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Lu J, Jin K, Jiao J, Liu R, Mou T, Chen B, Zhang Z, Jiang C, Zhao H, Wang Z, Zhou R, Huang M. YY1 (Yin-Yang 1), a transcription factor regulating systemic inflammation, is involved in cognitive impairment of depression. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023; 77:149-159. [PMID: 36436207 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Clinical and preclinical studies suggest that alterations in the peripheral and brain immune system are associated with the pathophysiology of depression, also leading to changes in local glucose metabolism in the brain. Here, the authors identified Yin-Yang 1 (YY1), a transcription factor closely associated with central and peripheral inflammation. METHODS Plasma levels of YY1, interleukin (IL) 6, and IL-1β in major depressive disorder (MDD) were collected before and after treatment with vortioxetine, and correlation with clinical and cognitive scores was studied. Chronic unpredictable mild stress was treated with vortioxetine. Micropositron emission tomography (microPET) was used to analyze glucose metabolism and mRNA, and the protein level of the YY1-nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-IL-1β inflammatory pathway were measured in related brain regions. RESULTS Plasma levels of YY1 and IL-1β were significantly increased in MDD and decreased after treatment with vortioxetine. Meanwhile, the level of YY1 in plasma was negatively correlated with cognitive functions in patients with MDD and positively correlated with the level of IL-1β in plasma. Compared with the control group, in chronic unpredictable mild stress rats, (microPET) analysis showed that the decrease of glucose metabolism in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, amygdala, striatum, and medial prefrontal cortex was reversed after treatment. mRNA and protein level of related molecular in YY1-NF-κB-IL-1β inflammatory pathway decreased in the hippocampus and was reversed by vortioxetine. CONCLUSION The current study suggests that the YY1-NF-κB-IL-1β inflammatory pathway may play an essential role in both mood changes and cognitive impairment in depression, and may be associated with changes in glucose metabolism in emotion regulation and cognition. These findings provide new evidence for the inflammatory mechanisms of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kangyu Jin
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Jiao
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Longquan City People's Hospital, Lishui, 323799, China
| | - Ripeng Liu
- College of First Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Mou
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaonan Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haoyang Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Medical PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Manli Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Molecular Connectivity between Extracytoplasmic Sigma Factors and PhoP Accounts for Coupled Mycobacterial Stress Response. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0011022. [PMID: 35608366 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00110-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis encounters numerous stress conditions within the host, but how it is able to mount a coupled stress response remains unknown. Growing evidence suggests that under acidic pH, M. tuberculosis modulates redox homeostasis. In an attempt to dissect the mechanistic details of responses to multiple stress conditions, here we studied the significance of connectivity of extracytoplasmic sigma factors with PhoP. We show that PhoP impacts the mycothiol redox state, and the H37Rv ΔphoP deletion mutant strain displays a significantly higher susceptibility to redox stress than the wild-type bacilli. To probe how the two regulators PhoP and redox-active sigma factor SigH contribute to redox homeostasis, we show that SigH controls expression of redox-active thioredoxin genes, a major mycobacterial antioxidant system, and under redox stress, SigH, but not PhoP, is recruited at the target promoters. Consistent with these results, interaction between PhoP and SigH fails to impact redox-dependent gene expression. This is in striking contrast to our previous results showing PhoP-dependent SigE recruitment within acid-inducible mycobacterial promoters to maintain pH homeostasis. Our subsequent results demonstrate reduced PhoP-SigH interaction in the presence of diamide and enhanced PhoP-SigE interaction under low pH. These contrasting results uncover the underlying mechanism of the mycobacterial adaptive program, coupling low pH with maintenance of redox homeostasis. IMPORTANCE M. tuberculosis encounters reductive stress under acidic pH. To investigate the mechanism of coupled stress response, we show that PhoP plays a major role in mycobacterial redox stress response. We observed a strong correlation of phoP-dependent redox-active expression of thioredoxin genes, a major mycobacterial antioxidant system. Further probing of functioning of regulators revealed that while PhoP controls pH homeostasis via its interaction with SigE, direct recruitment of SigH, but not PhoP-SigH interaction, controls expression of thioredoxin genes. These strikingly contrasting results showing enhanced PhoP-SigE interaction under acidic pH and reduced PhoP-SigH interaction under redox conditions uncover the underlying novel mechanism of the mycobacterial adaptive program, coupling low pH with maintenance of redox homeostasis.
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3
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Crowther RR, Qualls JE. Metabolic Regulation of Immune Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Spotlight on L-Arginine and L-Tryptophan Metabolism. Front Immunol 2021; 11:628432. [PMID: 33633745 PMCID: PMC7900187 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.628432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a leading cause of death worldwide. Despite decades of research, there is still much to be uncovered regarding the immune response to Mtb infection. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on anti-Mtb immunity, with a spotlight on immune cell amino acid metabolism. Specifically, we discuss L-arginine and L-tryptophan, focusing on their requirements, regulatory roles, and potential use as adjunctive therapy in TB patients. By continuing to uncover the immune cell contribution during Mtb infection and how amino acid utilization regulates their functions, it is anticipated that novel host-directed therapies may be developed and/or refined, helping to eradicate TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Crowther
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Joseph E Qualls
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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4
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Paroha R, Chourasia R, Rai R, Kumar A, Vyas AK, Chaurasiya SK, Singh AK. Host phospholipase C‐γ1 impairs phagocytosis and killing of mycobacteria by J774A.1 murine macrophages. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:694-702. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Paroha
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences Dr Hari Singh Gour University Sagar Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Rashmi Chourasia
- Department of Chemistry Dr Hari Singh Gour University Sagar Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Rupal Rai
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology National Institute of Technology Raipur Chhattisgarh India
| | - Ashish K. Vyas
- Department of Microbiology All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Shivendra K. Chaurasiya
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Anirudh K. Singh
- Department of Microbiology All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal Madhya Pradesh India
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5
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Bogdanovski K, Chau T, Robinson CJ, MacDonald SD, Peterson AM, Mashek CM, Wallin WA, Rimkus M, Montgomery F, Lucas da Silva J, Gupta S, Ghaffari A, Zelazny AM, Olivier KN. Antibacterial activity of high-dose nitric oxide against pulmonary Mycobacterium abscessus disease. Access Microbiol 2020; 2:acmi000154. [PMID: 33195983 PMCID: PMC7656188 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mycobacterium abscessus is an emerging pulmonary pathogen with limited treatment options. Nitric oxide (NO) demonstrates antibacterial activity against various bacterial species, including mycobacteria. In this study, we evaluated the effect of adjunctive inhaled NO therapy, using a novel NO generator, in a CF patient with pulmonary M. abscessus disease, and examined heterogeneity of response to NO in vitro. Methods In the compassionate-use treatment, a 24-year-old CF patient with pulmonary M. abscessus was treated with two courses of adjunctive intermittent NO, first at 160 p.p.m. for 21 days and subsequently by escalating the dose up to 240 p.p.m. for 8 days. Methemoglobin, pulmonary function, 6 min walk distance (6MWD), qualify of life and sputum microbiology were assessed. In vitro susceptibility tests were performed against patient's isolate and comparison clinical isolates and quantified by Hill's slopes calculated from time-kill curves. Results M. abscessus lung infection eradication was not achieved, but improvements in selected qualify of life domains, lung function and 6MWD were observed during the study. Inhaled NO was well tolerated at 160 p.p.m. Dosing at 240 p.p.m. was stopped due to adverse symptoms, although methemoglobin levels remained within safety thresholds. In vitro susceptibility tests showed a dose-dependent NO effect on M. abscessus susceptibility and significant heterogeneity in response between M. abscessus clinical isolates. The patient's isolate was found to be the least susceptible strain in vitro. Conclusion These results demonstrate heterogeneity in M. abscessus susceptibility to NO and suggest that longer treatment regimens could be required to see the reduction or eradication of more resistant pulmonary strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristijan Bogdanovski
- Laboratory of Chronic Airway Infection, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Trisha Chau
- Laboratory of Chronic Airway Infection, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chevalia J Robinson
- Laboratory of Chronic Airway Infection, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandra D MacDonald
- Laboratory of Chronic Airway Infection, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ann M Peterson
- Nursing Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christine M Mashek
- Nursing Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Windy A Wallin
- Critical Care Therapy Section, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | | | | | - Joas Lucas da Silva
- Laboratory of Chronic Airway Infection, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shashank Gupta
- Laboratory of Chronic Airway Infection, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Adrian M Zelazny
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth N Olivier
