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Scott JM, Thomas SM, Herndon JE, Douglas PS, Yu AF, Rusch V, Huang J, Capaci C, Harrison JN, Stoeckel KJ, Nilsen T, Edvardsen E, Michalski MG, Eves ND, Jones LW. Effects and tolerability of exercise therapy modality on cardiorespiratory fitness in lung cancer: a randomized controlled trial. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:1456-1465. [PMID: 34658160 PMCID: PMC8718021 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a cardinal feature of post-treatment primary lung cancer. The most effective exercise therapy regimen to improve CRF has not been determined. METHODS In this parallel-group factorial randomized controlled trial, lung cancer survivors with poor CRF (below age-sex sedentary values) were randomly allocated to receive 48 consecutive supervised sessions thrice weekly of (i) aerobic training (AT)-cycle ergometry at 55% to >95% of peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak); (ii) resistance training (RT)-lower and upper extremity exercises at 50-85% of maximal strength; (iii) combination training (CT)-AT plus RT; or (iv) stretching attention control (AC) for 16 weeks. The primary endpoint was change in CRF (VO2 peak, mL O2 ·kg-1 ·min-1 ). Secondary endpoints were body composition, muscle strength, patient-reported outcomes, tolerability (relative dose intensity of exercise), and safety. Analysis of covariance determined change in primary and secondary endpoints from baseline to post-intervention (Week 17) with adjustment for baseline values of the endpoint and other relevant clinical covariates. RESULTS Ninety patients (65 ± 9 years; 66% female) were randomized (AT, n = 24; RT, n = 23; CT, n = 20; and AC, n = 23) of the planned n = 160. No serious adverse events were observed. For the overall cohort, the lost-to-follow-up rate was 10%. Mean attendance was ≥75% in all groups. In intention-to-treat analysis, VO2 peak increased 1.1 mL O2 ·kg-1 ·min-1 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.0, 2.2, P = 0.04] and 1.4 mL O2 ·kg-1 ·min-1 (95% CI: 0.2, 2.5, P = 0.02) in AT and CT, respectively, compared with AC. There was no difference in VO2 peak change between RT and AC (-0.1 mL O2 ·kg-1 ·min-1 , 95% CI: -1.2, 1.0, P = 0.88). Favourable improvements in maximal strength and body composition were observed in RT and CT groups compared with AT and AC groups (Ps < 0.05). No between-group changes were observed for any patient-reported outcomes. Relative dose intensity of exercise was lower in RT and CT compared with AT (Ps < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In the context of a smaller than planned sample size, AT and CT significantly improved VO2 peak in lung cancer survivors; however, the tolerability-to-benefit ratio was superior for AT and hence may be the preferred modality to target impaired CRF in post-treatment lung cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Scott
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Anthony F Yu
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Valerie Rusch
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - James Huang
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Tormod Nilsen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Edvardsen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Neil D Eves
- University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Lee W Jones
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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2
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Samuels TL, Khampang P, Espahbodi M, McCormick CA, Chun RH, McCormick ME, Yan K, Kerschner JE, Johnston N. Association of Pepsin With Inflammatory Signaling and Effusion Viscosity in Pediatric Otitis Media. Laryngoscope 2021; 132:470-477. [PMID: 34272879 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Otitis media (OM) is a common inflammatory disease spectrum. Cytokine signaling, neutrophil activity, and mucin hypersecretion during recurrent and chronic OM contribute to persistent, viscous middle ear (ME) effusions, hearing loss, and potential for developmental delay. Extraesophageal reflux (EER), specifically pepsin, triggers inflammatory signaling in respiratory mucosa and is associated with OM. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of pepsin with ME inflammatory signaling and the outcomes and examine causality in vitro. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS ME fluid (MEF) and preoperative audiometric data were collected from 30 pediatric subjects undergoing tympanostomy tube placement for recurrent OM or OM with effusion. MEF viscosity was characterized by the surgeon. Pepsin, inflammatory molecules, and mucin were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ME epithelial primary culture was exposed to 0.1 to 1 mg/ml pepsin at pH 5, 6, and 7 for 30 minutes, and cytokine expression was assayed via qPCR. RESULTS Pepsin was observed in the MEF of 77% of patients (range 71-2,734 ng/ml). Pepsin correlated with effusion viscosity, interleukins -6 and -8, neutrophil elastase, and mucin 5B (P < .05). Pepsin-negative MEF was more frequently absent of interleukin 8 or mucin 5B (P < .05). Weak acid was generally insufficient to elicit cytokine expression in ME cells in vitro, however, pepsin induced IL6, IL8, and TNF at pH 7 (P < .05) and weak acid (pH 6) facilitated a response at lower pepsin concentration. CONCLUSIONS Pepsin may contribute to inflammatory signaling, persistent viscous effusion, and poorer OM outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina L Samuels
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Pawjai Khampang
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Mana Espahbodi
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Caroline A McCormick
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Robert H Chun
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Michael E McCormick
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Ke Yan
- Pediatrics Quantitative Health Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Joseph E Kerschner
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A.,Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Nikki Johnston
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A.,Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
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3
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Allam VSRR, Chellappan DK, Jha NK, Shastri MD, Gupta G, Shukla SD, Singh SK, Sunkara K, Chitranshi N, Gupta V, Wich PR, MacLoughlin R, Oliver BGG, Wernersson S, Pejler G, Dua K. Treatment of chronic airway diseases using nutraceuticals: Mechanistic insight. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:7576-7590. [PMID: 33977840 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1915744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases, both acute and chronic, are reported to be the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, affecting millions of people globally, leading to high socio-economic burden for the society in the recent decades. Chronic inflammation and decline in lung function are the common symptoms of respiratory diseases. The current treatment strategies revolve around using appropriate anti-inflammatory agents and bronchodilators. A range of anti-inflammatory agents and bronchodilators are currently available in the market; however, the usage of such medications is limited due to the potential for various adverse effects. To cope with this issue, researchers have been exploring various novel, alternative therapeutic strategies that are safe and effective to treat respiratory diseases. Several studies have been reported on the possible links between food and food-derived products in combating various chronic inflammatory diseases. Nutraceuticals are examples of such food-derived products which are gaining much interest in terms of its usage for the well-being and better human health. As a consequence, intensive research is currently aimed at identifying novel nutraceuticals, and there is an emerging notion that nutraceuticals can have a positive impact in various respiratory diseases. In this review, we discuss the efficacy of nutraceuticals in altering the various cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in mitigating the symptoms of respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Sita Rama Raju Allam
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhur D Shastri
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Shakti D Shukla
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sachin K Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Krishna Sunkara
- Emergency Clinical Management, Intensive Care Unit, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter R Wich
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Nanomedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ronan MacLoughlin
- Aerogen, IDA Business Park, Dangan, Galway, Ireland.,School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian Gregory George Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sara Wernersson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Stavropoulou E, Kantartzi K, Tsigalou C, Konstantinidis T, Voidarou C, Konstantinidis T, Bezirtzoglou E. Unraveling the Interconnection Patterns Across Lung Microbiome, Respiratory Diseases, and COVID-19. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:619075. [PMID: 33585285 PMCID: PMC7876344 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.619075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Albeit the lungs were thought to be sterile, recent scientific data reported a microbial microbiota in the lungs of healthy individuals. Apparently, new developments in technological approachesincluding genome sequencing methodologies contributed in the identification of the microbiota and shed light on the role of the gut and lung microbiomes in the development of respiratory diseases. Moreover, knowledge of the human microbiome in health may act as a tool for evaluating characteristic shifts in the case of disease. This review paper discusses the development of respiratory disease linked to the intestinal dysbiosis which influences the lung immunity and microbiome. The gastrointestinal-lung dialogue provides interesting aspects in the pathogenesis of the respiratory diseases. Lastly, we were further interested on the role of this interconnection in the progression and physiopathology of newly emergedCOVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Stavropoulou
- CHUV (Centre HospitalierUniversitaire Vaudois), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Institute, Valais Hospital, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Konstantia Kantartzi
- Nephrology Clinic, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Christina Tsigalou
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Theocharis Konstantinidis
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | | | - Theodoros Konstantinidis
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Eugenia Bezirtzoglou
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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5
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Zataria multiflora affects clinical symptoms, oxidative stress and cytokines in asthmatic patient: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, phase II clinical trial. Cytokine 2020; 133:155169. [PMID: 32585581 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Z. multiflora effect on clinical symptoms, pulmonary function tests (PFT), oxidative stress and cytokine levels in asthmatic patients were evaluated. METHODS 36 asthmatic patients were divided to; placebo group (P), two groups treated with Z. multiflora extract (5 and 10 mg/kg/day, as Z5 and Z10, respectively), (n = 12 in each group). Medications were administered three times a day for two months and several parameters were evaluated before treatment (step 0), one (step 1) and two months (step 2) after treatment. RESULTS Clinical symptoms and PFTs were significantly improved in Z5 and Z10 groups in steps 1 and 2 compared to step 0 (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Improvement of oxidative stress, cytokines levels and their gene expression after treatment with both doses of extract were observed in step 2 compared to step 0 (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). CONCLUSION These results indicated therapeutic value of Z. multiflora for the management of asthma.
