation, we observed that allergen challenge-elicited eosinophil influx, lipid body (also known as lipid droplets) biogenesis, and leukotriene (LT) C₄ synthesis are markedly reduced in Mif(-/-) compared with wild-type mice. Likewise, in vivo administration of MIF induced formation of new lipid bodies within eosinophils recruited to the inflammatory reaction site that corresponded to the intracellular compartment of increased LTC₄ synthesis. MIF-mediated eosinophil activation was at least in part due to a direct effect on eosinophils, because MIF was able to elicit lipid body assembly within human eosinophils in vitro, a phenomenon that was blocked by neutralization of the MIF receptor, CD74. MIF-induced eosinophil lipid body biogenesis, both in vivo and in vitro, was dependent on the cooperation of MIF and eotaxin acting in a positive-feedback loop, because anti-eotaxin and anti-CCR3 antibodies inhibit MIF-elicited lipid body formation, whereas eotaxin-induced lipid body formation is affected by anti-CD74 and MIF expression deficiency. Therefore, allergy-elicited inflammatory MIF acts in concert with eotaxin as a key activator of eosinophils to form LTC₄-synthesizing lipid bodies via cross-talk between CD74 and CCR3. Due to the effect of MIF on eosinophils, strategies that inhibit MIF activity might be of therapeutic value in controlling allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Vieira-de-Abreu
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900 Brazil
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Field JJ, Strunk RC, Knight-Perry JE, Blinder MA, Townsend RR, DeBaun MR. Urinary cysteinyl leukotriene E4 significantly increases during pain in children and adults with sickle cell disease. Am J Hematol 2009; 84:231-3. [PMID: 19291727 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Baseline level of the cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT), leukotriene E4 (LTE4), is associated with an increased pain rate in children and adults with sickle cell disease (SCD). To provide additional evidence for a role of CysLTs in the pathogenesis of vaso-occlusion, we tested the hypothesis that LTE4 levels will increase within an individual during painful episodes compared to baseline. In a cohort of 19 children and adults with SCD, median LTE4 levels increased from 82.36 pg/mg creatinine at baseline to 162.81 pg/mg creatinine during a painful episode (P < 0.001). These data further support a contribution of CysLTs to the process of vaso-occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Field
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Field JJ, Krings J, White NL, Yan Y, Blinder MA, Strunk RC, Debaun MR. Urinary cysteinyl leukotriene E(4) is associated with increased risk for pain and acute chest syndrome in adults with sickle cell disease. Am J Hematol 2009; 84:158-60. [PMID: 19127594 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Leukotriene E(4) (LTE(4)) levels are associated with rate of pain episodes in children with sickle cell disease (SCD). Because complications of SCD manifest differently in adults than children, we examined a cohort of adults with SCD to determine the relationship between baseline LTE(4) and SCD-related morbidity. Baseline LTE(4) levels were associated with increased rates of pain and acute chest syndrome (ACS) episodes, when those with LTE(4) values in the highest tertile were compared with those in the lowest tertile (pain: risk ratio 7.1, 95% CI 1.8-27.5, P = 0.005; ACS: risk ratio 12.2, 95% CI 2.1-69.8, P = 0.005).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Field
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Kim HM, Song JE, Lee SM, Park MS, Park KI, Namgung R, Lee C. Montelukast as an add-on therapy in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2009. [DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2009.52.2.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- He Min Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon Min Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Soo Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kook In Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ran Namgung
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Thompson C, McMahon S, Bossé Y, Dubois CM, Stankova J, Rola-Pleszczynski M. Leukotriene D4Up-Regulates Furin Expression through CysLT1 Receptor Signaling. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 39:227-34. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0293oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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27
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Planagumà A, Kazani S, Marigowda G, Haworth O, Mariani TJ, Israel E, Bleecker ER, Curran-Everett D, Erzurum SC, Calhoun WJ, Castro M, Chung KF, Gaston B, Jarjour NN, Busse WW, Wenzel SE, Levy BD. Airway lipoxin A4 generation and lipoxin A4 receptor expression are decreased in severe asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178:574-82. [PMID: 18583575 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200801-061oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Airway inflammation is common in severe asthma despite antiinflammatory therapy with corticosteroids. Lipoxin A(4) (LXA(4)) is an arachidonic acid-derived mediator that serves as an agonist for resolution of inflammation. OBJECTIVES Airway levels of LXA(4), as well as the expression of lipoxin biosynthetic genes and receptors, in severe asthma. METHODS Samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were obtained from subjects with asthma and levels of LXA(4) and related eicosanoids were measured. Expression of lipoxin biosynthetic genes was determined in whole blood, bronchoalveolar lavage cells, and endobronchial biopsies by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and leukocyte LXA(4) receptors were monitored by flow cytometry. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Individuals with severe asthma had significantly less LXA(4) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (11.2 +/- 2.1 pg/ml) than did subjects with nonsevere asthma (150.1 +/- 38.5 pg/ml; P < 0.05). In contrast, levels of cysteinyl leukotrienes were increased in both asthma cohorts compared with healthy individuals. In severe asthma, 15-lipoxygenase-1 mean expression was decreased fivefold in bronchoalveolar lavage cells. In contrast, 15-lipoxgenase-1 was increased threefold in endobronchial biopsies, but expression of both 5-lipoxygenase and 15-lipoxygenase-2 in these samples was decreased. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression was decreased in all anatomic compartments sampled in severe asthma. Moreover, LXA(4) receptor gene and protein expression were significantly decreased in severe asthma peripheral blood granulocytes. CONCLUSIONS Mechanisms underlying pathological airway responses in severe asthma include lipoxin underproduction with decreased expression of lipoxin biosynthetic enzymes and receptors. Together, these results indicate that severe asthma is characterized, in part, by defective lipoxin counterregulatory signaling circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Planagumà