- Laboratory of Chronic Airway Infection, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Host-Directed Therapy as a Novel Treatment Strategy to Overcome Tuberculosis: Targeting Immune Modulation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9010021. [PMID: 31936156 PMCID: PMC7168302 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity, particularly in developing countries, presenting a major threat to the public health. The currently recommended long term treatment regimen with multiple antibiotics is associated with poor patient compliance, which in turn, may contribute to the emergence of multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB). The low global treatment efficacy of MDR-TB has highlighted the necessity to develop novel treatment options. Host-directed therapy (HDT) together with current standard anti-TB treatments, has gained considerable interest, as HDT targets novel host immune mechanisms. These immune mechanisms would otherwise bypass the antibiotic bactericidal targets to kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which may be mutated to cause antibiotic resistance. Additionally, host-directed therapies against TB have been shown to be associated with reduced lung pathology and improved disease outcome, most likely via the modulation of host immune responses. This review will provide an update of host-directed therapies and their mechanism(s) of action against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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7
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Paroha R, Chaurasiya SK, Chourasia R. Phospholipase C‐γ2 promotes intracellular survival of mycobacteria. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:5062-5071. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Paroha
- Host‐Pathogen Interaction and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour University Sagar India
| | - Shivendra K. Chaurasiya
- Host‐Pathogen Interaction and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour University Sagar India
| | - Rashmi Chourasia
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour University Sagar India
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8
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Fouda AY, Xu Z, Shosha E, Lemtalsi T, Chen J, Toque HA, Tritz R, Cui X, Stansfield BK, Huo Y, Rodriguez PC, Smith SB, Caldwell RW, Narayanan SP, Caldwell RB. Arginase 1 promotes retinal neurovascular protection from ischemia through suppression of macrophage inflammatory responses. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1001. [PMID: 30254218 PMCID: PMC6156564 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The lack of effective therapies to limit neurovascular injury in ischemic retinopathy is a major clinical problem. This study aimed to examine the role of ureohydrolase enzyme, arginase 1 (A1), in retinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. A1 competes with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) for their common substrate l-arginine. A1-mediated l-arginine depletion reduces nitric oxide (NO) formation by NOS leading to vascular dysfunction when endothelial NOS is involved but prevents inflammatory injury when inducible NOS is involved. Studies were performed using wild-type (WT) mice, global A1+/− knockout (KO), endothelial-specific A1 KO, and myeloid-specific A1 KO mice subjected to retinal IR injury. Global as well as myeloid-specific A1 KO mice showed worsened IR-induced neuronal loss and retinal thinning. Deletion of A1 in endothelial cells had no effect, while treatment with PEGylated (PEG) A1 improved neuronal survival in WT mice. In addition, A1+/− KO mice showed worsened vascular injury manifested by increased acellular capillaries. Western blotting analysis of retinal tissue showed increased inflammatory and necroptotic markers with A1 deletion. In vitro experiments showed that macrophages lacking A1 exhibit increased inflammatory response upon LPS stimulation. PEG-A1 treatment dampened this inflammatory response and decreased the LPS-induced metabolic reprogramming. Moreover, intravitreal injection of A1 KO macrophages or systemic macrophage depletion with clodronate liposomes increased neuronal loss after IR injury. These results demonstrate that A1 reduces IR injury-induced retinal neurovascular degeneration via dampening macrophage inflammatory responses. Increasing A1 offers a novel strategy for limiting neurovascular injury and promoting macrophage-mediated repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman Y Fouda
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.,Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Zhimin Xu
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.,Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Esraa Shosha
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.,Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Tahira Lemtalsi
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.,Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jijun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Haroldo A Toque
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Rebekah Tritz
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Xuezhi Cui
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Brian K Stansfield
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Yuqing Huo
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | - Sylvia B Smith
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - R William Caldwell
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - S Priya Narayanan
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.,Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ruth B Caldwell
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA. .,Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA. .,James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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9
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Pahari S, Kaur G, Negi S, Aqdas M, Das DK, Bashir H, Singh S, Nagare M, Khan J, Agrewala JN. Reinforcing the Functionality of Mononuclear Phagocyte System to Control Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:193. [PMID: 29479353 PMCID: PMC5811511 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) constitutes dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages. This system contributes to various functions that are essential for maintaining homeostasis, activation of innate immunity, and bridging it with the adaptive immunity. Consequently, MPS is highly important in bolstering immunity against the pathogens. However, MPS is the frontline cells in destroying Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), yet the bacterium prefers to reside in the hostile environment of macrophages. Therefore, it may be very interesting to study the struggle between Mtb and MPS to understand the outcome of the disease. In an event when MPS predominates Mtb, the host remains protected. By contrast, the situation becomes devastating when the pathogen tames and tunes the host MPS, which ultimately culminates into tuberculosis (TB). Hence, it becomes extremely crucial to reinvigorate MPS functionality to overwhelm Mtb and eliminate it. In this article, we discuss the strategies to bolster the function of MPS by exploiting the molecules associated with the innate immunity and highlight the mechanisms involved to overcome the Mtb-induced suppression of host immunity. In future, such approaches may provide an insight to develop immunotherapeutics to treat TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanta Pahari
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shikha Negi
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mohammad Aqdas
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepjyoti K Das
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Hilal Bashir
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanpreet Singh
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mukta Nagare
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Junaid Khan
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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10
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Jamaati H, Mortaz E, Pajouhi Z, Folkerts G, Movassaghi M, Moloudizargari M, Adcock IM, Garssen J. Nitric Oxide in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2008. [PMID: 29085351 PMCID: PMC5649180 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is globally known as one of the most important human pathogens. Mtb is estimated to infect nearly one third of the world's population with many subjects having a latent infection. Thus, from an estimated 2 billion people infected with Mtb, less than 10% may develop symptomatic TB. This indicates that the host immune system may constrain pathogen replication in most infected individuals. On entering the lungs of the host, Mtb initially encounters resident alveolar macrophages which can engulf and subsequently eliminate intracellular microbes via a plethora of bactericidal mechanisms including the generation of free radicals such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Nitric oxide (NO), a key anti-mycobacterial molecule, is detected in the exhaled breath of patients infected with Mtb. Recent knowledge regarding the regulatory role of NO in airway function and Mtb proliferation paves the way of exploiting the beneficial effects of this molecule for the treatment of airway diseases. Here, we discuss the importance of NO in the pathogenesis of TB, the diagnostic use of exhaled and urinary NO in Mtb infection and the potential of NO-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Jamaati
- Chronic Respiratory Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Mortaz
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Zeinab Pajouhi
- Chronic Respiratory Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mehrnaz Movassaghi
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Milad Moloudizargari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Cell and Molecular Biology Group, Airways Disease Section, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Nutricia Research Centre for Specialized Nutrition, Utrecht, Netherlands
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11
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Heat shock protein70 is implicated in modulating NF-κB activation in alveolar macrophages of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1214. [PMID: 28450725 PMCID: PMC5430681 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01405-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been shown to modulate NF-κB activation. It is unknown whether HSP70 plays a role in modulating NF-κB-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokines released from alveolar macrophage (AM) of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Peripheral blood monocytes (PBMs) and AM were sampled from nineteen active TB patients and 14 healthy individuals. HSP70 expression was 3-fold higher in AMs of active TB patients than normal subjects, and declined after receiving 3-month anti-TB treatment. Overexpression of HSP70 by transfection with HSP70 plasmid decreased p-IκBα and p65 NF-κB activities. Inhibition of NF-κB activation using NF-κB or MAPK inhibitors increased HSP70 expression in AM of TB patients. Blocking p38- or ERK-MAPK decreased NF-κB and IκB activities, leading to up-regulated HSP70 expression. Overexpression of HSP70 alone or with p38 or ERK inhibitors decreased TNF-α (57%, 83% and 74%, respectively) and IL-6 (53%, 70%, and 67%, respectively) release from macrophages of TB patients. In conclusion, HSP70 modulates NF-κB activation in AM of TB patients, through inhibiting IκB-α phosphorylation or acting as a chaperon molecule to prevent NF-κB binding to the target genes by facilitating degradation. The upregulated HSP70 may suppress the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines during active PTB infection, and prevent overwhelming tissue damage.
