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Drysdale SB, Thwaites RS, Price J, Thakur D, McGinley J, McPherson C, Öner D, Aerssens J, Openshaw PJ, Pollard AJ. What have we learned from animal studies of immune responses to respiratory syncytial virus infection? J Clin Virol 2024; 175:105731. [PMID: 39368446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2024.105731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of severe respiratory tract infection at the extremes of age and in vulnerable populations. However, it is difficult to predict the clinical course and most infants who develop severe disease have no pre-existing risk factors. With the recent licencing of RSV vaccines and monoclonal antibodies, it is important to identify high-risk individuals in order to prioritise those who will most benefit from prophylaxis. The immune response to RSV and the mechanisms by which the virus prevents the establishment of immunological memory have been extensively investigated but remain incompletely characterised. In animal models, beneficial and harmful immune responses have both been demonstrated. While only chimpanzees are fully permissive for human RSV replication, most research has been conducted in rodents, or in calves infected with bovine RSV. Based on these studies, components of innate and adaptive immune systems, cytokines, chemokines and metabolites, and specific genetic and transcriptomic signatures are identified as potential predictive indicators of RSV disease severity. These findings may inform the development of future human studies and contribute to the early identification of patients at high risk of severe infection. This narrative review summarises the factors involved in the immune response to RSV infection in these models and highlights the relationship between potential biomarkers and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon B Drysdale
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
| | - Ryan S Thwaites
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Devika Thakur
- St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Joseph McGinley
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Calum McPherson
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Deniz Öner
- Infectious Diseases Translational Biomarkers, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Aerssens
- Infectious Diseases Translational Biomarkers, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Peter Jm Openshaw
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
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2
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Malinczak CA, Fonseca W, Hrycaj SM, Morris SB, Rasky AJ, Yagi K, Wellik DM, Ziegler SF, Zemans RL, Lukacs NW. Early-life pulmonary viral infection leads to long-term functional and lower airway structural changes in the lungs. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2024; 326:L280-L291. [PMID: 38290164 PMCID: PMC11281791 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00300.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Early-life respiratory virus infections have been correlated with enhanced development of childhood asthma. In particular, significant numbers of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-hospitalized infants go on to develop lung disease. It has been suggested that early-life viral infections may lead to altered lung development or repair that negatively impacts lung function later in life. Our data demonstrate that early-life RSV infection modifies lung structure, leading to decreased lung function. At 5 wk postneonatal RSV infection, significant defects are observed in baseline pulmonary function test (PFT) parameters consistent with decreased lung function as well as enlarged alveolar spaces. Lung function changes in the early-life RSV-infected group continue at 3 mo of age. The altered PFT and structural changes induced by early-life RSV were mitigated in TSLPR-/- mice that have previously been shown to have reduced immune cell accumulation associated with a persistent Th2 environment. Importantly, long-term effects were demonstrated using a secondary RSV infection 3 mo following the initial early-life RSV infection and led to significant additional defects in lung function, with severe mucus deposition within the airways, and consolidation of the alveolar spaces. These studies suggest that early-life respiratory viral infection leads to alterations in lung structure/repair that predispose to diminished lung function later in life.NEW & NOTEWORTHY These studies outline a novel finding that early-life respiratory virus infection can alter lung structure and function long-term. Importantly, the data also indicate that there are critical links between inflammatory responses and subsequent events that produce a more severe pathogenic response later in life. The findings provide additional data to support that early-life infections during lung development can alter the trajectory of airway function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy Fonseca
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Steven M Hrycaj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Susan B Morris
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Andrew J Rasky
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Kazuma Yagi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Deneen M Wellik
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Steven F Ziegler
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Rachel L Zemans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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Nie J, Zhou Y, Ding F, Liu X, Yao X, Xu L, Chang Y, Li Z, Wang Q, Zhan L, Zhu L, Xie K, Li C, Shi Y, Zhao Q, Shan Y. Self-adjuvant multiepitope nanovaccine based on ferritin induced long-lasting and effective mucosal immunity against H3N2 and H1N1 viruses in mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129259. [PMID: 38191112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The influenza A virus (IAV) is a ubiquitous and continuously evolving respiratory pathogen. The intranasal vaccination mimicking natural infections is an attractive strategy for controlling IAVs. Multiepitope vaccines accurately targeting multiple conserved domains have the potential to broaden the protective scope of current seasonal influenza vaccines and reduce the risk of generating escape mutants. Here, multiple linear epitopes from the matrix protein 2 ectodomain (M2e) and the hemagglutinin stem domain (HA2) are fused with the Helicobacter pylori ferritin, a self-assembled nanocarrier and mucosal adjuvant, to develop a multiepitope nanovaccine. Through intranasal delivery, the prokaryotically expressed multiepitope nanovaccine elicits long-lasting mucosal immunity, broad humoral immunity, and robust cellular immunity without any adjuvants, and confers complete protection against H3N2 and H1N1 subtypes of IAV in mice. Importantly, this intranasal multiepitope nanovaccine triggers memory B-cell responses, resulting in secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels persisting for more than five months post-immunization. Therefore, this intranasal ferritin-based multiepitope nanovaccine represents a promising approach to combating respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Nie
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China; Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Yongfei Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Fan Ding
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Xin Yao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Lipeng Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Yaotian Chang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Zeyu Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Qingyu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Li Zhan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Lvzhou Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Kunpeng Xie
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Yuhua Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau; MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Yaming Shan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China.
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Ding W, Xu D, Li F, Huang C, Song T, Zhong N, Lai K, Deng Z. Intrapulmonary IFN-γ instillation causes chronic lymphocytic inflammation in the spleen and lung through the CXCR3 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 122:110675. [PMID: 37481849 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Some patients with chronic refractory cough have high levels of pulmonary IFN-γ and IFN-γ-producing T lymphocytes. Pulmonary IFN-γ administration causes acute airway lymphocytic inflammation and cough hypersensitivity by increasing the number of pulmonary IFN-γ-producing T lymphocytes, but these lymphocytes may be recruited from other organs. Intraperitoneal IFN-γ injection can increase the spleen weight of mice. It remains elusive whether pulmonary IFN-γ can induce chronic airway lymphocytic inflammation and cough hypersensitivity by stimulating the proliferation of IFN-γ -producing T lymphocytes in the spleen. Here, we found that pulmonary IFN-γ administration induced chronic airway inflammation and chronic cough hypersensitivity with an increased number of IFN-γ-producing T lymphocytes in the spleen, blood and lung. Pulmonary IFN-γ administration also increased 1) the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes in vivo and 2) the IP-10 level and CXCR3+ T lymphocyte numbers in the spleen and lung of mice. IP-10 could promote the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes in vitro but not blood lymphocytes or lung-resident lymphocytes. AMG487, a potent inhibitor of binding between IP-10 and CXCR3, could block pulmonary IFN-γ instillation-induced chronic airway lymphocytic inflammation and the proliferation of IFN-γ-producing T lymphocytes in mouse spleens. In conclusion, intrapulmonary IFN-γ instillation may induce the proliferation of splenic IFN-γ-producing T lymphocytes through IP-10 and the CXCR3 pathway. The IFN-γ-producing T lymphocytes in blood, partly released from the mouse spleen, may be partly attracted to the lung by pulmonary IP-10 through the CXCR3 pathway. IFN-γ-producing T lymphocytes and IFN-γ in the lung may cause chronic airway lymphocytic inflammation and chronic cough hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tongtong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kefang Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zheng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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5
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Deng Z, Ding W, Li F, Shen S, Huang C, Lai K. Pulmonary IFN-γ Causes Lymphocytic Inflammation and Cough Hypersensitivity by Increasing the Number of IFN-γ-Secreting T Lymphocytes. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2022; 14:653-673. [PMID: 36426396 PMCID: PMC9709684 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2022.14.6.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Respiratory viral infection increases the number of lung-resident T lymphocytes, which enhance cough sensitivity by producing interferon-γ (IFN-γ). It is poorly understood why IFN-γ-secreting T lymphocytes persist for a long time when the respiratory viruses have been removed. METHODS Repeated pulmonary administration of IFN-γ and intraperitoneal injection with different inhibitors were used to study the effects of pulmonary IFN-γ in mice and guinea pigs. RESULTS IFN-γ administration caused the increasing of IFN-γ-secreting T lymphocytes in both lung and blood, followed by the elevated physiological level of IFN-γ in the lung, the airway inflammation and the airway epithelial damage. IFN-γ administration also enhanced the cough sensitivity of guinea pigs. IFN-γ activated the STAT1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways in lung tissues, released IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), and resulted in F-actin accumulation in lung-resident lymphocytes. The CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) inhibitor potently suppressed all the IFN-γ-induced inflammatory changes. The STAT1 inhibitor mitigated IFN-γ-secreting T lymphocytes infiltration by inhibiting T lymphocytes proliferation. F-actin accumulation and the ERK1/2 pathway contributed to pulmonary IFN-γ-induced augmentation of the airway inflammation and increasing of IFN-γ-secreting T lymphocytes in blood. CONCLUSIONS High physiological levels of IFN-γ in the lung may cause pulmonary lymphocytic inflammation and cough hypersensitivity by increasing the number of IFN-γ-secreting T lymphocytes through the IP-10 and CXCR3 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuirong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kefang Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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6
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Eichinger KM, Kosanovich JL, Perkins T, Oury TD, Petrovsky N, Marshall CP, Yondola MA, Empey KM. Prior respiratory syncytial virus infection reduces vaccine-mediated Th2-skewed immunity, but retains enhanced RSV F-specific CD8 T cell responses elicited by a Th1-skewing vaccine formulation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1025341. [PMID: 36268035 PMCID: PMC9577258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1025341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children worldwide. Development of a vaccine has been hindered due the risk of enhanced respiratory disease (ERD) following natural RSV exposure and the young age (<6 months) at which children would require protection. Risk factors linked to the development of ERD include poorly neutralizing antibody, seronegative status (never been exposed to RSV), and a Th2-type immune response. Stabilization of the more antigenic prefusion F protein (PreF) has reinvigorated hope for a protective RSV vaccine that elicits potent neutralizing antibody. While anecdotal evidence suggests that children and adults previously exposed to RSV (seropositive) are not at risk for developing vaccine associated ERD, differences in host immune responses in seropositive and seronegative individuals that may protect against ERD remain unclear. It is also unclear if vaccine formulations that skew towards Th1- versus Th2-type immune responses increase pathology or provide greater protection in seropositive individuals. Therefore, the goal of this work was to compare the host immune response to a stabilized prefusion RSV antigen formulated alone or with Th1 or Th2 skewing adjuvants in seronegative and seropositive BALB/c mice. We have developed a novel BALB/c mouse model whereby mice are first infected with RSV (seropositive) and then vaccinated during pregnancy to recapitulate maternal immunization strategies. Results of these studies show that prior RSV infection mitigates vaccine-mediated skewing by Th1- and Th2-polarizing adjuvants that was observed in seronegative animals. Moreover, vaccination with PreF plus the Th1-skewing adjuvant, Advax, increased RSV F85-93-specific CD8 T cells in both seronegative and seropositive dams. These data demonstrate the importance of utilizing seropositive animals in preclinical vaccine studies to assess both the safety and efficacy of candidate RSV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Eichinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jessica L. Kosanovich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Timothy N. Perkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tim D. Oury
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, SA, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | | | | | - Kerry M. Empey
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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7