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6
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Ji J, Ganguly K, Mihai X, Sun J, Malmlöf M, Gerde P, Upadhyay S, Palmberg L. Exposure of normal and chronic bronchitis-like mucosa models to aerosolized carbon nanoparticles: comparison of pro-inflammatory oxidative stress and tissue injury/repair responses. Nanotoxicology 2019; 13:1362-1379. [PMID: 31462114 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2019.1655600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanoparticles (CNP) are generated by incomplete combustion of diesel engines. Several epidemiological studies associated higher susceptibility to particulate matter related adverse respiratory outcomes with preexisting conditions like chronic bronchitis (CB). Therefore, we compared the effect of CNP exposure on primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBEC) developed in air-liquid interface (ALI) models of normal versus CB-like-mucosa.PBEC cultured at ALI represented normal mucosa (PBEC-ALI). To develop CB-like-mucosa (PBEC-ALI/CB), 1 ng/ml interleukin-13 was added to the basal media of PBEC-ALI culturing. PBEC-ALI and PBEC-ALI/CB were exposed to sham or to aerosolized CNP using XposeALI® system. Protein levels of CXCL-8 and MMP-9 were measured in the basal media using ELISA. Transcript expression of pro-inflammatory (CXCL8, IL6, TNF, NFKB), oxidative stress (HMOX1, SOD3, GSTA1, GPx), tissue injury/repair (MMP9/TIMP1) and bronchial cell type markers (MUC5AC, CC10) were assessed using qRT-PCR.Increased secretion of CXCL-8 and MMP-9 markers was detected 24 h post-exposure in both PBEC-ALI and PBEC-ALI/CB with more pronounced effect in the later. Pro-inflammatory and tissue injury markers were increased at both 6 h and 24 h post-exposure in PBEC-ALI/CB. Oxidative stress markers exhibited similar responses at 6 h and 24 h post-exposure in PBEC-ALI/CB. The club cell specific marker CC10 was increased by 300 fold in PBEC-ALI/CB and 20 fold in PBEC-ALI following CNP exposure.Our data indicates an earlier and stronger reaction of pro-inflammatory, oxidative stress and tissue injury markers in PBEC-ALI/CB models compared to PBEC-ALI models following CNP exposure. The findings may provide insight into the plausible mechanisms of higher susceptibility among predisposed individuals to nanoparticle exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ji
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Koustav Ganguly
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xenia Mihai
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jitong Sun
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Malmlöf
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Inhalation Sciences Sweden AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Gerde
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Inhalation Sciences Sweden AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Swapna Upadhyay
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Palmberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Barnig C, Frossard N, Levy BD. Towards targeting resolution pathways of airway inflammation in asthma. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 186:98-113. [PMID: 29352860 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic disorder characterized by persistent inflammation of the airways with mucosal infiltration of eosinophils, T lymphocytes, and mast cells, and release of proinflammatory cytokines and lipid mediators. The natural resolution of airway inflammation is now recognized as an active host response, with highly coordinated cellular events under the control of endogenous pro-resolving mediators that enable the restoration of tissue homeostasis. Lead members of proresolving mediators are enzymatically derived from essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, including arachidonic acid-derived lipoxins, eicosapentaenoic acid-derived E-series resolvins, and docosahexaenoic acid-derived D-series resolvins, protectins, and maresins. Functionally, these specialized pro-resolving mediators can limit further leukocyte recruitment, induce granulocyte apoptosis, and enhance efferocytosis by macrophages. They can also switch macrophages from classical to alternatively activated cells, promote the return of non-apoptotic cells to lymphatics and blood vessels, and help initiate tissue repair and healing. In this review, we highlight cellular and molecular mechanisms for successful resolution of inflammation, and describe the main specialized pro-resolving mediators that drive these processes. Furthermore, we report recent data suggesting that the pathobiology of severe asthma may result in part from impaired resolution of airway inflammation, including defects in the biosynthesis of these specialized pro-resolving mediators. Finally, we discuss resolution-based therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Barnig
- Department of Chest Disease, Strasbourg University Hospital, 1, place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg, France; EA 3072, University of Strasbourg, France.
| | - Nelly Frossard
- UMR 7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique and LabEx MEDALIS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bruce D Levy
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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8
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Kobayashi K, Suzuki M, Yamamoto S, Ueno K, Miyawaki E, Takazawa I, Shiozawa A, Sato T, Hojo M, Sugiyama H. Early-onset, Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease with Pulmonary Hypertension that was Likely Induced by Toluene Exposure. Intern Med 2017; 56:2329-2334. [PMID: 28794356 PMCID: PMC5635309 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.8077-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-onset pulmonary emphysema is uncommon and its pathogenesis is poorly defined. A 30-year-old man was admitted to our intensive care unit with severe respiratory failure. Besides smoking heavily since the 14 years of age, he had habitually inhaled organic solvents, such as toluene, in his adolescence. High-resolution computed tomography showed evident pulmonary emphysema throughout the lung fields. Based on the findings of right heart catheterization, he was diagnosed with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with pulmonary hypertension. Heavy smoking from a young age and exposure to toluene were the suspected causes of the patient's severe pulmonary emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konomi Kobayashi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Manabu Suzuki
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Shota Yamamoto
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ueno
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Eriko Miyawaki
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Ikuo Takazawa
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Ayako Shiozawa
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Sato
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Kohnodai Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hojo
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Haruhito Sugiyama
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
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9
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Ghorani V, Boskabady MH, Khazdair MR, Kianmeher M. Experimental animal models for COPD: a methodological review. Tob Induc Dis 2017; 15:25. [PMID: 28469539 PMCID: PMC5414171 DOI: 10.1186/s12971-017-0130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive disorder that makes the breathing difficult and is characterized by pathological conditions ranging from chronic inflammation to tissue proteolysis. With regard to ethical issues related to the studies on patients with COPD, the use of animal models of COPD is inevitable. Animal models improve our knowledge about the basic mechanisms underlying COPD physiology, pathophysiology and treatment. Although these models are only able to mimic some of the features of the disease, they are valuable for further investigation of mechanisms involved in human COPD. METHODS We searched the literature available in Google Scholar, PubMed and ScienceDirect databases for English articles published until November 2015. For this purpose, we used 5 keywords for COPD, 3 for animal models, 4 for exposure methods, 3 for pathophysiological changes and 3 for biomarkers. One hundred and fifty-one studies were considered eligible for inclusion in this review. RESULTS According to the reviewed articles, animal models of COPD are mainly induced in mice, guinea pigs and rats. In most of the studies, this model was induced by exposure to cigarette smoke (CS), intra-tracheal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and intranasal elastase. There were variations in time course and dose of inducers used in different studies. The main measured parameters were lung pathological data and lung inflammation (both inflammatory cells and inflammatory mediators) in most of the studies and tracheal responsiveness (TR) in only few studies. CONCLUSION The present review provides various methods used for induction of animal models of COPD, different animals used (mainly mice, guinea pigs and rats) and measured parameters. The information provided in this review is valuable for choosing appropriate animal, method of induction and selecting parameters to be measured in studies concerning COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Ghorani
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Centre and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 9177948564 Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Khazdair
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Kianmeher
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Centre and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 9177948564 Iran
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10
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de Boer A, van de Worp WRPH, Hageman GJ, Bast A. The effect of dietary components on inflammatory lung diseases - a literature review. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017; 68:771-787. [PMID: 28276906 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2017.1288199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory treatment in chronic inflammatory lung diseases usually involves glucocorticosteroids. With patients suffering from serious side effects or becoming resistant, specific nutrients, that are suggested to positively influence disease progression, can be considered as new treatment options. The dietary inflammatory index is used to calculate effects of dietary components on inflammation and lung function to identify most potent dietary components, based on 162 articles. The positive effects of n-3 PUFAs and vitamin E on lung function can at least partially be explained by their anti-inflammatory effect. Many other dietary components showed only small or no effects on inflammation and/or lung function, although the number of weighted studies was often too small for a reliable assessment. Optimal beneficial dietary elements might reduce the required amounts of anti-inflammatory treatments, thereby decreasing both side effects and development of resistance as to improve quality of life of patients suffering from chronic inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alie de Boer
- a Faculty of Humanities and Sciences , Food Claims Centre Venlo, Maastricht University Campus Venlo, Maastricht University , Venlo , The Netherlands
| | - Wouter R P H van de Worp
- b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences , Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Geja J Hageman
- b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences , Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Aalt Bast
- b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences , Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands.,c Faculty of Humanities and Sciences , Maastricht University Campus Venlo, Maastricht University , Venlo , The Netherlands
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11
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Postma DS, Weiss ST, van den Berge M, Kerstjens HAM, Koppelman GH. Revisiting the Dutch hypothesis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:521-9. [PMID: 26343936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Dutch hypothesis was first articulated in 1961, when many novel and advanced scientific techniques were not available, such as genomics techniques for pinpointing genes, gene expression, lipid and protein profiles, and the microbiome. In addition, computed tomographic scans and advanced analysis techniques to dissect (small) airways disease and emphysema were not available. At that time, the group of researchers under the visionary guidance of Professor N. G. M. Orie put forward that both genetic and environmental factors can determine whether one would have airway obstructive diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Moreover, they stipulated that the phenotype of obstructive airway disease could be affected by sex and changes with aging. Orie and colleagues' call to carefully phenotype patients with obstructive airways diseases has been adopted by many current researchers in an attempt to determine the heterogeneity of both asthma and COPD to better define these diseases and optimize their treatment. The founders of the Dutch hypothesis were far ahead of their time, and we can learn from their insights. We should fully characterize all patients in our clinical practice and not just state that they have asthma, COPD, or asthma and COPD overlap syndrome. This detailed phenotyping can help in understanding these obstructive airway diseases and provide guidance for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirkje S Postma
- University of Groningen, Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Maarten van den Berge
- University of Groningen, Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Huib A M Kerstjens
- University of Groningen, Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard H Koppelman
- University of Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, and the Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Abstract
COPD is characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. The morphological basis for airflow obstruction results from a varying combination of obstructive changes in peripheral conducting airways and destructive changes in respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. A reduction of vascularity within the alveolar septa has been reported in emphysema. Typical physiological changes reflect these structural abnormalities. Spirometry documents airflow obstruction when the FEV1/FVC ratio is reduced below the lower limit of normality, although in early disease stages FEV1 and airway conductance are not affected. Current guidelines recommend testing for bronchoreversibility at least once and the postbronchodilator FEV1/FVC be used for COPD diagnosis; the nature of bronchodilator response remains controversial, however. One major functional consequence of altered lung mechanics is lung hyperinflation. FRC may increase as a result of static or dynamic mechanisms, or both. The link between dynamic lung hyperinflation and expiratory flow limitation during tidal breathing has been demonstrated. Hyperinflation may increase the load on inspiratory muscles, with resulting length adaptation of diaphragm. Reduction of exercise tolerance is frequently noted, with compelling evidence that breathlessness and altered lung mechanics play a major role. Lung function measurements have been traditionally used as prognostic indices and to monitor disease progression; FEV1 has been most widely used. An increase in FVC is also considered as proof of bronchodilatation. Decades of work has provided insight into the histological, functional, and biological features of COPD. This has provided a clearer understanding of important pathobiological processes and has provided additional therapeutic options.