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12
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González-León MC, Soares-Schanoski A, del Fresno C, Cimadevila A, Goméz-Piña V, Mendoza-Barberá E, García F, Marín E, Arnalich F, Fuentes-Prior P, López-Collazo E. Nitric oxide induces SOCS-1 expression in human monocytes in a TNF-α-dependent manner. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519060120050501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the thoroughly characterized mechanisms of positive regulation within cytokine signaling pathways, our knowledge of negative feedback loops is comparatively sparse. We and others have previously reported that IRAK-M down-regulates inflammatory responses to multiple stimuli. In particular, we could show that the nitric oxide (NO) donor, GSNO, induces IRAK-M overexpression in human monocytes. Here we study the expression of another important negative regulator of cytokine signaling, SOCS-1, in human monocytes exposed to GSNO. The NO donor induced significant levels of SOCS-1 mRNA and protein, 6 h and 16 h after stimulation, respectively. Monocytes stimulated with GSNO for longer periods (24 h and 48 h) failed to express IL-6 and IP-10 upon LPS challenge. In addition, and in line with previous reports of NO-mediated induction of TNF-α, we have found that exposure to this cytokine induces SOCS-1 mRNA in human monocytes. A blocking antibody against TNF-α impaired SOCS-1 expression upon GSNO treatment and re-instated IL-6 and IP-10 mRNA levels after LPS challenge in cultures pretreated with the NO donor. We conclude that NO stimulates SOCS-1 overexpression in a pathway at least partially regulated by TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Felipe García
- Discover Unit, EMPIREO Molecular Diagnostic, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Arnalich
- Department of Medicine, “La Paz' Hospital Medical School, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Chinta KC, Saini V, Glasgow JN, Mazorodze JH, Rahman MA, Reddy D, Lancaster JR, Steyn AJC. The emerging role of gasotransmitters in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Nitric Oxide 2016; 59:28-41. [PMID: 27387335 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a facultative intracellular pathogen and the second largest contributor to global mortality caused by an infectious agent after HIV. In infected host cells, Mtb is faced with a harsh intracellular environment including hypoxia and the release of nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) by immune cells. Hypoxia, NO and CO induce a state of in vitro dormancy where Mtb senses these gases via the DosS and DosT heme sensor kinase proteins, which in turn induce a set of ∼47 genes, known as the Mtb Dos dormancy regulon. On the contrary, both iNOS and HO-1, which produce NO and CO, respectively, have been shown to be important against mycobacterial disease progression. In this review, we discuss the impact of O2, NO and CO on Mtb physiology and in host responses to Mtb infection as well as the potential role of another major endogenous gas, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), in Mtb pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna C Chinta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Vikram Saini
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; UAB Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Joel N Glasgow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - James H Mazorodze
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV (KRITH), Durban, South Africa
| | - Md Aejazur Rahman
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV (KRITH), Durban, South Africa
| | - Darshan Reddy
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jack R Lancaster
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV (KRITH), Durban, South Africa; UAB Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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14
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Khan N, Vidyarthi A, Javed S, Agrewala JN. Innate Immunity Holding the Flanks until Reinforced by Adaptive Immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:328. [PMID: 27014247 PMCID: PMC4789502 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells play a cardinal role in imparting protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, ample time is required before T-cells are able to evoke efficient effector responses in the lung, where the mycobacterium inflicts disease. This delay in T cells priming, which is termed as lag phase, provides sufficient time for Mtb to replicate and establish itself within the host. In contrast, innate immunity efficiently curb the growth of Mtb during initial phase of infection through several mechanisms. Pathogen recognition by innate cells rapidly triggers a cascade of events, such as apoptosis, autophagy, inflammasome formation and nitric oxide production to kill intracellular pathogens. Furthermore, bactericidal mechanisms such as autophagy and apoptosis, augment the antigen processing and presentation, thereby contributing substantially to the induction of adaptive immunity. This manuscript highlights the role of innate immune mechanisms in restricting the survival of Mtb during lag phase. Finally, this article provides new insight for designing immuno-therapies by targeting innate immune mechanisms to achieve optimum immune response to cure TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nargis Khan
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Microbial Technology Chandigarh, India
| | - Aurobind Vidyarthi
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Microbial Technology Chandigarh, India
| | - Shifa Javed
- Department of Cytology and Gynecologic Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, India
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Microbial Technology Chandigarh, India
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15
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Taraballi F, Corradetti B, Minardi S, Powel S, Cabrera F, Van Eps JL, Weiner BK, Tasciotti E. Biomimetic collagenous scaffold to tune inflammation by targeting macrophages. J Tissue Eng 2016; 7:2041731415624667. [PMID: 26977285 PMCID: PMC4765811 DOI: 10.1177/2041731415624667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response following implantation of a biomaterial is one of the major regulatory aspects of the overall regenerative process. The progress of inflammation determines whether functional tissue is restored or if nonfunctional fibrotic tissue is formed. This delicate balance is directed by the activity of different cells. Among these, macrophages and their different phenotypes, the inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2, are considered key players in the process. Recent approaches exploit macrophage’s regenerative potential in tissue engineering. Here, we propose a collagen scaffold functionalized with chondroitin sulfate (CSCL), a glycosaminoglycan known to be able to tune inflammation. We studied CSCL effects on bone-marrow-derived macrophages in physiological, and lipopolysaccharides-inflamed, conditions in vitro. Our data demonstrate that CSCL is able to modulate macrophage phenotype by inhibiting the LPS/CD44/NF-kB cascade. As a consequence, an upregulation of anti-inflammatory markers (TGF-β, Arg, MRC1, and IL-10) was found concomitantly with a decrease in the expression of pro-inflammatory markers (iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12β). We then implanted CSCL subcutaneously in a rat model to test whether the same molecular mechanism could be maintained in an in vivo environment. In vivo data confirmed the in vitro studies. A significant reduction in the number of infiltrating cells around and within the implants was observed at 72 h, with a significant downregulation of pro-inflammatory genes expression. The present work provides indications regarding the immunomodulatory potential of molecules used for the development of biomimetic materials and suggests their use to direct macrophage immune modulation for tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Taraballi
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bruna Corradetti
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Silvia Minardi
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sebastian Powel
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fernando Cabrera
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeff L Van Eps
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bradley K Weiner
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Orthopedics & Sports Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ennio Tasciotti
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
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16
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Mackintosh CG, Griffin JFT, Scott IC, O'Brien R, Stanton JL, MacLean P, Brauning R. SOLiD SAGE sequencing shows differential gene expression in jejunal lymph node samples of resistant and susceptible red deer (Cervus elaphus) challenged with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 169:102-10. [PMID: 26620077 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - J F T Griffin
- Disease Research Laboratory, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - I C Scott
- AgResearch Invermay, Mosgiel, New Zealand
| | - R O'Brien
- Disease Research Laboratory, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - J L Stanton
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - P MacLean
- AgResearch Ruakura, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - R Brauning
- AgResearch Invermay, Mosgiel, New Zealand
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17
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Madhu BP, Singh KP, Saminathan M, Singh R, Tiwari AK, Manjunatha V, Harish C, Manjunathareddy GB. Correlation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibition with TNF-α, caspase-1, FasL and TLR-3 in pathogenesis of rabies in mouse model. Virus Genes 2015; 52:61-70. [PMID: 26690069 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-015-1265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1α/β (IL-1α/β), IL-6, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferons, nitric oxide (NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in pathogenesis of rabies is being actively pursued. Presently, levels of certain immune molecules in pathogenesis of rabies in mice have been investigated. CVS strain of rabies infection resulted in early increase in iNOS, TNF-α, caspase-1, Fas ligand (FasL) and toll-like receptor-3 (TLR-3) mRNA levels in brain, and nitric oxide levels in serum. The severity of clinical signs and microscopic lesions largely correlated with NO levels. Aminoguanidine (AG; iNOS inhibitor) decreased NO production with delay in development of clinical signs and increase in survival time. Prolonged survival time correlated with reduced viral load evident by real-time PCR, reduced fluorescent signals of rabies antigen in brain and reduced immunohistochemistry signals in neuronal cytoplasm. These parameters suggested that nitric oxide did influence the rabies virus replication. Inhibition of iNOS by AG administration led to decreased expression of TNF-α, caspase-1, FasL and TLR-3 mRNA levels suggesting that increase in NO levels in rabies virus infection possibly contributed to development of disease through inflammation, apoptosis and immune-evasive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Madhu
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - K P Singh
- Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis (CADRAD), ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - M Saminathan
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A K Tiwari
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - V Manjunatha
- Wild Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Bannerghatta Biological Park, Bannerghatta, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - C Harish