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Zhang D, Zhao Y, Wang L, You X, Li J, Zhang G, Hou Y, Wang H, He S, Li E. Axl Mediates Resistance to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Independent of Cell Attachment. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 67:227-240. [PMID: 35548971 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0362oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. Axl, a TAM family receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), has been demonstrated as a receptor mediating enveloped virus infection. Here we show that Axl functions as a suppressor of antiviral response during RSV infection. Knockdown of Axl expression in human cells resulted in cell resistance to RSV infection although the treatment did not significantly affect RSV binding or cell entry. Mice deficiency of Axl showed resistance to RSV infection including reduction in viral load and in pulmonary injury. Although T lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration was reduced, more IFN-γ producing cells were present in BALF in Axl-/- mice. Less alternatively activated alveolar macrophages were found in the lungs of Axl-/- mice. Axl-/- MEF cells and siRNA-treated human cells had more robust IFN-β and ISG induction of antiviral genes. Furthermore, re-expression of Axl using Ad-mediated Axl delivery repressed ISG induction in Axl-null MEF cells by RSV infection. The results suggest that Axl, independent of being a virus entry receptor of RSV infection, negatively regulates interferon signaling to modulate host antiviral response against RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 384750, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, 571478, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Yancheng Medical Research Center, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanhui Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, 571478, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Medical Virology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 384750, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, 571478, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Medical Virology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxin You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, 571478, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Medical Virology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 384750, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, 571478, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guohai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 384750, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guangxi, China
| | - Yayi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 384750, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, 571478, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, 571478, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Susu He
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 384750, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, 571478, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Yancheng Medical Research Center, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Erguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 384750, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, 571478, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Medical Virology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China;
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8
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IFN-γ Attenuates Eosinophilic Inflammation but Is Not Essential for Protection against RSV-Enhanced Asthmatic Comorbidity in Adult Mice. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010147. [PMID: 35062354 PMCID: PMC8778557 DOI: 10.3390/v14010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The susceptibility to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in early life has been associated with a deficient T-helper cell type 1 (Th1) response. Conversely, healthy adults generally do not exhibit severe illness from RSV infection. In the current study, we investigated whether Th1 cytokine IFN-γ is essential for protection against RSV and RSV-associated comorbidities in adult mice. We found that, distinct from influenza virus, prior RSV infection does not induce significant IFN-γ production and susceptibility to secondary Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in adult wild-type (WT) mice. In ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic mice, RSV super-infection increases airway neutrophil recruitment and inflammatory lung damage but has no significant effect on OVA-induced eosinophilia. Compared with WT controls, RSV infection of asthmatic Ifng−/− mice results in increased airway eosinophil accumulation. However, a comparable increase in eosinophilia was detected in house dust mite (HDM)-induced asthmatic Ifng−/− mice in the absence of RSV infection. Furthermore, neither WT nor Ifng−/− mice exhibit apparent eosinophil infiltration during RSV infection alone. Together, these findings indicate that, despite its critical role in limiting eosinophilic inflammation during asthma, IFN-γ is not essential for protection against RSV-induced exacerbation of asthmatic inflammation in adult mice.
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9
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Carmen JM, Shrivastava S, Lu Z, Anderson A, Morrison EB, Sankhala RS, Chen WH, Chang WC, Bolton JS, Matyas GR, Michael NL, Joyce MG, Modjarrad K, Currier JR, Bergmann-Leitner E, Malloy AMW, Rao M. SARS-CoV-2 ferritin nanoparticle vaccine induces robust innate immune activity driving polyfunctional spike-specific T cell responses. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:151. [PMID: 34903722 PMCID: PMC8668928 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00414-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of variants of concern, some with reduced susceptibility to COVID-19 vaccines underscores consideration for the understanding of vaccine design that optimizes induction of effective cellular and humoral immune responses. We assessed a SARS-CoV-2 spike-ferritin nanoparticle (SpFN) immunogen paired with two distinct adjuvants, Alhydrogel® or Army Liposome Formulation containing QS-21 (ALFQ) for unique vaccine evoked immune signatures. Recruitment of highly activated multifaceted antigen-presenting cells to the lymph nodes of SpFN+ALFQ vaccinated mice was associated with an increased frequency of polyfunctional spike-specific memory CD4+ T cells and Kb spike-(539-546)-specific long-lived memory CD8+ T cells with effective cytolytic function and distribution to the lungs. The presence of this epitope in SARS-CoV, suggests that generation of cross-reactive T cells may be induced against other coronavirus strains. Our study reveals that a nanoparticle vaccine, combined with a potent adjuvant that effectively engages innate immune cells, enhances SARS-CoV-2-specific durable adaptive immune T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Carmen
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Shikha Shrivastava
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhongyan Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Anderson
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Elaine B Morrison
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Rajeshwer S Sankhala
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Center of Infectious Disease Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei-Hung Chen
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Center of Infectious Disease Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William C Chang
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Center of Infectious Disease Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jessica S Bolton
- Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Gary R Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Nelson L Michael
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - M Gordon Joyce
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Center of Infectious Disease Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kayvon Modjarrad
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Center of Infectious Disease Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Currier
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Elke Bergmann-Leitner
- Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Allison M W Malloy
- Department of Pediatrics, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Mangala Rao
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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Phillips-Farfán B, Gómez-Chávez F, Medina-Torres EA, Vargas-Villavicencio JA, Carvajal-Aguilera K, Camacho L. Microbiota Signals during the Neonatal Period Forge Life-Long Immune Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158162. [PMID: 34360926 PMCID: PMC8348731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota regulates immunological development during early human life, with long-term effects on health and disease. Microbial products include short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), formyl peptides (FPs), polysaccharide A (PSA), polyamines (PAs), sphingolipids (SLPs) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands. Anti-inflammatory SCFAs are produced by Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Spirochaetes and Verrucomicrobia by undigested-carbohydrate fermentation. Thus, fiber amount and type determine their occurrence. FPs bind receptors from the pattern recognition family, those from commensal bacteria induce a different response than those from pathogens. PSA is a capsular polysaccharide from B. fragilis stimulating immunoregulatory protein expression, promoting IL-2, STAT1 and STAT4 gene expression, affecting cytokine production and response modulation. PAs interact with neonatal immunity, contribute to gut maturation, modulate the gut–brain axis and regulate host immunity. SLPs are composed of a sphingoid attached to a fatty acid. Prokaryotic SLPs are mostly found in anaerobes. SLPs are involved in proliferation, apoptosis and immune regulation as signaling molecules. The AhR is a transcription factor regulating development, reproduction and metabolism. AhR binds many ligands due to its promiscuous binding site. It participates in immune tolerance, involving lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells during early development in exposed humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Phillips-Farfán
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México City 04530, Mexico; (B.P.-F.); (K.C.-A.)
| | - Fernando Gómez-Chávez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México City 04530, Mexico; (F.G.-C.); (J.A.V.-V.)
- Cátedras CONACyT-Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México City 04530, Mexico
- Departamento de Formación Básica Disciplinaria, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07320, Mexico
| | | | | | - Karla Carvajal-Aguilera
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México City 04530, Mexico; (B.P.-F.); (K.C.-A.)
| | - Luz Camacho
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México City 04530, Mexico; (B.P.-F.); (K.C.-A.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Bhat TA, Kalathil SG, Leigh N, Muthumalage T, Rahman I, Goniewicz ML, Thanavala YM. Acute Effects of Heated Tobacco Product (IQOS) Aerosol Inhalation on Lung Tissue Damage and Inflammatory Changes in the Lungs. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:1160-1167. [PMID: 33346355 PMCID: PMC8186425 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emerging heated tobacco products (HTPs) were designed to reduce exposure to toxicants from cigarette smoke (CS) by avoiding burning tobacco and instead heating tobacco. We studied the effects of short-term inhalation of aerosols emitted from HTP called IQOS, on lung damage and immune-cell recruitment to the lungs in mice. METHODS Numerous markers of lung damage and inflammation including albumin and lung immune-cell infiltrates, proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines were quantified in lungs and bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluid from IQOS, CS, or air-exposed (negative control) mice. RESULTS Importantly, as a surrogate marker of lung epithelial-cell damage, we detected significantly increased levels of albumin in the BAL fluid of both HTP- and CS-exposed mice compared with negative controls. Total numbers of leukocytes infiltrating the lungs were equivalent following both IQOS aerosols and CS inhalation and significantly increased compared with air-exposed controls. We also observed significantly increased numbers of CD4+IL-17A+ T cells, a marker of a T-cell immune response, in both groups compared with air controls; however, numbers were the highest following CS exposure. Finally, the numbers of CD4+RORγt+ T cells, an inflammatory T-cell subtype expressing the transcription factor that is essential for promoting differentiation into proinflammatory Th17 cells, were significantly augmented in both groups compared with air-exposed controls. Levels of several cytokines in BAL were significantly elevated, reflecting a proinflammatory milieu. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that short-term inhalation of aerosols from IQOS generates damage and proinflammatory changes in the lung that are substantially similar to that elicited by CS exposure. IMPLICATIONS Exposure of mice to IQOS, one of the candidate modified-risk tobacco products, induces inflammatory immune-cell accumulation in the lungs and augments the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the BAL fluid. Such an exacerbated pulmonary proinflammatory microenvironment is associated with lung epithelial-cell damage in IQOS-exposed mice, suggesting a potential association with the impairment of lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq A Bhat
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
| | - Suresh G Kalathil
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
| | - Noel Leigh
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
| | - Thivanka Muthumalage
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Maciej L Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
| | - Yasmin M Thanavala
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
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12
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Shilovskiy IP, Yumashev KV, Nikolsky AA, Vishnyakova LI, Khaitov MR. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Respiratory Syncytial Viral Infection: Using Murine Models to Understand Human Pathology. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2021; 86:290-306. [PMID: 33838630 PMCID: PMC7957450 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe pathology of the lower respiratory tract in infants, immunocompromised people, and elderly. Despite decades of research, there is no licensed vaccine against RSV, and many therapeutic drugs are still under development. Detailed understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of the RSV infection pathology can accelerate the development of efficacious treatment. Current studies on the RSV pathogenesis are based on the analysis of biopsies from the infected patients; however deeper understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of the RSV pathology could be achieved using animal models. Mice are the most often used model for RSV infection because they exhibit manifestations similar to those observed in humans (bronchial obstruction, mucous hypersecretion, and pulmonary inflammation mediated by lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils). Additionally, the use of mice is economically feasible, and many molecular tools are available for studying RSV infection pathogenesis at the molecular and cellular levels. This review summarizes new data on the pathogenesis of RSV infection obtained in mouse models, which demonstrated the role of T cells in both the antiviral defense and the development of lung immunopathology. T cells not only eliminate the infected cells, but also produce significant amounts of the proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IFNγ. Recently, a new subset of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) was identified that provide a strong antiviral defense without induction of lung immunopathology. These cells accumulate in the lungs after local rather than systemic administration of RSV antigens, which suggests new approaches to vaccination. The studies in mouse models have revealed a minor role of interferons in the anti-RSV protection, as RSV possesses mechanisms to escape the antiviral action of type I and III interferons, which may explain the low efficacy of interferon-containing drugs. Using knockout mice, a significant breakthrough has been achieved in understanding the role of many pro-inflammatory cytokines in lung immunopathology. It was found that in addition to TNFα and IFNγ, the cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-33, and TSLP mediate the major manifestations of the RSV pathogenesis, such as bronchial obstruction, mucus hyperproduction, and lung infiltration by pro-inflammatory cells, while IL-6, IL-10, and IL-27 exhibit the anti-inflammatory effect. Despite significant differences between the mouse and human immune systems, mouse models have made a significant contribution to the understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of the pathology of human RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor P Shilovskiy
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia.
