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Zhang Q, Cai G, Cui F, Li F, Liang H, Gao L, Guo W, Li M, Chen Y. The relationship of airflow limitation with lung squamous cell carcinoma: evidence from mendelian randomization analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:6999-7006. [PMID: 36853385 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04612-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies showed associations between smoking, and airflow limitation, with lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). However, the causal association of airflow limitation with LUSC and the modification by smoking status for the association remains unclear. METHODS Genetic summary data were obtained from large genome-wide association studies (GWAS). One hundred two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for airflow limitation (i.e., FEV1/FVC < 0.7) and 153 SNPs for smoking behavior were used as instrumental variables and the main MR analysis methods. The univariable and multivariable Mendelian Randomization (MR) in a two-sample setting were performed to assess the association of airflow limitation, and smoking behavior with LUSC. RESULTS In the univariable MR analysis, genetic predisposition towards airflow limitation [Inverse Variance-Weighted (IVW) method Odds Ratio (OR) = 4.83, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.55 to 15.06, P = 0.006], age of smoking initiation (IVW method OR = 0.10, 95%CI 0.02 to 0.36, P < 0.001), cigarettes smoked per day (IVW method OR = 3.10, 95%CI 2.07 to 4.63, P < 0.001), ex-smoking (IVW method OR = 0.47, 95%CI 0.31 to 0.69, P < 0.001), current smoking status (IVW method OR = 13.08, 95%CI 2.53 to 67.84, P = 0.002), pack-years of smoking (Weighted median method OR = 11.49, 95%CI 3.71 to 35.63, P < 0.001) were associated with LUSC. In the multivariable MR analysis, the causal effect of airflow limitation was still observed on LUSC (IVW method OR = 2.97, 95% CI 1.09 to 8.04, P = 0.032 adjusted for age of smoking initiation and cigarettes smoked per day; IVW method OR = 3.24, 95% CI 1.09 to 9.58, P = 0.033 adjusted for ex-smoking, current smoking status, and pack years of smoking; IVW method OR = 2.91, 95% CI 1.01 to 8.41, P = 0.049 adjusted for 5 smoking behaviors mentioned above). CONCLUSIONS Our MR analysis demonstrated that airflow limitation is likely to be an independent predictor of LUSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 195 Dongfeng Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Guannan Cai
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 195 Dongfeng Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Fei Cui
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 195 Dongfeng Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Feng Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 195 Dongfeng Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Hengrui Liang
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 195 Dongfeng Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Limei Gao
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 195 Dongfeng Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Wenwei Guo
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 195 Dongfeng Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Meihua Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 195 Dongfeng Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 195 Dongfeng Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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Gandhi S, Roy I. Lipid-Based Inhalable Micro- and Nanocarriers of Active Agents for Treating Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051457. [PMID: 37242697 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) afflicts about 2 million people worldwide, with both genetic (familial) and environmental factors contributing to its development and spread. The inadequacy of currently available therapeutic techniques, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, in addressing NSCLC is reflected in the very low survival rate of this disease. Therefore, newer approaches and combination therapy regimens are required to reverse this dismal scenario. Direct administration of inhalable nanotherapeutic agents to the cancer sites can potentially lead to optimal drug use, negligible side effects, and high therapeutic gain. Lipid-based nanoparticles are ideal agents for inhalable delivery owing to their high drug loading, ideal physical traits, sustained drug release, and biocompatibility. Drugs loaded within several lipid-based nanoformulations, such as liposomes, solid-lipid nanoparticles, lipid-based micelles, etc., have been developed as both aqueous dispersed formulations as well as dry-powder formulations for inhalable delivery in NSCLC models in vitro and in vivo. This review chronicles such developments and charts the future prospects of such nanoformulations in the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Gandhi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida 203201, India
| | - Indrajit Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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Criner GJ, Agusti A, Borghaei H, Friedberg J, Martinez FJ, Miyamoto C, Vogelmeier CF, Celli BR. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Lung Cancer: A Review for Clinicians. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES (MIAMI, FLA.) 2022; 9:454-476. [PMID: 35790131 PMCID: PMC9448004 DOI: 10.15326/jcopdf.2022.0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer are common global causes of morbidity and mortality. Because both diseases share several predisposing risks, the 2 diseases may occur concurrently in susceptible individuals. The diagnosis of COPD has important implications for the diagnostic approach and treatment options if lesions concerning for lung cancer are identified during screening. Importantly, the presence of COPD has significant implications on prognosis and management of patients with lung cancer. In this monograph, we review the mechanistic linkage between lung cancer and COPD, the impact of lung cancer screening on patients at risk, and the implications of the presence of COPD on the approach to the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. This manuscript succinctly reviews the epidemiology and common pathogenetic factors for the concurrence of COPD and lung cancer. Importantly for the clinician, it summarizes the indications, benefits, and complications of lung cancer screening in patients with COPD, and the assessment of risk factors for patients with COPD undergoing consideration of various treatment options for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard J. Criner
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Alvar Agusti
- Cátedra Salud Respiratoria, University of Barcelona; Respiratory Institute, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hossein Borghaei
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Joseph Friedberg
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | | | - Curtis Miyamoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Claus F. Vogelmeier
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Giessen and Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, German Centre for Lung Research, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bartolome R. Celli
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Bao G, Guan X, Liang J, Yao Y, Xiang Y, Li T, Zhong X. A Germline Mutation in ATR Is Associated With Lung Adenocarcinoma in Asian Patients. Front Oncol 2022; 12:855305. [PMID: 35712480 PMCID: PMC9195140 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.855305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Familial lung cancer (FLC) accounts for 8% of lung adenocarcinoma. It is known that a few germline mutations are associated with risk increasing and may provide new screening and treatment option. The goal of this study is to identify an FLC gene among three members of an FLC family. Methods To uncover somatic and embryonic mutations linked with familial lung cancer, whole exome sequencing was done on surgical tissues and peripheral blood from three sisters in a family diagnosed with pulmonary lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). At the same time, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and bulk RNA sequencing data in public databases were enrolled to identify specific gene expression level. Results Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3-Related Protein (ATR) gene C.7667C >G (p.T2556S) mutation were found in 3 patients with familial lung cancer. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the three sisters exhibited similar somatic mutation patterns. Besides ATR mutations, common mutated genes (BRCA1, EGFR, and ROS1) that characterize LUAD were also found in 5 tumor samples. Analysis for the ATR expression in LUAD patients by single-cell sequencing data, we found ATR expression of tumor patients at high level in immune cells when compared with normal patients, but the expression of ATR in stromal cells has the opposite result. Conclusion We found a germline mutation in the ATR gene in three sisters of a Chinese family affected by familial lung cancer, which may be a genetic factor for lung cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyao Bao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaojiao Guan
- Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jie Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yifan Xiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinwen Zhong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis and the Incidence of Lung Cancer among Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021; 19:640-648. [PMID: 34478360 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202010-1240oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE While the history of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is a risk factor for developing both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer, it remains unclear whether the history of PTB affects lung cancer development in COPD patients. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether a history of PTB is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer development in a population with COPD. METHODS This cohort study included a nationwide representative sample of 13,165 Korean men and women with COPD, aged between 50-84 years. In addition, to assess whether the relationship between PTB and lung cancer risk differs between participants with and without COPD, a matched cohort without COPD was included. Participants were matched 1:3 for age, sex, smoking history, and PTB status based on the index health screening exam of corresponding participants with COPD. The two cohorts were followed up for 13 years (January 1st, 2003, to December 31st, 2015). PTB was diagnosed based on the results of chest radiography, and incident lung cancer was identified from hospitalization and outpatient visit claims (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision diagnosis code C33 or C34). RESULTS During 370,617 person-years (PY) of follow-up (median follow-up, 7.7 years), in the COPD group, we observed 430 incident cases of lung cancer in participants without a history of PTB (incidence rate 524 per 100,000 PY) and 148 cases in those with a history of PTB (incidence rate 931 per 100,000 PY). Compared to participants without a PTB history, the fully adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for lung cancer in those with a history of PTB was 1.24 (1.03, 1.50). The association of PTB history and lung cancer development was more evident in never-smokers with COPD. In contrast, among participants without COPD, the corresponding hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) was 0.98 (0.78, 1.22). There was no interaction between PTB, smoking status, and COPD. CONCLUSIONS The history of PTB was associated with an increased risk of developing lung cancer among COPD patients in our country with an intermediate TB burden. COPD patients with a history of PTB, particularly the never-smokers, might benefit from periodical screening or assessment for lung cancer development.
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Azuma Y, Sano A, Sakai T, Koezuka S, Otsuka H, Tochigi N, Isobe K, Sakamoto S, Takai Y, Iyoda A. Prognostic and functional impact of perioperative LAMA/LABA inhaled therapy in patients with lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BMC Pulm Med 2021; 21:174. [PMID: 34020622 PMCID: PMC8139148 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-021-01537-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an important risk factor for postoperative complications and mortality. To determine the effects of perioperative combination therapy, using a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) and a long-acting β2 agonist (LABA), on preoperative lung function, postoperative morbidity and mortality, and long-term outcome in COPD patients. METHODS Between January 2005 and October 2019, 130 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed COPD underwent surgery for lung cancer. We conducted a retrospective review of their medical record to evaluate that LAMA/LABA might be an optimal regimen for patients with COPD undergoing surgery for lung cancer. All patients were received perioperative rehabilitation and divided into 3 groups according to the type of perioperative inhaled therapy and management: LAMA/LABA (n = 64), LAMA (n = 23) and rehabilitation only (no bronchodilator) (n = 43). We conducted a retrospective review of their medical records. RESULTS Patients who received preoperative LAMA/LABA therapy showed significant improvement in lung function before surgery (p < 0.001 for both forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and percentage of predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1%pred). Compared with patients who received preoperative LAMA therapy, patients with LAMA/LABA therapy had significantly improved lung function (ΔFEV1, LAMA/LABA 223.1 mL vs. LAMA 130.0 mL, ΔFEV1%pred, LAMA/LABA 10.8% vs. LAMA 6.8%; both p < 0.05). Postoperative complications were lower frequent in the LAMA/LABA group than in the LAMA group (p = 0.007). In patients with moderate to severe air flow limitation (n = 61), those who received LAMA/LABA therapy had significantly longer overall survival and disease-free survival compared with the LAMA (p = 0.049, p = 0.026) and rehabilitation-only groups (p = 0.001, p < 0.001). Perioperative LAMA/LABA therapy was also associated with lower recurrence rates (vs. LAMA p = 0.006, vs. rehabilitation-only p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS We believe this treatment combination is optimal for patients with lung cancer and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Azuma
- Division of Chest Surgery, Department of Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sano
- Division of Chest Surgery, Department of Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakai
- Division of Chest Surgery, Department of Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Satoshi Koezuka
- Division of Chest Surgery, Department of Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Hajime Otsuka
- Division of Chest Surgery, Department of Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Naobumi Tochigi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Toho University School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Isobe
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Susumu Sakamoto
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Yujiro Takai
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Akira Iyoda
- Division of Chest Surgery, Department of Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan.