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13
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Vogiatzis I, Zakynthinos S. Factors limiting exercise tolerance in chronic lung diseases. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:1779-817. [PMID: 23723024 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The major limitation to exercise performance in patients with chronic lung diseases is an issue of great importance since identifying the factors that prevent these patients from carrying out activities of daily living provides an important perspective for the choice of the appropriate therapeutic strategy. The factors that limit exercise capacity may be different in patients with different disease entities (i.e., chronic obstructive, restrictive or pulmonary vascular lung disease) or disease severity and ultimately depend on the degree of malfunction or miss coordination between the different physiological systems (i.e., respiratory, cardiovascular and peripheral muscles). This review focuses on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial lung disease (ILD) and pulmonary vascular disease (PVD). ILD and PVD are included because there is sufficient experimental evidence for the factors that limit exercise capacity and because these disorders are representative of restrictive and pulmonary vascular disorders, respectively. A great deal of emphasis is given, however, to causes of exercise intolerance in COPD mainly because of the plethora of research findings that have been published in this area and also because exercise intolerance in COPD has been used as a model for understanding the interactions of different pathophysiologic mechanisms in exercise limitation. As exercise intolerance in COPD is recognized as being multifactorial, the impacts of the following factors on patients' exercise capacity are explored from an integrative physiological perspective: (i) imbalance between the ventilatory capacity and requirement; (ii) imbalance between energy demands and supplies to working respiratory and peripheral muscles; and (iii) peripheral muscle intrinsic dysfunction/weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Vogiatzis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
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14
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Abstract
Organ transplantation is one of the medical miracles or the 20th century. It has the capacity to substantially improve exercise performance and quality of life in patients who are severely limited with chronic organ failure. We focus on the most commonly performed solid-organ transplants and describe peak exercise performance following recovery from transplantation. Across all of the common transplants, evaluated significant reduction in VO2peak is seen (typically renal and liver 65%-80% with heart and/or lung 50%-60% of predicted). Those with the lowest VO2peak pretransplant have the lowest VO2peak posttransplant. Overall very few patients have a VO2peak in the normal range. Investigation of the cause of the reduction of VO2peak has identified many factors pre- and posttransplant that may contribute. These include organ-specific factors in the otherwise well-functioning allograft (e.g., chronotropic incompetence in heart transplantation) as well as allograft dysfunction itself (e.g., chronic lung allograft dysfunction). However, looking across all transplants, a pattern emerges. A low muscle mass with qualitative change in large exercising skeletal muscle groups is seen pretransplant. Many factor posttransplant aggravate these changes or prevent them recovering, especially calcineurin antagonist drugs which are key immunosuppressing agents. This results in the reduction of VO2peak despite restoration of near normal function of the initially failing organ system. As such organ transplantation has provided an experiment of nature that has focused our attention on an important confounder of chronic organ failure-skeletal muscle dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor J Williams
- Department of Allergy, Immunology, and Respiratory Medicine Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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15
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Hunter GW, Dweik RA. Applied breath analysis: an overview of the challenges and opportunities in developing and testing sensor technology for human health monitoring in aerospace and clinical applications. J Breath Res 2012; 2:037020. [PMID: 20622933 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/2/3/037020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The aerospace industry requires the development of a range of chemical sensor technologies for such applications as leak detection, emission monitoring, fuel leak detection, environmental monitoring, and fire detection. A family of chemical sensors are being developed based on micromachining and microfabrication technology to fabricate microsensors with minimal size, weight, and power consumption, and the use of nanomaterials and structures to develop sensors with improved stability combined with higher sensitivity. However, individual sensors are limited in the amount of information that they can provide in environments that contain multiple chemical species. Thus, sensor arrays are being developed to address detection needs in such multi-species environments. These technologies and technical approaches have direct relevance to breath monitoring for clinical applications. This paper gives an overview of developing cutting-edge sensor technology and possible barriers to new technology implementation. This includes lessons learned from previous microsensor development, recent work in development of a breath monitoring system, and future directions in the implementation of cutting edge sensor technology. Clinical applications and the potential impact to the biomedical field of miniaturized smart gas sensor technology are discussed.
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16
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Abstract
Biochemically and pathologically, there is strong evidence for both atopic and nonatopic airway sensitization, hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation as a consequence of exposure to tobacco mainstream or sidestream smoke particulate. There is growing evidence for the relation between exposure to mainstream and sidestream smoke and diseases resulting from reactive oxidant challenge and inflammation directly as a consequence of the combined activity of neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, basophils, as a humoral immunological consequence of sensitization, and that the metal components of the particulate play a role in adjuvant effects. As an end consequence, carcinogenicity is a known outcome of chronic inflammation. Smokeless tobacco has been evaluated by the IARC as a group 1 carcinogen. Of the many harmful constituents in smokeless tobacco, oral tissue metallothionein gradients suggest that metals contribute to the toxicity from smokeless tobacco use and possibly sensitization. This work reviews and examines work on probable contributions of toxic metals from tobacco and smoke to pathology observed as a consequence of smoking and the use of smokeless tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Steve Pappas
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, NE MS F-44 Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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17
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Kobayashi M, Kubo S, Hirano Y, Kobayashi S, Takahashi K, Shimizu Y. Anti-asthmatic effect of ASP3258, a novel phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 12:50-8. [PMID: 22036845 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ASP3258 is a potent and selective PDE4 inhibitor and exerts a wide-range of anti-inflammatory effects with low emetic potential, a major adverse effect of PDE4 inhibitors. Here, we investigated the anti-asthmatic potency of ASP3258 as compared with those of two representative PDE4 inhibitors: roflumilast and cilomilast. Orally administered ASP3258, roflumilast, and cilomilast all inhibited ovalbumin (OVA)-induced eosinophil infiltration into the airway of sensitized Brown Norway rats with ED(50) values of 0.81, 0.46, and 4.4 mg/kg, respectively. Histological examination also revealed a decreasing trend in inflammatory cell infiltration into the lung following ASP3258 administration. In vitro investigation of bronchodilatory activities showed that these compounds (10(-8)-10(-6) M) concentration-dependently inhibited OVA-induced contraction of trachea isolated from sensitized guinea pigs but had no effect on spasmogen-precontracted tracheal tension prepared from non-sensitized guinea pigs up to 10(-6) M. In vivo experiments using sensitized guinea pigs showed that these orally administered compounds inhibited OVA-induced increases in airway resistance with ED(50) values of 2.2, 0.35, and 12 mg/kg, respectively. Further, orally administered ASP3258 (0.1 and 1 mg/kg), roflumilast (0.1 and 1 mg/kg), and cilomilast (10 mg/kg) significantly suppressed airway hyperresponsiveness caused by OVA exposure. ASP3258's potent inhibition of antigen-induced bronchoconstriction and airway hyperresponsiveness, two characteristic symptoms of bronchial asthma, suggests that this compound will be useful in treating asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Kobayashi
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
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18