| | - Kirill V Yumashev
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Alexandr A Nikolsky
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Liudmila I Vishnyakova
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Musa R Khaitov
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia
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13
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Eichinger KM, Kosanovich JL, Lipp M, Empey KM, Petrovsky N. Strategies for active and passive pediatric RSV immunization. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2021; 9:2515135520981516. [PMID: 33623860 PMCID: PMC7879001 DOI: 10.1177/2515135520981516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children worldwide, with the most severe disease occurring in very young infants. Despite half a century of research there still are no licensed RSV vaccines. Difficulties in RSV vaccine development stem from a number of factors, including: (a) a very short time frame between birth and first RSV exposure; (b) interfering effects of maternal antibodies; and (c) differentially regulated immune responses in infants causing a marked T helper 2 (Th2) immune bias. This review seeks to provide an age-specific understanding of RSV immunity critical to the development of a successful pediatric RSV vaccine. Historical and future approaches to the prevention of infant RSV are reviewed, including passive protection using monoclonal antibodies or maternal immunization strategies versus active infant immunization using pre-fusion forms of RSV F protein antigens formulated with novel adjuvants such as Advax that avoid excess Th2 immune polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Eichinger
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jessica L. Kosanovich
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Madeline Lipp
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kerry M. Empey
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia and Vaxine Pty Ltd, Warradale, SA 5046, Australia
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Kitcharoensakkul M, Bacharier LB, Yin-Declue H, Boomer JS, Sajol G, Leung MK, Wilson B, Schechtman KB, Atkinson JP, Green JM, Castro M. Impaired tumor necrosis factor-α secretion by CD4 T cells during respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis associated with recurrent wheeze. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2020; 8:30-39. [PMID: 31901157 PMCID: PMC7016853 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infants with severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis have an increased risk of recurrent wheezing and asthma. We aimed to evaluate the relationships between regulatory T cell (Treg) percentage and cytokine production of in vitro-stimulated CD4+ T cells during acute bronchiolitis and the development of recurrent wheezing in the first 3 years of life. METHODS We obtained peripheral blood from 166 infants hospitalized with their first episode of RSV-confirmed bronchiolitis. Granzyme B (GZB) expression, and interleukin-10, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-4, and IL-5 production by in vitro anti-CD3/CD28- and anti-CD3/CD46-activated CD4+ T cells, and percentage of peripheral Treg (CD4+CD25hi Foxp3hi ) cells were measured by flow cytometry. Wheezing was assessed every 6 months. Recurrent wheezing was defined as three or more episodes following the initial RSV bronchiolitis. RESULTS Sixty-seven percent (n = 111) of children had wheezing after their initial RSV infection, with 30% having recurrent wheezing. The percentage of peripheral Treg (CD4+CD25hi Foxp3hi ) cells was not significantly different between the wheezing groups. Decreased TNF-α production from anti-CD3/CD28- and anti-CD3/CD46- activated CD4+ T cells was observed in the recurrent wheezers, compared with nonwheezers (p = .048 and .03, respectively). There were no significant differences in the GZB+ CD4+ T cells and production of other inflammatory cytokines between these groups. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated lower TNF-α production by in vitro stimulated CD4+ T cells during severe RSV bronchiolitis in children that subsequently developed recurrent wheezing, compared with children with no subsequent wheeze. These findings support the role of CD4+ T cell immunity in the development of subsequent wheezing in these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maleewan Kitcharoensakkul
- The Division of Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Leonard B Bacharier
- The Division of Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Huiqing Yin-Declue
- The Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jonathan S Boomer
- The Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Geneline Sajol
- The Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Marilyn K Leung
- The Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Brad Wilson
- The Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kenneth B Schechtman
- The Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - John P Atkinson
- The Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Mario Castro
- The Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
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15
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Acevedo OA, Díaz FE, Beals TE, Benavente FM, Soto JA, Escobar-Vera J, González PA, Kalergis AM. Contribution of Fcγ Receptor-Mediated Immunity to the Pathogenesis Caused by the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:75. [PMID: 30984626 PMCID: PMC6450440 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of severe acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) in humans at all ages and is the main cause of hospitalization due to pneumonia, asthma, and bronchiolitis in infants. hRSV symptoms mainly develop due to an excessive host immune and inflammatory response in the respiratory tissue. hRSV infection during life is frequent and likely because of non-optimal immunological memory is developed against this virus. Vaccine development against this pathogen has been delayed after the detrimental effects produced in children by vaccination with a formalin-inactivated hRSV preparation (FI-hRSV), which caused enhanced disease upon natural viral infection. Since then, several studies have focused on understanding the mechanisms underlying such disease exacerbation. Along these lines, several studies have suggested that antibodies elicited by immunization with FI-hRSV show low neutralizing capacity and promote the formation of immune complexes containing hRSV (hRSV-ICs), which contribute to hRSV pathogenesis through the engagement of Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) expressed on the surface of immune cells. Furthermore, a role for FcγRs is supported by studies evaluating the contribution of these molecules to hRSV-induced disease. These studies have shown that FcγRs can modulate viral clearance by the host and the inflammatory response triggered by hRSV infection. In addition, ICs can facilitate viral entry into host cells expressing FcγRs, thus extending hRSV infectivity. In this article, we discuss current knowledge relative to the contribution of hRSV-ICs and FcγRs to the pathogenesis caused by hRSV and their putative role in the exacerbation of the disease caused by this virus after FI-hRSV vaccination. A better understanding FcγRs involvement in the immune response against hRSV will contribute to the development of new prophylactic or therapeutic tools to promote virus clearance with limited inflammatory damage to the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando A Acevedo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabián E Díaz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tomas E Beals
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe M Benavente
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge A Soto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Escobar-Vera
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento Biomédico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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16
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Eichinger KM, Kosanovich JL, Empey KM. Localization of the T-cell response to RSV infection is altered in infant mice. Pediatr Pulmonol 2018; 53:145-153. [PMID: 29115050 PMCID: PMC5775046 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections worldwide, causing disproportionate morbidity and mortality in infants and children. Infants with stronger Th1 responses have less severe disease, yet little is known about the infant T-cell response within the air space. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that RSV infected infant mice would have quantitative and qualitative deficiencies in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell populations isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage when compared to adults and that local delivery of IFN-γ would increase airway CD4+ Tbet+ and CD8+ Tbet+ T-cell responses. METHODS We compared the localization of T-cell responses in RSV-infected infant and adult mice and investigated the effects of local IFN-γ administration on infant cellular immunity. RESULTS Adult CD8+ CD44HI and CD4+ CD44HI Tbet+ T-cells accumulated in the alveolar space whereas CD4+ CD44HI Tbet+ T-cells were evenly distributed between the infant lung tissue and airway and infant lungs contained higher frequencies of CD8+ T-cells. Delivery of IFN-γ to the infant airway failed to increase the accumulation of T-cells in the airspace and unexpectedly reduced CD4+ CD44HI Tbet+ T-cells. However, intranasal IFN-γ increased RSV F protein-specific CD8+ T-cells in the alveolar space. CONCLUSION Together, these data suggest that quantitative and qualitative defects exist in the infant T-cell response to RSV but early, local IFN-γ exposure can increase the CD8+ RSV-specific T-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Eichinger
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica L Kosanovich
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kerry M Empey
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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17
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Jans J, Unger WWJ, Vissers M, Ahout IML, Schreurs I, Wickenhagen A, de Groot R, de Jonge MI, Ferwerda G. Siglec-1 inhibits RSV-induced interferon gamma production by adult T cells in contrast to newborn T cells. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:621-631. [PMID: 29266251 PMCID: PMC5947594 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interferon gamma (IFN‐γ) plays an important role in the antiviral immune response during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections. Monocytes and T cells are recruited to the site of RSV infection, but it is unclear whether cell‐cell interactions between monocytes and T cells regulate IFN‐γ production. In this study, micro‐array data identified the upregulation of sialic acid‐binding immunoglobulin‐type lectin 1 (Siglec‐1) in human RSV‐infected infants. In vitro, RSV increased expression of Siglec‐1 on healthy newborn and adult monocytes. RSV‐induced Siglec‐1 on monocytes inhibited IFN‐γ production by adult CD4+ T cells. In contrast, IFN‐γ production by RSV in newborns was not affected by Siglec‐1. The ligand for Siglec‐1, CD43, is highly expressed on adult CD4+ T cells compared to newborns. Our data show that Siglec‐1 reduces IFN‐γ release by adult T cells possibly by binding to the highly expressed CD43. The Siglec‐1‐dependent inhibition of IFN‐γ in adults and the low expression of CD43 on newborn T cells provides a better understanding of the immune response against RSV in early life and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jop Jans
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy W J Unger
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes Vissers
- Department of Immune Mechanisms, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Inge M L Ahout
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Schreurs
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur Wickenhagen
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald de Groot
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben Ferwerda
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Pulmonary Susceptibility of Neonates to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: A Problem of Innate Immunity? J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:8734504. [PMID: 29250560 PMCID: PMC5700507 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8734504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common and highly contagious viral agent responsible for acute lower respiratory infection in infants. This pathology characterized by mucus hypersecretion and a disturbed T cell immune response is one of the major causes of infant hospitalization for severe bronchiolitis. Although different risk factors are associated with acute RSV bronchiolitis, the immunological factors contributing to the susceptibility of RSV infection in infants are not clearly elucidated. Epidemiological studies have established that the age at initial infection plays a central role in the severity of the disease. Thus, neonatal susceptibility is intrinsically linked to the immunological characteristics of the young pulmonary mucosa. Early life is a critical period for the lung development with the first expositions to external environmental stimuli and microbiota colonization. Furthermore, neonates display a lung immune system that profoundly differs to those from adults, with the predominance of type 2 immune cells. In this review, we discuss the latest information about the lung immune environment in the early period of life at a steady state and upon RSV infection and how we can modulate neonatal susceptibility to RSV infection.
