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van de Wetering C, Manuel AM, Sharafi M, Aboushousha R, Qian X, Erickson C, MacPherson M, Chan G, Adcock IM, ZounematKermani N, Schleich F, Louis R, Bohrnsen E, D'Alessandro A, Wouters EF, Reynaert NL, Li J, Wolf CR, Henderson CJ, Lundblad LKA, Poynter ME, Dixon AE, Irvin CG, van der Vliet A, van der Velden JL, Janssen-Heininger YM. Glutathione-S-transferase P promotes glycolysis in asthma in association with oxidation of pyruvate kinase M2. Redox Biol 2021; 47:102160. [PMID: 34624602 PMCID: PMC8502950 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-1-dependent increases in glycolysis promote allergic airways disease in mice and disruption of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) activity is critical herein. Glutathione-S-transferase P (GSTP) has been implicated in asthma pathogenesis and regulates the oxidation state of proteins via S-glutathionylation. We addressed whether GSTP-dependent S-glutathionylation promotes allergic airways disease by promoting glycolytic reprogramming and whether it involves the disruption of PKM2. METHODS We used house dust mite (HDM) or interleukin-1β in C57BL6/NJ WT or mice that lack GSTP. Airway basal cells were stimulated with interleukin-1β and the selective GSTP inhibitor, TLK199. GSTP and PKM2 were evaluated in sputum samples of asthmatics and healthy controls and incorporated analysis of the U-BIOPRED severe asthma cohort database. RESULTS Ablation of Gstp decreased total S-glutathionylation and attenuated HDM-induced allergic airways disease and interleukin-1β-mediated inflammation. Gstp deletion or inhibition by TLK199 decreased the interleukin-1β-stimulated secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators and lactate by epithelial cells. 13C-glucose metabolomics showed decreased glycolysis flux at the pyruvate kinase step in response to TLK199. GSTP and PKM2 levels were increased in BAL of HDM-exposed mice as well as in sputum of asthmatics compared to controls. Sputum proteomics and transcriptomics revealed strong correlations between GSTP, PKM2, and the glycolysis pathway in asthma. CONCLUSIONS GSTP contributes to the pathogenesis of allergic airways disease in association with enhanced glycolysis and oxidative disruption of PKM2. Our findings also suggest a PKM2-GSTP-glycolysis signature in asthma that is associated with severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl van de Wetering
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Allison M Manuel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Mona Sharafi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Reem Aboushousha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Xi Qian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Cuixia Erickson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Maximilian MacPherson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Garrett Chan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Ian M Adcock
- National Heart & Lung Institute & Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, UK
| | | | - Florence Schleich
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, CHU Sart-TilmanB35, Liege, Belgium
| | - Renaud Louis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, CHU Sart-TilmanB35, Liege, Belgium
| | - Eric Bohrnsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Emiel F Wouters
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Health, Vienna, Austria
| | - Niki L Reynaert
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jianing Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Center, Ninewells Hospital Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J Henderson
- Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Center, Ninewells Hospital Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lennart K A Lundblad
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University & THORASYS Thoracic Medical Systems Inc., Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Matthew E Poynter
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Anne E Dixon
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Charles G Irvin
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jos L van der Velden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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Tejchman K, Kotfis K, Sieńko J. Biomarkers and Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress-Last 20 Years of Research with an Emphasis on Kidney Damage and Renal Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158010. [PMID: 34360776 PMCID: PMC8347360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is an imbalance between pro- and antioxidants that adversely influences the organism in various mechanisms and on many levels. Oxidative damage occurring concomitantly in many cellular structures may cause a deterioration of function, including apoptosis and necrosis. The damage leaves a molecular “footprint”, which can be detected by specific methodology, using certain oxidative stress biomarkers. There is an intimate relationship between oxidative stress, inflammation, and functional impairment, resulting in various diseases affecting the entire human body. In the current narrative review, we strengthen the connection between oxidative stress mechanisms and their active compounds, emphasizing kidney damage and renal transplantation. An analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidants, products of peroxidation, and finally signaling pathways gives a lot of promising data that potentially will modify cell responses on many levels, including gene expression. Oxidative damage, stress, and ROS are still intensively exploited research subjects. We discuss compounds mentioned earlier as biomarkers of oxidative stress and present their role documented during the last 20 years of research. The following keywords and MeSH terms were used in the search: oxidative stress, kidney, transplantation, ischemia-reperfusion injury, IRI, biomarkers, peroxidation, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Tejchman
- Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.T.); (J.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Kotfis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Acute Intoxications, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48914661144
| | - Jerzy Sieńko
- Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.T.); (J.S.)