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Liu J, Ran Z, Wang F, Xin C, Xiong B, Song Z. Role of pulmonary microorganisms in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 47:1-12. [PMID: 33040638 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1830748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic obstructive respiratory disease characterized by irreversible airway limitation and persistent respiratory symptoms. The main clinical symptoms of COPD are dyspnoea, chronic cough, and sputum. COPD is often accompanied by other respiratory diseases, which can cause worsening of the disease. COPD patients with dyspnoea and aggravation of cough and sputum symptoms represent acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD). There is mounting evidence suggesting that dysbiosis of pulmonary microbiota participates in the disease. However, investigations of dysbiosis of pulmonary microbiota and the disease are still in initial phases. To screen, diagnose, and treat this respiratory disease, integrating data from different studies can improve our understanding of the occurrence and development of COPD and AECOPD. In this review, COPD epidemiology and the primary triggering mechanism are explored. Emerging knowledge regarding the association of inflammation, caused by pulmonary microbiome imbalance, and changes in lung microbiome flora species involved in the development of the disease are also highlighted. These data will further our understanding of the pathogenesis of COPD and AECOPD and may yield novel strategies for the use of pulmonary microbiota as a potential therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiexing Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, PR China
| | - Zhuonan Ran
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, PR China
| | - Fen Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, PR China
| | - Caiyan Xin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, PR China
| | - Bin Xiong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, PR China
| | - Zhangyong Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, PR China.,Molecular Biotechnology Platform, Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, PR China
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Mollica M, Aronne L, Paoli G, Flora M, Mazzeo G, Tartaglione S, Polito R, Tranfa C, Ceparano M, Komici K, Mazzarella G, Iadevaia C. Elderly with COPD: comoborbitidies and systemic consequences. JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY AND GERIATRICS 2020. [DOI: 10.36150/2499-6564-434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Zhang Q, Thakur C, Shi J, Sun J, Fu Y, Stemmer P, Chen F. New discoveries of mdig in the epigenetic regulation of cancers. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 57:27-35. [PMID: 31276784 PMCID: PMC6844078 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mineral dust-induced gene (mdig) encodes a member of the evolutionarily conserved JmjC family proteins that play fundamental roles in regulating chromatin-based processes as well as transcription of the genes in eukaryotic cells. This gene is also named as myc-induced nuclear antigen 53 (MINA), nucleolar protein 52 (NO52) and ribosomal oxygenase 2 (RIOX2). Increased expression of mdig had been noted in a number of human cancers, esp. lung cancer. Emerging evidence suggests that the oncogenic activity of mdig is most likely achieved through its regulation on the demethylation of histone proteins, despite it lacks the structural identities of the demethylases. Here, we discuss the latest discoveries on the characteristics of the mdig protein and its roles in a wide variety of normal and carcinogenic processes. We will also provide perspectives on how mdig is involved in the maintenance and differentiation of the embryonic stem cells, somatic stem cells and cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Chitra Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Junwei Shi
- Nantong Pulmonary Hospital, 500 Yonghe Road, Gangzha Qu, Nantong, 226011, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiaying Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Yao Fu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Paul Stemmer
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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Abstract
Significant advances in the management of both early and advanced stage lung cancer have not yet led to the scale of improved outcomes which have been achieved in other cancers over the last 40 years. Diagnosis of lung cancer at the earliest stage of disease is strongly associated with improved survival. Therefore, although recent advances in oncology may herald breakthroughs in effective treatment, achieving early diagnosis will remain crucial to obtaining optimal outcomes. This is challenging, as most lung cancer symptoms are non-specific or are common respiratory symptoms which usually represent benign disease. Identification of patients at risk of lung cancer who require further investigation is an important responsibility for general practitioners (GPs). Diagnosis has historically relied upon plain chest X-ray (CXR), organised in response to symptoms. The sensitivity of this modality, however, compares unfavourably with that of computed tomography (CT). In some jurisdictions screening high-risk individuals with low dose CT (LDCT) is now recommended. However uptake remains low and the eligibility for screening programmes is restricted. Therefore, even if screening is widely adopted, most patients will continue to be diagnosed after presenting with symptoms. Achieving early diagnosis requires GPs to maintain an appropriate level of suspicion and readiness to investigate in high-risk patients or those with non-resolving symptoms. This article discusses the early detection of lung cancer from a primary care perspective. We outline risk factors and epidemiology, the role of screening and offer guidance on the recognition of symptomatic presentation and the investigation and referral of suspected lung cancer.
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Abstract
The incidence and mortality from lung cancer is decreasing in the US due to decades of public education and tobacco control policies, but are increasing elsewhere in the world related to the commencement of the tobacco epidemic in various countries and populations in the developing world. Individual cigarette smoking is by far the most common risk factor for lung carcinoma; other risks include passive smoke inhalation, residential radon, occupational exposures, infection and genetic susceptibility. The predominant disease burden currently falls on minority populations and socioeconomically disadvantaged people. In the US, the recent legalization of marijuana for recreational use in many states and the rapid growth of commercially available electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) present challenges to public health for which little short term and no long term safety data is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M de Groot
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology at The UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carol C Wu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology at The UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brett W Carter
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology at The UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Reginald F Munden
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest Baptist Hospital, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Liu L, Huang C, Li L, Liang N, Li S. [Relationship between FGFR1 Gene Regulation of Circulating Tumor Cells and Clinical Features of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2018; 21:365-374. [PMID: 29764586 PMCID: PMC5999920 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2018.05.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
背景与目的 目前检测非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)术后患者复发转移的方法均具有一定的滞后性及片面性。本研究总结分析了30例NSCLC患者外周血循环肿瘤细胞(circulating tumor cell, CTC)及成纤维细胞生长因子受体1(fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, FGFR1)表达情况与临床病理之间的关系,以期能够为肿瘤复发转移的检测提供新思路。 方法 分析北京协和医院胸外科2016年11月-2017年6月30例NSCLC患者临床资料及CTC检测数据并进行相关性分析。 结果 相关性数据分析可得,外周血CTC细胞阳性率与吸烟史相关(P=0.016),病理类型与CTC阳性率及FGFR1表达情况之间无明显关联(P=0.202, P=0.806),不同类型CTC细胞FGFR1表达情况并无明显差异(P=0.094)。 结论 CTC阳性率与NSCLC患者吸烟史相关,不同病理类型NSCLC中CTC分类及FGFR1表达情况无明显差异,不同类型CTC之间FGFR1表达情况无明显差异。我们期待着更大样本量及纳入随访数据后可得出与CTC及FGFR1基因表达相关的更多具有临床应用意义的结论。
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Naixin Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shanqing Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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Qiu F, Li Y, Lu X, Xie C, Nong Q, Wu D, Chen J, Yang L, Zhou Y, Lu J. Rare variant ofMAP2K7is associated with increased risk of COPD in southern and eastern Chinese. Respirology 2017; 22:691-698. [DOI: 10.1111/resp.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuman Qiu
- Biomedicine Research Center of The Third Affiliated Hospital of GMU, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity; Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Yinyan Li
- Biomedicine Research Center of The Third Affiliated Hospital of GMU, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity; Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Xiaoxiao Lu
- School of Arts and Sciences; Colby-Sawyer College; New London New Hampshire USA
| | - Chenli Xie
- Biomedicine Research Center of The Third Affiliated Hospital of GMU, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity; Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Qingqing Nong
- Department of Environmental Health; Guangxi Medical University; Nanning China
| | - Di Wu
- Biomedicine Research Center of The Third Affiliated Hospital of GMU, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity; Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Jiansong Chen
- Biomedicine Research Center of The Third Affiliated Hospital of GMU, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity; Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Lei Yang
- Biomedicine Research Center of The Third Affiliated Hospital of GMU, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity; Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Yifeng Zhou
- Department of Genetics; Medical College of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Jiachun Lu
- Biomedicine Research Center of The Third Affiliated Hospital of GMU, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity; Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
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14
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Huang R, Wei Y, Hung RJ, Liu G, Su L, Zhang R, Zong X, Zhang ZF, Morgenstern H, Brüske I, Heinrich J, Hong YC, Kim JH, Cote M, Wenzlaff A, Schwartz AG, Stucker I, Mclaughlin J, Marcus MW, Davies MPA, Liloglou T, Field JK, Matsuo K, Barnett M, Thornquist M, Goodman G, Wang Y, Chen S, Yang P, Duell EJ, Andrew AS, Lazarus P, Muscat J, Woll P, Horsman J, Teare MD, Flugelman A, Rennert G, Zhang Y, Brenner H, Stegmaier C, van der Heijden EHFM, Aben K, Kiemeney L, Barros-Dios J, Pérez-Ríos M, Ruano-Ravina A, Caporaso NE, Bertazzi PA, Landi MT, Dai J, Hongbing Shen H, Fernandez-Tardon G, Rodriguez-Suarez M, Tardon A, Christiani DC. Associated Links Among Smoking, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Pooled Analysis in the International Lung Cancer Consortium. EBioMedicine 2016; 2:1677-85. [PMID: 26870794 PMCID: PMC4740296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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15
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Ebben JD, Lubet RA, Gad E, Disis ML, You M. Epidermal growth factor receptor derived peptide vaccination to prevent lung adenocarcinoma formation: An in vivo study in a murine model of EGFR mutant lung cancer. Mol Carcinog 2016; 55:1517-1525. [PMID: 26346412 PMCID: PMC6019616 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The ability to prevent disease is the holy grail of medicine. For decades, efforts have been made to extend the successes seen with vaccination against infectious diseases to cancer. In some instances, preventive vaccination against viruses (prototypically HPV) has successfully prevented tumorigenesis and will make a major impact on public health in the decades to come. However, the majority of cancers that arise are a result of genetic mutation within the host, or non-viral environmental exposures. We present compelling evidence that vaccination against an overexpressed self-tumor oncoprotein has the potential to prevent tumor development. Vaccination against the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) using a multipeptide vaccine in a preventive setting decreased EGFR-driven lung carcinogenesis by 76.4% in a mouse model of EGFR-driven lung cancer. We also demonstrate that anti-EGFR vaccination primes the development of a robust immune response in vivo. This study provides proof of concept for the first time that targeting tumor drivers in a preventive setting in lung cancer using peptide vaccination can inhibit tumorigenesis and may provide useful clinical insights into the development of strategies to vaccinate against EGFR in populations where EGFR-mutant disease is highly prevalent. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan D Ebben
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ronald A Lubet
- Division of Chemoprevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ekram Gad
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mary L Disis
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ming You
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
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16
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Abstract
Lung cancer in multiple first degree relatives had previously been attributed to smoking and to inherited enzymes associated with increased activation of carcinogens in smoke. There was not clear agreement on the significance of the testing methods for lung cancer susceptibility. More recent studies have identified germline mutations associated with lung cancer even in the absence of smoking and other mutations with plausible explanations for their association with lung cancer caused by smoking. At this time, the clinical significance of the various germline mutations for screening and the implications for therapy are not certain. This review summarizes the currently identified germline mutations associated with lung cancer, but this growing area of research will very likely identify further significant mutations as well.