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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28
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Klusackova P, Lebedova J, Kacer P, Kuzma M, Brabec M, Pelclova D, Fenclova Z, Navratil T. Leukotrienes and 8-isoprostane in exhaled breath condensate in bronchoprovocation tests with occupational allergens. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2008; 78:281-92. [PMID: 18513935 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) contains many substances, which could help in diagnosis of occupational asthma. The aim of the study is to monitor leukotrienes (LT) and 8-isoprostane from EBC in bronchoprovocation tests with allergens in 47 patients with suspected occupational asthma. Forty-one patients were tested negative. In negative bronchoprovocation tests, no significant differences (P<0.05) were seen between the five measurements during and after the test. In control measurements (without provocation), significant differences were found among four measurements done within 24h for 8-isoprostane (P=0.0138). The relationship between the log transformed ratios of the EBC parameters and FEV(1) was never significant at the 5% level in control measurements, while in negative tests, statistical significance was recorded for LTB(4) (P=0.0299) before and 5h after the test. Six of 47 patients were tested positive. Such a small number of patients did not allow proper statistical analysis and therefore, the results are described separately for each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Klusackova
- Department of Occupational Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Na Bojisti 1, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Profita M, Sala A, Bonanno A, Siena L, Ferraro M, Di Giorgi R, Montalbano AM, Albano GD, Gagliardo R, Gjomarkaj M. Cysteinyl leukotriene-1 receptor activation in a human bronchial epithelial cell line leads to signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-mediated eosinophil adhesion. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 325:1024-30. [PMID: 18305014 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.131649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the effect of leukotriene D(4) (LTD(4)) on a human bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBE) overexpressing the cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT) (1) receptor (HBECysLT(1)R), looking at the associated signal transduction mechanisms as well as at effects on inflammatory cell adhesion. The results obtained showed that LTD(4) increases the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) 1/2 and of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT-1) in serine 727 (STAT-1Ser727), resulting in increased eosinophil adhesion to HBECysLT(1)R, associated with enhanced surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) 1. Pretreatment with a CysLT(1)R-selective antagonist or with a selective inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC) or with a selective inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) successfully suppressed both LTD(4)-induced STAT-1Ser727 phosphorylation and the associated increase in eosinophil adhesion. The use of the MEK inhibitor and of the selective CysLT(1)R antagonist in electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments showed that LTD(4) promotes the nuclear translocation of STAT-1 through the activation of ERK1/2 pathway. The key role of STAT-1 in leukotriene D(4) transduction signaling was confirmed by RNA interference experiments, where silencing of STAT-1 expression abolished the effect of leukotriene D(4) on eosinophil adhesion. In conclusion, for the first time, we provide evidence of the involvement of STAT-1 in the signal transduction mechanism of the CysLT(1) receptor; phosphorylation of STAT-1, through PKC and ERK1/2 activation, causes enhanced ICAM-1 surface expression and eosinophil adhesion. Effective CysLT(1)R antagonism may therefore contribute to the control of the chronic inflammatory condition that characterizes human airways in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Profita
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Italian National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
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Thompson C, Cloutier A, Bossé Y, Poisson C, Larivée P, McDonald PP, Stankova J, Rola-Pleszczynski M. Signaling by the Cysteinyl-Leukotriene Receptor 2. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:1974-84. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608197200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Antoniu SA, Mihaescu T, Donner CF. Pharmacotherapy of cough-variant asthma. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007; 8:3021-8. [PMID: 18001260 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.8.17.3021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cough-variant asthma is considered as an asthma subset in which chronic cough is the only symptom. It is believed to be more frequent and, hence, sometimes overdiagnosed in children, and shares with typical asthma eosinophilic airway inflammation and consequent bronchial hyper-responsiveness. Presently available therapies consist of bronchodilators, inhaled or oral corticosteroids, or leukotriene modifiers. However, the long-term efficacy of these agents in adults and children is not known. This review focuses on current therapies used for cough variant asthma, also highlighting potential therapeutic targets for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina A Antoniu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Gr.T.Popa Iasi, Pulmonary Disease Division, 30 Dr I Cihac Str, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
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Rogerio AP, Fontanari C, Borducchi E, Keller AC, Russo M, Soares EG, Albuquerque DA, Faccioli LH. Anti-inflammatory effects of Lafoensia pacari and ellagic acid in a murine model of asthma. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 580:262-70. [PMID: 18021768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 09/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that the ethanolic extract of Lafoensia pacari inhibits eosinophilic inflammation induced by Toxocara canis infection, and that ellagic acid is the secondary metabolite responsible for the anti-eosinophilic activity seen in a model of beta-glucan peritonitis. In the present study, we investigated the preventive and curative effects of L. pacari extract and ellagic acid on allergic lung inflammation using a murine model of ovalbumin-induced asthma. In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, preventive (22-day) treatment with L. pacari (200 mg/kg) and ellagic acid (10 mg/kg) inhibited neutrophil counts (by 75% and 57%) and eosinophil counts (by 78% and 68%). L. pacari reduced IL-4 and IL-13 levels (by 67% and 73%), whereas ellagic acid reduced IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 (by 67%, 88% and 85%). To investigate curative anti-inflammatory effects, we treated mice daily with ellagic acid (0.1, 1, or 10 mg/kg), also treating selected mice with L. pacari (200 mg/kg) from day 18 to day 22. The highest ellagic acid dose reduced neutrophil and eosinophil numbers (by 59% and 82%), inhibited IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 (by 62%, 61%, and 49%). Neither L. pacari nor ellagic acid suppressed ovalbumin-induced airway hyperresponsiveness or cysteinyl leukotriene synthesis in lung homogenates. In mice treated with ellagic acid (10 mg/kg) or L. pacari (200 mg/kg) at 10 min after the second ovalbumin challenge, eosinophil numbers were 53% and 69% lower, respectively. Cytokine levels were unaffected by this treatment. L. pacari and ellagic acid are effective eosinophilic inflammation suppressors, suggesting a potential for treating allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre P Rogerio
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Trindade, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Florianópolis, SC, 88049-900, Brazil
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Rogerio AP, Cardoso CR, Fontanari C, Souza MA, Afonso-Cardoso SR, Silva EV, Koyama NS, Basei FL, Soares EG, Calixto JB, Stowell SR, Dias-Baruffi M, Faccioli LH. Anti-asthmatic potential of a D-galactose-binding lectin from Synadenium carinatum latex. Glycobiology 2007; 17:795-804. [PMID: 17522108 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwm053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracts from the plant Synadenium carinatum latex are widely and indiscriminately used in popular medicine to treat a great number of inflammatory disorders and although the mechanisms underlying these effects remain undefined, the lectin isolated from S. carinatum latex (ScLL) is thought to be in part responsible for these anti-inflammatory effects. In order to elucidate possible immunoregulatory activities of ScLL, we investigated the effects of ScLL administration in models of acute and chronic inflammation. Oral administration of ScLL significantly inhibited neutrophil and eosinophil extravasation in models of acute and chronic inflammation and reduced eosinophil and mononuclear blood counts during chronic inflammation. ScLL administration reduced IL(interleukin)-4 and IL-5 levels but increased interferon-gamma and IL-10 in an asthma inflammatory model, which suggested that it might induce a TH2 to TH1 shift in the adaptive immune response. ScLL also inhibited IkappaBalpha degradation, a negative regulator of proinflammatory NF-kappaB. Taken together, these results provide the first description of a single factor isolated from S. carinatum latex extract with immunoregulatory functions and suggest that ScLL may be useful in the treatment of allergic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre P Rogerio
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Campus Universitário Trindade, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88049-900, Brazil
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Klotsman M, York TP, Pillai SG, Vargas-Irwin C, Sharma SS, van den Oord EJCG, Anderson WH. Pharmacogenetics of the 5-lipoxygenase biosynthetic pathway and variable clinical response to montelukast. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2007; 17:189-96. [PMID: 17460547 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e3280120043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interindividual clinical response to leukotriene modifiers is highly variable, and less efficacious than inhaled corticosteroids in treating asthma. Genetic variability in 5-lipoxygenase biosynthetic and receptor pathway gene loci may influence cysteinyl-leukotriene production and subsequent response to leukotriene modifiers. METHODS Using data from two clinical trials of 12-week duration, post-hoc analyses were performed in 174 patients randomized to montelukast. Associations between polymorphisms in 10 candidate genes (ALOX5, ALOX5AP, LTC4S, CYSLTR1, CYSLTR2, PLA2G4A, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, ADRB2, and NR3C1) and response to montelukast were modeled using change in morning peak expiratory flow and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) to define the response phenotype. RESULTS In our sample, eight out of 25 markers in 10 candidate genes were statistically associated with response to montelukast, with an estimated proportion of false discoveries of 16%. The strongest statistical evidence of clinically relevant pharmacogenetic effects peak expiratory flow were identified in CYSLTR2 (rs91227 and rs912278; P=0.02 and P=0.02, respectively) and ALOX5 (rs4987105 and rs4986832; P=0.01 and P=0.01, respectively). Patients with these variant genotypes, found in roughly 10-13% of patients, had an 18-25% improvement in peak expiratory flow. In contrast, the majority of patients with the wild-type alleles had only a marginal (8-10%) improvement. CONCLUSIONS The overall mean response to montelukast may be skewed towards a response phenotype by a small subset (<15%) of asthma patients. CYSLTR2 and ALOX5 polymorphisms may predispose a minority of individuals to excessive cysteinyl-leukotriene concentrations, yielding a distinct asthma phenotype most likely to respond to leukotriene modifier pharmacotherapy. These findings require replication to establish validity and clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Klotsman
- GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-3398, USA
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Cao RY, Adams MA, Habenicht AJ, Funk CD. Angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm occurs independently of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2007; 84:34-42. [PMID: 17643886 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic association studies and pathological analysis of cardiovascular disease specimens implicate a role for the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO)/leukotriene (LT) pathway in human cardiovascular disease. Previously, we had detected a role for this pathway in the incidence and severity of hyperlipidemic, cholate-containing, diet-induced aortic aneurysm in mice. The goal of the present study was to assess the importance of the 5-LO/LT pathway in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced murine abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation. Mice with either genetic (5-LO(-/-)) or pharmacological (MK-0591) inhibition of the 5-LO pathway on an apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) background were subjected to a normal chow diet with infusion of Ang II (500 ng/kg/min) for 28 days for assessment of AAA incidence and severity. Ang II-induced marked aortic wall remodeling with an incidence of 32, 29 and 40% AAA formation in 5-LO(-/-) apoE(-/-), 5-LO(+/+)apoE(-/-) and 5-LO(+/+)apoE(-/-) mice treated with FLAP inhibitor MK-0591, respectively, with no statistically significant differences in incidence or severity between groups. Abrogation of the 5-LO pathway in mice indicates a lack of role of leukotrienes in Ang II-induced AAA pathogenesis stressing the need for additional non-rodent AAA pre-clinical models to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Yang Cao