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Ye Z, Ren L, Tang Z, Deng Y, Xie X, Fu Z, Luo Z, Xu F, Zang N, Liu E. Pulmonary C-fiber degeneration downregulates IFN-γ receptor 1 via IFN-α induction to attenuate RSV-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. Virology 2017; 510:262-272. [PMID: 28772166 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of respiratory infection in infants. Unfortunately, no effective vaccine or treatment against RSV is currently available. Pulmonary C-fibers (PCFs) are critical for regulating pulmonary inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). We previously reported that IFN-γ partially mediated RSV-induced airway disorders. In this study, we found that PCF degeneration alleviated RSV-induced airway inflammation, especially AHR by downregulating IFN-γ receptor 1 (IFNGR1), but had no effect on IFN-γ induction. In contrast, PCF degeneration actually increased IFN-α/β levels, as were the levels of STAT1 and phosphorylated STAT1 (pSTAT1). Exogenous IFN-α treatment induced STAT1 activation and downregulated IFNGR1 expression. These results suggest that PCFs affect IFNGR1 expression by inducing IFN-α to regulate IFN-γ-mediated airway inflammation and AHR. Thus, targeting PCFs activation may help control RSV-induced airway disorders, especially AHR, even with the presence of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixu Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Luo Ren
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Zhengzhen Tang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xiaohong Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Zhou Fu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - ZhengXiu Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Fadi Xu
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA
| | - Na Zang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.
| | - Enmei Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.
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Spalluto CM, Singhania A, Cellura D, Woelk CH, Sanchez-Elsner T, Staples KJ, Wilkinson TMA. IFN-γ Influences Epithelial Antiviral Responses via Histone Methylation of the RIG-I Promoter. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:428-438. [PMID: 28481620 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0392oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The asthmatic lung is prone to respiratory viral infections that exacerbate the symptoms of the underlying disease. Recent work has suggested that a deficient T-helper cell type 1 response in early life may lead to these aberrant antiviral responses. To study the development of long-term dysregulation of innate responses, which is a hallmark of asthma, we investigated whether the inflammatory environment of the airway epithelium can modulate antiviral gene expression via epigenetic mechanisms. We primed AALEB cells, a human bronchial epithelial cell line, with IFN-γ and IL-13, and subsequently infected the cells with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). We then analyzed the expression of innate antiviral genes and their epigenetic markers. Priming epithelial cells with IFN-γ reduced the RSV viral load. Microarray analysis identified that IFN-γ priming enhanced retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I mRNA expression, and this expression correlated with epigenetic changes at the RIG-I promoter that influenced its transcription. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we observed a reduction of trimethylated histone 3 lysine 9 at the RIG-I promoter. Addition of inhibitor BIX-01294 to this model indicated an involvement of lysine methyltransferase G9a in RIG-I epigenetic regulation. These data suggest that prior exposure to IFN-γ may leave an epigenetic mark on the chromatin that enhances airway cells' ability to resist infection, possibly via epigenetic upregulation of RIG-I. These observations provide further evidence for a crucial role of IFN-γ in the development of mature antiviral responses within a model of respiratory infection. Further clinical validation is required to determine whether this effect in early life leads to changes in antiviral responses associated with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mirella Spalluto
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences and
- 2 Wessex Investigational Sciences Hub, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, and
| | | | | | | | | | - Karl J Staples
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences and
- 2 Wessex Investigational Sciences Hub, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, and
| | - Tom M A Wilkinson
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences and
- 2 Wessex Investigational Sciences Hub, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, and
- 3 Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Skappak C, Ilarraza R, Wu YQ, Drake MG, Adamko DJ. Virus-induced asthma attack: The importance of allergic inflammation in response to viral antigen in an animal model of asthma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181425. [PMID: 28742120 PMCID: PMC5524340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma exacerbation can be a life-threatening condition, and is most often triggered by common respiratory viruses. Poor asthma control and worsening of respiratory function is associated with increased airway inflammation, including eosinophilia. Prevention of asthma exacerbation relies on treatment with corticosteroids, which preferentially inhibit allergic inflammation like eosinophils. Human studies demonstrate that inactivated virus can trigger eosinophil activation in vitro through antigen presentation and memory CD4+ lymphocytes. We hypothesized that animals with immunologic memory to a respiratory virus would also develop airway hyperresponsiveness in response to a UV-inactivated form of the virus if they have pre-existing allergic airway inflammation. Guinea pigs were ovalbumin-sensitized, infected with live parainfluenza virus (PIV), aerosol-challenged with ovalbumin, and then re-inoculated 60 days later with live or UV-inactivated PIV. Some animals were either treated with dexamethasone prior to the second viral exposure. Lymphocytes were isolated from parabronchial lymph nodes to confirm immunologic memory to the virus. Airway reactivity was measured and inflammation was assessed using bronchoalveolar lavage and lung histology. The induction of viral immunologic memory was confirmed in infected animals. Allergen sensitized and challenged animals developed airway hyperreactivity with eosinophilic airway inflammation when re-exposed to UV-inactivated PIV, while non-sensitized animals did not. Airway hyperreactivity in the sensitized animals was inhibited by pre-treatment with dexamethasone. We suggest that the response of allergic inflammation to virus antigen is a significant factor causing asthma exacerbation. We propose that this is one mechanism explaining how corticosteroids prevent virus-induced asthma attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Skappak
- Division of Emergency Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ramses Ilarraza
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ying-qi Wu
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew G. Drake
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Darryl J. Adamko
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Lee SY, Noh Y, Goo JH, Rho S, Kim MJ, Kang CY, Song M, Kim JO. Natural killer T cell sensitization during neonatal respiratory syncytial virus infection induces eosinophilic lung disease in re-infected adult mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176940. [PMID: 28570692 PMCID: PMC5453428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major viral pathogen that causes severe lower respiratory tract infections in infants and the elderly worldwide. Infants with severe RSV bronchiolitis tend to experience more wheezing and asthma in later childhood. Because invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are associated with the asthma pathology, we investigated whether neonatal iNKT cells are involved in the aggravation of pulmonary diseases following RSV infection in mice. Intranasal exposure to the iNKT cell ligand α-galactosylceramide (α-GC) with RSV primary infection in neonatal mice elicited neither cytokine production (except for a slight increase of IL-5) nor pulmonary eosinophilia, despite the presence of both CD1d+ cells and NKT cells. Interestingly, in adult mice re-infected with RSV, neonatal iNKT cell sensitization by α-GC during RSV primary infection resulted in much higher levels of pulmonary Th2 cytokines and elevated eosinophilia with airway hyperresponsiveness, whereas this was not observed in cd1d knockout mice. In contrast, α-GC priming of adults during RSV re-infection did not induce more severe airway symptoms than RSV re-infection in the absence of α-GC. α-GC co-administration during RSV primary infection facilitated RSV clearance regardless of age, but viral clearance following re-infection was not iNKT cell-dependent. This study clearly demonstrates that RSV-induced immune responses can be altered by iNKT cells, suggesting that neonatal iNKT cell sensitization during RSV primary infection is associated with exacerbation of pulmonary diseases following RSV re-infection in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Young Lee
- Molecular Immunology Section, Clinical Research Lab, International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwankak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youran Noh
- Molecular Immunology Section, Clinical Research Lab, International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwankak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Goo
- Molecular Immunology Section, Clinical Research Lab, International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwankak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Semi Rho
- Molecular Immunology Section, Clinical Research Lab, International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwankak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Molecular Immunology Section, Clinical Research Lab, International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwankak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Yuil Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Manki Song
- Molecular Immunology Section, Clinical Research Lab, International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwankak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Ouk Kim
- Molecular Immunology Section, Clinical Research Lab, International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwankak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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23
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Eichinger KM, Resetar E, Orend J, Anderson K, Empey KM. Age predicts cytokine kinetics and innate immune cell activation following intranasal delivery of IFNγ and GM-CSF in a mouse model of RSV infection. Cytokine 2017; 97:25-37. [PMID: 28558308 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in young children and is further associated with increased healthcare utilization and cost of care in the first years of life. Severe RSV disease during infancy has also been linked to the later development of allergic asthma, yet there remains no licensed RSV vaccine or effective treatment. Pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown that disease severity and development of allergic asthma are associated with differences in cytokine production. As a result, stimulation of the innate host immune response with immune potentiators is gaining attention for their prospective application in populations with limited immune responses to antigenic stimuli or against pathogens for which vaccines do not exist. Specifically, macrophage-activating cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFNγ) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are commercially available immune potentiators used to prevent infections in patients with chronic granulomatous disease and febrile neutropenia, respectively. Moreover, an increasing number of reports describe the protective function of IFNγ and GM-CSF as vaccine adjuvants. Although a positive correlation between cytokine production and age has previously been reported, little is known about age-dependent cytokine metabolism or immune activating responses in infant compared to adult lungs. Here we use a non-compartmental pharmacokinetic model in naïve and RSV-infected infant and adult BALB/c mice to determine the effect of age on IFNγ and GM-CSF elimination and innate cell activation following intranasal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Eichinger
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Erin Resetar
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jacob Orend
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kacey Anderson
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kerry M Empey
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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24
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Openshaw PJ, Chiu C, Culley FJ, Johansson C. Protective and Harmful Immunity to RSV Infection. Annu Rev Immunol 2017; 35:501-532. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J.M. Openshaw
- Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Chiu
- Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona J. Culley
- Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia Johansson
- Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
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25
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Fujii U, Miyahara N, Taniguchi A, Oda N, Morichika D, Murakami E, Nakayama H, Waseda K, Kataoka M, Kakuta H, Tanimoto M, Kanehiro A. Effect of a retinoid X receptor partial agonist on airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of asthma. Respir Res 2017; 18:23. [PMID: 28114934 PMCID: PMC5260083 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0507-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily that mediate signaling by 9-cis retinoic acid, a vitamin A (retinol) derivative. RXRs play key roles not only as homodimers but also as heterodimeric partners—e.g., retinoic acid receptors (RARs), vitamin D receptors (VDRs), liver X receptors (LXRs), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). The NR family was recently associated with allergic diseases, but the role of RXRs in allergen-induced airway responses is not well defined. The goal of this study is to elucidate the role of RXRs in asthma pathogenesis and the potency of RXR partial agonist in the treatment of allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness using a murine model of asthma. Methods We investigated the effect of a novel RXR partial agonist (NEt-4IB) on the development of allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in a murine model of asthma. Balb/c mice were sensitized (days 0 and 14) and challenged (days 28–30) with ovalbumin (OVA), and airway inflammation and airway responses were monitored 48 h after the last OVA challenge. NEt-4IB was administered orally on days 25 to 32. Results Oral administration of NEt-4IB significantly suppressed AHR and inflammatory cell accumulation in the airways and attenuated the levels of TNF-α in the lung and IL-5, IL-13 and NO levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and the number of periodic acid Schiff (PAS)-positive goblet cells in lung tissue. Treatment with NEt-4IB also significantly suppressed NF-κB expression. Conclusion These data suggest that RXRs may be of crucial importance in the mechanism of allergic asthma and that the novel RXR partial agonist NEt-4IB may be a promising candidate for the treatment of allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in a model of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utako Fujii