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17
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Schwartz AG, Cote ML. Epidemiology of Lung Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 893:21-41. [PMID: 26667337 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24223-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer continues to be one of the most common causes of cancer death despite understanding the major cause of the disease: cigarette smoking. Smoking increases lung cancer risk 5- to 10-fold with a clear dose-response relationship. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke among nonsmokers increases lung cancer risk about 20%. Risks for marijuana and hookah use, and the new e-cigarettes, are yet to be consistently defined and will be important areas for continued research as use of these products increases. Other known environmental risk factors include exposures to radon, asbestos, diesel, and ionizing radiation. Host factors have also been associated with lung cancer risk, including family history of lung cancer, history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and infections. Studies to identify genes associated with lung cancer susceptibility have consistently identified chromosomal regions on 15q25, 6p21 and 5p15 associated with lung cancer risk. Risk prediction models for lung cancer typically include age, sex, cigarette smoking intensity and/or duration, medical history, and occupational exposures, however there is not yet a risk prediction model currently recommended for general use. As lung cancer screening becomes more widespread, a validated model will be needed to better define risk groups to inform screening guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann G Schwartz
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Michele L Cote
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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18
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Qiang G, Liang C, Xiao F, Yu Q, Wen H, Song Z, Tian Y, Shi B, Guo Y, Liu D. Impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on postoperative recurrence in patients with resected non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2015; 11:43-9. [PMID: 26766906 PMCID: PMC4699520 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s97411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to determine whether the severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects recurrence-free survival in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients after surgical resection. Patients and methods A retrospective study was performed on 421 consecutive patients who had undergone lobectomy for NSCLC from January 2008 to June 2011. Classification of COPD severity was based on guidelines of the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Characteristics among the three subgroups were compared and recurrence-free survivals were analyzed. Results A total of 172 patients were diagnosed with COPD (124 as GOLD-1, 46 as GOLD-2, and two as GOLD-3). The frequencies of recurrence were significantly higher in patients with higher COPD grades (P<0.001). Recurrence-free survival at 5 years was 78.1%, 70.4%, and 46.4% in non-COPD, mild COPD, and moderate/severe COPD groups, respectively (P<0.001). By univariate analysis, the age, sex, smoking history, COPD severity, tumor size, histology, and pathological stage were associated with recurrence-free survival. Multivariate analysis showed that older age, male, moderate/severe COPD, and advanced stage were independent risk factors associated with recurrence-free survival. Conclusion NSCLC patients with COPD are at high risk for postoperative recurrence, and moderate/severe COPD is an independent unfavorable prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangliang Qiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoyang Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiduo Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanshun Wen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyi Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanchu Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Shi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqing Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Deruo Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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19
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Relationship Between Emphysema Severity and the Location of Lung Cancer in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2015; 205:540-5. [PMID: 26295639 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.14.13992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE New phenotypes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) based on emphysema severity have been recognized recently. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between emphysema severity (phenotype) and lung cancer location in patients with COPD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four hundred patients with 405 primary lung cancers confirmed pathologically between January 2010 and March 2014 were included in the study. Of these, 193 patients received a diagnosis of COPD according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease guidelines. We scored emphysema severity (0-4) on thin-section CT and assigned the anatomic tumor location of lung cancer as peripheral or central. RESULTS Patients with COPD had a higher proportion of centrally located lung cancer compared with those without COPD (36.4% vs 17.4%; p < 0.001). In patients with COPD, lower emphysema grades (odds ratio [OR], 0.69; 95% CI, 0.51-0.93; p = 0.016) and reduced ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) to forced vital capacity (FVC) (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89-0.99; p = 0.024) were associated with central location. After adjusting for age, smoking, and spirometry results, the proportion of central location was approximately four times higher in patients with lower emphysema grades (0-2, < 25%) than in those with severe grades (grade 4, > 51%). CONCLUSION Lower emphysema grades and reduced FEV1/FVC seemed to be independent predictors of central location of lung cancer in COPD. Therefore, in patients with COPD with lower grade emphysema and airway-predominant disease, additional screening tools may have to be considered for central lung cancer detection along with thin-section CT.
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20
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Negewo NA, Gibson PG, McDonald VM. COPD and its comorbidities: Impact, measurement and mechanisms. Respirology 2015; 20:1160-71. [PMID: 26374280 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) frequently coexists with other conditions often known as comorbidities. The prevalence of most of the common comorbid conditions that accompany COPD has been widely reported. It is also recognized that comorbidities have significant health and economic consequences. Nevertheless, there is scant research examining how comorbidities should be assessed and managed in the context of COPD. Also, the underlying mechanisms linking COPD with its comorbidities are still not fully understood. Owing to these knowledge gaps, current disease-specific approaches provide clinicians with little guidance in terms of managing comorbid conditions in the clinical care of multi-diseased COPD patients. This review discusses the concepts of comorbidity and multi-morbidity in COPD in relation to the overall clinical outcome of COPD management. It also summarizes some of the currently available clinical scores used to measure comorbid conditions and their prognostic abilities. Furthermore, recent developments in the proposed mechanisms linking COPD with its comorbidities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netsanet A Negewo
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter G Gibson
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vanessa M McDonald
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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21
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Durham AL, Adcock IM. The relationship between COPD and lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2015; 90:121-7. [PMID: 26363803 PMCID: PMC4718929 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
COPD is a risk factor for lung cancer beyond their shared aetiology. Both are driven by oxidative stress. Both are linked to cellular aging, senescence and telomere shortening. Both have been linked to genetic predisposition. Both show altered epigenetic regulation of gene expression.
Both COPD and lung cancer are major worldwide health concerns owing to cigarette smoking, and represent a huge, worldwide, preventable disease burden. Whilst the majority of smokers will not develop either COPD or lung cancer, they are closely related diseases, occurring as co-morbidities at a higher rate than if they were independently triggered by smoking. Lung cancer and COPD may be different aspects of the same disease, with the same underlying predispositions, whether this is an underlying genetic predisposition, telomere shortening, mitochondrial dysfunction or premature aging. In the majority of smokers, the burden of smoking may be dealt with by the body’s defense mechanisms: anti-oxidants such as superoxide dismutases, anti-proteases and DNA repair mechanisms. However, in the case of both diseases these fail, leading to cancer if mutations occur or COPD if damage to the cell and proteins becomes too great. Alternatively COPD could be a driving factor in lung cancer, by increasing oxidative stress and the resulting DNA damage, chronic exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines, repression of the DNA repair mechanisms and increased cellular proliferation. Understanding the mechanisms that drive these processes in primary cells from patients with these diseases along with better disease models is essential for the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Durham
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, UK.