- Department of Physiology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont. K7L 3N6, Canada
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McKinley L, Kim J, Bolgos GL, Siddiqui J, Remick DG. Allergens induce enhanced bronchoconstriction and leukotriene production in C5 deficient mice. Respir Res 2006; 7:129. [PMID: 17044927 PMCID: PMC1635702 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous genetic analysis has shown that a deletion in the complement component 5 gene-coding region renders mice more susceptible to allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) due to reduced IL-12 production. We investigated the role of complement in a murine model of asthma-like pulmonary inflammation. Methods In order to evaluate the role of complement B10 mice either sufficient or deficient in C5 were studied. Both groups of mice immunized and challenged with a house dust extract (HDE) containing high levels of cockroach allergens. Airways hyper-reactivity was determined with whole-body plesthysmography. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed to determine pulmonary cellular recruitment and measure inflammatory mediators. Lung homogenates were assayed for mediators and plasma levels of IgE determined. Pulmonary histology was also evaluated. Results C5-deficient mice showed enhanced AHR to methylcholine challenge, 474% and 91% increase above baseline Penh in C5-deficient and C5-sufficient mice respectively, p < 0.001. IL-12 levels in the lung homogenate (LH) were only slightly reduced and BAL IL-12 was comparable in C5-sufficient and C5-deficient mice. However, C5-deficient mice had significantly higher cysteinyl-leukotriene levels in the BAL fluid, 1913 +/- 246 pg/ml in C5d and 756 +/- 232 pg/ml in C5-sufficient, p = 0.003. Conclusion These data demonstrate that C5-deficient mice show enhanced AHR due to increased production of cysteinyl-leukotrienes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura McKinley
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jiyoun Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gerald L Bolgos
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Javed Siddiqui
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel G Remick
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 670 Albany Street, Room 407,
Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Thompson C, Cloutier A, Bossé Y, Thivierge M, Gouill CL, Larivée P, McDonald PP, Stankova J, Rola-Pleszczynski M. CysLT1 receptor engagement induces activator protein-1- and NF-kappaB-dependent IL-8 expression. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 35:697-704. [PMID: 16809637 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0407oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Because cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cysLTs) are major protagonists in the pathophysiology of human asthma, and because neutrophils are involved in the more severe form of asthma, we studied the potential for leukotriene (LT) D(4) to induce synthesis of the chemokine IL-8 through activation of the CysLT1 receptor. We found LTD(4) to induce IL-8 gene expression in monocytic THP-1 cells and human dendritic cells with complete abrogation by selective CysLT1 antagonists. Human embryonic kidney-293 cells stably transfected with CysLT1 were used to better study the transcriptional regulation of the IL-8 promoter. Stimulation of the cells with graded concentrations of LTD(4) resulted in a time- and concentration-dependent induction of IL-8 transcription and protein synthesis. Use of IL-8 promoter mutants with substitutions in their NF-kappaB, activator protein (AP)-1, and NF-IL-6 binding elements revealed a requirement for NF-kappaB and AP-1, but not NF-IL-6, in LTD(4)-induced activation of the IL-8 promoter. Overexpression of dominant-negative IkappaBalpha inhibited the IL-8 transactivation induced by LTD(4). NF-kappaB DNA binding activity was induced by LTD(4), as determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and could be supershifted by antibodies against p50 and p65. Supershift assays after LTD(4) stimulation also indicated the formation of a c-Jun/c-Fos complex. Moreover, our results demonstrate that LTD(4) upregulates the expression of c-fos and c-jun at the mRNA level. Our data show for the first time that LTD(4), via the CysLT1 receptor, can transcriptionally activate IL-8 production, with involvement of the transcription factors p50, p65, Fos, and Jun. These findings provide mechanistic and potentially therapeutic elements for modulation of the inflammatory component of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Thompson
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 North 12th Avenue, Sherbrooke, PQ, Canada
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Szema AM, Hamidi SA, Lyubsky S, Dickman KG, Mathew S, Abdel-Razek T, Chen JJ, Waschek JA, Said SI. Mice lacking the VIP gene show airway hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation, partially reversible by VIP. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006; 291:L880-6. [PMID: 16782752 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00499.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms leading to asthma, and those guarding against it, are yet to be fully defined. The neuropeptide VIP is a cotransmitter, together with nitric oxide (NO), of airway relaxation, and a modulator of immune and inflammatory responses. NO-storing molecules in the lung were recently shown to modulate airway reactivity and were proposed to have a protective role against the disease. We report here that mice with targeted deletion of the VIP gene spontaneously exhibit airway hyperresponsiveness to the cholinergic agonist methacholine as well as peribronchiolar and perivascular cellular infiltrates and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Immunologic sensitization and challenge with ovalbumin generally enhanced the airway hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation in all mice. Intraperitoneal administration of VIP over a 2-wk period in knockout mice virtually eliminated the airway hyperresponsiveness and reduced the airway inflammation in previously sensitized and challenged mice. The findings suggest that 1) VIP may be an important component of endogenous anti-asthma mechanisms, 2) deficiency of the VIP gene may predispose to asthma pathogenesis, and 3) treatment with VIP or a suitable agonist may offer potentially effective replacement therapy for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Szema