- Department of Pre-Clinical Research, Anthem Biosciences Pvt Ltd, Bommasandra, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - G B Manjunathareddy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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18
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Lara-Rodríguez C, Alvarado-Vásquez N, Bernal D, Gorocica P, Zenteno E, Lascuraín R. CD3+ICOS+ T cells show differences in the synthesis of nitric oxide, IFN-γ, and IL-10 in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis or in healthy household contacts. Clin Exp Med 2015; 16:481-491. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-015-0380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Landes MB, Rajaram MVS, Nguyen H, Schlesinger LS. Role for NOD2 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced iNOS expression and NO production in human macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:1111-9. [PMID: 25801769 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a1114-557r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
M.tb, which causes TB, is a host-adapted intracellular pathogen of macrophages. Macrophage intracellular PRRs, such as NOD proteins, regulate proinflammatory cytokine production in response to various pathogenic organisms. We demonstrated previously that NOD2 plays an important role in controlling the inflammatory response and viability of M.tb and Mycobacterium bovis BCG in human macrophages. Various inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, ROS, and RNS, such as NO, can mediate this control. iNOS (or NOS2) is a key enzyme for NO production and M.tb control during infection of mouse macrophages; however, the role of NO during infection of human macrophages remains unclear, in part, as a result of the low amounts of NO produced in these cells. Here, we tested the hypothesis that activation of NOD2 by its ligands (MDP and GMDP, the latter from M.tb) plays an important role in the expression and activity of iNOS and NO production in human macrophages. We demonstrate that M.tb or M. bovis BCG infection enhances iNOS expression in human macrophages. The M.tb-induced iNOS expression and NO production are dependent on NOD2 expression during M.tb infection. Finally, NF-κB activation is required for NOD2-dependent expression of iNOS in human macrophages. Our data provide evidence for a new molecular pathway that links activation of NOD2, an important intracellular PRR, and iNOS expression and activity during M.tb infection of human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle B Landes
- Departments of Microbiology and Microbial Infection and Immunity, *Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Murugesan V S Rajaram
- Departments of Microbiology and Microbial Infection and Immunity, *Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Huy Nguyen
- Departments of Microbiology and Microbial Infection and Immunity, *Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Departments of Microbiology and Microbial Infection and Immunity, *Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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20
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Qi H, Sun L, Wu X, Jin Y, Xiao J, Wang S, Shen C, Chu P, Qi Z, Xu F, Guo Y, Jiao W, Tian J, Shen A. Toll-like receptor 1(TLR1) Gene SNP rs5743618 is associated with increased risk for tuberculosis in Han Chinese children. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 95:197-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Meng LZ, Xie J, Lv GP, Hu DJ, Zhao J, Duan JA, Li SP. A comparative study on immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides from two official species of Ganoderma (Lingzhi). Nutr Cancer 2014; 66:1124-31. [PMID: 25204488 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2014.948215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Two Ganoderma species, G. lucidum and G. sinense, are listed as Lingzhi in Chinese Pharmacopoeia and they are considered to have the same therapeutic effects. Polysaccharides were the main immunomodulatory and anticancer components in Ganoderma. In this study, the chemical characters and the effects of polysaccharides from G. lucidum (GLPS) and G. sinense (GSPS) on macrophage functions were investigated and compared. Chemical studies showed that GLPS and GSPS were different, displaying various molecular weight distribution and ratio of monosaccharide components. In vitro pharmacological studies showed that both GLPS and GSPS had potent effects on macrophage functions, such as promoting macrophage phagocytosis, increasing their release of nitric oxide and cytokines interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Generally, GLPS was more powerful than GSPS. This study is helpful to elucidate the active components and pharmacological variation between the 2 Ganoderma species. The structure-activity relationship of polysaccharides from Ganoderma needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Zhen Meng
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences , University of Macau , Macao SAR , China
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22
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Mayer-Barber KD, Andrade BB, Oland SD, Amaral EP, Barber DL, Gonzales J, Derrick SC, Shi R, Kumar NP, Wei W, Yuan X, Zhang G, Cai Y, Babu S, Catalfamo M, Salazar AM, Via LE, Barry CE, Sher A. Host-directed therapy of tuberculosis based on interleukin-1 and type I interferon crosstalk. Nature 2014; 511:99-103. [PMID: 24990750 DOI: 10.1038/nature13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains second only to HIV/AIDS as the leading cause of mortality worldwide due to a single infectious agent. Despite chemotherapy, the global tuberculosis epidemic has intensified because of HIV co-infection, the lack of an effective vaccine and the emergence of multi-drug-resistant bacteria. Alternative host-directed strategies could be exploited to improve treatment efficacy and outcome, contain drug-resistant strains and reduce disease severity and mortality. The innate inflammatory response elicited by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) represents a logical host target. Here we demonstrate that interleukin-1 (IL-1) confers host resistance through the induction of eicosanoids that limit excessive type I interferon (IFN) production and foster bacterial containment. We further show that, in infected mice and patients, reduced IL-1 responses and/or excessive type I IFN induction are linked to an eicosanoid imbalance associated with disease exacerbation. Host-directed immunotherapy with clinically approved drugs that augment prostaglandin E2 levels in these settings prevented acute mortality of Mtb-infected mice. Thus, IL-1 and type I IFNs represent two major counter-regulatory classes of inflammatory cytokines that control the outcome of Mtb infection and are functionally linked via eicosanoids. Our findings establish proof of concept for host-directed treatment strategies that manipulate the host eicosanoid network and represent feasible alternatives to conventional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin D Mayer-Barber
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (LPD), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Bruno B Andrade
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (LPD), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Sandra D Oland
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (LPD), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Eduardo P Amaral
- 1] Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (LPD), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA [2] Department of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institutes, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel L Barber
- T Lymphocyte Biology Unit, LPD, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jacqueline Gonzales
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Steven C Derrick
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ruiru Shi
- Henan Chest Hospital, 450003 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Nathella Pavan Kumar
- 1] NIH, International Center for Excellence in Research, 600 031 Chennai, India [2] National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), 600 031 Chennai, India
| | - Wang Wei
- Henan Chest Hospital, 450003 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xing Yuan
- Henan Chest Hospital, 450003 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Sino-US International Research Center for Tuberculosis, and Henan Public Health Center, 450003 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Cai
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Subash Babu
- 1] NIH, International Center for Excellence in Research, 600 031 Chennai, India [2] Helminth Immunology Section, LPD, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Marta Catalfamo
- Clinical and Molecular Retrovirology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | - Laura E Via
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Clifton E Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (LPD), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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23
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Kwon YS, Jung HI, Kim HJ, Lee JW, Choi WI, Kim JY, Rho BH, Lee HW, Kwon KY. Isolated cervical lymph node sarcoidosis presenting in an asymptomatic neck mass: a case report. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2013; 75:116-9. [PMID: 24101936 PMCID: PMC3790023 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2013.75.3.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis, a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. The presentation of sarcoidal granuloma in neck nodes without typical manifestations of systemic sarcoidosis is difficult to diagnose. We describe the case of a 37-year-old woman with an increasing mass on the right side of neck. The excisional biopsy from the neck mass showed noncaseating epithelioid cell granuloma of the lymph nodes. No evidence of mycobacterial or fungal infection was noted. Thoracic evaluations did not show enlargement of mediastinal lymph nodes or parenchymal abnormalities. Immunohistochemistry showed abundant expression of tumor necrosis factor-α in the granuloma. However, transforming growth factor-β was not expressed, although interleukin-1β was focally expressed. These immunohistochemical findings supported characterization of the granuloma and the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis can present with cervical lymph node enlargement without mediastinal or lung abnormality. Immunohistochemistry may support the diagnosis of sarcoidosis and characterization of granuloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Shik Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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24