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Patel K, Rao N, Gajera V, Bhatt P, Patel K, Gandhi T. Anti-allergic Activity of Stem Bark of Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. (Myricaceae). J Young Pharm 2011; 2:74-8. [PMID: 21331196 PMCID: PMC3035891 DOI: 10.4103/0975-1483.62219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases, such as allergic asthma, are hypersensitivity reactions initiated by immunological mechanisms. Myrica esculenta (M. esculenta) is known traditionally in Ayurveda to possess anti-asthmatic activity. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the effect of crude extract of stem bark of M. esculenta (Family Myricaceae, commonly known as Kaiphal) on experimental allergic reactions. Experimental models studied were allergic pleurisy and vascular permeability induced by acetic acid in mice. Pretreatment with M. esculenta (75 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly inhibited the eosinophil accumulation (P < 0.01) respectively in the pleural cavity. M. esculenta (75 and 150 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly inhibited the rise in plasma exudation (57.12% and 59.77%, P < 0.01) induced by acetic acid in mice. These findings demonstrate that the crude extract from the stem bark of M. esculenta possesses antiallergic activity. This activity may be mediated by reducing the release of mediators such as histamine, inhibition of mast cell degranulation, and inhibition of eosinophil accumulation thereby preventing the release of cytokines and chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kg Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Anand Pharmacy College, Shri Ram Krishna Seva Mandal Campus, Near Town hall, Anand - 388 001, Gujarat, India
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19
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Gibbons A, Padilla-Carlin D, Kelly C, Hickey AJ, Taggart C, McElvaney NG, Cryan SA. The effect of liposome encapsulation on the pharmacokinetics of recombinant secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (rSLPI) therapy after local delivery to a guinea pig asthma model. Pharm Res 2011; 28:2233-45. [PMID: 21647791 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inhaled recombinant Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor (rSLPI) has shown potential for treatment of inflammatory lung conditions. Rapid inactivation of rSLPI by cathepsin L (Cat L) and rapid clearance from the lungs have limited clinical efficacy. Encapsulation of rSLPI within 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-Glycero-3-[Phospho-L-Serine]:Cholesterol liposomes (DOPS-rSLPI) protects rSLPI against Cat L inactivation in vitro. We aimed to determine the effect of liposomes on rSLPI pharmacokinetics and activity in vitro and after local delivery to the airways in vivo. METHODS Transport of DOPS-rSLPI and free-rSLPI across a polarised air-liquid epithelial monolayer was measured. An asthma guinea pig model was administered either DOPS-rSLPI liposomes or free-rSLPI by intratracheal instillation. RESULTS Apparent permeability (P(app)) of free-rSLPI was significantly higher at 4.9 x 10⁻⁶ cm/s than for DOPS-rSLPI, P(app) of 2.05 x 10⁻⁷ cm/s, confirmed by in vivo studies. Plasma rSLPI concentrations were highest in free-rSLPI-treated animals compared with those treated with DOPS-rSLPI; there also appeared to be a trend for higher intracellular rSLPI content in animals dosed with DOPS-rSLPI compared to free-rSLPI. Eosinophil influx was recorded as a measure of inflammation. Pre-dosing with either free-rSLPI or DOPS-rSLPI prevented inflammatory response to antigen challenge to levels comparable to control animals. CONCLUSION Encapsulation of rSLPI in DOPS:Chol liposomes improves stability, reduces clearance and increases residence time in the lungs after local delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Gibbons
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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20
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Kobayashi M, Kubo S, Iwata M, Ohtsu Y, Takahashi K, Shimizu Y. ASP3258, an orally active potent phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor with low emetic activity. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:732-9. [PMID: 21315169 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the pharmacology of a novel phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 inhibitor, ASP3258 (3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-ethyl-7-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridin-3-yl] propanoic acid), comparing its potency with that of the most advanced PDE4 inhibitors, roflumilast and cilomilast. PDE4 inhibition by ASP3258 (IC(50)=0.28nM) was as potent as that achieved with roflumilast. ASP3258 inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production in rat whole blood cells (IC(50)=8.8 nM) and rat alveolar macrophages (IC(50)=2.6 nM). Orally administered ASP3258, roflumilast, and cilomilast dose-dependently inhibited production of interleukin-4, TNF-α, and cysteinyl leukotrienes, as well as leukocyte infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from the airways of ovalbumin-sensitized Brown Norway rats, and these compounds showed almost complete inhibition at doses of 3, 3, and 30 mg/kg, respectively. PDE4 inhibitors induce emesis by mimicking the pharmacological action of α(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist. However, orally administered roflumilast (3mg/kg) and cilomilast (10mg/kg), but not ASP3258 (3mg/kg), inhibited α(2)-adrenoceptor agonist-induced anesthesia in rats and induced emesis in ferrets. Although ASP3258 (3mg/kg) inhibited airway inflammation completely, it had no emetic activity. As such, this compound may be useful in treating airway inflammatory diseases such as asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Kobayashi
- Pharmacology Research Labs, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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21
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Bartoszewski R, Rab A, Fu L, Bartoszewska S, Collawn J, Bebok Z. CFTR expression regulation by the unfolded protein response. Methods Enzymol 2011; 491:3-24. [PMID: 21329791 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385928-0.00001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a chloride channel and key regulator of epithelial functions. Mutations in the CFTR gene lead to reduced or dysfunctional CFTR protein and cause cystic fibrosis (CF), a generalized exocrinopathy affecting multiple organs. In the airways, loss of CFTR function leads to thickened mucus, reduced mucociliary clearance, chronic infections, and respiratory failure. Common airway disorders such as bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) also present CF-like symptoms such as mucus congestion and chronic inflammation without mutations in CFTR. The primary risk factors for COPD and chronic bronchitis include environmental stress insults such as pollutants and infections that often result in hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, environmental factors such as cigarette smoke and reactive oxygen species have been implicated in reduced CFTR function. Activation of cellular stress responses by these factors promotes differential, stress-associated gene expression regulation. During our investigations on the mechanisms of CFTR expression regulation, we have shown that the ER stress response, the unfolded protein response (UPR), decreases CFTR expression at the transcriptional, translational, and maturational levels. Here, we provide a detailed description of the methods we employ to study CFTR expression regulation by the UPR. Similar approaches are applicable in studies on other genes and how they are affected by the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Bartoszewski
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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22
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Shim YM, Paige M, Hanna H, Kim SH, Burdick MD, Strieter RM. Role of LTB₄ in the pathogenesis of elastase-induced murine pulmonary emphysema. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 299:L749-59. [PMID: 20817777 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00116.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exaggerated levels of the leukotriene B₄ (LTB₄) frequently coexist at sites of inflammation and tissue remodeling. Therefore, we hypothesize that the LTB₄ pathway plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neutrophilic inflammation that contributes to pulmonary emphysema. In this study, significant levels of LTB₄ were detected in human lung tissues with emphysema compared with lungs without emphysema (9,497 ± 2,839 vs. 4,142 ± 1,173 pg/ml, n = 9 vs. 10, P = 0.04). To further determine the biological role of LTB₄ in the pathogenesis of emphysema, we compared the lungs of wild-type (WT) and LTA₄ hydrolase-/- mice (LTB₄ deficient, LTA₄H-/-) exposed to intranasal elastase or vehicle control. We found that intranasal elastase induced accumulation of LTB₄ in the lungs and caused progressively worsening emphysema between 14 and 28 days after elastase exposure in WT mice but not in LTA₄H-/- mice. Premortem physiology documented increased lung compliance in elastase-exposed WT mice compared with elastase-exposed LTA₄H-/- mice as measured by Flexivent (0.058 ± 0.005 vs. 0.041 ± 0.002 ml/cmH₂O pressure). Postmortem morphometry documented increased total lung volume and alveolar sizes in elastase-exposed WT mice compared with elastase-exposed LTA₄H-/- mice as measured by volume displacement and alveolar chord length assessment. Furthermore, elastase-exposed LTA₄H-/- mice were found to have significantly delayed influx of the CD45(high)CD11b(high)Ly6G(high) leukocytes compatible with neutrophils compared with elastase-exposed WT mice. Mechanistic insights to these phenotypes were provided by demonstrating protection from elastase-induced murine emphysema with neutrophil depletion in the elastase-exposed WT mice and by demonstrating time-dependent modulation of cysteinyl leukotriene biosynthesis in the elastase-exposed LTA₄H-/- mice compared with elastase-exposed WT mice. Together, these findings demonstrated that LTB₄ played an important role in promoting the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema associated with neutrophilic pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Michael Shim
- Dept. of Medicine, Univ. of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22908-0546, USA.