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, NY 11794-8172, USA
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Hamacher J, Eichert K, Braun C, Grebe T, Strub A, Lucas R, Eltze M, Wendel A. Montelukast exerts no acute direct effect on NO synthases. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2006; 20:525-33. [PMID: 16815057 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2005] [Revised: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) LTC(4), LTD(4) and LTE(4) are potent proinflammatory lipid mediators that play a central role in inflammation, contraction and remodelling of airways observed in asthmatics. Montelukast, a competitive inhibitor of the cysteinyl leukotriene-1 (CysLT(1)) receptor attenuates asthmatic airway inflammation, contraction and remodelling. As a number of studies have shown that montelukast reduced exhaled nitric oxide (NO) levels, a marker of inflammation that correlates with the severity of asthma, we investigated whether or not a direct inhibition of NO synthase (NOS) by montelukast takes place. In an ex vivo rat lung perfusion and ventilation model the NOS-dependent vasodilation effect after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusion was assessed with and without montelukast. Functional organ bath studies using isolated aortic rings from the same species aimed to assess effects of montelukast on the inducible and endothelial NOS isoenzymes (i- and eNOS) as well as on iNOS expression. Neuronal NOS (nNOS) was assessed by field stimulated rabbit corpus cavernosum, and isolated human iNOS enzyme activity was assessed for potential inhibition. Montelukast failed to cause vasoconstriction in LPS challenged rat lung, or to inhibit i- and eNOS activity as well as iNOS expression in aortic rings from the same species. Also the assays for nNOS in rabbit corpus cavernosum and on isolated human iNOS enzyme gave no evidence for a direct inhibition by montelukast in physiological and supraphysiological concentrations up to 10(-4)M. We therefore conclude that montelukast has no acute NOS inhibitor action. Its effect on exhaled NO is therefore probably indirectly mediated by a modulation of the asthmatic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürg Hamacher
- Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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Baumann JM, Rundell KW, Evans TM, Levine AM. Effects of cysteine donor supplementation on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 37:1468-73. [PMID: 16177596 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000177479.57468.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) in resident airway cells may be important in bronchoconstriction following exercise. Glutathione (GSH) is a major lung antioxidant and could influence pathological outcomes in individuals with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). This study examined the effects of supplementation with undenatured whey protein (UWP) in subjects exhibiting airway narrowing following eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation (EVH), a surrogate challenge for diagnosis of EIB. UWP is a cysteine donor that augments GSH production. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 18 EIB-positive subjects (age: 25.2 +/- 9.01 yr; weight: 77.3 +/- 18.92 kg; height: 1.7 +/- 0.09 m) with post-EVH falls of > or =10% in FEV1 received 30 g UWP (TX) or casein placebo (PL)/d. Subjects performed 6-min EVH challenges before and after 4 and 8 wk of supplementation. Exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) was measured serially before spirometry and at 1-wk intervals. Spirometry was performed pre- and 5, 10, and 15 min postchallenge. RESULTS Subjects exhibited significant mean improvement in postchallenge falls in FEV(1) from 0 wk (-22.6 +/- 12.22%) with TX at 4 (-18.9 +/- 12.89%, P < 0.05) and 8 wk (-16.98 +/- 11.61%, P < 0.05) and significant mean reduction in post-EVH peak falls in FEF(25-75) from 0 wk (-40.6 +/- 15.28%) with TX at 4 (-33.1 +/- 17.11%, P < 0.01) and 8 (-29.7 +/- 17.42%, P < 0.05) wk. No changes in FEV(1) or FEF(25-75) were observed in the PL group at any time point. Mean eNO for PL and TX groups at 0, 4, and 8 wk (46.8 +/- 31.33, 46.5 +/- 35.73, 49.3 +/- 37.12 vs 35.2 +/- 26.87, 29.1 +/- 17.26, 34.7 +/- 21.11 ppb, respectively) was not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS UWP may augment pulmonary antioxidant capacity and be therapeutically beneficial in individuals exhibiting EIB, as postchallenge pulmonary function improved with supplementation. The lack of significant change in eNO suggests that the pulmonary function improvements from UWP supplementation are independent of eNO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Baumann
- Human Performance Laboratory, Marywood University, Scranton, PA 18509, USA
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Stelmach I, Korzeniewska A, Stelmach W, Majak P, Grzelewski T, Jerzynska J. Effects of montelukast treatment on clinical and inflammatory variables in patients with cystic fibrosis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005; 95:372-80. [PMID: 16279568 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In cystic fibrosis (CF), the inflammatory process contributes to progressive lung tissue damage. Cysteinyl leukotrienes have been found in the sputum of patients with CF at high concentrations sufficient to cause potent biological effects. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of anti-inflammatory treatment with montelukast sodium in patients with CF. METHODS Twenty-six patients aged 6 to 18 years were recruited to this 20-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Patients received montelukast or placebo for 8 weeks in addition to their regular CF treatment. Before and after treatment, findings from spirometry, whole-body plethysmography, and the clinical wheezing and cough scales were evaluated. At the same time, serum and sputum samples were obtained for the measurement of eosinophil cationic protein, interleukin 10 (IL-10), IL-8, and myeloperoxidase levels. RESULTS Twenty-three patients completed the study. Compared with placebo use, montelukast treatment significantly improved forced expiratory volume in I second, peak expiratory flow, and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% and significantly decreased cough and wheezing scale scores (P < .001 for all). There were no significant changes in vital capacity, thoracic gas volume, airway resistance, and residual volume after treatment. Compared with placebo use, montelukast treatment decreased serum and sputum levels of eosinophil cationic protein and IL-8, decreased sputum levels of myeloperoxidase, and increased serum and sputum levels of IL-10 (P < .001 for all). CONCLUSIONS Montelukast may have measurable anti-inflammatory properties in patients with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Stelmach
- Department of Pediatrics and Allergy, M Curie Hospital, Zgierz, Poland.