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Miyahara
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Akihiko Taniguchi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Naohiro Oda
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Daisuke Morichika
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Etsuko Murakami
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hikari Nakayama
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Koichi Waseda
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Mikio Kataoka
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kakuta
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Mitsune Tanimoto
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Arihiko Kanehiro
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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Abstract
Although largely deprived from exogenous stimuli in utero, the mucosal barriers of the neonate after birth are bombarded by environmental, nutritional, and microbial exposures. The microbiome is established concurrently with the developing immune system. The nature and timing of discrete interactions between these two factors underpins the long-term immune characteristics of these organs, and can set an individual on a trajectory towards or away from disease. Microbial exposures in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts are some of the key determinants of the overall immune tone at these mucosal barriers and represent a leading target for future intervention strategies. In this review, we discuss immune maturation in the gut and lung and how microbes have a central role in this process.
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In Vivo Assessment of Airway Function in the Mouse Model. Methods Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 27464698 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3687-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
This chapter describes two procedures commonly used to examine airway function in mice. Airway function can be assessed in vivo using noninvasive or invasive methods. Noninvasive methods can be used to monitor respiratory function in mice without the involvement of restraint, anesthesia, or surgery. The methods allow for multiple animals to be monitored simultaneously and can be used in longitudinal studies requiring repeated measurements on the same animals. Invasive methods are used to assess airway function under anesthesia, in mechanically ventilated mice. Although used as terminal procedure, the invasive methods are most appropriate for direct assessment of lower airway dysfunction.
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Sambursky R, Shapiro N. Evaluation of a combined MxA and CRP point-of-care immunoassay to identify viral and/or bacterial immune response in patients with acute febrile respiratory infection. Eur Clin Respir J 2015; 2:28245. [PMID: 26672961 PMCID: PMC4676840 DOI: 10.3402/ecrj.v2.28245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Challenges in the clinical differentiation of viral and/or bacterial respiratory infection lead to the misappropriation of antibiotics and increased healthcare costs. A tool to facilitate rapid and accurate point-of-care (POC) differentiation is needed. Methods and findings A prospective, single center, blinded, observational clinical trial was conducted at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center from December 2012 to August 2013 to determine the accuracy of a POC immunoassay to identify a clinically significant immune response to viral and/or bacterial infection. Sixty patients with acute febrile respiratory infection (19 pharyngitis and 41 lower respiratory tract infection [LRTI]) were enrolled. Participants provided fingerstick blood for immunoassay testing (myxovirus A [MxA] and c-reactive protein [CRP]) and four oropharyngeal samples for viral PCR and routine bacterial cell culture. A venous blood sample was collected. An ELISA was used to measure CRP and MxA. Paired serological testing was used to confirm atypical bacteria. A urine sample was provided for Streptococcus and Legionella antigen testing. Patients with suspected LRTI had sputum and blood cultures, chest X-ray, and WBC count measured. Viral infection was confirmed if oropharyngeal PCR was positive for viral pathogens. Bacterial infection was confirmed in positive throat or sputum cultures. Elevated immunoglobulin M antibodies or twofold increase in IgG antibodies between acute and convalescent phase indicated atypical bacteria. Positive Streptococcus or Legionella urine antigen assays also confirmed bacterial infection. The immunoassay correctly categorized subjects as 92% (22/24) negative, 80% (16/20) with bacterial infection, and 70% (7/10) with viral infection. Conclusions The interplay between an MxA value and a semi-quantitative CRP value can aid in the differentiation of infectious etiology. In isolation, neither MxA nor CRP alone is sensitive or specific. However, the pattern of results in a rapid immunoassay provides a sensitive and specific method to differentiate acute febrile respiratory infections. This diagnostic information may help reduce antibiotic misuse and resistance and lower healthcare costs.
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Sugai K, Kimura H, Miyaji Y, Tsukagoshi H, Yoshizumi M, Sasaki-Sakamoto T, Matsunaga S, Yamada Y, Kashiwakura JI, Noda M, Ikeda M, Kozawa K, Ryo A, Yoshihara S, Ogata H, Okayama Y. MIP-1α level in nasopharyngeal aspirates at the first wheezing episode predicts recurrent wheezing. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:774-81. [PMID: 26494023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory virus-induced wheezing, such as that induced by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human rhinovirus, is an important risk factor for recurrent wheezing and childhood asthma. However, no biomarkers for predicting recurrent wheezing have been identified. OBJECTIVE We searched for predictors of recurrent wheezing using nasopharyngeal aspirates obtained from patients during the first wheezing episode who were hospitalized with an acute lower respiratory tract illness. METHODS We enrolled 82 infants during the first wheezing episode (median age, 5.0 months) who were hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract illness between August 2009 and June 2012 and followed these patients for 2.5 years. Nasopharyngeal aspirates and blood samples were obtained on the first day of hospitalization. Viral genomes were identified by using RT-PCR and sequencing. Levels of 33 cytokines, tryptase, IgE, anti-RSV IgE, and anti-RSV IgG were measured by using ELISAs or the Bio-Plex multiplex assay. Predictors of recurrent wheezing were examined by using a stepwise logistic regression model with backward elimination. RESULTS Sixty percent of the patients experienced recurrent wheezing episodes. One or more viruses were detected in the nasopharynxes of 93% of the patients during the first wheezing episode. IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-9, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β levels were significantly higher among patients with recurrent wheezing than among those without recurrent wheezing (P < .05 or .01). The stepwise model demonstrated that the MIP-1α level (odds ratio, 7.72; 95% CI, 1.50-39.77; P = .015) was the strongest independent predictor of the occurrence of recurrent wheezing. CONCLUSION An increased MIP-1α level in nasopharyngeal aspirates from patients with acute respiratory symptoms during the first wheezing episode caused by viral infections might predict recurrent wheezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Sugai
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Fukuyama Medical Center, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Miyaji
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Yokohama Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yoshizumi
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tomomi Sasaki-Sakamoto
- Allergy and Immunology Group, Research Institute of Medical Science, Division of Medical Education Planning and Development, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Matsunaga
- Department of Molecular Biodefence Research, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yumi Yamada
- Yamada Gastroenterology Pediatric Clinic, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kashiwakura
- Laboratory for Allergic Disease, RCAI, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Noda
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Ikeda
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Fukuyama Medical Center, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kunihisa Kozawa
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Molecular Biodefence Research, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Hiromitsu Ogata
- Center for Information Research, National Institute of Public Health, Saitama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Okayama
- Allergy and Immunology Group, Research Institute of Medical Science, Division of Medical Education Planning and Development, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Eichinger KM, Egaña L, Orend JG, Resetar E, Anderson KB, Patel R, Empey KM. Alveolar macrophages support interferon gamma-mediated viral clearance in RSV-infected neonatal mice. Respir Res 2015; 16:122. [PMID: 26438053 PMCID: PMC4594958 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor interferon gamma (IFNγ) production during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is associated with prolonged viral clearance and increased disease severity in neonatal mice and humans. We previously showed that intra-nasal delivery of IFNγ significantly enhances RSV clearance from neonatal lungs prior to observed T-lymphocyte recruitment or activation, suggesting an innate immune mechanism of viral clearance. We further showed that alveolar macrophages dominate the RSV-infected neonatal airways relative to adults, consistent with human neonatal autopsy data. Therefore, the goal of this work was to determine the role of neonatal alveolar macrophages in IFNγ-mediated RSV clearance. METHODS Clodronate liposomes, flow cytometry, viral plaque assays, and histology were used to examine the role of alveolar macrophages (AMs) and the effects of intra-nasal IFNγ in RSV infected neonatal Balb/c mice. The functional outcomes of AM depletion were determined quantitatively by viral titers using plaque assay. Illness was assessed by measuring reduced weight gain. RESULTS AM activation during RSV infection was age-dependent and correlated tightly with IFNγ exposure. Higher doses of IFNγ more efficiently stimulated AM activation and expedited RSV clearance without significantly affecting weight gain. The presence of AMs were independently associated with improved RSV clearance, whereas AM depletion but not IFNγ exposure, significantly impaired weight gain in RSV-infected neonates. CONCLUSION We show here for the first time, that IFNγ is critical for neonatal RSV clearance and that it depends, in part, on alveolar macrophages (AMs) for efficient viral clearing effects. Early reductions in viral burden are likely to have profound short- and long-term immune effects in the vulnerable post-natally developing lung environment. Studies are ongoing to elucidate the pathologic effects associated with early versus delayed RSV clearance in developing neonatal airways.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Interferon-gamma/administration & dosage
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacokinetics
- Macrophage Activation/drug effects
- Macrophages, Alveolar/drug effects
- Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/metabolism
- Macrophages, Alveolar/virology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/drug therapy
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/metabolism
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/virology
- Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/drug effects
- Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/pathogenicity
- Time Factors
- Viral Load
- Weight Gain
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Eichinger
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Loreto Egaña
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jacob G Orend
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Erin Resetar
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kacey B Anderson
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ravi Patel
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kerry M Empey
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Challenges and future in vaccines, drug development, and immunomodulatory therapy. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2015; 11 Suppl 4:S201-10. [PMID: 25148426 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201401-036pl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary diseases and infections are among the top contributors to human morbidity and mortality worldwide, and despite the successful history of vaccines and antimicrobial therapeutics, infectious disease still presents a significant threat to human health. Effective vaccines are frequently unavailable in developing countries, and successful vaccines have yet to be developed for major global maladies, such as tuberculosis. Furthermore, antibiotic resistance poses a growing threat to human health. The "Challenges and Future in Vaccines, Drug Development, and Immunomodulatory Therapy" session of the 2013 Pittsburgh International Lung Conference highlighted several recent and current studies related to treatment and prevention of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections, highly pathogenic influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and tuberculosis. Research presented here focused on novel antimicrobial therapies, new vaccines that are either in development or currently in clinical trials, and the potential for immunomodulatory therapies. These studies are making important contributions to the areas of microbiology, virology, and immunology related to pulmonary diseases and infections and are paving the way for improvements in the efficacy of vaccines and antimicrobials.