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Guzman JD, Evangelopoulos D, Gupta A, Birchall K, Mwaigwisya S, Saxty B, McHugh TD, Gibbons S, Malkinson J, Bhakta S. Antitubercular specific activity of ibuprofen and the other 2-arylpropanoic acids using the HT-SPOTi whole-cell phenotypic assay. BMJ Open 2013; 3:e002672. [PMID: 23794563 PMCID: PMC3693423 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lead antituberculosis (anti-TB) molecules with novel mechanisms of action are urgently required to fuel the anti-TB drug discovery pipeline. The aim of this study was to validate the use of the high-throughput spot culture growth inhibition (HT-SPOTi) assay for screening libraries of compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and to study the inhibitory effect of ibuprofen (IBP) and the other 2-arylpropanoic acids on the growth inhibition of M tuberculosis and other mycobacterial species. METHODS The HT-SPOTi method was validated not only with known drugs but also with a library of 47 confirmed anti-TB active compounds published in the ChEMBL database. Three over-the-counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were also included in the screening. The 2-arylpropanoic acids, including IBP, were comprehensively evaluated against phenotypically and physiologically different strains of mycobacteria, and their cytotoxicity was determined against murine RAW264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, a comparative bioinformatic analysis was employed to propose a potential mycobacterial target. RESULTS IBP showed antitubercular properties while carprofen was the most potent among the 2-arylpropanoic class. A 3,5-dinitro-IBP derivative was found to be more potent than IBP but equally selective. Other synthetic derivatives of IBP were less active, and the free carboxylic acid of IBP seems to be essential for its anti-TB activity. IBP, carprofen and the 3,5-dinitro-IBP derivative exhibited activity against multidrug-resistant isolates and stationary phase bacilli. On the basis of the human targets of the 2-arylpropanoic analgesics, the protein initiation factor infB (Rv2839c) of M tuberculosis was proposed as a potential molecular target. CONCLUSIONS The HT-SPOTi method can be employed reliably and reproducibly to screen the antimicrobial potency of different compounds. IBP demonstrated specific antitubercular activity, while carprofen was the most selective agent among the 2-arylpropanoic class. Activity against stationary phase bacilli and multidrug-resistant isolates permits us to speculate a novel mechanism of antimycobacterial action. Further medicinal chemistry and target elucidation studies could potentially lead to new therapies against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Guzman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - Dimitrios Evangelopoulos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- Department of Infection, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, UK
| | - Antima Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Solomon Mwaigwisya
- Department of Infection, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, UK
| | - Barbara Saxty
- Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, MRC Technology, London, UK
| | - Timothy D McHugh
- Department of Infection, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, UK
| | - Simon Gibbons
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - John Malkinson
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
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25
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Stanford J, Stanford C, Dlugovitzky D, Fiorenza G, Martinel-Lamas D, Selenscig D, Bogue C. Potential for immunotherapy with heat-killed Mycobacterium vaccae in respiratory medicine. Immunotherapy 2011; 1:933-47. [PMID: 20635912 DOI: 10.2217/imt.09.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with Mycobacterium vaccae has been shown to be beneficial as part of the treatment for a wide range of diseases. In the respiratory system, the late airway response in bronchial asthma is modified by a single dose and bronchial aspects of hayfever are reduced allowing a major reduction in the use of bronchial dilators. In studies of advanced adenocarcinoma of the lung survival is increased by an average of 4 months when up to five doses of M. vaccae are added to the course of chemotherapy. The quality of life of cancer patients receiving immunotherapy with M. vaccae is improved, even if survival is not increased. It is suggested that the mechanism of action of immunotherapy with heat-killed, borate-buffered M. vaccae is likely to be very similar in all these diseases for which human pulmonary tuberculosis provides a model. In this study, additional immunological data are reported from material stored from an earlier study of immunotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis to help complete the information on the way that treatment with three monthly injections of heat-killed, borate-buffered M. vaccae (SRL172) may act.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Stanford
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and International Health, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, University College London, 46 Cleveland Street, London W1T 4JF, UK.
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26
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Stern JNH, Keskin DB, Romero V, Zuniga J, Encinales L, Li C, Awad C, Yunis EJ. Molecular signatures distinguishing active from latent tuberculosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, after in vitro antigenic stimulation with purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) or Candida: a preliminary report. Immunol Res 2010; 45:1-12. [PMID: 18648750 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-008-8024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purified protein derivative (PPD) or tuberculin skin testing is used to identify infected individuals with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and to assess cell-mediated immunity to Mtb. In the present study, we compared PBMC cultures in the presence of tuberculin or Candida antigens using cytokine bead arrays and RNA microarrays. Measurements of different cytokines and chemokines in supernatants of PMBC cultures in the presence of PPD showed increased levels of interferon (IFN)-gamma in active tuberculosis infection (ATBI) and latent TB infected (LTBI) compared to controls, and increased levels of TNF-alpha in ATBI compared with LTBI. Also, we found increase of IL-6 in cultures of PPD positive and controls but not in the cultures with Candida. We also report the molecular signature of tuberculosis infection, in ATBI patients, the following genes were found to be up-regulated and absent in LTBI individuals: two kinases (JAK3 and p38MAPK), four interleukins (IL-7, IL-2, IL-6, and IFNbeta1), a chemokine (HCC-4) a chemokine receptor (CxCR5), two interleukin receptors (IL-1R2 and IL-18R1), and three additional ones (TRAF5, Smad2, CIITA, and NOS2A). By contrast, IL-17 and IGFBP3 were significantly up-regulated in LTBI. And, STAT4, GATA3, Fra-1, and ICOS were down-regulated in ATBI but absent in LTBI. Conversely, TLR-10, IL-15, DORA, and IKK-beta were down-regulated in LTBI but not in ATBI. Interestingly, the majority of the up-regulated genes found in ATBI were found in cultures stimulated with tuberculin (PPD) or Candida antigens, suggesting that these pathogens stimulate similar immunological pathways. We believe that the molecular signature distinguishing active from latent tuberculosis infection may require using cytokine bead arrays along with RNA microarrays testing cell cultures at different times following in vitro proliferation assays using several bacterial antigens and PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel N H Stern
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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27
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Yang CS, Yuk JM, Jo EK. The role of nitric oxide in mycobacterial infections. Immune Netw 2009; 9:46-52. [PMID: 20107543 PMCID: PMC2803309 DOI: 10.4110/in.2009.9.2.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tuberculosis poses a significant health threat to the global population, it is a challenge to develop new and effective therapeutic strategies. Nitric oxide (NO) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) are important in innate immune responses to various intracellular bacterial infections, including mycobacterial infections. It is generally recognized that reactive nitrogen intermediates play an effective role in host defense mechanisms against tuberculosis. In a murine model of tuberculosis, NO plays a crucial role in antimycobacterial activity; however, it is controversial whether NO is critically involved in host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans. Here, we review the roles of NO in host defense against murine and human tuberculosis. We also discuss the specific roles of NO in the central nervous system and lung epithelial cells during mycobacterial infection. A greater understanding of these defense mechanisms in human tuberculosis will aid in the development of new strategies for the treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Su Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Signaling Network Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, Korea
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28
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Bar SL, Sayeh N, Ignaszewski AP. Elevated N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in Mycobacterium tuberculosis pulmonary infection without myocardial dysfunction. Can J Cardiol 2009; 25:223-5. [PMID: 19340346 DOI: 10.1016/s0828-282x(09)70066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased levels of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT pro- BNP) in infectious settings may not reflect myocardial depression. In addition to NT pro-BNP measurement, clinical assessment remains a valuable tool for diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure. A case of excessively increased NT pro-BNP level associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection that was not indicative of myocardial dysfunction is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona L Bar
- Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre, Vancouver, Canada
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29
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Möller M, Nebel A, Valentonyte R, van Helden PD, Schreiber S, Hoal EG. Investigation of chromosome 17 candidate genes in susceptibility to TB in a South African population. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2009; 89:189-94. [PMID: 19147409 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 17 is known to contain TB susceptibility genes. Polymorphisms in two of these genes, namely NOS2A and CCL2, have been associated with TB in various populations. To investigate a possible association of gene variants with TB in the South African Coloured population we genotyped SNPs from NOS2A and CCL2 in over 800 TB cases and controls. We found a significant association between TB and two haplotypes, containing the functional rs9282799 and rs8078340 SNPs, in the NOS2A promoter. The T allele of rs8078340, found in the haplotype over-represented in cases (p=0.015, p(c)=0.038, OR=1.4, 95% CI [1.1-1.8]), was previously shown to decrease the quantity of DNA-protein complex bound as well as the duration of binding and may decrease nitric oxide (NO) production. The C allele of rs8078340 was present in the haplotype more frequent in controls (p=0.011, p(c)=0.029, OR=1.4, 95% CI [1.1-1.8]). In the single-point analysis of NOS2A, rs2779249 (previously associated with TB in Brazilians) and the functional rs8078340 were nominally associated with disease. No association was found between any of the other SNPs or haplotypes studied and TB. This study presents evidence that haplotypes in the NOS2A promoter influence susceptibility to TB and confirms the importance of NO production in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlo Möller
- Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology and the DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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30