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23
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Kim MH, Lee K, Kim KU, Park HK, Jeon DS, Kim YS, Lee MK, Park SK. Risk Factors Associated with Frequent Hospital Readmissions for Exacerbation of COPD. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2010. [DOI: 10.4046/trd.2010.69.4.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Kwangha Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Ki Uk Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Doo Soo Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Yun Seong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Min Ki Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Soon Kew Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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24
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Abstract
Asthma and COPD are complex diseases with strong genetic and environmental components. These common pulmonary diseases have both different and similar clinical features. Molecular genetic techniques are being used to improve understanding of these common late onset disorders. Recently, several genes and genetic loci associated with increased susceptibility to asthma and COPD have been described. Many of these genes are expressed in the lung tissues, indicating that events in lung tissues might drive disease processes. Lung tissues are rich sources of innate danger signals, and an increased understanding of how the lung tissues communicate with the immune system to maintain healthy tissue might provide new insights into the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory lung diseases in which injury and repair are in disequilibrium. Given that the innate immune system is at the interface between the airways and environmental insults, genetic polymorphisms in genes related to the innate immune system are likely to affect susceptibility to both asthma and COPD. In addition, some findings from genetic studies provide molecular support for the point of view proposed in the Dutch hypothesis regarding the relationship between asthma and COPD, which highlights the complexity of the pathways that can induce small airway disease and suggests that there is a continuum between asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hizawa
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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25
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Vieira RP, de Andrade VF, Duarte ACS, Dos Santos ABG, Mauad T, Martins MA, Dolhnikoff M, Carvalho CRF. Aerobic conditioning and allergic pulmonary inflammation in mice. II. Effects on lung vascular and parenchymal inflammation and remodeling. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 295:L670-9. [PMID: 18757522 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00465.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that asthma leads to inflammation and remodeling not only in the airways but also in pulmonary vessels and parenchyma. In addition, some studies demonstrated that aerobic training decreases chronic allergic inflammation in the airways; however, its effects on the pulmonary vessels and parenchyma have not been previously evaluated. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that aerobic conditioning reduces inflammation and remodeling in pulmonary vessels and parenchyma in a model of chronic allergic lung inflammation. Balb/c mice were sensitized at days 0, 14, 28, and 42 and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) from day 21 to day 50. Aerobic training started on day 21 and continued until day 50. Pulmonary vessel and parenchyma inflammation and remodeling were evaluated by quantitative analysis of eosinophils and mononuclear cells and by collagen and elastin contents and smooth muscle thickness. Immunohistochemistry was performed to quantify the density of positive cells to interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, interferon-gamma, IL-10, monocyte chemotatic protein (MCP)-1, nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB p65, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I. OVA exposure induced pulmonary blood vessels and parenchyma inflammation as well as increased expression of IL-4, IL-5, MCP-1, NF-kappaB p65, and IGF-I by inflammatory cells were reduced by aerobic conditioning. OVA exposure also induced an increase in smooth muscle thickness and elastic and collagen contents in pulmonary vessels, which were reduced by aerobic conditioning. Aerobic conditioning increased the expression of IL-10 in sensitized mice. We conclude that aerobic conditioning decreases pulmonary vascular and parenchymal inflammation and remodeling in this experimental model of chronic allergic lung inflammation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo P Vieira
- School of Medicine, Univesity of São Paulo, 01246-903, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Planagumà A, Kazani S, Marigowda G, Haworth O, Mariani TJ, Israel E, Bleecker ER, Curran-Everett D, Erzurum SC, Calhoun WJ, Castro M, Chung KF, Gaston B, Jarjour NN, Busse WW, Wenzel SE, Levy BD. Airway lipoxin A4 generation and lipoxin A4 receptor expression are decreased in severe asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178:574-82. [PMID: 18583575 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200801-061oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Airway inflammation is common in severe asthma despite antiinflammatory therapy with corticosteroids. Lipoxin A(4) (LXA(4)) is an arachidonic acid-derived mediator that serves as an agonist for resolution of inflammation. OBJECTIVES Airway levels of LXA(4), as well as the expression of lipoxin biosynthetic genes and receptors, in severe asthma. METHODS Samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were obtained from subjects with asthma and levels of LXA(4) and related eicosanoids were measured. Expression of lipoxin biosynthetic genes was determined in whole blood, bronchoalveolar lavage cells, and endobronchial biopsies by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and leukocyte LXA(4) receptors were monitored by flow cytometry. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Individuals with severe asthma had significantly less LXA(4) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (11.2 +/- 2.1 pg/ml) than did subjects with nonsevere asthma (150.1 +/- 38.5 pg/ml; P < 0.05). In contrast, levels of cysteinyl leukotrienes were increased in both asthma cohorts compared with healthy individuals. In severe asthma, 15-lipoxygenase-1 mean expression was decreased fivefold in bronchoalveolar lavage cells. In contrast, 15-lipoxgenase-1 was increased threefold in endobronchial biopsies, but expression of both 5-lipoxygenase and 15-lipoxygenase-2 in these samples was decreased. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression was decreased in all anatomic compartments sampled in severe asthma. Moreover, LXA(4) receptor gene and protein expression were significantly decreased in severe asthma peripheral blood granulocytes. CONCLUSIONS Mechanisms underlying pathological airway responses in severe asthma include lipoxin underproduction with decreased expression of lipoxin biosynthetic enzymes and receptors. Together, these results indicate that severe asthma is characterized, in part, by defective lipoxin counterregulatory signaling circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Planagumà
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Hizawa N, Kawaguchi M, Huang SK, Nishimura M. Role of interleukin-17F in chronic inflammatory and allergic lung disease. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 36:1109-14. [PMID: 16961709 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
IL-17 family members belong to a distinct category of cytokines that coordinate local tissue inflammation by inducing the release of pro-inflammatory and neutrophil-mobilizing cytokines. The importance of the IL-17 family in inflammatory and autoimmune disease is becoming increasingly apparent. IL-17F is a recently discovered member of the IL-17 family that has a number of biological activities through induction of various cytokines, chemokines, and mediators. IL-17A, the founding member of the IL-17 family, and IL-17F are produced by several inflammatory cells, including activated T cells, in response to infectious and antigenic stimuli. Overexpression of IL-17A or IL-17F in the lungs results in induction of CXC chemokines and neutrophil recruitment. In a case-control study of 1125 unrelated Japanese subjects, a His161 to Arg161 (H161R) substitution in the third exon of the IL17F gene was shown to be associated with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Functionally, this variant failed to induce cytokines and chemokines, and interestingly, was able to antagonize the activity of wild-type IL-17F. These results provide an experimental basis for the observed genetic association with chronic inflammatory lung diseases, and also suggest the potential therapeutic utility of this antagonistic variant of IL-17F. Given that asthma and COPD are complex diseases involving a number of genetic and environmental factors, the genetic impact of IL-17F H161R with regard to the development of chronic airway inflammation likely varies among individuals with different genetic backgrounds and environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hizawa
- First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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Quintana HK, Cannet C, Zurbruegg S, Blé FX, Fozard JR, Page CP, Beckmann N. Proton MRI as a noninvasive tool to assess elastase-induced lung damage in spontaneously breathing rats. Magn Reson Med 2007; 56:1242-50. [PMID: 17029230 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Elastase-induced changes in lung morphology and function were detected in spontaneously breathing rats using conventional proton MRI at 4.7 T. A single dose of porcine pancreatic elastase (75 U/100 g body weight) or vehicle (saline) was administered intratracheally (i.t.) to male Brown Norway (BN) rats. MRI fluid signals were detected in the lungs 24 hr after administration of elastase and resolved within 2 weeks. These results correlated with perivascular edema and cellular infiltration observed histologically. Reductions in MRI signal intensity of the lung parenchyma, and increases in lung volume were detected as early as 2 weeks following elastase administration and remained uniform throughout the study, which lasted 8 weeks. Observations were consistent with air trapping resulting from emphysema detected histologically. In a separate experiment, animals were treated daily intraperitoneally (i.p.) with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA; 500 microg/kg body weight) or its vehicle (triglyceride oil) starting on day 21 after elastase administration and continuing for 12 days. Under these conditions, ATRA did not elicit a reversal of elastase-induced lung damage as measured by MRI and histology. The present approach complements other validated applications of proton MRI in experimental lung research as a method for assessing drugs in rat models of respiratory diseases.
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Jackson AS, Sandrini A, Campbell C, Chow S, Thomas PS, Yates DH. Comparison of biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate and bronchoalveolar lavage. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 175:222-7. [PMID: 17110649 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200601-107oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is increasingly studied as a noninvasive research method of sampling the lungs, measuring several biomarkers. The exact site of origin of substances measured in EBC is unknown, as is the clinical applicability of the technique. Special techniques might be needed to measure EBC biomarkers. OBJECTIVES To assess biomarker concentrations in clinical disease and investigate the site of origin of EBC, we compared EBC and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) biomarkers in 49 patients undergoing bronchoscopy for clinical indications. MEASUREMENTS We measured exhaled nitric oxide, 8-isoprostane, hydrogen peroxide, total nitrogen oxides, pH, total protein, and phospholipid (n = 33) and keratin (n = 15) to assess alveolar and mucinous compartments, respectively. EBC was collected over 10 min using a refrigerated condenser according to European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society recommendations, and BAL performed immediately thereafter. RESULTS 8-Isoprostane, nitrogen oxides, and pH were significantly higher in EBC than in BAL (3.845 vs. 0.027 ng/ml, 28.4 vs. 3.8 microM, and 7.35 vs. 6.4, respectively; p < 0.001). Hydrogen peroxide showed no difference between EBC and BAL (17.5 vs. 20.6 microM, p = not significant), whereas protein was significantly higher in BAL (33.8 vs. 183.2 microg/ml, p < 0.001). Total phospholipid was also higher in EBC, but keratin showed no difference. No significant correlation was found between EBC and BAL for any of the biomarkers evaluated either before or after correction for dilution. CONCLUSIONS In clinical disease, markers of inflammation and oxidative stress are easily measurable in EBC using standard laboratory techniques and EBC is readily obtained. However, EBC and BAL markers do not correlate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S Jackson