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Oh JW, Shin SA, Lee HB. Urine leukotriene E and eosinophil cationic protein in nasopharyngeal aspiration from young wheezy children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2005; 16:416-21. [PMID: 16101934 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2005.00294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a risk factor for the development of asthma. It is very hard to distinguish bronchiolitis with respiratory virus infection from allergic asthma at first wheezing attack in early childhood. To distinguish wheezing children with RSV bronchiolitis from asthmatic children, we measured leukotriene E(4)(LTE(4)) in urine and ECP in nasopharyngeal aspiration (NPA) at first day of admission with wheezing attack. Thirty-two non-atopic children younger than the age of 3 yr with RSV induced bronchiolitis, 35 atopic asthmatic children with/without respiratory viral infection, and 23 children who exhibited no evidence of atopy, asthma, or virus infections as controls were selected in this study. We measured urinary LTE(4) and ECP level in NPA from subjects. Urinary LTE(4) concentrations in children with asthma were significantly higher than urinary LTE(4) in bronchiolitis and in controls (240.8 +/- 129.8 vs. 162.8 +/- 73.9 vs. 85.1 +/- 31.6 pg/ml). Children with RSV infection demonstrated higher urinary LTE(4) levels compared to children without RSV infection among asthmatic children. ECP in NPA was significantly correlated with urinary LTE(4) (r = 0.57, p < 0.01) in children entered this study who had detectable levels for both LTE(4) and ECP. In summary, Urinary LTE(4) concentrations may be suggested to useful mediators for differential diagnosis of wheezy diseases in early childhood. RSV infection also is associated with synergizing LT biosynthesis and this study demonstrated ECP in NPA was significantly correlated with urinary LTE(4) and may suggest that cysteinyl leukotriene initiate the production of ECP in early childhood, which could contribute to the development of wheeze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, 249-1 Kyomun-dong, Guri, Kyeonggi-Do 471-090, Korea.
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Rundell KW, Spiering BA, Baumann JM, Evans TM. Effects of montelukast on airway narrowing from eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation and cold air exercise. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39:232-6. [PMID: 15793094 PMCID: PMC1725192 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2004.014282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is common in elite athletes. Eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation (EVH) is a laboratory test recommended for the identification of EIB in athletes, secondary to a field exercise challenge. Montelukast attenuates EIB, but its protective effect against airway narrowing from EVH has not been investigated. OBJECTIVE To examine the effectiveness of montelukast after exercise and after EVH. METHODS A randomised, placebo controlled, double blind, crossover study was performed with 11 physically active EIB positive subjects (eight men, three women; mean (SD) age 22.8 (6.8) years). Six hours before each of the following challenges 10 mg montelukast or placebo was ingested: (a) a six minute, cold air (-3 degrees C) maximal effort work accumulation cycle ergometer exercise; (b) EVH, breathing 5% CO(2) compressed air at 85% maximal voluntary ventilation for six minutes. Spirometry was performed before and 5, 10, and 15 minutes after the challenge. At least 48 hours was observed between challenges. RESULTS No differences in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)) were found after the two challenges. Exercise and EVH resulted in falls in FEV(1) of 22.4 (18.0) and 25.6 (16.8) respectively. Falls in FEV(1) after montelukast were less than after placebo (10.6 (10.6) and 14.3 (11.3) after exercise and EVH respectively; p<0.05). Montelukast provided protection against bronchoconstriction (59% and 53%; p<0.05) for eight exercising subjects and 10 EVH subjects; no protection was afforded for three exercising and one EVH challenged subject. CONCLUSIONS Both exercise and EVH were potent stimuli of airway narrowing. A single dose of montelukast provided reasonable protection in attenuating bronchoconstriction from either exercise or EVH. The similar protection by montelukast suggests that EVH is a suitable laboratory surrogate for EIB evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Rundell
- Human Performance Laboratory, Marywood University, 2300 Adams Avenue, Scranton, PA 18509, USA.
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Rundell KW, Spiering BA, Baumann JM, Evans TM. Bronchoconstriction provoked by exercise in a high-particulate-matter environment is attenuated by montelukast. Inhal Toxicol 2005; 17:99-105. [PMID: 15764487 DOI: 10.1080/08958370590899479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Airborne ultrafine and fine particulate matter (PM1 from fossil-fueled internal combustion engines may cause abnormal airway narrowing. Because of high PM1 exposure from ice resurfacing machines, the ice-rink athlete is especially vulnerable to PM1 toxicity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate protection by a single dose of montelukast in college ice hockey players following PM1 exposure exercise. Nine male ice hockey players (age 19.3+/-1.22 yr) performed 4 randomized, double-blinded, high-intensity, 6-min cycle ergometer trials in low [PM1] (2260+/-500 particles/cm3) and high [PM1] (348,600+/-121,600 particles/cm3) after placebo or montelukast. Pre- and postspirometry showed similar peak FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 s) falls between placebo and montelukast after low [PM1] trials (14.5+/-18.06 vs. 9.5+/-11.75% of baseline, respectively). Peak FEV1 falls after high [PM1] trials were greater for placebo than for montelukast (17.3+/-9.79% vs. 1.7+/-5.77% of baseline; p<.0001). High [PM1] FEV1 fall after exercise following montelukast ingestion was less than after exercise following placebo ingestion under high and low [PM1] conditions and after exercise following montelukast ingestion under low [PM1] conditions at 5, 10, and 15 min postchallenge (p<.004, .0006, .009, respectively). Montelukast provided greater protection against bronchoconstriction after exercise during high [PM1] than low [PM1] exposure (approximately 90% vs. approximately 35%), suggesting that bronchoconstriction from PM1 exposure is predominately leukotriene mediated. The precise mechanism of airborne PM1-induced leukotriene-mediated airway narrowing remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Rundell
- Human Performance Laboratory, Marywood University, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18509, USA.