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Farley KS, Wang LF, Law C, Mehta S. Alveolar macrophage inducible nitric oxide synthase-dependent pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell septic barrier dysfunction. Microvasc Res 2008; 76:208-16. [PMID: 18708074 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) from neutrophils and alveolar macrophages (AM) contributes to the pathophysiology of murine septic acute lung injury (ALI). It is not known if AM iNOS has a direct effect on septic pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell (PMVEC) permeability. We hypothesized that AM iNOS mediates PMVEC permeability in vitro under septic conditions through NO and peroxynitrite. 100,000 confluent PMVEC on cell-culture inserts were co-incubated with iNOS+/+ vs. iNOS-/- AM, in various ratios of AM to PMVEC. PMVEC injury was assessed by trans-PMVEC Evans Blue-labelled albumin flux in the presence or absence of cytomix (equimolar TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IFN-gamma). Cytomix stimulation dose-dependently increased trans-PMVEC EB-albumin flux, which was exaggerated (1.4+/-0.1% vs. 0.4+/-0.1% in unstimulated PMVEC, p<0.05) in the presence of iNOS+/+, but not iNOS-/-, AM in the upper compartment. Similarly, iNOS+/+, but not iNOS-/-, AM in the lower compartment also enhanced septic trans-PMVEC albumin leak. The mechanism of iNOS-dependent septic PMVEC permeability was pursued through pharmacologic studies with inhibitors of NOS, and scavengers of NO, superoxide, and peroxynitrite, and treatment of PMVEC with the NO donor, DETA-NONOate. Septic iNOS+/+ AM-dependent trans-PMVEC albumin leak was significantly attenuated by pharmacologic iNOS inhibition (L-NAME and 1400W), and scavenging of either NO (oxyhemoglobin), superoxide (PEG-SOD), or peroxynitrite (FeTPPS). Exogenous NO (DETA-NONOate) had no effect on PMVEC permeability. These data are consistent with a direct role of AM iNOS in septic PMVEC barrier dysfunction, which is likely mediated, in part, through peroxynitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Farley
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, Division of Respirology, Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Gómez LM, Anaya JM, Vilchez JR, Cadena J, Hinojosa R, Vélez L, Lopez-Nevot MA, Martín J. A polymorphism in the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene is associated with tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2007; 87:288-94. [PMID: 17475563 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2006] [Revised: 03/03/2007] [Accepted: 03/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
iNOS or NOS2 is a molecule that plays a key role in the immunological control of a broad spectrum of infectious agents. Investigation is hampered by difficulty in estimating in vivo production of nitric oxide (NO), but genetic studies provide a potential means of examining the relation between NO production and disease outcome. To better characterize the host genetic factors determining the susceptibility to TB, we evaluated the influence of two polymorphisms in the NOS2A gene on the risk of developing pulmonary TB in a Northwestern Colombian population, which is a moderately-high endemic area. One hundred and fourteen patients with TB and negative for human immunodeficiency virus, plus 304 healthy controls were examined for NOS2A CCTTT and TAAA polymorphisms. A total of 160 healthy controls mentioned before, underwent tuberculin skin test (TST). Analysis disclosed significant differences between patients and controls with NOS2A CCTTT polymorphism (P=0.0001, Pc=0.001, OR=0.4, and 95%CI=0.3-0.7) independent of TST status. When the NOS2A alleles were stratified into short (8-11) and long (12-16) repeats, significant differences with short repeats were observed between TB patients and all controls (P=0.005, OR=0.63, 95%CI=0.46-0.86). No individual association with NOS2A TAAA was detected. These results indicate that a polymorphism in the NOS2A gene influences the susceptibility to TB and suggest a role for NOS2A in the pathogenesis of mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Miguel Gómez
- Cellular Biology and Immunogenetics Unit, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Cra. 72-A, No. 78-B-141, Medellín, Colombia
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Parlesak A, Negrier I, Neveux N, Bode C, Cynober L. Arginine does not exacerbate markers of inflammation in cocultures of human enterocytes and leukocytes. J Nutr 2007; 137:106-11. [PMID: 17182809 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.1.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteral arginine supplementation in the critically ill has become a matter of controversy. In this study, we investigated effects of the addition of 0.4 and 1.2 mmol/L arginine in a coculture model on markers of inflammation, enterocyte layer integrity, and amino acid transport. In this model, a monolayer of intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2) separated compartments with nonpathogenic Escherichia coli and mononuclear leukocytes. Activation of enterocytes and leukocytes was assessed by the measurement of nitric oxide, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IFN-gamma. Further outcomes were the transepithelial flux of 22 amino acids, their catabolism, and the integrity of the enterocyte layer assessed as permeability of fluorescein dextran (M(r) 4400). Bacterial stimulation of intestinal epithelial cells enhanced the basolateral concentration of nitric oxide and all cytokines measured. Supplementation with arginine did not affect epithelial integrity, production of any of the cytokines investigated, or the amount of nitric oxide. The amino acid used primarily by nonstimulated intestinal epithelial cells cocultured with leukocytes was glutamine. Activation of IEC with bacteria significantly enhanced the catabolism of serine, asparagine, and lysine, and reduced glutamine catabolism. Addition of arginine increased ornithine formation and moderately reduced transepithelial transport of methionine and other amino acids. Hence, arginine supplementation does not interfere with inflammation-associated cross-talk between human enterocytes and leukocytes. Because it also does not seem to affect the integrity of enterocyte layers, a detrimental role of arginine during septic-like conditions seems unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Parlesak
- Department of Physiology of Nutrition, Hohenheim University, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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33
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Carranza C, Juárez E, Torres M, Ellner JJ, Sada E, Schwander SK. Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth control by lung macrophages and CD8 cells from patient contacts. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 173:238-45. [PMID: 16210664 PMCID: PMC2662991 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200503-411oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Healthy household contacts (HHCs) of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis are exposed aerogenically to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), thus permitting the study of protective local immunity. OBJECTIVES To assess alveolar macrophage (AM) and autologous blood CD4 and CD8 T-cell-mediated Mtb growth control in HHCs and healthy, unexposed community control subjects (CCs). METHODS AMs were infected with Mtb strains H(37)Ra and H(37)Rv at multiplicities of infection 0.1 and 1. Mtb colony-forming units were evaluated on Days 1, 4, and 7. MAIN RESULTS CD8 T cells from HHCs in 1:1 cocultures with AMs significantly (p < 0.05) increased Mtb growth control by AMs. In CCs, no detectable contribution of CD8 T cells to Mtb growth control was observed. CD4 T cells did not increase Mtb growth control in HHCs or in CCs. IFN-gamma, nitric oxide, and tumor necrosis factor were determined as potential mediators of Mtb growth control in AMs and AM/CD8 and AM/CD4 cocultures. IFN-gamma production in AM/CD4 was twofold higher than that in AM/CD8 cocultures in both HHCs and CCs (p < 0.05). Nitric oxide production from AMs of HHCs increased on Days 4 and 7 and was undetectable in AMs from CCs. IFN-gamma and nitric acid concentrations and Mtb growth control were not correlated. Tumor necrosis factor levels were significantly increased in AM/CD8 cocultures from HHCs compared with AM/CD8 cocultures from CCs (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Aerogenic exposure to Mtb in HHCs leads to expansion of Mtb-specific effector CD8 T cells that limit Mtb growth in autologous AMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Carranza
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, MSB I-503, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Peyssonnaux C, Datta V, Cramer T, Doedens A, Theodorakis EA, Gallo RL, Hurtado-Ziola N, Nizet V, Johnson RS. HIF-1alpha expression regulates the bactericidal capacity of phagocytes. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:1806-15. [PMID: 16007254 PMCID: PMC1159132 DOI: 10.1172/jci23865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2004] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a characteristic feature of the tissue microenvironment during bacterial infection. Here we report on our use of conditional gene targeting to examine the contribution of hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (HIF-1alpha) to myeloid cell innate immune function. HIF-1alpha was induced by bacterial infection, even under normoxia, and regulated the production of key immune effector molecules, including granule proteases, antimicrobial peptides, nitric oxide, and TNF-alpha. Mice lacking HIF-1alpha in their myeloid cell lineage showed decreased bactericidal activity and failed to restrict systemic spread of infection from an initial tissue focus. Conversely, activation of the HIF-1alpha pathway through deletion of von Hippel-Lindau tumor-suppressor protein or pharmacologic inducers supported myeloid cell production of defense factors and improved bactericidal capacity. HIF-1alpha control of myeloid cell activity in infected tissues could represent a novel therapeutic target for enhancing host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Peyssonnaux
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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35
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Majano P, Alonso-Lebrero JL, Janczyk A, Martín-Vichez S, Molina-Jiménez F, Brieva A, Pivel JP, González S, López-Cabrera M, Moreno-Otero R. AM3 inhibits LPS-induced iNOS expression in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:1165-70. [PMID: 15914321 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Revised: 10/13/2004] [Accepted: 02/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have analyzed the effect of a patented glycoconjugate of natural origin, AM3 (commercially available under the name Inmunoferon) in the expression of iNOS induced by administration of LPS in mice. We have observed that oral treatment with the drug daily for 6 days reduced the levels of expression of iNOS induced by an intravenous pulse of LPS. This effect was significant in the lungs and kidneys, but it was much more marked in the liver. In addition, the levels of nitric oxide in serum were clearly decreased upon treatment with AM3. Together, these results suggest that AM3 modulates the nitric oxide response and points to a possible role for AM3 in the control of the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Majano
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, U.A.M., Madrid, Spain
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36