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
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Daviskas E, Anderson SD. Hyperosmolar agents and clearance of mucus in the diseased airway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 19:100-9. [PMID: 16551221 DOI: 10.1089/jam.2006.19.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Clearance of mucus is an important function of the airways to maintain hygiene. In disease, persistent inflammation leads to excessive production of mucus, with high viscoelasticity and adhesivity, which is not easily transported by cilia or cough interactions. Accumulated mucus in the airways can lead to airway obstruction, bacterial colonisation, and recurrent infections, resulting in poor quality of life and increased morbidity and mortality. Hyperosmolar agents have the potential to alter the physical properties of mucus and facilitate its clearance by increasing the water in the airway lumen and by reducing the entanglements of the mucin network. Clinical studies using radioaerosols, and imaging with a gamma camera, have demonstrated that hypertonic saline (HS; 3-14.4%) and mannitol (300-400 mg) increase clearance of mucus acutely in patients with mild asthma, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis (CF). Further, in sputum studies, a reduction in the viscoelastic properties, surface tension and spinnability and an increase in the hydration of mucus have been measured in response to HS, mannitol, and other sugars. Inhalation of mannitol (400 mg) twice daily over 2 weeks improved the quality of life significantly in patients with bronchiectasis. Inhalation of 7% HS, four times daily, over 2 weeks improved significantly the baseline mucus clearance rate and lung function in CF patients. In addition, inhalation of 7% HS twice daily over 12 months showed similar results to the short-term studies without a change in the bacterial load in CF patients. Further studies of the long-term clinical effect of hyperosmolar agents are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Daviskas
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Abstract
We investigated the effects of 5,6-dichloro-1-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one(DCEBIO) on the Cl- secretory response of the mouse jejunum using the Ussing short-circuit current (Isc) technique. DCEBIO stimulated a concentration-dependent, sustained increase in Isc (EC50 41 +/- 1 microM). Pretreating tissues with 0.25 microM forskolin reduced the concentration-dependent increase in Isc by DCEBIO and increased the EC50 (53 +/- 5 microM). Bumetanide blocked (82 +/- 5%) the DCEBIO-stimulated Isc consistent with Cl- secretion. DCEBIO was a more potent stimulator of Cl- secretion than its parent molecule, 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone. Glibenclamide or NPPB reduced the DCEBIO-stimulated Isc by >80% indicating the participation of CFTR in the DCEBIO-stimulated Isc response. Clotrimazole reduced DCEBIO-stimulated Isc by 67 +/- 15%, suggesting the participation of the intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel (IKCa) in the DCEBIO-activated Isc response. In the presence of maximum forskolin (10 microM), the DCEBIO response was reduced and biphasic, reaching a peak response of the change in Isc of 43 +/- 5 microA/cm2 and then falling to a steady-state response of 17 +/- 10 microA/cm2 compared with DCEBIO control tissues (61 +/- 6 microA/cm2). The forskolin-stimulated Isc in the presence of DCEBIO was reduced compared with forskolin control tissues. Similar results were observed with DCEBIO and 8-BrcAMP where adenylate cyclase was bypassed. H89, a PKA inhibitor, reduced the DCEBIO-activated Isc, providing evidence that DCEBIO increased Cl- secretion via a cAMP/PKA-dependent manner. These data suggest that DCEBIO stimulates Cl- secretion of the mouse jejunum and that DCEBIO targets components of the Cl- secretory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk L Hamilton
- Dept. of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Univ. of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Singh B, Shinagawa K, Taube C, Gelfand EW, Pabst R. Strain-specific differences in perivascular inflammation in lungs in two murine models of allergic airway inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 141:223-9. [PMID: 15996186 PMCID: PMC1809429 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Histological data show perivascular recruitment of inflammatory cells in lung inflammation. However, the process of perivascular inflammation is yet-to-be characterized in any systematic manner at cell and molecular levels. Therefore, we investigated impact of genetic background on perivascular inflammation in acute or chronic airway inflammation in different strains of mice. Further, to address molecular mechanisms of perivascular inflammation, we examined immunohistochemical expression of vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) in chronic airway inflammation. Histological scoring revealed time and strain specific differences in perivascular recruitment of inflammatory cells in chronic and acute airway inflammation (P < 0.05). The data show that A/J strain is significantly more susceptible for perivascular inflammation followed by BALB/c and C57BL/6, while C3H/HeJ strain showed no perivascular accumulation of inflammatory cells. Of the two strains examined for perivascular inflammation in acute airway inflammation, BALB/c showed more accumulation of inflammatory cells compared to C57BL/c. VAP-1 expression occurred in the endothelium of pulmonary arteries but not in alveolar septa or airways in the control as well as challenged mice. In the inflamed lungs from A/J mice, the VAP-1 staining in pulmonary arteries was more intense compared to the other strains. VAP-1 staining was generally observed throughout the pulmonary arterial wall in chronic lung inflammation. These data show that periarterial inflammation is influenced by the genetic background, and may be partially regulated by VAP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Singh
- Department Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Immunology Research Group, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
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Thatcher TH, McHugh NA, Egan RW, Chapman RW, Hey JA, Turner CK, Redonnet MR, Seweryniak KE, Sime PJ, Phipps RP. Role of CXCR2 in cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 289:L322-8. [PMID: 15833762 PMCID: PMC2491909 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00039.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that the destruction of lung tissue observed in smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema is mediated by neutrophils recruited to the lungs by smoke exposure. This study investigated the role of the chemokine receptor CXCR2 in mediating neutrophilic inflammation in the lungs of mice acutely exposed to cigarette smoke. Exposure to dilute mainstream cigarette smoke for 1 h, twice per day for 3 days, induced acute inflammation in the lungs of C57BL/6 mice, with increased neutrophils and the neutrophil chemotactic CXC chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 and KC. Treatment with SCH-N, an orally active small molecule inhibitor of CXCR2, reduced the influx of neutrophils into the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Histological changes were seen, with drug treatment reducing perivascular inflammation and the number of tissue neutrophils. beta-Glucuronidase activity was reduced in the BAL fluid of mice treated with SCH-N, indicating that the reduction in neutrophils was associated with a reduction in tissue damaging enzymes. Interestingly, whereas MIP-2 and KC were significantly elevated in the BAL fluid of smoke exposed mice, they were further elevated in mice exposed to smoke and treated with drug. The increase in MIP-2 and KC with drug treatment may be due to the decrease in lung neutrophils that either are not present to bind these chemokines or fail to provide a feedback signal to other cells producing these chemokines. Overall, these results demonstrate that inhibiting CXCR2 reduces neutrophilic inflammation and associated lung tissue damage due to acute cigarette smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Thatcher
- Department of Medicine, Univ. of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Lung Biology and Disease Program, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box 850, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Busse WW, Wanner A, Adams K, Reynolds HY, Castro M, Chowdhury B, Kraft M, Levine RJ, Peters SP, Sullivan EJ. Investigative bronchoprovocation and bronchoscopy in airway diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:807-16. [PMID: 16020805 PMCID: PMC2718402 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200407-966ws] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Basic and clinical research strategies used for many lung diseases have depended on volunteer subjects undergoing bronchoscopy to establish access to the airways to collect biological specimens and tissue, perhaps with added bronchoprovocation in asthma syndromes. These procedures have yielded a wealth of important scientific information. Since the last critical review more than a decade ago, some of the techniques and applications have changed, and untoward events have occurred, raising safety concerns and increasing institutional review scrutiny. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS To reappraise these investigational methods in the context of current knowledge, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health convened a working group to review these procedures used for airway disease research, emphasizing asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. MAIN RESULTS The group reaffirmed the scientific importance of investigative bronchoscopy and bronchoprovocation, even as less invasive technologies evolve. The group also considered the safety of bronchoscopy and bronchoprovocation with methacholine and antigen to be acceptable for volunteer subjects and patients, but stressed the need to monitor this closely and to emphasize proper training of participating medical research personnel. Issues were raised about vulnerable volunteers, especially children who need surrogates for informed consent. CONCLUSION This review of investigative bronchoscopy and bronchoprovocation could serve as the basis for future guidelines for the use of these procedures in the United States.
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Scichilone N, Bruno A, Marchese R, Vignola AM, Togias A, Bellia V. Association between reduced bronchodilatory effect of deep inspiration and loss of alveolar attachments. Respir Res 2005; 6:55. [PMID: 15943872 PMCID: PMC1180475 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-6-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that the bronchodilatory effect of deep inspiration is attenuated in individuals with COPD. This study was designed to investigate whether the impairment in this effect is associated with loss of alveolar attachments. METHODS We measured deep inspiration (DI)-induced bronchodilation in 15 individuals with and without COPD (67 +/- 2.2 yrs of age, mean +/- SEM) undergoing lobar resection for peripheral pulmonary nodule. Prior to surgery, we measured TLCO and determined the bronchodilatory effect of deep inspiration after constricting the airways with methacholine. The number of destroyed alveolar attachments, as well as airway wall area and airway smooth muscle area, were determined in tumor-free, peripheral lung tissue. RESULTS The bronchodilatory effect of deep inspiration correlated inversely with the % destroyed attachments (r = -0.51, p = 0.05) and directly with the airway smooth muscle area (r = 0.59, p = 0.03), but not with the total wall area (r = 0.39, p = 0.15). CONCLUSION We postulate that attenuation of airway stretch due to loss of alveolar attachments contributes to the loss of the bronchodilatory effect of lung inflation in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Scichilone
- Istituto di Medicina Generale e Pneumologia, Cattedra di Malattie dell'Apparato Respiratorio, Università di Palermo, via Trabucco 180, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Andreina Bruno
- Istituto di Biomedicina ed Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Marchese
- Istituto di Medicina Generale e Pneumologia, Cattedra di Malattie dell'Apparato Respiratorio, Università di Palermo, via Trabucco 180, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Maurizio Vignola
- Istituto di Medicina Generale e Pneumologia, Cattedra di Malattie dell'Apparato Respiratorio, Università di Palermo, via Trabucco 180, 90146 Palermo, Italy
- Istituto di Biomedicina ed Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alkis Togias
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, and Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle 21224, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vincenzo Bellia
- Istituto di Medicina Generale e Pneumologia, Cattedra di Malattie dell'Apparato Respiratorio, Università di Palermo, via Trabucco 180, 90146 Palermo, Italy