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Overbeek SE, O'Sullivan S, Leman K, Mulder PGH, Hoogsteden HC, Prins JB. Effect of montelukast compared with inhaled fluticasone on airway inflammation. Clin Exp Allergy 2005; 34:1388-94. [PMID: 15347371 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhaled corticosteroids are currently regarded as the gold standard in anti-inflammatory therapy, however, leukotriene receptor antagonists have been ascribed anti-inflammatory properties. OBJECTIVE We directly compared the anti-inflammatory effects of inhaled fluticasone propionate (FP, 100 microg Diskus, twice daily) and oral montelukast (MON 10 mg, nocte) in bronchial biopsies of patients with asthma in a double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group design. METHODS Bronchial biopsies, serum and urine samples were collected from 36 atopic asthmatics before and after 8 weeks of treatment. Activated T cells (CD25+), eosinophils (MBP+) and mast cells (tryptase+) were analysed by immunohistochemistry. Serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and IL-5 were analysed by radio and enzyme immunoassay (EIA), respectively. Urinary 9alpha-11beta-PGF2 and leukotriene E4 (LTE4) were measured by EIA. RESULTS A comparison of changes from baseline [FP/MON ratio (95% confidence interval)] of activated T cells was not different when subjects were treated with FP compared to treatment with MON [1.00 (0.18-4.86); P=0.924]. Following treatment, mast cells in the FP group were significantly lower than in the group treated with MON [0.39 (0.16-0.97); P=0.041]. There was no difference in the number of eosinophils in the lamina propria following either treatment [0.54 (0.05-2.57); P=0.263]. However, treatment with FP resulted in a significantly greater decrease in serum ECP, compared to treatment with MON [0.37 (0.25-0.71); P=0.002]. CONCLUSIONS FP appears to be superior to MON as an anti-inflammatory therapy in mild asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Overbeek
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Leick-Maldonado EA, Kay FU, Leonhardt MC, Kasahara DI, Prado CM, Fernandes FT, Martins MA, Tibério IFLC. Comparison of glucocorticoid and cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist treatments in an experimental model of chronic airway inflammation in guinea-pigs. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:145-52. [PMID: 14720275 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukotriene receptor antagonists have been demonstrated in several studies to possess bronchodilating and anti-inflammatory properties in asthma. However, there are few experimental studies performed to compare the effects of anti-leukotrienes and glucocorticoids, most used anti-inflammatory agents in asthma. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of treatment with dexamethasone or montelukast on eosinophil and mononuclear cell recruitment in an experimental model of allergen-induced chronic airway inflammation in guinea-pigs (GP). METHODS GP were submitted to increasing concentrations of aerosols of ovalbumin (OVA) twice a week for 4 weeks. After 2 weeks, animals were treated daily with dexamethasone, montelukast or saline solution. After this period, GP were anaesthetized, tracheostomized, mechanically ventilated and challenged with OVA aerosol. RESULTS Maximal changes of respiratory system resistance and elastance induced by OVA challenge were attenuated by dexamethasone (P<0.001), but not by montelukast treatment. Neither dexamethasone nor montelukast significantly influenced bronchial oedema formation. Dexamethasone but not montelukast induced a decrease in mononuclear cells in airways (P<0.001). Eosinophil infiltration in the bronchial wall was reduced by both dexamethasone and montelukast (P<0.005). Only dexamethasone treatment reduced the levels of exhaled nitric oxide (P<0.025). CONCLUSION Although leukotriene receptor antagonist treatment reduces eosinophil accumulation induced by multiple antigen challenges, glucocorticoid treatment attenuates both eosinophil and mononuclear cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Leick-Maldonado
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Yang G, Haczku A, Chen H, Martin V, Galczenski H, Tomer Y, Van Besien CR, Evans JF, Panettieri RA, Funk CD, Van Beisen CR. Transgenic smooth muscle expression of the human CysLT1 receptor induces enhanced responsiveness of murine airways to leukotriene D4. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 286:L992-1001. [PMID: 15064240 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00367.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) exert potent proinflammatory actions and contribute to many of the symptoms of asthma. Using a model of allergic sensitization and airway challenge with Aspergillus fumigatus (Af), we have found that Th2-type inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to methacholine (MCh) were associated with increased LTD(4) responsiveness in mice. To explore the importance of increased CysLT signaling in airway smooth muscle function, we generated transgenic mice that overexpress the human CysLT1 receptor (hCysLT(1)R) via the alpha-actin promoter. These receptors were expressed abundantly and induced intracellular calcium mobilization in airway smooth muscle cells from transgenic mice. Force generation in tracheal ring preparations ex vivo and airway reactivity in vivo in response to LTD(4) were greatly amplified in hCysLT(1)R-overexpressing mice, indicating that the enhanced signaling induces coordinated functional changes of the intact airway smooth muscle. The increase of AHR imposed by overexpression of the hCysLT(1)R was greater in transgenic BALB/c mice than in transgenic B6 x SJL mice. In addition, sensitization- and challenge-induced increases in airway responsiveness were significantly greater in transgenic mice than that of nontransgenic mice compared with their respective nonsensitized controls. The amplified AHR in sensitized transgenic mice was not due to an enhanced airway inflammation and was not associated with similar enhancement in MCh responsiveness. These results indicate that a selective hCysLT(1)R-induced contractile mechanism synergizes with allergic AHR. We speculate that hCysLT(1)R signaling contributes to a hypercontractile state of the airway smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochang Yang
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Rm. 814BRBII/III, Univ. of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