| | - I M Adcock
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, UK
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22
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Ziółkowska-Suchanek I, Mosor M, Gabryel P, Grabicki M, Żurawek M, Fichna M, Strauss E, Batura-Gabryel H, Dyszkiewicz W, Nowak J. Susceptibility loci in lung cancer and COPD: association of IREB2 and FAM13A with pulmonary diseases. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13502. [PMID: 26310313 PMCID: PMC4550915 DOI: 10.1038/srep13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified loci at 15q25 (IREB2) and 4q22 (FAM13A), associated with lung cancer (LC) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of our research was to determine the association of IREB2 and FAM13A SNPs with LC and severe/very severe COPD patients. We examined IREB2 variants (rs2568494, rs2656069, rs10851906, rs13180) and FAM13A (rs1903003, rs7671167, rs2869967) among 1.141 participants (468 LC, 149 COPD, 524 smoking controls). The frequency of the minor IREB2 rs2568494 AA genotype, was higher in LC vs controls (P = 0.0081, OR = 1.682). The FAM13A rs2869967 was associated with COPD (minor CC genotype: P = 0.0007, OR = 2.414). The rs1903003, rs7671167 FAM13A variants confer a protective effect on COPD (both P < 0.002, OR < 0.405). Haplotype-based tests identified an association of the IREB2 AAAT haplotype with LC (P = 0.0021, OR = 1.513) and FAM13A TTC with COPD (P = 0.0013, OR = 1.822). Cumulative genetic risk score analyses (CGRS), derived by adding risk alleles, revealed that the risk for COPD increased with the growing number of the FAM13A risk alleles. OR (95% CI) for carriers of ≥5 risk alleles reached 2.998 (1.8 to 4.97) compared to the controls. This study confirms that the IREB2 variants contribute to an increased risk of LC, whereas FAM13A predisposes to increased susceptibility to COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Mosor
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Gabryel
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University of Medical Sciences, 62 Szamarzewskiego Street, 60-569 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Grabicki
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Oncology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 84 Szamarzewskiego Street, 60-569 Poland
| | - Magdalena Żurawek
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marta Fichna
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, Poznań, Poland.,Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Diseases, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego Street, Poland
| | - Ewa Strauss
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, Poznań, Poland.,Laboratory for Basic Research and Translational Medicine in Vascular Diseases, Clinic of Internal and Vascular Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dluga ½ Street, 61-848 Poland
| | - Halina Batura-Gabryel
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Oncology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 84 Szamarzewskiego Street, 60-569 Poland
| | - Wojciech Dyszkiewicz
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University of Medical Sciences, 62 Szamarzewskiego Street, 60-569 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jerzy Nowak
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, Poznań, Poland
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23
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Ahmad D, Bakairy AK, Katheri AM, Tamimi W. MDM2 (RS769412) G>A Polymorphism in Cigarette Smokers: a Clue for the Susceptibility to Smoking and Lung Cancer Risk. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:4057-60. [PMID: 25987086 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.9.4057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke contains oxidants and free radicals which are carcinogens that can induce mutations in humans. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most frequent genetic alterations found in the human genome. In the present study, we have examined the ability of the murine double minute 2 (Mdm2) (rs769412) A>G polymorphism in cigarette smokers to predict risk of cancers. Our results showed that of smokers, 87% were found with AA genotype, 10% with heterozygous AG genotype, and 3% with GG genotype. The heterozygous AG genotype was observed in a lower percentage of smokers (10%) as compared to non-smokers (18%), whereas, homozygous AA genotype was observed in lower percentage of non-smokers (81%) as compared to the smokers (87%). The results from present study support the association with an allele and AG genotype in non-smokers. However, further studies are required to establish the role of Mdm2 (rs769412) C>T in cigarettes smokers and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilshad Ahmad
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia E-mail :
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24
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Yang L, Qiu F, Fang W, Zhang L, Xie C, Lu X, Huang D, Guo Y, Pan M, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Lu J. The Functional Copy Number Variation-67048 in WWOX Contributes to Increased Risk of COPD in Southern and Eastern Chinese. COPD 2014; 12:494-501. [PMID: 25517572 DOI: 10.3109/15412555.2014.948993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have recognized the genetic variants in the WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) gene as genetic determinants of lung function, reflecting that the WWOX gene may be a susceptible factor of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which characters as poor lung function. We have previously showed that the copy number variation-67048 (CNV-67048) of WWOX was associated with lung cancer risk. Here, we hypothesized that the CNV-67048 affects COPD susceptibility. Based on a two-stage case-control study with a total of 1791 COPD patients and 1940 controls of southern and eastern Chinese, we found that the loss genotypes (0-copy and 1-copy) of CNV-67048 harbored a significantly increased risk of COPD, with an odds ratio (OR) as 1.29 (1.11-1.49) when compared with the common 2-copy genotype. The pre-forced expiratory volume in one second (pre-FEV1) to pre-forced vital capacity (pre-FVC) of carriers with loss genotypes (0.729 ± 0.130) was significantly lower than carriers with 2-copy genotype (0.747 ± 0.124; p = 7.93 × 10(-5)). However, no significant difference was observed on pre-FEV1, pre-FVC and the annual decline of pre-FEV1 between the loss genotypes and 2-copy genotype carriers. Our data suggest that the loss genotypes of CNV-67048 in WWOX predispose their carriers to COPD, which might be a genetic biomarker to predict risk of COPD in Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- a The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Fuman Qiu
- a The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Wenxiang Fang
- a The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Lisha Zhang
- a The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Chenli Xie
- a The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Dongguan Taiping People Hospital , Dongguan , China
| | - Xiaoxiao Lu
- a The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Dongsheng Huang
- c Department of Respiratory Medicine , Guangzhou Chest Hospital , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yuan Guo
- d The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Mingan Pan
- e Department of Respiratory Medicine , the third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- f Department of Respiratory Medicine , Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yifeng Zhou
- g Department of Genetics , Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Jiachun Lu
- a The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China
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25
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Yang L, Lu X, Qiu F, Fang W, Zhang L, Huang D, Xie C, Zhong N, Ran P, Zhou Y, Lu J. Duplicated copy of CHRNA7 increases risk and worsens prognosis of COPD and lung cancer. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 23:1019-24. [PMID: 25407004 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies implicated that the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are common susceptible genes of two contextual diseases: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. We aimed to test whether the copy number variations (CNVs) in nAChRs have hereditary contributions to development of the two diseases. In two, two-stage, case-control studies of southern and eastern Chinese, a common CNV-3956 that duplicates the cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, α7 (CHRNA7) gene was genotyped in a total of 7880 subjects and its biological phenotype was assessed. The ≥4-copy of CNV-3956 increased COPD risk (≥4-copy vs 2/3-copy: OR=1.44, 95% CI=1.23-1.68) and caused poor lung function, and it similarly augmented risk (OR=1.49, 95% CI=1.29-1.73) and worsened prognosis (hazard ratio (HR)=1.25, 95% CI=1.07-1.45) of lung cancer. The ≥4-copy was estimated to account for 1.56% of COPD heritability and 1.87% of lung cancer heritability, respectively. Phenotypic analysis further showed that the ≥4-copy of CNV-3956 improved CHRNA7 expression in vivo and increased the carriers' smoking amount. The CNV-3956 of CHRNA7 contributed to increased risks and poor prognoses of both COPD and lung cancer, and this may be a genetic biomarker of the two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Lu
- 1] The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China [2] Colby-Sawyer College, New London, NH, USA
| | - Fuman Qiu
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxiang Fang
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lisha Zhang
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Chest Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenli Xie
- 1] The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China [2] Dongguan Taiping People Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- The First Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pixin Ran
- The First Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifeng Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiachun Lu
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Taroni M, Zagà V, Bartolomei P, Gattavecchia E, Pacifici R, Zuccaro P, Esposito M. 210Pb and 210Po concentrations in Italian cigarettes and effective dose evaluation. HEALTH PHYSICS 2014; 107:195-199. [PMID: 25068956 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been known for a long time that cigarette tobacco contains naturally occurring radioactive nuclides such as 210Pb and 210Po. In this study, the concentrations of 210Pb and 210Po in the 10 most widely sold cigarette brands in Italy during the year 2010 were measured, and the effective dose to smokers has been calculated. The results of this study show that 210Pb concentration ranged from 11.6 to 20.0 mBq cig-1 with an arithmetic mean of 14.6 mBq cig-1, while the activity concentration of 210Po ranged from 13.1 to 19.0 mBq cig-1 with an arithmetic mean of 15.7 mBq cig-1, thus confirming previous results and showing that the radioactivity concentration was not reduced in the last few years. The annual effective dose for a typical smoker consuming 20 cigarettes per day ranged from an average of 55 μSv y-1 to about 81 μSv y-1. It is finally put in evidence the need to improve the knowledge about crucial data needed for accurate dose assessment deriving from the inhalation of both radioisotopes contained in the cigarettes, namely the dose conversion coefficients, which strongly depend on several parameters such as the inhalation speed through the mouth, the real fraction of radionuclide transferred from cigarette to mainstream smoke, the lung absorption behavior of the radioisotopes inhaled with mainstream smoke, and the AMAD of particles inhaled by smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Taroni