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Wang Q, Bourbeau J. Outcomes and health-related quality of life following hospitalization for an acute exacerbation of COPD. Respirology 2005; 10:334-40. [PMID: 15955146 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2005.00718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to understand the outcomes for patients admitted to hospital for an acute exacerbation of COPD, and to determine the factors influencing quality of life and health service utilization of patients with COPD. METHODOLOGY Hospital outcomes of 282 patients with moderate and severe COPD, for an acute exacerbation, were retrospectively evaluated. After 24 months of follow up, health-related quality of life (QoL) and health service utilization (emergency room (ER) visit and readmission) in 54 patients admitted previously, were surveyed by questionnaires. RESULTS Of 282 COPD patients admitted for an acute exacerbation, 28 patients (9.9%) died during hospitalization, 241 patients (85.5%) were discharged home, and only 13 patients (4.6%) needed long-term care facilities. Although over 50% of the patients had survived over 2 years after discharge, their QoL was poor. Patients who frequently went to the ER or were admitted, were those with poor QoL, severe dyspnoea and frequent exacerbation. COPD exacerbation and dyspnoea were the main factors influencing QoL of the patients. Age, comorbidity, QoL, FEV1, frequency of COPD exacerbation, long-term oxygen therapy, and family doctor were the factors determining the likelihood of patients visiting the ER. Frequency of COPD exacerbation, family doctor and living alone were the factors determining which patients were likely to be admitted to hospital. CONCLUSION The outcomes and QoL of patients admitted for an acute exacerbation of COPD were poor. The major factors influencing QoL were frequency of COPD exacerbation and severity of dyspnoea. Improvement of social and medical networks (e.g. reducing the number of patients living alone and providing family doctors for patients) may reduce health care service utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Wang
- Respiratory Epidemiology Unit, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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Basyigit I, Yildiz F, Kacar Ozkara S, Boyaci H, Ilgazli A, Ozkarakas O. Effects of different anti-asthmatic agents on induced sputum and eosinophil cationic protein in mild asthmatics. Respirology 2005; 9:514-20. [PMID: 15612964 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2004.00631.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Inhaled corticosteroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists, and theophylline are recommended for the treatment of mild persistent asthma. The aim of this study was to compare the changes in sputum total cell and eosinophil counts, and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) levels in serum and sputum following treatment with leukotriene receptor antagonists, inhaled corticosteroids, and theophylline in patients with mild persistent asthma. METHODOLOGY Total cell counts, eosinophil percentage, and ECP levels in induced sputum and serum were determined both before and after treatment. Prior to sputum induction, FEV1 and PEF values and symptom scores were recorded at baseline and after 8 weeks of treatment. After baseline measurements, the asthmatic patients (n = 30) were randomized into three groups. A total of 10 patients were treated with zafirlukast, 20 mg bd, 10 with budesonide inhaler 200 microg bd, and 10 with theophylline 200 mg bd. RESULTS There were significant decreases in sputum total cell counts and eosinophil percentage in all treatment groups. However, the decrease in sputum eosinophil counts was more significant in the corticosteroid-treated group. Although sputum ECP levels decreased significantly in the groups treated with zafirlukast and budesonide (zafirlukast group, 580-135 microg/L, P < 0.01; budesonide group, 683-268 microg/L, P < 0.01), the decrease was not statistically significant in the theophylline-treated group (498-361 microg/L, P > 0.05). In contrast, there were no significant changes in serum ECP levels in any of the treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS All three treatments resulted in significant decreases in sputum total cell counts and eosinophil percentage, but the decrease in sputum ECP level was only seen in the groups treated with budesonide and zafirlukast. These results suggest that although all three treatments are considered as first-line treatments in most consensuses, theophylline seems to have less of an inhibitory effect on eosinophil activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilknur Basyigit
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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Blackburn MR, Kellems RE. Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency: Metabolic Basis of Immune Deficiency and Pulmonary Inflammation. Adv Immunol 2005; 86:1-41. [PMID: 15705418 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(04)86001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Genetic deficiencies in the purine catabolic enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) in humans results primarily in a severe lymphopenia and immunodeficiency that can lead to the death of affected individuals early in life. The metabolic basis of the immunodeficiency is likely related to the sensitivity of lymphocytes to the accumulation of the ADA substrates adenosine and 2'-deoxyadenosine. Investigations using ADA-deficient mice have provided compelling evidence to support the hypothesis that T and B cells are sensitive to increased concentrations of 2'-deoxyadenosine that kill cells through mechanisms that involve the accumulation of dATP and the induction of apoptosis. In addition to effects on the developing immune system, ADA-deficient humans exhibit phenotypes in other physiological systems including the renal, neural, skeletal, and pulmonary systems. ADA-deficient mice develop similar abnormalities that are dependent on the accumulation of adenosine and 2'-deoxyadenosine. Detailed analysis of the pulmonary insufficiency seen in ADA-deficient mice suggests that the accumulation of adenosine in the lung can directly access cellular signaling pathways that lead to the development and exacerbation of chronic lung disease. The ability of adenosine to regulate aspects of chronic lung disease is likely mediated by specific interactions with adenosine receptor subtypes on key regulatory cells. Thus, the examination of ADA deficiency has identified the importance of purinergic signaling during lymphoid development and in the regulation of aspects of chronic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Blackburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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Ouagued M, Martin-Chouly CAE, Brinchault G, Leportier-Comoy C, Depincé A, Bertrand C, Lagente V, Belleguic C, Pruniaux MP. The novel phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, CI-1044, inhibits LPS-induced TNF-alpha production in whole blood from COPD patients. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2004; 18:49-54. [PMID: 15607127 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2004.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2004] [Revised: 07/27/2004] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common, progressive respiratory disease that causes great morbidity and mortality despite treatment. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a central role as a pro-inflammatory cytokine in COPD. TNF-alpha release is markedly inhibited by phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) inhibitors that have proven efficacious in COPD clinical trials. The aim of this study was to compare the in vitro activities of the novel selective PDE4 inhibitors CI-1044 compared to well-known PDE4 inhibitors, rolipram and cilomilast, and to the glucocorticoid dexamethasone at reducing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF-alpha release in whole blood from COPD patients and healthy subjects. In the whole blood from COPD patients pre-incubation with PDE4 inhibitors or dexamethasone resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha release with IC(50) values of 1.3+/-0.7, 2.8+/-0.9 microM, higher to 10 microM and lesser than 0.03 microM for CI-1044, rolipram, cilomilast and dexamethasone, respectively. We observed a similar inhibition in the whole blood from healthy volunteers with, however, higher IC(50) values. These results indicate that CI-1044 inhibits in vitro LPS-induced TNF-alpha release in whole blood from COPD patients better than rolipram and cilomilast and suggested that it could be a useful anti-inflammatory therapy in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ouagued
- PFIZER Global Research and Development, Fresnes Laboratories, Fresnes, France
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Olker C, Siese A, Stumpf S, Müller B, Gemsa D, Garn H. Impaired superoxide radical production by bronchoalveolar lavage cells from NO(2)-exposed rats. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:977-87. [PMID: 15336314 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2004] [Revised: 05/17/2004] [Accepted: 06/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Production of superoxide radicals is a central property of professional phagocytes used to combat invading microorganisms. Even though the number of macrophages and neutrophils is often increased in the lungs of patients with chronic lung diseases, these patients frequently suffer from bacterially induced exacerbations. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we investigated the production of superoxide radicals by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells in a rat NO(2) exposure model (10 ppm NO(2) for 1, 3, or 20 days). We showed that cells from NO(2)-exposed animals display a significantly impaired superoxide radical release after zymosan stimulation. The use of specific inhibitors (antimycin or diphenyleneiodonium [DPI]) revealed that the major enzyme systems, NADPH oxidase and complex III of the respiratory chain, are affected. In addition, we investigated gene expression and enzyme activities of antioxidant enzymes. mRNA expression was significantly enhanced for glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-3 and CuZn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) in BAL cells from animals exposed 3 and 20 days, and GPx and SOD enzyme activities were increased in BAL cells from rats exposed 20 days. In conclusion, concomitant occurrence of reduced production and increased scavenging of superoxide radicals resulted in the drastically impaired release of these radicals from BAL cells of NO(2)-exposed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Olker
- Institute of Immunology, Philipps University of Marburg, Germany
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Scichilone N, Marchese R, Catalano F, Vignola AM, Togias A, Bellia V. Bronchodilatory Effect of Deep Inspiration Is Absent in Subjects With Mild COPD. Chest 2004; 125:2029-35. [PMID: 15189918 DOI: 10.1378/chest.125.6.2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To investigate whether the bronchodilatory effect of deep inspiration is impaired in subjects with COPD. METHODS We measured deep inspiration-induced bronchodilation in 19 patients with COPD and 17 healthy subjects (mean age, 67.8 +/- 7.1 years vs 62.5 +/- 9.3 years, respectively [+/- SEM]). Each subject underwent a series of single-dose methacholine provocations to induce at least a 15% reduction in inspiratory vital capacity (IVC). When this was achieved, subjects were asked to perform four consecutive deep inspirations, after which the IVC measurement was repeated and the percentage of bronchodilation by deep inspiration was calculated. RESULTS The percentage of reduction in IVC from baseline prior to the deep inspirations did not differ between the two groups (COPD, 20.1 +/- 1.6%; healthy, 22.7 +/- 2.4%; p = 0.38); median single methacholine doses employed were 20 mg/mL (range, 0.025 to 75 mg/mL) and 25 mg/mL (range, 10 to 75 mg/mL), respectively (p = 0.19). Deep inspirations were not able to reverse bronchoconstriction in patients with COPD (bronchodilation, 3.9 +/- 2.6%; p = 0.15 by one-sample t test). Bronchodilation by deep inspiration was present in healthy subjects (13.7 +/- 3.0%, p = 0.0003), and was significantly higher than that of patient with COPD (p = 0.02). In patients with COPD, deep inspiration-induced bronchodilation correlated with the percentage of predicted transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide (r = 0.53, p = 0.05), but not with airway obstruction, as assessed by FEV(1) or FEV(1)/FVC. CONCLUSIONS The bronchodilatory ability of deep inspiration is lost in mild COPD. We speculate that the absence of deep inspiration-induced bronchodilation contributes to the development and severity of chronic respiratory symptoms in patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Scichilone