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32
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Huang J, Zhang M, Zhang X, Lu A, Wang L, Chen C. IFN-γ CA microsatellite polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to respiratory syncytial virus Infection and severity. Acta Paediatr 2014; 103:e544-7. [PMID: 25130433 DOI: 10.1111/apa.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM IFN-γ, an essential cytokine in the viral cell-mediated immune response, has been associated with the pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis and to the severity of the infection. The aim of this study was to investigate whether IFN-γ CA microsatellite (rs3138557) polymorphism was associated with susceptibility to RSV in Chinese Han children and with the severity of the infection. METHODS The IFN-γ CA microsatellite was tested in 218 RSV bronchiolitis inpatients and 303 healthy controls, and the severity of the RSV bronchiolitis was evaluated using a standardised respiratory scoring system. RESULTS The frequencies of CA12+/CA12+, CA12+/CA12- and CA12-/CA12- in the 218 RSV bronchiolitis patients and 303 controls were approximately 11% versus 19%, 55% versus 53% and 34% versus 28%, respectively. The gene polymorphism of IFN-γ CA repeats between the two groups was statistically different. The clinical respiratory scores of RSV bronchiolitis cases with CA12+/CA12+ and CA12+/CA12- were 2.84 ± 0.40 (SD) and 2.95 ± 0.44 (SD), respectively, and these were significantly lower than the 3.1 ± 0.36 (SD) score for those with CA12-/CA12-. CONCLUSION IFN-γ CA microsatellite polymorphism was associated with the susceptibility of Chinese Han children to RSV and the severity of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Huang
- Pulmonology Department; Children's Hospital of Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Pulmonology Department; Children's Hospital of Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Pulmonology Department; Children's Hospital of Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Aizhen Lu
- Pulmonology Department; Children's Hospital of Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Libo Wang
- Pulmonology Department; Children's Hospital of Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Chao Chen
- Neonate Department; Children's Hospital of Fudan University; Shanghai China
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33
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Lambert L, Sagfors AM, Openshaw PJM, Culley FJ. Immunity to RSV in Early-Life. Front Immunol 2014; 5:466. [PMID: 25324843 PMCID: PMC4179512 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the commonest cause of severe respiratory infection in infants, leading to over 3 million hospitalizations and around 66,000 deaths worldwide each year. RSV bronchiolitis predominantly strikes apparently healthy infants, with age as the principal risk factor for severe disease. The differences in the immune response to RSV in the very young are likely to be key to determining the clinical outcome of this common infection. Remarkable age-related differences in innate cytokine responses follow recognition of RSV by numerous pattern recognition receptors, and the importance of this early response is supported by polymorphisms in many early innate genes, which associate with bronchiolitis. In the absence of strong, Th1 polarizing signals, infants develop T cell responses that can be biased away from protective Th1 and cytotoxic T cell immunity toward dysregulated, Th2 and Th17 polarization. This may contribute not only to the initial inflammation in bronchiolitis, but also to the long-term increased risk of developing wheeze and asthma later in life. An early-life vaccine for RSV will need to overcome the difficulties of generating a protective response in infants, and the proven risks associated with generating an inappropriate response. Infantile T follicular helper and B cell responses are immature, but maternal antibodies can afford some protection. Thus, maternal vaccination is a promising alternative approach. However, even in adults adaptive immunity following natural infection is poorly protective, allowing re-infection even with the same strain of RSV. This gives us few clues as to how effective vaccination could be achieved. Challenges remain in understanding how respiratory immunity matures with age, and the external factors influencing its development. Determining why some infants develop bronchiolitis should lead to new therapies to lessen the clinical impact of RSV and aid the rational design of protective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lambert
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Agnes M. Sagfors
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Fiona J. Culley
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Han J, Takeda K, Wang M, Zeng W, Jia Y, Shiraishi Y, Okamoto M, Dakhama A, Gelfand EW. Effects of anti-g and anti-f antibodies on airway function after respiratory syncytial virus infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:143-54. [PMID: 24521403 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0360oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract illnesses in infants worldwide. Both RSV-G and RSV-F glycoproteins play pathogenic roles during infection with RSV. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of anti-RSV-G and anti-RSV-F monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) on airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and inflammation after primary or secondary RSV infection in mice. In the primary infection model, mice were infected with RSV at 6 weeks of age. Anti-RSV-G or anti-RSV-F mAbs were administered 24 hours before infection or Day +2 postinfection. In a secondary infection model, mice were infected (primary) with RSV at 1 week (neonate) and reinfected (secondary) 5 weeks later. Anti-RSV-G and anti-RSV-F mAbs were administered 24 hours before the primary infection. Both mAbs had comparable effects in preventing airway responses after primary RSV infection. When given 2 days after infection, anti-RSV-G-treated mice showed significantly decreased AHR and airway inflammation, which persisted in anti-RSV-F-treated mice. In the reinfection model, anti-RSV-G but not anti-RSV-F administered during primary RSV infection in neonates resulted in decreased AHR, eosinophilia, and IL-13 but increased levels of IFN-γ in bronchoalveolar lavage on reinfection. These results support the use of anti-RSV-G in the prevention and treatment of RSV-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Han
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
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35
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Glineur SF, Bowen AB, Percopo CM, Garcia-Crespo KE, Dyer KD, Ochkur SI, Lee NA, Lee JJ, Domachowske JB, Rosenberg HF. Sustained inflammation and differential expression of interferons type I and III in PVM-infected interferon-gamma (IFNγ) gene-deleted mice. Virology 2014; 468-470:140-149. [PMID: 25173090 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Interferon gamma (IFNγ) has complex immunomodulatory and antiviral properties. While IFNγ is detected in the airways in response to infection with the pneumovirus pathogen, pneumonia virus of mice (PVM; Family Paramyxoviridae), its role in promoting disease has not been fully explored. Here, we evaluate PVM infection in IFNγ(-/-) mice. Although the IFNγ gene-deletion has no impact on weight loss, survival or virus kinetics, expression of IFNβ, IFNλ2/3 and IFN-stimulated 2-5' oligoadenylate synthetases was significantly diminished compared to wild-type counterparts. Furthermore, PVM infection in IFNγ(-/-) mice promoted prominent inflammation, including eosinophil and neutrophil infiltration into the airways and lung parenchyma, observed several days after peak virus titer. Potential mechanisms include over-production of chemoattractant and eosinophil-active cytokines (CXCL1, CCL11, CCL3 and IL5) in PVM-infected IFNγ(-/-) mice; likewise, IFNγ actively antagonized IL5-dependent eosinophil survival ex vivo. Our results may have clinical implications for pneumovirus infection in individuals with IFNγ signaling defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie F Glineur
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aaron B Bowen
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Caroline M Percopo
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Katia E Garcia-Crespo
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kimberly D Dyer
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sergei I Ochkur
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Nancy A Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - James J Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Joseph B Domachowske
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Helene F Rosenberg
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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36
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Neonatal immunology: responses to pathogenic microorganisms and epigenetics reveal an "immunodiverse" developmental state. Immunol Res 2014; 57:246-57. [PMID: 24214026 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8439-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal animals have heightened susceptibility to infectious agents and are at increased risk for the development of allergic diseases, such as asthma. Experimental studies using animal models have been quite useful for beginning to identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these sensitivities. In particular, results from murine neonatal models indicate that developmental regulation of multiple immune cell types contributes to the typically poor responses of neonates to pathogenic microorganisms. Surprisingly, however, animal studies have also revealed that responses at mucosal surfaces in early life may be protective against primary or secondary disease. Our understanding of the molecular events underlying these processes is less well developed. Emerging evidence indicates that the functional properties of neonatal immune cells and the subsequent maturation of the immune system in ontogeny may be regulated by epigenetic phenomena. Here, we review recent findings from our group and others describing cellular responses to infection and developmentally regulated epigenetic processes in the newborn.