- *U-Series Srl, Via Ferrarese 131, 40128 Bologna, Italy; †Unità Operativa di Pneumotisiologia Territoriale, AUSL Bologna, Via Tiarini 10, 40129 Bologna, Italy; ‡ENEA, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico sostenibile, Via Martiri di Monte Sole 24, 40129 Bologna, Italy; §Istituto Superiore di Sanità: Osservatorio Fumo, Alcol e Droga (OSSFAD-ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy; **Dipartimento di Scienza dei Metalli, Elettrochimica e Tecniche Chimiche (SMETEC), Via San Giacomo 7, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Yang IA, Holloway JW, Fong KM. Genetic susceptibility to lung cancer and co-morbidities. J Thorac Dis 2014; 5 Suppl 5:S454-62. [PMID: 24163739 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.08.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death and disease burden in many countries. Understanding of the biological pathways involved in lung cancer aetiology is required to identify key biomolecules that could be of significant clinical value, either as predictive, prognostic or diagnostic markers, or as targets for the development of novel therapies to treat this disease, in addition to smoking avoidance strategies. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have enabled significant progress in the past 5 years in investigating genetic susceptibility to lung cancer. Large scale, multi-cohort GWAS of mainly Caucasian, smoking, populations have identified strong associations for lung cancer mapped to chromosomal regions 15q [nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits: CHRNA3, CHRNA5], 5p (TERT-CLPTM1L locus) and 6p (BAT3-MSH5). Some studies in Asian populations of smokers have found similar risk loci, whereas GWAS in never smoking Asian females have identified associations in other chromosomal regions, e.g., 3q (TP63), that are distinct from smoking-related lung cancer risk loci. GWAS of smoking behaviour have identified risk loci for smoking quantity at 15q (similar genes to lung cancer susceptibility: CHRNA3, CHRNA5) and 19q (CYP2A6). Other genes have been mapped for smoking initiation and smoking cessation. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is a known risk factor for lung cancer, GWAS in large cohorts have also found CHRNA3 and CHRNA5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) mapping at 15q as risk loci, as well as other regions at 4q31 (HHIP), 4q24 (FAM13A) and 5q (HTR4). The overlap in risk loci between lung cancer, smoking behaviour and COPD may be due to the effects of nicotine addiction; however, more work needs to be undertaken to explore the potential direct effects of nicotine and its metabolites in gene-environment interaction in these phenotypes. Goals of future genetic susceptibility studies of lung cancer should focus on refining the strongest risk loci in a wide range of populations with lung cancer, and integrating other clinical and biomarker information, in order to achieve the aim of personalised therapy for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Yang
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; ; UQ Thoracic Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Wang H, Yang L, Deng J, Wang B, Yang X, Yang R, Cheng M, Fang W, Qiu F, Zhang X, Ji W, Ran P, Zhou Y, Lu J. Genetic variant in the 3'-untranslated region of VEGFR1 gene influences chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer development in Chinese population. Mutagenesis 2014; 29:311-7. [PMID: 24891316 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geu020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung inflammation and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) are two pathogenic features for the two contextual diseases: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. VEGFR1 (or FLT1) plays a certain role in promoting tumour growth, inflammation and EMT. To simultaneously test the association between the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in VEGFR1 and risk of COPD and lung cancer would reveal genetic mechanisms shared by these two diseases and joint aetiology. We conducted a two-population hospital-based case-control study. Three potential functional SNPs (rs664393, rs7326277 and rs9554314) were genotyped in southern Chinese and validated in eastern Chinese to explore their associations with COPD risk in 1511 COPD patients and 1677 normal lung function controls, and with lung cancer risk in 1559 lung cancer cases and 1679 cancer-free controls. We also detected the function of the promising SNP. Individuals carrying the rs7326277C (CT+CC) variant genotypes of VEGFR1 had a significant decrease in risk of both COPD (OR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.68-0.90) and lung cancer (OR = 0.79; 95% CI = 0.64-0.98), compared with those carrying the rs7326277TT genotype. Functional assays further showed that the rs7326277C genotypes had lower transcriptional activity and caused decreased VEGFR expression, compared with the rs7326277TT genotype. However, no significant association was observed for the other two SNPs (rs664393 and rs9554314) and either COPD or lung cancer risk. Our data suggested that the rs7326277C variant of VEGFR1 could reduce both COPD and lung cancer risk by lowering VEGFR1 mRNA expression; the SNP might be a common susceptible locus for both COPD and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, Guangdong, China, School of Public Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Yang
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, Guangdong, China
| | - Jieqiong Deng
- Soochow University Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China and
| | - Bo Wang
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongrong Yang
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, Guangdong, China
| | - Mei Cheng
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenxiang Fang
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, Guangdong, China
| | - Fuman Qiu
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Weidong Ji
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Pixin Ran
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Yifeng Zhou
- Soochow University Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China and
| | - Jiachun Lu
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, Guangdong, China,
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The role of neutrophil myeloperoxidase in models of lung tumor development. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:1111-27. [PMID: 24821130 PMCID: PMC4074819 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6021111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation plays a key tumor-promoting role in lung cancer. Our previous studies in mice demonstrated that neutrophils are critical mediators of tumor promotion in methylcholanthrene (MCA)-initiated, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)-promoted lung carcinogenesis. In the present study we investigated the role of neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in this inflammation promoted model. Increased levels of MPO protein and activity were present in the lungs of mice administered BHT. Treatment of mice with N-acetyl lysyltyrosylcysteine amide (KYC), a novel tripeptide inhibitor of MPO, during the inflammatory stage reduced tumor burden. In a separate tumor model, KYC treatment of a Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) tumor graft in mice had no effect on tumor growth, however, mice genetically deficient in MPO had significantly reduced LLC tumor growth. Our observations suggest that MPO catalytic activity is critical during the early stages of tumor development. However, during the later stages of tumor progression, MPO expression independent of catalytic activity appears to be required. Our studies advocate for the use of MPO inhibitors in a lung cancer prevention setting.
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Mei C, Hou M, Guo S, Hua F, Zheng D, Xu F, Jiang Y, Li L, Qiao Y, Fan Y, Zhou Q. Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes of XRCC1, XPA, XPC, XPD and associations with lung cancer risk in Chinese people. Thorac Cancer 2014; 5:232-42. [PMID: 26767006 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The carcinogenic chemicals and reactive oxygen species in tobacco can result in DNA damage. DNA repair genes play an important role in maintaining genome integrity. Genetic polymorphisms of DNA repair genes and smoking may contribute to susceptibility of lung cancer. METHODS In this hospital-based case-control study, we investigated the relationship between 13 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in base excision repair pathway and nucleotide excision repair pathway genes, smoking, and lung cancer susceptibility. Thirteen tag SNPs were genotyped in 265 lung cancer patients and 301 healthy controls. Logistic regression and multifactor dimensionality reduction method were applied to explore the association and high-order gene-gene and gene-smoking interaction. RESULTS In single tag SNP analysis, XPA rs2808668, XPC rs2733533, and XPD rs1799787 were significantly associated with lung cancer susceptibility. Joint effects analysis of XPA rs2808668, XPC rs2733533 and XPD rs1799787 showed that there was an increased risk of lung cancer with increasing numbers of risk alleles. Haplotype analysis showed that XRCC1 (rs25487, rs1799782, rs3213334) GCC had a positive association with lung cancer. Analysis of gene-gene and gene-smoking interaction by multifactor dimensionality reduction showed that a positive interaction existed between the four genes and smoking. The two-factor model, including XPC rs2755333 and smoking, had the best prediction ability for lung cancer. Compared with the C/C genotype of XPC rs2733533 and no smoking, the combination of genotype A carriers with XPC rs2733533 and heavy smokers (≥30 pack-year) had a 13.32-fold risk of lung cancer. CONCLUSION Our results suggest multiple genetic variants in multiple DNA repair genes may jointly contribute to lung cancer risk through gene-gene and gene-smoking interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaorong Mei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin, China; Tibet Chengdu branch of West China Hospital, Sichuan University Changdu, China
| | - Mei Hou
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Shanxian Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Hua
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin, China
| | - Dejie Zheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing, China
| | - Lu Li
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Youlin Qiao
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing, China
| | - Yaguang Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin, China
| | - Qinghua Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin, China
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Yang L, Yang X, Ji W, Deng J, Qiu F, Yang R, Fang W, Zhang L, Huang D, Xie C, Zhang H, Zhong N, Ran P, Zhou Y, Lu J. Effects of a functional variant c.353T>C in snai1 on risk of two contextual diseases. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189:139-48. [PMID: 24354880 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201307-1355oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a key role in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. OBJECTIVES There are five major EMT regulatory genes (Snai1, Slug, Zeb1, Zeb2, and Twist1) involved in EMT. We hypothesized that germline variants in these genes may influence the development of both diseases. METHODS Seven genetic variants were genotyped in two two-stage case-control studies with 2,072 lung cancer cases and 2,077 control subjects, and 1,791 patients with COPD and 1,940 control subjects to show their associations with development of both diseases. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS An exon variant c.353T>C(p.Val118Ala) of Snai1 harbored decreased risks of lung cancer (CT/CC vs. TT: odds ratio [OR], 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.65-0.90) and COPD (CC vs. CT vs. TT: OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.63-0.89), and c.353T>C affected lung cancer risk indirectly through COPD (COPD accounted for 6.78% of effect that the variant had on lung cancer). Moreover, c.353T>C was correlated with lung cancer stages in smoking patients (P = 0.013), and those with the c.353C genotypes were less likely to have metastasis at diagnosis than those with the c.353TT genotype (OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.41-0.88). The c.353C allele encoding p.118Ala attenuated Snai1's ability to up-regulate mesenchymal biomarkers (i.e., fibronectin and vimentin) expression, and to promote EMT-like changes, including morphologic changes, cell migration, and invasion. However, these effects were not observed for the other variants. CONCLUSIONS The functional germline variant c.353T>C (p.Val118Ala) of Snai1 confers consistently decreased risks of lung cancer and COPD, and this variant affects lung cancer risk through a mediation effect of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- 1 The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, and