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3
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van de Wetering C, Elko E, Berg M, Schiffers CHJ, Stylianidis V, van den Berge M, Nawijn MC, Wouters EFM, Janssen-Heininger YMW, Reynaert NL. Glutathione S-transferases and their implications in the lung diseases asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Early life susceptibility? Redox Biol 2021; 43:101995. [PMID: 33979767 PMCID: PMC8131726 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our lungs are exposed daily to airborne pollutants, particulate matter, pathogens as well as lung allergens and irritants. Exposure to these substances can lead to inflammatory responses and may induce endogenous oxidant production, which can cause chronic inflammation, tissue damage and remodeling. Notably, the development of asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is linked to the aforementioned irritants. Some inhaled foreign chemical compounds are rapidly absorbed and processed by phase I and II enzyme systems critical in the detoxification of xenobiotics including the glutathione-conjugating enzymes Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). GSTs, and in particular genetic variants of GSTs that alter their activities, have been found to be implicated in the susceptibility to and progression of these lung diseases. Beyond their roles in phase II metabolism, evidence suggests that GSTs are also important mediators of normal lung growth. Therefore, the contribution of GSTs to the development of lung diseases in adults may already start in utero, and continues through infancy, childhood, and adult life. GSTs are also known to scavenge oxidants and affect signaling pathways by protein-protein interaction. Moreover, GSTs regulate reversible oxidative post-translational modifications of proteins, known as protein S-glutathionylation. Therefore, GSTs display an array of functions that impact the pathogenesis of asthma and COPD. In this review we will provide an overview of the specific functions of each class of mammalian cytosolic GSTs. This is followed by a comprehensive analysis of their expression profiles in the lung in healthy subjects, as well as alterations that have been described in (epithelial cells of) asthmatics and COPD patients. Particular emphasis is placed on the emerging evidence of the regulatory properties of GSTs beyond detoxification and their contribution to (un)healthy lungs throughout life. By providing a more thorough understanding, tailored therapeutic strategies can be designed to affect specific functions of particular GSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl van de Wetering
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Evan Elko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Marijn Berg
- Pathology and Medical Biology, GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Caspar H J Schiffers
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Vasili Stylianidis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten van den Berge
- Pulmonology, GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn C Nawijn
- Pathology and Medical Biology, GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Emiel F M Wouters
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Health, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yvonne M W Janssen-Heininger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - Niki L Reynaert
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Janssen-Heininger Y, Reynaert NL, van der Vliet A, Anathy V. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and glutathione therapeutics in chronic lung diseases. Redox Biol 2020; 33:101516. [PMID: 32249209 PMCID: PMC7251249 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Janssen-Heininger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
| | - Niki L Reynaert
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Vikas Anathy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
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5
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McMillan DH, van der Velden JL, Lahue KG, Qian X, Schneider RW, Iberg MS, Nolin JD, Abdalla S, Casey DT, Tew KD, Townsend DM, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR, Butnor KJ, Taatjes DJ, Budd RC, Irvin CG, van der Vliet A, Flemer S, Anathy V, Janssen-Heininger YM. Attenuation of lung fibrosis in mice with a clinically relevant inhibitor of glutathione- S-transferase π. JCI Insight 2016; 1:85717. [PMID: 27358914 PMCID: PMC4922427 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.85717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a debilitating lung disease characterized by excessive collagen production and fibrogenesis. Apoptosis in lung epithelial cells is critical in IPF pathogenesis, as heightened loss of these cells promotes fibroblast activation and remodeling. Changes in glutathione redox status have been reported in IPF patients. S-glutathionylation, the conjugation of glutathione to reactive cysteines, is catalyzed in part by glutathione-S-transferase π (GSTP). To date, no published information exists linking GSTP and IPF to our knowledge. We hypothesized that GSTP mediates lung fibrogenesis in part through FAS S-glutathionylation, a critical event in epithelial cell apoptosis. Our results demonstrate that GSTP immunoreactivity is increased in the lungs of IPF patients, notably within type II epithelial cells. The FAS-GSTP interaction was also increased in IPF lungs. Bleomycin- and AdTGFβ-induced increases in collagen content, α-SMA, FAS S-glutathionylation, and total protein S-glutathionylation were strongly attenuated in Gstp-/- mice. Oropharyngeal administration of the GSTP inhibitor, TLK117, at a time when fibrosis was already apparent, attenuated bleomycin- and AdTGFβ-induced remodeling, α-SMA, caspase activation, FAS S-glutathionylation, and total protein S-glutathionylation. GSTP is an important driver of protein S-glutathionylation and lung fibrosis, and GSTP inhibition via the airways may be a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. McMillan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Jos L.J. van der Velden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Karolyn G. Lahue