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37
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STAT4 deficiency fails to induce lung Th2 or Th17 immunity following primary or secondary respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) challenge but enhances the lung RSV-specific CD8+ T cell immune response to secondary challenge. J Virol 2014; 88:9655-72. [PMID: 24920804 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03299-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Immune-mediated lung injury is a hallmark of lower respiratory tract illness caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). STAT4 plays a critical role in CD4+ Th1 lineage differentiation and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) protein expression by CD4+ T cells. As CD4+ Th1 differentiation is associated with negative regulation of CD4+ Th2 and Th17 differentiation, we hypothesized that RSV infection of STAT4-/- mice would result in enhanced lung Th2 and Th17 inflammation and impaired lung Th1 inflammation compared to wild-type (WT) mice. We performed primary and secondary RSV challenges in WT and STAT4-/- mice and used STAT1-/- mice as a positive control for the development of RSV-specific lung Th2 and Th17 inflammation during primary challenge. Primary RSV challenge of STAT4-/- mice resulted in decreased T-bet and IFN-γ expression levels in CD4+ T cells compared to those of WT mice. Lung Th2 and Th17 inflammation did not develop in primary RSV-challenged STAT4-/- mice. Decreased IFN-γ expression by NK cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells was associated with attenuated weight loss and enhanced viral clearance with primary challenge in STAT4-/- mice compared to WT mice. Following secondary challenge, WT and STAT4-/- mice also did not develop lung Th2 or Th17 inflammation. In contrast to primary challenge, secondary RSV challenge of STAT4-/- mice resulted in enhanced weight loss, an increased lung IFN-γ expression level, and an increased lung RSV-specific CD8+ T cell response compared to those of WT mice. These data demonstrate that STAT4 regulates the RSV-specific CD8+ T cell response to secondary infection but does not independently regulate lung Th2 or Th17 immune responses to RSV challenge. IMPORTANCE STAT4 is a protein critical for both innate and adaptive immune responses to viral infection. Our results show that STAT4 regulates the immune response to primary and secondary challenge with RSV but does not restrain RSV-induced lung Th2 or Th17 immune responses. These findings suggest that STAT4 expression may influence lung immunity and severity of illness following primary and secondary RSV infections.
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38
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Ikeda G, Miyahara N, Koga H, Fuchimoto Y, Waseda K, Kurimoto E, Taniguchi A, Tanimoto Y, Kataoka M, Tanimoto M, Kanehiro A. Effect of a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist on experimental emphysema and asthma combined with emphysema. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:18-29. [PMID: 23937413 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0418oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of overlapping bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has increased in recent years. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) play an important role in asthma, and the type 1 CysLT receptor (CysLT1R) is expressed by many inflammatory cells. We evaluated the effect of montelukast, a CysLT1R antagonist, on mouse models of asthma, porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE)-induced emphysema, and asthma combined with emphysema. Mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) on Days 0 and 14 and subsequently challenged with OVA on Days 28, 29, and 30. Pulmonary emphysema was induced by intratracheal instillation of PPE on Day 25. Mice were treated subcutaneously with montelukast or vehicle from Day 25 to Day 31. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), static compliance; the number of inflammatory cells, the levels of cytokines, chemokines, LTs, and perforin in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and the quantitative morphometry of lung sections were analyzed on Day 32. Treatment with montelukast significantly attenuated the AHR and eosinophilic airway inflammation in OVA-sensitized and OVA-challenged mice. Administration of montelukast significantly reduced the AHR, static compliance, and neutrophilic airway inflammation, while attenuating emphysematous lung changes, in PPE-treated mice. In PPE-treated mice subjected to allergen sensitization and challenges, montelukast significantly suppressed the AHR, static compliance, and eosinophilic and neutrophilic airway inflammation in addition to the development of experimentally induced emphysema in the lungs. Our data suggest that CysLT1R antagonists may be effective in ameliorating the consequences of PPE-induced lung damage and the changes that follow allergen sensitization and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genyo Ikeda
- 1 Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Geevarghese B, Weinberg A. Cell-mediated immune responses to respiratory syncytial virus infection: magnitude, kinetics, and correlates with morbidity and age. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:1047-56. [PMID: 24513666 DOI: 10.4161/hv.27908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the cell-mediated immune (CMI) response to RSV acute infection including the magnitude, kinetics and correlates with morbidity and age. Twenty-nine RSV-infected patients with mean ± SD age of 15 ± 14 months were enrolled during their first week of disease. Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17 and Th22 responses were measured at entry and 2 and 6 weeks later. All subjects were hospitalized for a median (range) of 5 (3-11) days. RSV-specific effector and memory Th1 CMI measured by lymphocyte proliferation and IFNγ ELISPOT significantly increased over time (P ≤ 0.03). In contrast, Th22 responses decreased over time (P ≤ 0.03). Other changes did not reach statistical significance. The severity of RSV disease measured by the length of hospitalization positively correlated with the magnitude of Th9, Th22 and TNFα inflammatory responses (rho ≥ 0.4; P ≤ 0.04) and negatively with memory CMI (rho = -0.45; P = 0.04). The corollary of this observation is that robust Th1 and/or low Th9, Th22, and TNFα inflammatory responses may be associated with efficient clearance of RSV infection and therefore desirable characteristics of an RSV vaccine. Young age was associated with low memory and effector Th1 responses (rho ≥ 0.4; P ≤ 0.04) and high Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22 and TNFα inflammatory responses (rho ≤ -0.4; P ≤ 0.04), indicating that age at vaccination may be a major determinant of the CMI response pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bessey Geevarghese
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Colorado; Anschutz Medical Center; Aurora, CO USA
| | - Adriana Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Colorado; Anschutz Medical Center; Aurora, CO USA; Department of Medicine; University of Colorado; Anschutz Medical Center; Aurora, CO USA; Department of Pathology; University of Colorado; Anschutz Medical Center; Aurora, CO USA
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Gabehart K, Correll KA, Yang J, Collins ML, Loader JE, Leach S, White CW, Dakhama A. Transcriptome profiling of the newborn mouse lung response to acute ozone exposure. Toxicol Sci 2013; 138:175-90. [PMID: 24336422 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone pollution is associated with adverse effects on respiratory health in adults and children but its effects on the neonatal lung remain unknown. This study was carried out to define the effect of acute ozone exposure on the neonatal lung and to profile the transcriptome response. Newborn mice were exposed to ozone or filtered air for 3h. Total RNA was isolated from lung tissues at 6 and 24h after exposure and was subjected to microarray gene expression analysis. Compared to filtered air-exposed littermates, ozone-exposed newborn mice developed a small but significant neutrophilic airway response associated with increased CXCL1 and CXCL5 expression in the lung. Transcriptome analysis indicated that 455 genes were down-regulated and 166 genes were up-regulated by at least 1.5-fold at 6h post-ozone exposure (t-test, p < .05). At 24h, 543 genes were down-regulated and 323 genes were up-regulated in the lungs of ozone-exposed, compared to filtered air-exposed, newborn mice (t-test, p < .05). After controlling for false discovery rate, 50 genes were identified as significantly down-regulated and only a few (RORC, GRP, VREB3, and CYP2B6) were up-regulated at 24h post-ozone exposure (q < .05). Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that cell cycle-associated functions including cell division/proliferation were the most impacted pathways, which were negatively regulated by ozone exposure, an adverse effect that was associated with reduced bromo-deoxyuridine incorporation. These results demonstrate that acute ozone exposure alters cell proliferation in the developing neonatal lung through a global suppression of cell cycle function.
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Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is amongst the most important pathogenic infections of childhood and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although there have been extensive studies of epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic techniques, animal models and the immunobiology of infection, there is not yet a convincing and safe vaccine available. The major histopathologic characteristics of RSV infection are acute bronchiolitis, mucosal and submucosal edema, and luminal occlusion by cellular debris of sloughed epithelial cells mixed with macrophages, strands of fibrin, and some mucin. There is a single RSV serotype with two major antigenic subgroups, A and B. Strains of both subtypes often co-circulate, but usually one subtype predominates. In temperate climates, RSV infections reflect a distinct seasonality with onset in late fall or early winter. It is believed that most children will experience at least one RSV infection by the age of 2 years. There are several key animal models of RSV. These include a model in mice and, more importantly, a bovine model; the latter reflects distinct similarity to the human disease. Importantly, the prevalence of asthma is significantly higher amongst children who are hospitalized with RSV in infancy or early childhood. However, there have been only limited investigations of candidate genes that have the potential to explain this increase in susceptibility. An atopic predisposition appears to predispose to subsequent development of asthma and it is likely that subsequent development of asthma is secondary to the pathogenic inflammatory response involving cytokines, chemokines and their cognate receptors. Numerous approaches to the development of RSV vaccines are being evaluated, as are the use of newer antiviral agents to mitigate disease. There is also significant attention being placed on the potential impact of co-infection and defining the natural history of RSV. Clearly, more research is required to define the relationships between RSV bronchiolitis, other viral induced inflammatory responses, and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T. Borchers
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6501, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Christopher Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6501, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6501, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Laurel J. Gershwin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA USA
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Okayama Y. Cellular and humoral immunity of virus-induced asthma. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:252. [PMID: 23986756 PMCID: PMC3753555 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma inception is associated with respiratory viral infection, especially infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and/or human rhinovirus (HRV), in the vast majority of cases. However, the reason why RSV and HRV induce the majority of bronchiolitis cases during early childhood and why only a small percentage of children with RSV- and HRV-induced bronchiolitis later develop asthma remains unclear. A genetic association study has revealed the important interaction between viral illness and genetic variants in patients with asthma. Severe RSV- and HRV-induced bronchiolitis may be associated with a deficiency in the innate immune response to RSV and HRV. RSV and HRV infections in infants with deficient innate immune response and the dysfunction of regulatory T cells are considered to be a risk factor for the development of asthma. Sensitization to aeroallergens, beginning in the first year of life, consistently predisposes children to HRV-induced wheezing illnesses, but the converse is not true. Some evidence of virus specificity exists, in that allergic sensitization specifically increased the risk of wheezing in individuals infected with HRV, but not RSV. Administration of Palivizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets the A antigenic site of the Fusion-protein of RSV, decreases the risk of hospitalization in high-risk infants and the risk of recurrent of wheezing. However, palivizumab did not have any effect on subsequent recurrent wheezing in children with a family history of atopy. These findings suggest that infection with RSV and infection with HRV might predispose individuals to recurrent wheezing through an atopy-independent and an atopy-dependent mechanism, respectively. Respiratory virus-induced wheezing illnesses may encompass multiple sub-phenotypes that relate to asthma in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimichi Okayama
- Allergy and Immunology Group, Research Institute of Medical Science, Nihon University School of Medicine Tokyo, Japan