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del Fresno C, Gómez-García L, Caveda L, Escoll P, Arnalich F, Zamora R, López-Collazo E. Nitric oxide activates the expression of IRAK-M via the release of TNF-alpha in human monocytes. Nitric Oxide 2005; 10:213-20. [PMID: 15275867 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2004.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2004] [Revised: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The activation of interleukin receptor associated kinases (IRAK) is an important event in several inflammatory processes. However, exposing monocytes to a nitric oxide (NO) donor inhibits the activity of IRAK-1 and its molecular interaction with TNF receptor associated factor-6 (TRAF6). Despite the fact that NO is known to regulate many events in the immune and vascular system, the mechanism that underlies this inhibition remains unknown. We have recently demonstrated that IRAK-M inhibits the TLR/IRAK pathway during endotoxin tolerance and thus, we hypothesized that IRAK-M may be involved in the inhibition of IRAK-1 activity in the presence of NO. Hence, we have analyzed the expression of IRAK-M in human monocytes following exposure to a NO donor (GSNO) and we have observed that GSNO was capable of inducing IRAK-M mRNA and protein expression 8 and 20 h after stimulation, respectively. It is known that NO induces the expression of TNF-alpha in monocytes and we found that exposure to TNF-alpha induced IRAK-M mRNA expression in human monocytes within 2 h of stimulation. Furthermore, the expression of IRAK-M induced by GSNO was inhibited by the presence of a blocking antibody raised against TNF-alpha. Thus, our data indicate that stimulation of human monocytes with a NO donor results in a clear induction of IRAK-M and this is dependent on the release of TNF-alpha by this kind of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos del Fresno
- Research Unit, Department of Surgical Research, La Paz Hospital, Madrid 28046, Spain
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37
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Mühl H, Pfeilschifter J. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase: a determinant of TNFalpha production by human monocytes/macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 310:677-80. [PMID: 14550254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Until recently endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) has been associated exclusively with physiological functions, particularly in the cardiovascular system. However, increasing evidence has been accumulated that supports the concept for a role of eNOS in pathophysiology. In particular, detection of eNOS protein and activity in human monocytes/macrophages suggest an immunomodulatory role of this enzyme. Here, we review data that promote the hypothesis that by enhancing TNFalpha production, eNOS activity should be regarded as a novel pro-inflammatory parameter in human monocytes/macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Mühl
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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38
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Wu CH, Chen TL, Chen TG, Ho WP, Chiu WT, Chen RM. Nitric oxide modulates pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 55:540-5. [PMID: 14501900 DOI: 10.1097/01.ta.0000033496.62796.3b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a serious and life-threatening syndrome that occurs in intensive care unit patients. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been implicated as one of major causes of sepsis. Nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines are involved in sepsis-induced inflammatory responses. This study is aimed at evaluating the effects of NO on the modulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-activated macrophages and its possible mechanism. METHODS N-Monomethyl arginine (NMMA), an inhibitor of NO synthase, was used in this study to suppress NO production. Mouse macrophage-like Raw 264.7 cells were exposed to LPS, NMMA, or a combination of NMMA and LPS. Cell viability was determined by the colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-di-phenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The amounts of nitrite, an oxidative product of NO, in the culture medium were quantified according to the Griess reaction method. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction were carried out to determine the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, and IL-10 in macrophages. RESULTS Exposure of macrophages to LPS, NMMA, and a combination of NMMA and LPS for 24 hours did not affect cell viability. LPS significantly increased the amounts of nitrite in macrophages (p < 0.01). Treatment with NMMA decreased LPS-enhanced nitrite (p < 0.01) in a concentration-dependent manner. Analyses of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction revealed that LPS significantly induced TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-10 proteins and mRNA (p < 0.01). A combined treatment with NMMA and LPS significantly blocked LPS-induced TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta (p < 0.01), but synergistically enhanced LPS-induced IL-10 (p < 0.05) protein and RNA. CONCLUSION This study has shown that NO suppression can inhibit LPS-induced TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta but enhance IL-10, and the modulation occurs at a pretranslational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsiung Wu
- Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
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Botha T, Ryffel B. Reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection in TNF-deficient mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:3110-8. [PMID: 12960337 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.3110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TNF-deficient mice are highly susceptible to Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv infection. Here we asked whether TNF is required for postinfectious immunity in aerosol-infected mice. Chemotherapy for 4 wk commencing 2 wk postinfection reduced CFU to undetectable levels. While wild-type mice had a slight rise in CFU, but controlled infection upon cessation of chemotherapy, TNF-deficient mice developed reactivation of infection with high bacterial loads in lungs, spleen, and liver, which was fatal within 13-18 wk. The increased susceptibility of TNF-deficient mice was accompanied by diminished recruitment and activation of T cells and macrophages into the lung, with defective granuloma formation and reduced inducible NO synthase expression. Reduced chemokine production in the lung might explain suboptimal recruitment and activation of T cells and uncontrolled infection. Therefore, despite a massive reduction of the mycobacterial load by chemotherapy, TNF-deficient mice were unable to compensate and mount a protective immune response. In conclusion, endogenous TNF is critical to maintain latent tuberculosis infection, and in its absence no specific immunity is generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Botha
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Technikon, Cape Town, South Africa
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40
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Choi HS, Rai PR, Chu HW, Cool C, Chan ED. Analysis of nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine expression in human pulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:178-86. [PMID: 12119230 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.2201023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of nitric oxide (NO) in the host-defense against human tuberculosis (TB) is controversial. Although experimental evidence indicates that NO may play an important role in controlling TB, its expression in human tuberculous lungs has not been systematically characterized. We therefore investigated the expression of NO synthases (NOS) and of nitrotyrosine, the latter a marker of NO expression, in surgically resected lungs of eight patients with TB. Immunohistochemical and morphometric analyses revealed that, compared with control subjects, inducible NOS, endothelial NOS, and nitrotyrosine, but not neuronal NOS, were significantly elevated in the inflammatory zone of the tuberculous granulomas, and in the nongranulomatous pneumonitis zone. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was also significantly increased in tuberculous lungs and was principally localized to the necrotic, and to a lesser extent, the inflammatory and fibrotic areas of the granulomas. The NOS isoforms, nitrotyrosine, and TNF-alpha were expressed by the epithelioid macrophages and giant cells within the granulomas and in alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells in pneumonitis areas. This descriptive study provides evidence that in human TB, NOS isoenzymes and NO are present in specialized areas of the tuberculous granulomas; their precise role in human TB remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Seok Choi
- Department of Medicine, Program in Cell Biology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
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41
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Hickman-Davis JM, O'Reilly P, Davis IC, Peti-Peterdi J, Davis G, Young KR, Devlin RB, Matalon S. Killing of Klebsiella pneumoniae by human alveolar macrophages. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 282:L944-56. [PMID: 11943658 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00216.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated putative mechanisms by which human surfactant protein A (SP-A) effects killing of Klebsiella pneumoniae by human alveolar macrophages (AMs) isolated from bronchoalveolar lavagates of patients with transplanted lungs. Coincubation of AMs with human SP-A (25 microg/ml) and Klebsiella resulted in a 68% decrease in total colony forming units by 120 min compared with AMs infected with Klebsiella in the absence of SP-A, and this SP-A-mediated effect was abolished by preincubation with N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine. Incubation of transplant AMs with SP-A increased intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) by 70% and nitrite and nitrate (NO(x)) production by 45% (from 0.24 +/- 0.02 to 1.3 +/- 0.21 nmol small middle dot 10(6) AMs(-1).h(-1)). Preincubation with 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-acetoxymethyl ester inhibited the increase in [Ca(2+)](i) and abrogated the SP-A-mediated Klebsiella phagocytosis and killing. In contrast, incubation of AMs from normal volunteers with SP-A decreased both [Ca(2+)](i) and NO(x) production and did not result in killing of Klebsiella. Significant killing of Klebsiella was also seen in a cell-free system by sustained production of peroxynitrite (>1 microM/min) at pH 5 but not at pH 7.4. These findings indicate that SP-A mediates pathogen killing by AMs from transplant lungs by stimulating phagocytosis and production of reactive oxygen-nitrogen intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy M Hickman-Davis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Nephrology and Nephrology Research Training Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
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42
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Abstract
There is now a large body of evidence suggesting that the decline in ovarian function with menopause is associated with spontaneous increases in proinflammatory cytokines. The cytokines that have obtained the most attention are IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha. The exact mechanisms by which estrogen interferes with cytokine activity are still incompletely known but may potentially include interactions of the ER with other transcription factors, modulation of nitric oxide activity, antioxidative effects, plasma membrane actions, and changes in immune cell function. Experimental and clinical studies strongly support a link between the increased state of proinflammatory cytokine activity and postmenopausal bone loss. Preliminary evidence suggests that these changes also might be relevant to vascular homeostasis and the development of atherosclerosis. Better knowledge of the mechanisms and the time course of these interactions may open new avenues for the prevention and treatment of some of the most prevalent and important disorders in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Pfeilschifter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Kliniken Bergmannsheil, University of Bochum, D-44789 Bochum, Germany.