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Xi Qian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Robert W. Schneider
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Martina S. Iberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - James D. Nolin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Sarah Abdalla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Dylan T. Casey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Kenneth D. Tew
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Danyelle M. Townsend
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Colin J. Henderson
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - C. Roland Wolf
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly J. Butnor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Douglas J. Taatjes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | | | | | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Stevenson Flemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Vikas Anathy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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6
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Jones JT, Qian X, van der Velden JLJ, Chia SB, McMillan DH, Flemer S, Hoffman SM, Lahue KG, Schneider RW, Nolin JD, Anathy V, van der Vliet A, Townsend DM, Tew KD, Janssen-Heininger YMW. Glutathione S-transferase pi modulates NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory responses in lung epithelial cells. Redox Biol 2016; 8:375-82. [PMID: 27058114 PMCID: PMC4827796 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a transcription factor family critical in the activation of pro- inflammatory responses. The NF-κB pathway is regulated by oxidant-induced post-translational modifications. Protein S-glutathionylation, or the conjugation of the antioxidant molecule, glutathione to reactive cysteines inhibits the activity of inhibitory kappa B kinase beta (IKKβ), among other NF-κB proteins. Glutathione S-transferase Pi (GSTP) is an enzyme that has been shown to catalyze protein S-glutathionylation (PSSG) under conditions of oxidative stress. The objective of the present study was to determine whether GSTP regulates NF-κB signaling, S-glutathionylation of IKK, and subsequent pro-inflammatory signaling. We demonstrated that, in unstimulated cells, GSTP associated with the inhibitor of NF-κB, IκBα. However, exposure to LPS resulted in a rapid loss of association between IκBα and GSTP, and instead led to a protracted association between IKKβ and GSTP. LPS exposure also led to increases in the S-glutathionylation of IKKβ. SiRNA-mediated knockdown of GSTP decreased IKKβ-SSG, and enhanced NF-κB nuclear translocation, transcriptional activity, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). TLK117, an isotype-selective inhibitor of GSTP, also enhanced LPS-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, suggesting that the catalytic activity of GSTP is important in repressing NF-κB activation. Expression of both wild-type and catalytically-inactive Y7F mutant GSTP significantly attenuated LPS- or IKKβ-induced production of GM-CSF. These studies indicate a complex role for GSTP in modulating NF-κB, which may involve S-glutathionylation of IKK proteins, and interaction with NF-κB family members. Our findings suggest that targeting GSTP is a potential avenue for regulating the activity of this prominent pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane T Jones
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Xi Qian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Jos L J van der Velden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Shi Biao Chia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - David H McMillan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Stevenson Flemer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Sidra M Hoffman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Karolyn G Lahue
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Robert W Schneider
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - James D Nolin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Vikas Anathy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Danyelle M Townsend
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Kenneth D Tew