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Sekine Y, Hata A, Koh E, Hiroshima K. Lung carcinogenesis from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: characteristics of lung cancer from COPD and contribution of signal transducers and lung stem cells in the inflammatory microenvironment. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 62:415-21. [PMID: 24627306 DOI: 10.1007/s11748-014-0386-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer are closely related. The annual incidence of lung cancer arising from COPD has been reported to be 0.8-1.7 %. Treatment of lung cancer from COPD is very difficult due to low cardiopulmonary function, rapid tumor growth, and resistance to molecularly targeted therapies. Chronic inflammation caused by toxic gases can induce COPD and lung cancer. Carcinogenesis in the inflammatory microenvironment occurs during cycles of tissue injury and repair. Cellular damage can induce induction of necrotic cell death and loss of tissue integrity. Quiescent normal stem cells or differentiated progenitor cells are introduced to repair injured tissues. However, inflammatory mediators may promote the growth of bronchioalveolar stem cells, and activation of NF-κB and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) play crucial roles in the development of lung cancer from COPD. Many of the protumorgenic effects of NF-κB and STAT3 activation in immune cells are mediated through paracrine signaling. NF-κB and STAT3 also contribute to epithelial-mesenchymal transition. To improve lung cancer treatment outcomes, lung cancer from COPD must be overcome. In this article, we review the characteristics of lung cancer from COPD and the mechanisms of carcinogenesis in the inflammatory microenvironment. We also propose the necessity of identifying the mechanisms underlying progression of COPD to lung cancer, and comment on the clinical implications with respect to lung cancer prevention, screening, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Sekine
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, 477-96 Owada-Shinden, Yachiyo, Chiba, 276-8524, Japan,
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Choudhury G, Rabinovich R, MacNee W. Comorbidities and Systemic Effects of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Clin Chest Med 2014; 35:101-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Cavaillès A, Brinchault-Rabin G, Dixmier A, Goupil F, Gut-Gobert C, Marchand-Adam S, Meurice JC, Morel H, Person-Tacnet C, Leroyer C, Diot P. Comorbidities of COPD. Eur Respir Rev 2013; 22:454-75. [PMID: 24293462 PMCID: PMC9639181 DOI: 10.1183/09059180.00008612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
By 2020, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) will be the third cause of mortality. Extrapulmonary comorbidities influence the prognosis of patients with COPD. Tobacco smoking is a common risk factor for many comorbidities, including coronary heart disease, heart failure and lung cancer. Comorbidities such as pulmonary artery disease and malnutrition are directly caused by COPD, whereas others, such as systemic venous thromboembolism, anxiety, depression, osteoporosis, obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, sleep disturbance and anaemia, have no evident physiopathological relationship with COPD. The common ground between most of these extrapulmonary manifestations is chronic systemic inflammation. All of these diseases potentiate the morbidity of COPD, leading to increased hospitalisations and healthcare costs. They can frequently cause death, independently of respiratory failure. Comorbidities make the management of COPD difficult and need to be evaluated and treated adequately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Cavaillès
- Dept of Pulmonology, Institut du Thorax, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, Dept of Pulmonology, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes, Université Européenne de Bretagne, UBO, EA3878 (GETBO) IFR 148, Rennes, Dept of Pulmonology, CHR d’Orléans, Orléans, Dept of Pulmonology, Centre Hospitalier Le Mans, Le Mans, Dept of Internal Medicine and Pulmonology, University Hospital La Cavale Blanche, Brest, Universite François Rabelais de Tours, INSERM U1100, Tours, Universite François Rabelais de Tours, EA6305, Tours, Dept of Pulmonology, CHU de Tours, Tours, Dept of Pulmonology, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, Dept of Pulmonology, Hôpital Broussais Hospital, Saint-Malo, and Dept of Pulmonology, CHU Angers, Angers, France
| | - Graziella Brinchault-Rabin
- Dept of Pulmonology, Institut du Thorax, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, Dept of Pulmonology, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes, Université Européenne de Bretagne, UBO, EA3878 (GETBO) IFR 148, Rennes, Dept of Pulmonology, CHR d’Orléans, Orléans, Dept of Pulmonology, Centre Hospitalier Le Mans, Le Mans, Dept of Internal Medicine and Pulmonology, University Hospital La Cavale Blanche, Brest, Universite François Rabelais de Tours, INSERM U1100, Tours, Universite François Rabelais de Tours, EA6305, Tours, Dept of Pulmonology, CHU de Tours, Tours, Dept of Pulmonology, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, Dept of Pulmonology, Hôpital Broussais Hospital, Saint-Malo, and Dept of Pulmonology, CHU Angers, Angers, France
| | - Adrien Dixmier
- Dept of Pulmonology, Institut du Thorax, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, Dept of Pulmonology, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes, Université Européenne de Bretagne, UBO, EA3878 (GETBO) IFR 148, Rennes, Dept of Pulmonology, CHR d’Orléans, Orléans, Dept of Pulmonology, Centre Hospitalier Le Mans, Le Mans, Dept of Internal Medicine and Pulmonology, University Hospital La Cavale Blanche, Brest, Universite François Rabelais de Tours, INSERM U1100, Tours, Universite François Rabelais de Tours, EA6305, Tours, Dept of Pulmonology, CHU de Tours, Tours, Dept of Pulmonology, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, Dept of Pulmonology, Hôpital Broussais Hospital, Saint-Malo, and Dept of Pulmonology, CHU Angers, Angers, France
| | - François Goupil
- Dept of Pulmonology, Institut du Thorax, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, Dept of Pulmonology, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes, Université Européenne de Bretagne, UBO, EA3878 (GETBO) IFR 148, Rennes, Dept of Pulmonology, CHR d’Orléans, Orléans, Dept of Pulmonology, Centre Hospitalier Le Mans, Le Mans, Dept of Internal Medicine and Pulmonology, University Hospital La Cavale Blanche, Brest, Universite François Rabelais de Tours, INSERM U1100, Tours, Universite François Rabelais de Tours, EA6305, Tours, Dept of Pulmonology, CHU de Tours, Tours, Dept of Pulmonology, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, Dept of Pulmonology, Hôpital Broussais Hospital, Saint-Malo, and Dept of Pulmonology, CHU Angers, Angers, France
| | - Christophe Gut-Gobert
- Dept of Pulmonology, Institut du Thorax, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, Dept of Pulmonology, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes, Université Européenne de Bretagne, UBO, EA3878 (GETBO) IFR 148, Rennes, Dept of Pulmonology, CHR d’Orléans, Orléans, Dept of Pulmonology, Centre Hospitalier Le Mans, Le Mans, Dept of Internal Medicine and Pulmonology, University Hospital La Cavale Blanche, Brest, Universite François Rabelais de Tours, INSERM U1100, Tours, Universite François Rabelais de Tours, EA6305, Tours, Dept of Pulmonology, CHU de Tours, Tours, Dept of Pulmonology, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, Dept of Pulmonology, Hôpital Broussais Hospital, Saint-Malo, and Dept of Pulmonology, CHU Angers, Angers, France
| | - Sylvain Marchand-Adam
- Dept of Pulmonology, Institut du Thorax, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, Dept of Pulmonology, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes, Université Européenne de Bretagne, UBO, EA3878 (GETBO) IFR 148, Rennes, Dept of Pulmonology, CHR d’Orléans, Orléans, Dept of Pulmonology, Centre Hospitalier Le Mans, Le Mans, Dept of Internal Medicine and Pulmonology, University Hospital La Cavale Blanche, Brest, Universite François Rabelais de Tours, INSERM U1100, Tours, Universite François Rabelais de Tours, EA6305, Tours, Dept of Pulmonology, CHU de Tours, Tours, Dept of Pulmonology, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, Dept of Pulmonology, Hôpital Broussais Hospital, Saint-Malo, and Dept of Pulmonology, CHU Angers, Angers, France
| | - Jean-Claude Meurice
- Dept of Pulmonology, Institut du Thorax, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, Dept of Pulmonology, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes, Université Européenne de Bretagne, UBO, EA3878 (GETBO) IFR 148, Rennes, Dept of Pulmonology, CHR d’Orléans, Orléans, Dept of Pulmonology, Centre Hospitalier Le Mans, Le Mans, Dept of Internal Medicine and Pulmonology, University Hospital La Cavale Blanche, Brest, Universite François Rabelais de Tours, INSERM U1100, Tours, Universite François Rabelais de Tours, EA6305, Tours, Dept of Pulmonology, CHU de Tours, Tours, Dept of Pulmonology, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, Dept of Pulmonology, Hôpital Broussais Hospital, Saint-Malo, and Dept of Pulmonology, CHU Angers, Angers, France
| | - Hugues Morel
- Dept of Pulmonology, Institut du Thorax, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, Dept of Pulmonology, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes, Université Européenne de Bretagne, UBO, EA3878 (GETBO) IFR 148, Rennes, Dept of Pulmonology, CHR d’Orléans, Orléans, Dept of Pulmonology, Centre Hospitalier Le Mans, Le Mans, Dept of Internal Medicine and Pulmonology, University Hospital La Cavale Blanche, Brest, Universite François Rabelais de Tours, INSERM U1100, Tours, Universite François Rabelais de Tours, EA6305, Tours, Dept of Pulmonology, CHU de Tours, Tours, Dept of Pulmonology, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, Dept of Pulmonology, Hôpital Broussais Hospital, Saint-Malo, and Dept of Pulmonology, CHU Angers, Angers, France
| | - Christine Person-Tacnet
- Dept of Pulmonology, Institut du Thorax, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, Dept of Pulmonology, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes, Université Européenne de Bretagne, UBO, EA3878 (GETBO) IFR 148, Rennes, Dept of Pulmonology, CHR d’Orléans, Orléans, Dept of Pulmonology, Centre Hospitalier Le Mans, Le Mans, Dept of Internal Medicine and Pulmonology, University Hospital La Cavale Blanche, Brest, Universite François Rabelais de Tours, INSERM U1100, Tours, Universite François Rabelais de Tours, EA6305, Tours, Dept of Pulmonology, CHU de Tours, Tours, Dept of Pulmonology, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, Dept of Pulmonology, Hôpital Broussais Hospital, Saint-Malo, and Dept of Pulmonology, CHU Angers, Angers, France
| | - Christophe Leroyer
- Dept of Pulmonology, Institut du Thorax, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, Dept of Pulmonology, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes, Université Européenne de Bretagne, UBO, EA3878 (GETBO) IFR 148, Rennes, Dept of Pulmonology, CHR d’Orléans, Orléans, Dept of Pulmonology, Centre Hospitalier Le Mans, Le Mans, Dept of Internal Medicine and Pulmonology, University Hospital La Cavale Blanche, Brest, Universite François Rabelais de Tours, INSERM U1100, Tours, Universite François Rabelais de Tours, EA6305, Tours, Dept of Pulmonology, CHU de Tours, Tours, Dept of Pulmonology, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, Dept of Pulmonology, Hôpital Broussais Hospital, Saint-Malo, and Dept of Pulmonology, CHU Angers, Angers, France
| | - Patrice Diot
- Dept of Pulmonology, Institut du Thorax, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, Dept of Pulmonology, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes, Université Européenne de Bretagne, UBO, EA3878 (GETBO) IFR 148, Rennes, Dept of Pulmonology, CHR d’Orléans, Orléans, Dept of Pulmonology, Centre Hospitalier Le Mans, Le Mans, Dept of Internal Medicine and Pulmonology, University Hospital La Cavale Blanche, Brest, Universite François Rabelais de Tours, INSERM U1100, Tours, Universite François Rabelais de Tours, EA6305, Tours, Dept of Pulmonology, CHU de Tours, Tours, Dept of Pulmonology, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, Dept of Pulmonology, Hôpital Broussais Hospital, Saint-Malo, and Dept of Pulmonology, CHU Angers, Angers, France
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Green CE, Turner AM. Role of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in lung cancer pathogenesis. World J Respirol 2013; 3:67-76. [DOI: 10.5320/wjr.v3.i3.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer are two important smoking related conditions. However, COPD has been shown to be an independent risk factor for lung cancer regardless of smoking history, suggesting that COPD and lung cancer may share a common pathogenesis. This review summarizes the epidemiology of lung cancer and COPD briefly, as well as discussing the potential for shared genetic risk, and shared genomic mechanisms, such as epigenetic changes or DNA damage induced by smoking. How key areas of COPD pathogenesis, such as inflammation, oxidative stress and protease imbalance may contribute to subsequent development of cancer will also be covered. Finally the possibility that consequences of COPD, such as hypoxia, influence carcinogenesis will be reviewed. By understanding the pathogenesis of COPD and lung cancer in detail it is possible that new treatments may be developed and the risk of lung cancer in COPD may be reduced.