- Istituto di Medicina Generale e Pneumologia, Cattedra di Malattie dell'Apparato Respiratorio, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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Koechlin C, Couillard A, Simar D, Cristol JP, Bellet H, Hayot M, Prefaut C. Does Oxidative Stress Alter Quadriceps Endurance in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169:1022-7. [PMID: 15001462 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200310-1465oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of exercise-induced oxidative stress in the reduced quadriceps endurance of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients has never been shown. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, and crossover study in which nine severe patients performed localized dynamic quadriceps endurance tests at 40% of maximal strength after oral treatment with the antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and placebo. Venous blood was sampled before, immediately after exercise, and 6 hours later. Endurance time improved by 25% after NAC treatment compared with placebo (p < 0.05). Superoxide anion (oxidant) release by stimulated phagocytes decreased after treatment (p < 0.05). No change in the antioxidant system was observed. Lipid peroxidation, an index of oxidative stress, was significantly increased 6 hours after exercise in the placebo condition (p < 0.05) but not after treatment. Advanced oxidized protein products, another index of oxidative stress, were also increased 6 hours after exercise by 139 +/- 27% in the placebo condition but only by 54 +/- 19% after treatment (p < 0.05). This study shows that NAC treatment in COPD reduced basal disturbance in the prooxidant system, improved endurance time, and prevented exercise-induced oxidative stress. Oxidative stress thus seems to be implicated in the reduced quadriceps endurance of patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Koechlin
- Laboratoire de Physiologie des Interactions, Service Central de Physiologie Clinique, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Robbins CS, Dawe DE, Goncharova SI, Pouladi MA, Drannik AG, Swirski FK, Cox G, Stämpfli MR. Cigarette smoke decreases pulmonary dendritic cells and impacts antiviral immune responsiveness. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 30:202-11. [PMID: 12920055 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2003-0259oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the impact of cigarette smoke exposure on respiratory immune defense mechanisms. Mice were exposed to two cigarettes daily, 5 d/wk, for 2-4 mo. Tobacco smoke decreased the number of dendritic cells (DCs) in the lung tissue. Furthermore, smoke exposure dramatically reduced the percentage of B7.1-expressing DCs. Because DCs are believed to be indispensable to the initiation of adaptive immune responses, we investigated the impact of cigarette smoke on immune responsiveness toward adenovirus. Mice were exposed to two cigarettes for 2-4 mo and inoculated with 2 x 10(8) pfu of a replication-deficient adenovirus on three occasions, 2 wk apart, during the last month of tobacco smoke exposure. Smoke exposure specifically prevented the expansion and maximal activation of CD4 T cells and reduced the number of both activated CD4 and CD8 T cells. Consequently, smoke exposure shifted the activated CD4:CD8 T cell ratio from 3 to 1.5 when compared with sham exposure. Significant decreases were also observed in serum adenovirus-specific pan IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a immunoglobulin levels, which was associated with diminished viral neutralization capacity. We demonstrate that chronic tobacco smoke exposure impairs the immune response against adenovirus. This may, in part, explain the increased prevalence of viral infections in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton S Robbins
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Gene Therapeutics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5 Canada
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Rodríguez González-Moro JM, de Lucas Ramos P. EPOC: no sólo importa la vía aérea. Med Clin (Barc) 2004; 122:535-6. [PMID: 15117646 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(04)74297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Watanabe J, Miyazaki Y, Zimmerman GA, Albertine KH, McIntyre TM. Endotoxin contamination of ovalbumin suppresses murine immunologic responses and development of airway hyper-reactivity. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:42361-8. [PMID: 12909619 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m307752200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The reversible airway hyper-reactivity (AHR) of asthma is modeled by sensitizing and challenging mice with aerosolized ovalbumin. However, the C57BL/6 murine strain does not display the large increase in circulating IgG and IgE antibodies found in human atopy and asthma. We found that commercial ovalbumin was contaminated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in amounts sufficient to fully activate endothelial cells in an in vitro assay of the first step of inflammation. Desensitization of TLR4 by LPS pretreatment suppressed the inflammatory effect of ovalbumin. The presence of LPS was occult, because it does not require serum presentation and, like the LPS of Salmonella minnesota, was not suppressed by polymyxin B. Purified ovalbumin did not activate endothelial cells in vitro; however, endotoxin-free ovalbumin was far more effective than commercial material in stimulating IgE production and respiratory dysfunction in a C57BL/6 murine model of AHR. Moreover, endotoxin-free ovalbumin induced lung inflammation with alveolar enlargement and destruction in a histologic pattern that differed from the changes caused by commercial, endotoxin-contaminated ovalbumin. Reconstitution of purified ovalbumin with S. minnesota LPS decreased lung inflammation, decreased changes in lung function, and suppressed anti-ovalbumin antibody production. We conclude endotoxin contaminates ovalbumin preparations and that endotoxin co-administration with the ovalbumin antigen creates a state of tolerance in a murine model of AHR. Co-exposure to endotoxin and antigen occurs in humans through organic dusts, so murine models of AHR may reflect the clinical situation, but models based on commercial ovalbumin do not accurately reflect the effect of protein antigen alone on animal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Watanabe
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, USA
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Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Recognition that the burden of this disorder will continue to increase over the next 20 years despite medical intervention has stimulated new research into the underlying mechanisms, leading to a rational basis for evaluation of existing therapies, and has suggested novel treatment approaches. Tobacco exposure remains the main but not exclusive cause of COPD. Whether the lung is injured by changes in the balance of proteases and antiproteases, tissue damage by oxidative stress, or a combination of the two is still not known. The genetic basis of susceptibility to COPD is now being studied as is the role of computed tomography in the identification of structural damage in individuals with less symptomatic disease. Clinical diagnosis still relies heavily on an appropriate history confirmed by abnormal spirometry. Smoking cessation is possible in a substantial proportion of individuals with symptoms but is most effective if withdrawal is supported by pharmacological treatment. Treatment with long-acting inhaled bronchodilators and, in more severe disease, inhaled corticosteroids reduces symptoms and exacerbation frequency and improves health status. Rehabilitation can be even more effective, at least for a year after the treatment. Recent guidelines have made practical suggestions about how to optimise these treatments and when to consider addition of oxygen, surgery, and non-invasive ventilation. Regular review of this guidance is important if future management advances are to be implemented effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M A Calverley
- Department of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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Garn H, Siese A, Stumpf S, Barth PJ, Müller B, Gemsa D. Shift toward an alternatively activated macrophage response in lungs of NO2-exposed rats. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 28:386-96. [PMID: 12594066 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.4888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory mechanisms are thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. In a rat inhalation model using continuous exposure to 10 ppm nitrogen dioxide for 1, 3, and 20 d, we investigated the inflammatory response with particular focus on the activation state of alveolar macrophages. Whereas the number of inflammatory cells and total protein concentration were increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), the amount of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha was markedly reduced with increasing exposure time. In contrast, interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-6 were found at elevated levels and intracellular amounts of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 protein increased in BAL cells. Upon in vitro lipopolysaccharide stimulation, BAL cells revealed reduced capability to produce the proinflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1 beta, and nitric oxide, but showed markedly increased transcription and protein release for IL-10. In addition, elevated levels of IL-6, scavenger receptor B, and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 mRNA were detected in BAL cells from exposed animals. Analyses of highly purified alveolar macrophages indicated that changes in the activation state of these cells were responsible for the observed effects. In conclusion, a priming toward development of the alternatively activated macrophage phenotype occurred in the lungs of rats following nitrogen dioxide inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Garn
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Lung Cell Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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Blackburn MR. Too much of a good thing: adenosine overload in adenosine-deaminase-deficient mice. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2003; 24:66-70. [PMID: 12559769 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-6147(02)00045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lung diseases are associated with persistent lung inflammation and damage. The mechanisms that govern the chronic nature of these disorders are not known. Adenosine is a signaling nucleoside that is generated in hypoxic environments such as that found in the inflamed lung, which suggests that it might serve a regulatory role in chronic lung diseases. Support for this hypothesis comes from studies in adenosine-deaminase-deficient mice where lung adenosine levels accumulate in association with increased lung inflammation and damage. Furthermore, lowering adenosine levels or antagonizing adenosine receptors can reverse pulmonary phenotypes in this model, suggesting that chronic adenosine elevations can affect signaling pathways that mediate aspects of chronic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Blackburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Ind P, Laitinen L, Laursen L, Wenzel S, Wouters E, Deamer L, Nystrom P. Early clinical investigation of Viozan™ (sibenadet HCI), a novel D2 dopamine receptor, β2-adrenoceptor agonist for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease symptoms. Respir Med 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0954-6111(03)80011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Slebos DJ, Ryter SW, Choi AMK. Heme oxygenase-1 and carbon monoxide in pulmonary medicine. Respir Res 2003; 4:7. [PMID: 12964953 PMCID: PMC193681 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-4-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2003] [Accepted: 08/07/2003] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an inducible stress protein, confers cytoprotection against oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. In addition to its physiological role in heme degradation, HO-1 may influence a number of cellular processes, including growth, inflammation, and apoptosis. By virtue of anti-inflammatory effects, HO-1 limits tissue damage in response to proinflammatory stimuli and prevents allograft rejection after transplantation. The transcriptional upregulation of HO-1 responds to many agents, such as hypoxia, bacterial lipopolysaccharide, and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. HO-1 and its constitutively expressed isozyme, heme oxygenase-2, catalyze the rate-limiting step in the conversion of heme to its metabolites, bilirubin IXalpha, ferrous iron, and carbon monoxide (CO). The mechanisms by which HO-1 provides protection most likely involve its enzymatic reaction products. Remarkably, administration of CO at low concentrations can substitute for HO-1 with respect to anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, suggesting a role for CO as a key mediator of HO-1 function. Chronic, low-level, exogenous exposure to CO from cigarette smoking contributes to the importance of CO in pulmonary medicine. The implications of the HO-1/CO system in pulmonary diseases will be discussed in this review, with an emphasis on inflammatory states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk-Jan Slebos
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan W Ryter
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Augustine MK Choi
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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