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43
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Engele M, Stössel E, Castiglione K, Schwerdtner N, Wagner M, Bölcskei P, Röllinghoff M, Stenger S. Induction of TNF in human alveolar macrophages as a potential evasion mechanism of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:1328-37. [PMID: 11801673 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.3.1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of macrophages to release cytokines is crucial to the host response to intracellular infection. In particular, macrophage-derived TNF plays an important role in the host response to infection with the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In mice, TNF is indispensable for the formation of tuberculous granulomas, which serve to demarcate the virulent bacterium. TNF is also implicated in many of the immunopathological features of tuberculosis. To investigate the role of TNF in the local immune response, we infected human alveolar macrophages with virulent and attenuated mycobacteria. Infection with virulent strains induced the secretion of significantly higher levels of bioactive TNF than attenuated strains correlating with their ability to multiply intracellularly. Treatment of infected macrophages with neutralizing anti-TNF Abs reduced the growth rate of intracellular bacteria, whereas bacterial replication was augmented by addition of exogenous TNF. Infected and uninfected macrophages contributed to cytokine production as determined by double-staining of M. tuberculosis and intracellular TNF. The induction of TNF by human alveolar macrophages at the site of infection permits the multiplication of intracellular bacteria and may therefore present an evasion mechanism of human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Engele
- Institut für Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene der Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstrasse 3, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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44
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Tobin MJ. Tuberculosis, lung infections, and interstitial lung disease in AJRCCM 2000. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:1774-88. [PMID: 11734425 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.164.10.2108127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
MESH Headings
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/epidemiology
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/immunology
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/therapy
- Animals
- Biomarkers/analysis
- Bronchiectasis/diagnosis
- Bronchiectasis/therapy
- Critical Care/methods
- Critical Care/standards
- Critical Care/trends
- Disease Models, Animal
- HIV Infections/complications
- HIV Infections/diagnosis
- HIV Infections/epidemiology
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/therapy
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/diagnosis
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/therapy
- Immunocompromised Host
- Infections/diagnosis
- Infections/therapy
- Lung Diseases/diagnosis
- Lung Diseases/therapy
- Lung Diseases, Interstitial/diagnosis
- Lung Diseases, Interstitial/therapy
- Mass Screening/methods
- Molecular Biology
- Periodicals as Topic
- Risk Factors
- Sarcoidosis/diagnosis
- Sarcoidosis/genetics
- Sarcoidosis/therapy
- Scleroderma, Systemic/diagnosis
- Scleroderma, Systemic/therapy
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/epidemiology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Tobin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Hines, Illinois 60141, USA.
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Chan ED, Chan J, Schluger NW. What is the role of nitric oxide in murine and human host defense against tuberculosis?Current knowledge. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001; 25:606-12. [PMID: 11713103 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.25.5.4487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of reactive oxygen intermediates and reactive nitrogen intermediates by innate immune cells is considered to be an effective host-defense mechanism against microbial pathogens. In the murine model of tuberculosis (TB), nitric oxide (NO) plays an essential role in the killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by mononuclear phagocytes. For example, in the mouse strain with a genetic disruption for inducible NO synthase (iNOS-/-), infection with M. tuberculosis is associated with a significantly higher risk of dissemination and mortality. Although more controversial in humans, there is a growing body of evidence that NO produced by TB-infected macrophages and by epithelial cells also has antimycobacterial effects against M. tuberculosis. The precise mechanism(s) by which NO and other reactive nitrogen species antagonize M. tuberculosis is not known, but may involve disruption of bacterial DNA, proteins, signaling, and/or induction of apoptosis of macrophages that harbor mycobacteria. In addition to cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 1-beta, mycobacterial cell wall components such as lipoarabinomannan and 19 kD lipoprotein, along with the T-cell-derived interferon-gamma, may also induce NO expression. In a Darwinian fashion, it also appears that certain strains of M. tuberculosis have evolved strategies to combat the toxic effects of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Chan
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center and Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA.
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Wang CH, Kuo HP. Nitric oxide modulates interleukin-1beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha synthesis, and disease regression by alveolar macrophages in pulmonary tuberculosis. Respirology 2001; 6:79-84. [PMID: 11264769 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1843.2001.00302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pretreatment with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors profoundly increases mortality, bacterial burden and pathological tissue damage in mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nitric oxide (NO) production is enhanced in alveolar macrophages (AM) of tuberculosis (TB) patients. Interleukin (IL)-1beta and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha released from AM are involved in the immune response to mycobacterial infection. The aim of the present study was to examine whether NO is implicated in IL-1beta and TNF-alpha synthesis by AM and related to the resolution of disease activity in TB patients. Purified AM were retrieved by bronchoalveolar lavage from TB patients and normal subjects, and cultured in the presence or absence of a NO inhibitor, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA). The release of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha, and their mRNA expression were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and northern analysis, respectively. The level of nitrite released into the culture medium was determined. The rate of disease regression was evaluated by serial chest radiography. The release of nitrite, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha was much greater from AM of TB patients than normal subjects. NG-monomethyl-L-arginine inhibited the production of nitrite as well as IL-1beta and TNF-alpha in TB patients. The mRNA expression for IL-1beta and TNF-alpha was upregulated in TB patients and was depressed by L-NMMA. Immunocytochemistry using a monoclonal antibody against nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) subunit p65 showed NF-kappaB was highly expressed and translocated to the nuclei of AM in TB patients, and was inhibited by L-NMMA. An inhibition of NF-kappaB by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate attenuated IL-1beta and TNF-alpha synthesis. More generation of NO from cultured AM increased the disease regression in TB patients. We conclude that the enhanced NO generation by AM of TB patients may play an autoregulatory role in amplifying the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines, probably through the activation of NF-kappaB. Nitric oxide may also play an important role in resistance to M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Wang
- Department of Thoracic Medicine II, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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47
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Wang C, Kuo H. Nitric oxide modulates interleukin‐1β and tumour necrosis factor‐α synthesis, and disease regression by alveolar macrophages in pulmonary tuberculosis. Respirology 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2001.00302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Hua Wang
- Department of Thoracic Medicine II, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han‐Pin Kuo
- Department of Thoracic Medicine II, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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48
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Gongalves PA, da Mata PL, Neuparth N, Rendas AB. Papel do Óxido Nítrico como marcador de inflamação em doenças respiratórias. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE PNEUMOLOGIA 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0873-2159(15)30904-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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