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G-protein coupled receptor family C, group 5, member A (GPRC5A) expression is decreased in the adjacent field and normal bronchial epithelia of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and non-small-cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2013; 7:1747-1754. [PMID: 23154545 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e31826bb1ff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes expression patterns is essential for characterizing lung cancer pathogenesis. We have previously demonstrated that mGprc5a/hGPRC5A is a lung-specific tumor suppressor evidenced by inflammation-mediated tumorigenesis in Gprc5a-knockout mice. The implication of GPRC5A in human lung cancer pathogenesis, including that associated with inflammatory chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a risk factor for the malignancy, remains elusive. METHODS We sought to examine GPRC5A immunohistochemical expression in histologically normal bronchial epithelia (NBE) from lung disease-free never- and ever-smokers (n = 13 and n = 18, respectively), from COPD patients with (n = 26) and without cancer (n = 24) and in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) (n = 474). Quantitative assessment of GPRC5A transcript expression in airways (n = 6), adjacent NBEs (n = 29) and corresponding tumors (n = 6) from 6 NSCLC patients was also performed. RESULTS GPRC5A immunohistochemical expression was significantly lower in tumors compared to uninvolved NBE (p < 0.0001) and was positively associated with adenocarcinoma histology (p < 0.001). GPRC5A airway expression was highest in lung disease-free NBE, decreased and intermediate in NBE of cancer-free COPD patients (p = 0.004) and further attenuated and lowest in epithelia of COPD patients with adenocarcinoma and SCC (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, GPRC5A mRNA was significantly decreased in NSCLCs and corre sponding NBE compared to uninvolved normal lung (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight decreased GPRC5A expression in the field cancerization of NSCLC, including that associated with lung inflammation. Assessment of the use of GPRC5A expression as a risk factor for NSCLC development in COPD patients is warranted.
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Hickey GA, Keith RL, Miller YE. Common pathobiologic origins of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer: more than just a smoking gun. Lung Cancer Manag 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/lmt.12.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Hickey
- Pulmonary Sciences & Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Robert L Keith
- Pulmonary Sciences & Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
- Denver Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - York E Miller
- Pulmonary Sciences & Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
- Denver Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
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Wang H, Yang L, Zou L, Huang D, Guo Y, Pan M, Tan Y, Zhong H, Ji W, Ran P, Zhong N, Lu J. Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer: a case-control study in Southern Chinese and a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46144. [PMID: 23029414 PMCID: PMC3460937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) share a common risk factor in cigarette smoking and a large portion of patients with lung cancer suffer from COPD synchronously. We therefore hypothesized that COPD is an independent risk factor for lung cancer. Our aim was to investigate the intrinsic linkage of COPD (or emphysema, chronic bronchitis and asthma) and lung cancer. Methods The present hospital-based case-control study included 1,069 patients with newly diagnosed lung cancer and 1,132 age frequency matched cancer-free controls. The odds ratios (ORs) for the associations between each previous pulmonary disease and lung cancer were estimated with logistic regression models, adjusting for age, sex, family history of cancer, BMI and pack year smoking. In meta-analysis, the pooled effects of previous pulmonary diseases were analyzed with random effects models; and stratification analyses were conducted on smoking status and ethnicity. Results In the case-control study, previous COPD was associated with the odds for increased risk of lung cancer (OR = 1.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00∼1.68); so were emphysema (OR = 1.55, 95%CI = 1.03∼2.32) and chronic bronchitis (OR = 1.22, 95%CI = 0.99∼1.67); while asthma was associated with odds for decreased risk of lung cancer (OR = 0.29, 95%CI = 0.16∼0.53). These associations were more pronounced in smokers (P<.05 for all strata), but not in non-smokers. In meta-analysis, 35 studies (22,010 cases and 44,438 controls) were identified. COPD was significantly associated with the odds for increased risk of lung cancer (pooled OR = 2.76; 95% CI = 1.85–4.11), so were emphysema (OR = 3.02; 95% CI = 2.41–3.79) and chronic bronchitis (OR = 1.88; 95% CI = 1.49–2.36); and these associations were more pronounced in smokers than in non-smokers (P<.001 respectively). No significant association was observed for asthma. Conclusion Previous COPD could increase the risk of lung cancer, especially in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- School of Public Health, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Public Health, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Linnan Zou
- School of Public Health, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongsheng Huang
- School of Public Health, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Chest Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan Guo
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingan Pan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yigang Tan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Chest Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haibo Zhong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weidong Ji
- School of Public Health, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pixin Ran
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiachun Lu
- School of Public Health, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer represent two diseases that share a strong risk factor in smoking, and COPD increases risk of lung cancer even after adjusting for the effects of smoking. These diseases not only occur jointly within an individual but also there is evidence of shared occurrence within families. Understanding the genetic contributions to these diseases, both individually and jointly, is needed to identify the highest risk group for screening and targeted prevention, as well as aiding in the development of targeted treatments. The chromosomal regions that have been identified as being associated either jointly or independently with lung cancer, COPD, nicotine addiction, and lung function are presented. Studies jointly measuring genetic variation in lung cancer and COPD have been limited by the lack of detailed COPD diagnosis and severity data in lung cancer populations, the lack of lung cancer-specific phenotypes (histology and tumor markers) in COPD populations, and the lack of inclusion of minorities. African Americans, who smoke fewer cigarettes per day and have different linkage disequilibrium and disease patterns than whites, and Asians, also with different patterns of exposure to lung carcinogens and linkage patterns, will provide invaluable information to better understand shared and independent genetic contributions to lung cancer and COPD to more fully define the highest risk group of individuals who will most benefit from screening and to develop molecular signatures to aid in targeted treatment and prevention efforts.
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El-Zein RA, Young RP, Hopkins RJ, Etzel CJ. Genetic predisposition to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and/or lung cancer: important considerations when evaluating risk. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2012; 5:522-7. [PMID: 22491518 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-12-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined as a disease causing an airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. COPD is phenotypically complex and characterized by small-airway disease and/or emphysema that result from the interaction between host genetic susceptibility and environmental exposures. As in lung cancer, smoking exposure is the most important risk factor for the development of COPD, accounting for 80% to 90% of all cases. COPD affects an estimated 8% to 10% of the general adult population, 15% to 20% of the smoking population, and 50% to 80% of lung cancer patients (with substantial smoking histories). In prospective studies, COPD has been found to be an independent risk factor for lung cancer, conferring a three- to 10-fold increased risk of lung cancer when compared with smokers without COPD. These findings suggest that smokers have a host susceptibility to COPD alone, COPD and lung cancer (i.e., overlap), and lung cancer in the absence of COPD. This minireview focuses on important points that need to be addressed when studying genetic susceptibility factors for COPD and its complex relationship with susceptibility to lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa A El-Zein
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Pressler Street, #1340, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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McCarthy WJ, Meza R, Jeon J, Moolgavkar SH. Chapter 6: Lung cancer in never smokers: epidemiology and risk prediction models. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2012; 32 Suppl 1:S69-84. [PMID: 22882894 PMCID: PMC3485693 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01768.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter we review the epidemiology of lung cancer incidence and mortality among never smokers/nonsmokers and describe the never smoker lung cancer risk models used by the Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Network (CISNET) modelers. Our review focuses on those influences likely to have measurable population impact on never smoker risk, such as secondhand smoke, even though the individual-level impact may be small. Occupational exposures may also contribute importantly to the population attributable risk of lung cancer. We examine the following risk factors in this chapter: age, environmental tobacco smoke, cooking fumes, ionizing radiation including radon gas, inherited genetic susceptibility, selected occupational exposures, preexisting lung disease, and oncogenic viruses. We also compare the prevalence of never smokers between the three CISNET smoking scenarios and present the corresponding lung cancer mortality estimates among never smokers as predicted by a typical CISNET model.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J McCarthy
- Division of Cancer Prevention & Control Research, University of California-Los Angeles, 650 Charles Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6900, USA.
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42
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Zurawska JH, Jen R, Lam S, Coxson HO, Leipsic J, Sin DD. What to do when a smoker's CT scan is "normal"?: Implications for lung cancer screening. Chest 2012; 141:1147-1152. [PMID: 22553261 DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-1863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States and around the world. There are > 90 million current and ex-smokers in the United States who are at increased risk of lung cancer. The published data from the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) suggest that yearly screening with low-dose thoracic CT scan in heavy smokers can reduce lung cancer mortality by 20% and all-cause mortality by 7%. However, to implement this program nationwide using the NLST inclusion and exclusion criteria would be extremely expensive, with CT scan costs alone > $2 billion per annum. In this article, we offer a possible low-cost strategy to risk-stratify smokers on the basis of spirometry measurements and emphysema scoring by radiologists on CT scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna H Zurawska
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
| | - Rachel Jen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
| | - Stephen Lam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada; Imaging Unit, Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Harvey O Coxson
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada; UBC James Hogg Research Center, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada; Institute of Heart and Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
| | - Jonathon Leipsic
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
| | - Don D Sin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada; UBC James Hogg Research Center, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada; Institute of Heart and Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada.