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Capra V, Ravasi S, Accomazzo MR, Parenti M, Rovati GE. CysLT1 signal transduction in differentiated U937 cells involves the activation of the small GTP-binding protein Ras. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 67:1569-77. [PMID: 15041474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2003] [Accepted: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the signal transduction pathway(s) of leukotriene D(4) (LTD(4)) in the human promonocytic U937 cells, a cell line known to constitutively express CysLT(1) receptors. Herein, we demonstrate that LTD(4) specifically acts on a CysLT(1) receptor to dose-dependently increase (three to five-fold over basal) RasGTP through a G(i/o) protein. In fact, while cytosolic Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)) increase was only partially sensitive to pertussis toxin (PTx), Ras activation was almost completely inhibited by the same toxin. Furthermore, the phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U73122 completely inhibited both [Ca(2+)](i) and RasGTP increase, suggesting that in these cells PLC is the point of convergence for both PTx insensitive and sensitive pathways leading to [Ca(2+)](i) release and Ras activation. Indeed, chelating intracellular Ca(2+) strongly (>70%) prevented LTD(4)-induced Ras activation, indicating that this ion plays an essential role for CysLT(1)-induced downstream signaling in differentiated U937 (dU937) cells. In addition, while Src did not appear to be substantially involved in CysLT(1)-induced signaling, genistein was able to partially inhibit LTD(4)-induced [Ca(2+)](i) transient ( approximately 34%) and almost completely prevented Ras activation (>90%), suggesting a potential role for other Ca(2+)-dependent tyrosine kinases in LTD(4)-induced signaling. Finally, agonist-induced CysLT(1) stimulation was followed by a specific extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 phosphorylation, an event with a pharmacological profile similar to that of Ras activation, partially ( approximately 40%) sensitive to Clostridium sordellii lethal toxin and totally blocked by PTx. In conclusion, LTD(4)-induced CysLT(1) receptor activation in dU937 cells leads to Ras activation and ERK phosphorylation mostly through a PTx-sensitive G(i/o) protein, PLC, and Ca(2+)-dependent tyrosine kinase(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Capra
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Muijsers RBR, Noble S. Spotlight on montelukast in asthma in children 2 to 14 years of age. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 1:225-8. [PMID: 14720060 DOI: 10.1007/bf03256612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Montelukast is a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist which is used as a preventive treatment for persistent asthma in patients > or =2 years of age. In children aged 6 to 14 years montelukast (5 mg/day) treatment resulted in a significant increase in FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second, primary clinical outcome) during an 8-week randomized, double-blind trial. Moreover, significant improvements were observed for a range of secondary endpoints assessing symptoms, exacerbation rates, beta-agonist usage and quality of life. Concomitant administration of montelukast (5 mg/day) and inhaled budesonide (200 microg twice daily) resulted in a trend towards an increase in FEV1 (p=0.06, primary endpoint) and a statistically significant reduction in both as-needed beta2-agonist usage and the percentage of days with asthma exacerbations compared with budesonide plus placebo. No significant differences were observed in asthma-related quality of life between the two groups. During clinical trials both improvements in lung function and reductions in as-needed beta2-agonist usage were generally observed within 1 day after initiation of therapy in children 2 to 14 years of age with persistent asthma. Data from a randomized, nonblind trial in 6- to 11-year-old children and a 6-month extension to this trial suggest that both compliance to therapy and patient satisfaction are greater for montelukast than for either inhaled cromolyn sodium (sodium cromoglycate) or inhaled beclomethasone. In addition, patients and parents preferred oral montelukast over cromolyn sodium. In 2- to 5-year-old children with persistent asthma, montelukast (4 mg/day) treatment resulted in significant improvements in a range of outcomes, such as as-needed beta2-agonist usage, symptom scores and percentage of days with asthma symptoms, as assessed during a randomized, double-blind trial primarily designed to assess tolerability. Data from small randomized, double-blind trials suggest that montelukast reduces exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in 6- to 14-year-old children. Montelukast is generally well tolerated. The frequency of adverse events in montelukast-treated children of all ages was comparable to that in patients receiving placebo. CONCLUSION Oral montelukast has shown efficacy as a preventive treatment for asthma during clinical trials in children aged 2 to 14 years. The drug offers benefits over more standard therapies such as inhaled cromolyn sodium and nedocromil in terms of compliance and convenience. In addition, the drug offers significant benefits when added to inhaled corticosteroids (according to secondary endpoints). Montelukast offers an effective, well tolerated and convenient treatment option for children with asthma.
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Abstract
The current asthma therapies are not cures and symptoms return soon after treatment is stopped even after long term treatment. Although inhaled glucocorticoids are highly effective in controlling airway inflammation in asthma, they are ineffective in the small group of patients with glucocorticoid-dependent and -resistant asthma. With very few exceptions, COPD is caused by tobacco smoking, and smoking cessation is the only truly effective treatment of COPD available. Current pharmacological treatment of COPD is unsatisfactory, as it does not significantly influence the severity of the disease or its natural course. Glucocorticoids are scarcely effective in COPD patients without concomitant asthma. Bronchodilators improves symptoms and quality of life, in COPD patients, but, with the exception of tiotropium, they do not significantly influence the natural course of the disease. Theophylline is the only drug which has been demonstrated to have a significant effect on airway inflammation in patients with COPD. Here we review the pharmacology of currently used antiinflammatory therapies for asthma and COPD and their proposed mechanisms of action. Recent understanding of disease mechanisms in severe steroid-dependent and -resistant asthma and in COPD, has lead to the development of novel compounds, which are in various stages of clinical development. We review the current status of some of these new potential drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Caramori
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College School of Science, Technology and Medicine, Dovehouse Street, SW3 6LY, London, UK
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