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Gelfand EW. Development of asthma is determined by the age-dependent host response to respiratory virus infection: therapeutic implications. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 24:713-9. [PMID: 22981683 PMCID: PMC3508171 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract virus infections are the major cause of asthma exacerbations. Severity of infection and age at initial encounter with virus appear to be major determinants of the risk for allergic asthma later in life. In animal models, reinfection of mice initially infected as neonates leads to markedly enhanced alterations in airway function and inflammation, unlike reinfection of older mice. Both innate and adaptive immune responses contribute to this susceptibility with lung dendritic cells showing marked differences in phenotype and function in young compared to older mice, and these differences are further enhanced following virus infection. These findings have implications for therapeutic targeting, for example, of RSV G and F surface proteins at different stages of the response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin W Gelfand
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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Han J, Dakhama A, Jia Y, Wang M, Zeng W, Takeda K, Shiraishi Y, Okamoto M, Ziegler SF, Gelfand EW. Responsiveness to respiratory syncytial virus in neonates is mediated through thymic stromal lymphopoietin and OX40 ligand. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:1175-1186.e9. [PMID: 23036746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies revealed a critical role for thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) released from epithelial cells and OX40 ligand (OX40L) expressed on dendritic cells (DCs) in T(H)2 priming and polarization. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the importance of the TSLP-OX40L axis in neonatal respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. METHODS Mice were initially infected with RSV as neonates or adults and reinfected 5 weeks later. Anti-OX40L or anti-TSLP were administered during primary or secondary infection. Outcomes included assessment of airway function and inflammation and expression of OX40L, TSLP, and IL-12. RESULTS OX40L was expressed mainly on CD11c(+)MHC class II (MHCII)(+)CD11b(+) DCs but not CD103(+) DCs. Treatment of neonates with OX40L antibody during primary RSV infection prevented the subsequent enhancement of airway hyperresponsiveness and the development of airway eosinophilia and mucus hyperproduction on reinfection. Administration of anti-TSLP before neonatal RSV infection reduced the accumulation of lung DCs, decreased OX40L expression on lung DCs, and attenuated the enhancement of airway responses after reinfection. CONCLUSIONS In mice initially infected as neonates, TSLP expression induced by RSV infection is an important upstream event that controls OX40L expression, lung DC migration, and T(H)2 polarization, accounting for the enhanced response on reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Han
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
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Rosenberg HF, Domachowske JB. Inflammatory responses to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and the development of immunomodulatory pharmacotherapeutics. Curr Med Chem 2012; 19:1424-31. [PMID: 22360479 DOI: 10.2174/092986712799828346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; Family Paramyxoviridae, Genus Pneumovirus) is a major respiratory pathogen of infants and children and an emerging pathogen of the elderly. Current management of RSV disease includes monoclonal antibody prophylaxis for infants identified as high risk and supportive care for those with active infection; there is no vaccine, although several are under study. In this manuscript, we review published findings from human autopsy studies, as well as experiments that focus on human clinical samples and mouse models of acute pneumovirus infection that elucidate basic principles of disease pathogenesis. Consideration of these data suggests that the inflammatory responses to RSV and related pneumoviral pathogens can be strong, persistent, and beyond the control of conventional antiviral and anti-inflammatory therapies, and can have profound negative consequences to the host. From this perspective, we consider the case for specific immunomodulatory strategies that may have the potential to alleviate some of the more serious sequelae of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Rosenberg
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Preexposure to CpG protects against the delayed effects of neonatal respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Virol 2012; 86:10456-61. [PMID: 22811525 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01082-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe respiratory viral infection in early life is associated with recurrent wheeze and asthma in later childhood. Neonatal immune responses tend to be skewed toward T helper 2 (Th2) responses, which may contribute to the development of a pathogenic recall response to respiratory infection. Since neonatal Th2 skewing can be modified by stimulation with Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, we investigated the effect of exposure to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (TLR9 ligands) prior to neonatal respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in mice. CpG preexposure was protective against enhanced disease during secondary adult RSV challenge, with a reduction in viral load and an increase in Th1 responses. A similar Th1 switch and reduction in disease were observed if CpG was administered in the interval between neonatal infection and challenge. In neonates, CpG pretreatment led to a transient increase in expression of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) and CD80 on CD11c-positive cells and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production by NK cells after RSV infection, suggesting that the protective effects may be mediated by antigen-presenting cells (APC) and NK cells. We conclude that the adverse effects of early-life respiratory viral infection on later lung health might be mitigated by conditions that promote TLR activation in the infant lung.
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Empey KM, Orend JG, Peebles RS, Egaña L, Norris KA, Oury TD, Kolls JK. Stimulation of immature lung macrophages with intranasal interferon gamma in a novel neonatal mouse model of respiratory syncytial virus infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40499. [PMID: 22792355 PMCID: PMC3391240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and viral death in infants. Reduced CD8 T-cells and negligible interferon gamma (IFNγ) in the airway are associated with severe infant RSV disease, yet there is an abundance of alveolar macrophages (AM) and neutrophils. However, it is unclear, based on our current understanding of macrophage functional heterogeneity, if immature AM improve viral clearance or contribute to inflammation and airway obstruction in the IFNγ-deficient neonatal lung environment. The aim of the current study was to define the age-dependent AM phenotype during neonatal RSV infection and investigate their differentiation to classically activated macrophages (CAM) using i.n. IFNγ in the context of improving viral clearance. Neonatal and adult BALB/cJ mice were infected with 1×10(6) plaque forming units (PFU)/gram (g) RSV line 19 and their AM responses compared. Adult mice showed a rapid and robust CAM response, indicated by increases in major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II), CD86, CCR7, and a reduction in mannose receptor (MR). Neonatal mice showed a delayed and reduced CAM response, likely due to undetectable IFNγ production. Intranasal (i.n.) treatment with recombinant mouse IFNγ (rIFNγ) increased the expression of CAM markers on neonatal AM, reduced viral lung titers, and improved weight gain compared to untreated controls with no detectable increase in CD4 or CD8 T-cell infiltration. In vitro infection of J774A.1 macrophages with RSV induced an alternatively activated macrophage (AAM) phenotype however, when macrophages were first primed with IFNγ, a CAM phenotype was induced and RSV spread to adjacent Hep-2 cells was reduced. These studies demonstrate that the neonatal AM response to RSV infection is abundant and immature, but can be exogenously stimulated to express the antimicrobial phenotype, CAM, with i.n. rIFNγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry M. Empey
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jacob G. Orend
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - R. Stokes Peebles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Loreto Egaña
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Karen A. Norris
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tim D. Oury
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jay K. Kolls
- Department of Pediatrics, Director, Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Susceptibility to acute mouse adenovirus type 1 respiratory infection and establishment of protective immunity in neonatal mice. J Virol 2012; 86:4194-203. [PMID: 22345470 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06967-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an incomplete understanding of the differences between neonatal immune responses that contribute to the increased susceptibility of neonates to some viral infections. We tested the hypothesis that neonates are more susceptible than adults to mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1) respiratory infection and are impaired in the ability to generate a protective immune response against a second infection. Following intranasal infection, lung viral loads were greater in neonates than in adults during the acute phase but the virus was cleared from the lungs of neonates as efficiently as it was from adult lungs. Lung gamma interferon (IFN-γ) responses were blunted and delayed in neonates, and lung viral loads were higher in adult IFN-γ(-/-) mice than in IFN-γ(+/+) controls. However, administration of recombinant IFN-γ to neonates had no effect on lung viral loads. Recruitment of inflammatory cells to the airways was impaired in neonates. CD4 and CD8 T cell responses were similar in the lungs of neonates and adults, although a transient increase in regulatory T cells occurred only in the lungs of infected neonates. Infection of neonates led to protection against reinfection later in life that was associated with increased effector memory CD8 T cells in the lungs. We conclude that neonates are more susceptible than adults to acute MAV-1 respiratory infection but are capable of generating protective immune responses.
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Rigaux P, Killoran KE, Qiu Z, Rosenberg HF. Depletion of alveolar macrophages prolongs survival in response to acute pneumovirus infection. Virology 2012; 422:338-45. [PMID: 22129848 PMCID: PMC3256929 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages are immunoregulatory effector cells that interact directly with respiratory virus pathogens in vivo. We examined the role of alveolar macrophages in acute infection with pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), a rodent pneumovirus that replicates the clinical sequelae of severe human respiratory syncytial virus disease. We show that PVM replicates in primary mouse macrophage culture, releasing infectious virions and proinflammatory cytokines. Alveolar macrophages isolated from PVM-infected mice express activation markers Clec43 and CD86, cytokines TNFα, IL-1, IL-6, and numerous CC and CXC chemokines. Alveolar macrophage depletion prior to PVM infection results in small but statistically significant increases in virus recovery but paradoxically prolonged survival. In parallel, macrophage depleted PVM-infected mice exhibit enhanced NK cell recruitment and increased production of IFNγ by NK, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. These results suggest a protective, immunomodulatory role for IFNγ, as overproduction secondary to macrophage depletion may promote survival despite increased virus recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Helene F. Rosenberg
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Berencsi III G. Fetal and Neonatal Illnesses Caused or Influenced by Maternal Transplacental IgG and/or Therapeutic Antibodies Applied During Pregnancy. MATERNAL FETAL TRANSMISSION OF HUMAN VIRUSES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON TUMORIGENESIS 2012. [PMCID: PMC7121401 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4216-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The human fetus is protected by the mother’s antibodies. At the end of the pregnancy, the concentration of maternal antibodies is higher in the cord blood, than in the maternal circulation. Simultaneously, the immune system of the fetus begins to work and from the second trimester, fetal IgM is produced by the fetal immune system specific to microorganisms and antigens passing the maternal-fetal barrier. The same time the fetal immune system has to cope and develop tolerance and TREG cells to the maternal microchimeric cells, latent virus-carrier maternal cells and microorganisms transported through the maternal-fetal barrier. The maternal phenotypic inheritance may hide risks for the newborn, too. Antibody mediated enhancement results in dengue shock syndrome in the first 8 month of age of the baby. A series of pathologic maternal antibodies may elicit neonatal illnesses upon birth usually recovering during the first months of the life of the offspring. Certain antibodies, however, may impair the fetal or neonatal tissues or organs resulting prolonged recovery or initiating prolonged pathological processes of the children. The importance of maternal anti-idiotypic antibodies are believed to prime the fetal immune system with epitopes of etiologic agents infected the mother during her whole life before pregnancy and delivery. The chemotherapeutical and biological substances used for the therapy of the mother will be transcytosed into the fetal body during the last two trimesters of pregnancy. The long series of the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and conjugates has not been tested systematically yet. The available data are summarised in this chapter. The innate immunity plays an important role in fetal defence. The concentration of interferon is relative high in the placenta. This is probably one reason, why the therapeutic interferon treatment of the mother does not impair the fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Berencsi III
- , Division of Virology, National Center for Epidemiology, Gyáli Street 2-6, Budapest, 1096 Hungary
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