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Prevot G, Plat G, Mazieres J. [COPD and lung cancer: epidemiological and biological links]. Rev Mal Respir 2012; 29:545-56. [PMID: 22542412 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer and chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) are two common fatal diseases. Apart from their common link to tobacco, these two diseases are usually considered to be the result of separate distinct mechanisms. In the past 15 years, numerous studies have produced arguments in favour of a relationship between these two pathologies that goes beyond a simple addition of risk factors. At the epidemiological level, there are data that demonstrate an increased incidence of bronchial carcinoma in patients with COPD. The links between these two pathologies are still unexplained but there are numerous arguments supporting a common physiopathology. Common genetic and epigenetic abnormalities, mechanical factors and signalisation pathways have been quoted. COPD and lung cancer appear to be two diseases possessing a genetic basis that creates a predisposition to environmental or toxic assaults, resulting in a different clinical manifestation in each disease. Consequently, improvements in the management of these two diseases will involve a more intensive investigation of their physiopathology, and require a closer collaboration between research centres and clinical units.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Prevot
- Service de pneumologie, clinique des voies respiratoires, hôpital Larrey, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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44
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Abstract
Over the last 30years, epidemiological studies have shown that COPD is the single most important risk factor for lung cancer after smoking exposure. Recent genetic studies using genome-wide approaches suggest that the genetic risk factors predisposing smokers to COPD and lung cancer may overlap. The genes identified by these studies suggest that this overlapping genetic susceptibility may be mediated through receptors expressed on the bronchial epithelium that implicate molecular pathways underlying both COPD and lung cancer. Furthermore, it appears that aberrant inflammatory and/or immune-modulatory pathways leading to excess matrix metalloproteinases, growth factors and airway remodelling in COPD may also be promoting malignant transformation of the bronchial epithelium. The process linking inflammation, remodelling and cancer formation is called epithelial-mesenchymal transition. There are several clinical implications arising from the COPD-lung cancer overlap. First, if COPD is a precursor disease to lung cancer then efforts to prevent COPD, might be even more important. Second, if drugs targeting the overlapping molecular pathways can be identified, chemoprevention that reduce the propensity to COPD and lung cancer is an attractive option. Finally, if low-dose computerized tomography can identify treatable lung cancer, gene-based tests of susceptibility might help identify those smokers who should undergo radiological screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Young
- Schools of Biological Sciences and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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45
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Shen J, Liu Z, Todd NW, Zhang H, Liao J, Yu L, Guarnera MA, Li R, Cai L, Zhan M, Jiang F. Diagnosis of lung cancer in individuals with solitary pulmonary nodules by plasma microRNA biomarkers. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:374. [PMID: 21864403 PMCID: PMC3175224 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Making a definitive preoperative diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) found by CT has been a clinical challenge. We previously demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) could be used as biomarkers for lung cancer diagnosis. Here we investigate whether plasma microRNAs are useful in identifying lung cancer among individuals with CT-detected SPNs. Methods By using quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR analysis, we first determine plasma expressions of five miRNAs in a training set of 32 patients with malignant SPNs, 33 subjects with benign SPNs, and 29 healthy smokers to define a panel of miRNAs that has high diagnostic efficiency for lung cancer. We then validate the miRNA panel in a testing set of 76 patients with malignant SPNs and 80 patients with benign SPNs. Results In the training set, miR-21 and miR-210 display higher plasma expression levels, whereas miR-486-5p has lower expression level in patients with malignant SPNs, as compared to subjects with benign SPNs and healthy controls (all P ≤ 0.001). A logistic regression model with the best prediction was built on the basis of miR-21, miR-210, and miR-486-5p. The three miRNAs used in combination produced the area under receiver operating characteristic curve at 0.86 in distinguishing lung tumors from benign SPNs with 75.00% sensitivity and 84.95% specificity. Validation of the miRNA panel in the testing set confirms their diagnostic value that yields significant improvement over any single one. Conclusions The plasma miRNAs provide potential circulating biomarkers for noninvasively diagnosing lung cancer among individuals with SPNs, and could be further evaluated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shen
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S, Pine St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Young RP, Hopkins RJ, Gamble GD, Etzel C, El-Zein R, Crapo JD. Genetic evidence linking lung cancer and COPD: a new perspective. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2011; 4:99-111. [PMID: 23776371 PMCID: PMC3681182 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s20083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that tobacco smoke exposure accounts for nearly 90% of cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. However, genetic factors may explain why 10%–30% of smokers develop these complications. This perspective reviews the evidence suggesting that COPD is closely linked to susceptibility to lung cancer and outlines the potential relevance of this observation. Epidemiological studies show that COPD is the single most important risk factor for lung cancer among smokers and predates lung cancer in up to 80% of cases. Genome-wide association studies of lung cancer, lung function, and COPD have identified a number of overlapping “susceptibility” loci. With stringent phenotyping, it has recently been shown that several of these overlapping loci are independently associated with both COPD and lung cancer. These loci implicate genes underlying pulmonary inflammation and apoptotic processes mediated by the bronchial epithelium, and link COPD with lung cancer at a molecular genetic level. It is currently possible to derive risk models for lung cancer that incorporate lung cancer-specific genetic variants, recently identified “COPD-related” genetic variants, and clinical variables. Early studies suggest that single nucleotide polymorphism-based risk stratification of smokers might help better target novel prevention and early diagnostic strategies in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Young
- Department of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand ; Synergenz Biosciences Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand
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Caramori G, Casolari P, Cavallesco GN, Giuffrè S, Adcock I, Papi A. Mechanisms involved in lung cancer development in COPD. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:1030-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zagà V, Lygidakis C, Chaouachi K, Gattavecchia E. Polonium and lung cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2011; 2011:860103. [PMID: 21772848 PMCID: PMC3136189 DOI: 10.1155/2011/860103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The alpha-radioactive polonium 210 (Po-210) is one of the most powerful carcinogenic agents of tobacco smoke and is responsible for the histotype shift of lung cancer from squamous cell type to adenocarcinoma. According to several studies, the principal source of Po-210 is the fertilizers used in tobacco plants, which are rich in polyphosphates containing radio (Ra-226) and its decay products, lead 210 (Pb-210) and Po-210. Tobacco leaves accumulate Pb-210 and Po-210 through their trichomes, and Pb-210 decays into Po-210 over time. With the combustion of the cigarette smoke becomes radioactive and Pb-210 and Po-210 reach the bronchopulmonary apparatus, especially in bifurcations of segmental bronchi. In this place, combined with other agents, it will manifest its carcinogenic activity, especially in patients with compromised mucous-ciliary clearance. Various studies have confirmed that the radiological risk from Po-210 in a smoker of 20 cigarettes per day for a year is equivalent to the one deriving from 300 chest X-rays, with an autonomous oncogenic capability of 4 lung cancers per 10000 smokers. Po-210 can also be found in passive smoke, since part of Po-210 spreads in the surrounding environment during tobacco combustion. Tobacco manufacturers have been aware of the alpha-radioactivity presence in tobacco smoke since the sixties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Zagà
- Department of Territorial Pneumotisiology, AUSL of Bologna, 40124 Bologna, Italy
| | - Charilaos Lygidakis
- Regional Health Service of Emilia Romagna, AUSL of Bologna, 40124 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Gattavecchia
- Complex Unit of The Institute of Chemical, Radiochemical, and Metallurgic Sciences University of Bologna (SMETEC), 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Adcock IM, Caramori G, Barnes PJ. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer: new molecular insights. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 81:265-84. [PMID: 21430413 DOI: 10.1159/000324601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer are major causes of death worldwide. In most cases this reflects cigarette smoke exposure which is able to induce an inflammatory response in the airways of smokers. Indeed, COPD is characterized by lower airway inflammation, and importantly, the presence of COPD is by far the greatest risk factor for lung cancer amongst smokers. Cigarette smoke induces the release of many inflammatory mediators and growth factors including TGF-β, EGFR, IL-1, IL-8 and G-CSF through oxidative stress pathways and this inflammation may persist for decades after smoking cessation. Mucus production is also increased by these inflammatory mediators, further linking airway inflammation to an important mechanism of lung cancer. A greater understanding of the molecular and cellular pathobiology that distinguishes smokers with lung cancer from smokers with and without COPD is needed to unravel the complex molecular interactions between COPD and lung cancer. By understanding the common signalling pathways involved in COPD and lung cancer the hope is that treatments will be developed that not only treat the underlying disease process in COPD, but also reduce the currently high risk of developing lung cancer in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Adcock
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Shearer DM, Thomson WM. Intergenerational continuity in oral health: a review. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2011; 38:479-86. [PMID: 20636414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2010.00560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Life course research considers not only the influences on health which act during the lifespan but it is also concerned with factors that act across generations. Rarely are genetics or environment solely responsible for producing individual variation; virtually all characteristics are the result of gene-environment interaction. An increasing interest in life course research and gene-environment interactions is reflected in greater awareness of the role of family history and intergenerational continuity in oral health as a practical, inexpensive approach to categorizing genetic risk for many common, preventable disorders of adulthood (including oral disease). Does the health status of one generation have an effect on that of the next? While researchers in recent years have begun to investigate the inter-generational associations between exposures and disease, little research has been carried out (to date) on the long-term biological, behavioural, psychological, social and environmental mechanisms that link oral health and oral disease risk to exposures acting across generations. This narrative review identifies studies which have contributed to highlighting some of the intergenerational factors influencing oral health. However, there is a need for a wider perspective on intergenerational continuity in oral health, along with a careful evaluation of the factors which contribute to the effect. A comprehensive investigation into the nature and extent of intergenerational transmission of oral health is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara M Shearer
- Department of Oral Sciences, School of Dentistry, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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