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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Hoffman S, Nolin J, McMillan D, Wouters E, Janssen-Heininger Y, Reynaert N. Thiol redox chemistry: role of protein cysteine oxidation and altered redox homeostasis in allergic inflammation and asthma. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:884-92. [PMID: 25565397 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a pulmonary disorder, with an estimated 300 million people affected worldwide. While it is thought that endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) such as hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide, are important mediators of natural physiological processes, inflammatory cells recruited to the asthmatic airways have an exceptional capacity for producing a variety of highly reactive ROS and RNS believed to contribute to tissue damage and chronic airways inflammation. Antioxidant defense systems form a tightly regulated network that maintains the redox environment of the intra- as well as extracellular environment. Evidence for an oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in asthmatic airways is demonstrated in a number of studies, revealing decreased total antioxidant capacity as well as lower levels of individual antioxidants. Thiols in the form of GSH and sulfhydryl groups of proteins are among the most susceptible oxidant-sensitive targets, and hence, studies investigating protein thiol redox modifications in biology and disease have emerged. This perspective offers an overview of the combined efforts aimed at the elucidation of mechanisms whereby cysteine oxidations contribute to chronic inflammation and asthma, as well as insights into potential cysteine thiol-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Hoffman
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, 05405, Vermont
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8
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Hoskins A, Wu P, Reiss S, Dworski R. Glutathione S-transferase P1 Ile105Val polymorphism modulates allergen-induced airway inflammation in human atopic asthmatics in vivo. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 43:527-34. [PMID: 23600543 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione S-transferase P1 is a Phase II cytoprotective and detoxifying enzyme that is widely expressed in human airways. The glutathione S-transferase P1 Ile105Val polymorphism has been linked with atopic disorders and asthma. Yet, little remains known about the regulation of allergic inflammation by glutathione S-transferase P1 in human asthmatics. OBJECTIVE To establish the effect of the glutathione S-transferase P1 Ile105Val polymorphism on allergen-induced airway inflammation and oxidant stress, and non-specific bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine and reactivity to specific allergen in mild human atopic asthmatics in vivo. METHODS Five Val(105)/Val(105) , twelve Val(105)/Ile(105) and twenty Ile(105)/Ile(105) mild atopic asthmatics underwent methacholine challenge, inhaled allergen challenge and endobronchial allergen provocation through a bronchoscope. A panel of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, F2 -isoprostanes and isofuranes, markers of oxidative stress, thromboxane B2 and immunoglobulin E were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid at baseline and 24 h after allergen instillation. RESULTS Asthmatics with glutathione S-transferase P1 Val(105)/Val(105) compared with asthmatics with the glutathione S-transferase P1 Val(105)/Ile(105) and Ile(105)/Ile(105) had greater generation of acute phase cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL8), IL-12, CCL11, thromboxane B2 and immunoglobulin E at 24 h after local allergen challenge. The GSTP1 genotype had no effect on airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine and the reactivity to specific allergen. CONCLUSION The glutathione S-transferase P1 Ile105Val polymorphism markedly modifies allergen-provoked airway inflammation in atopic asthmatics in vivo. Modulation of the biochemical milieu in response to allergen provides a mechanistic explanation for regulatory effects of glutathione S-transferase P1 polymorphism on airway pathophysiology, and may guide improvement of future therapeutic methods in human atopic asthmatics. These findings must me confirmed in a larger study population of asthmatics with various ethnicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hoskins
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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9
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Sohn SW, Jung JW, Lee SY, Kang HR, Park HW, Min KU, Cho SH. Expression pattern of GSTP1 and GSTA1 in the pathogenesis of asthma. Exp Lung Res 2013; 39:173-81. [PMID: 23647087 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2013.789572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known aggravating factors for airway inflammation in asthma. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) detoxify ROS and toxic compounds in environmental exposures. However, little is known about the regulation of GST and expression of GST subtypes in asthma. The aim of this study was to evaluate how GSTs are regulated in asthma. We observed total GST activity and expression of GST subtypes in murine asthma models and GST expressions in induced sputum cells of asthmatics. Total GST activity was increased in BAL fluids of OVA-treated murine asthma model. GSTP and GSTA are highly expressed in peribronchiolar mononuclear inflammatory cells and epithelial cells in OVA-treated mice. GSTM are expressed in epithelial cells in both OVA and PBS-treated groups. GSTP1 mRNA expression was increased in the lung of OVA-treated mice compared with PBS-treated mice. GSTA1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 mRNA expressions were not different between both groups. GSTA1 mRNA expression was increased in induced sputum cells of asthmatics compared with healthy controls. GSTP1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 mRNA expressions were not different between asthmatics and healthy controls. In asthmatics, GSTP1 and GSTA1 mRNA expressions were higher in induced sputum cells of asthmatics with PC20 ≤ 4 mg/ml than those with PC20 > 4 mg/ml. GSTM1 and GSTT1 mRNA expressions were not different between two groups. These findings suggest that GSTs are upregulated in the airways of asthmatics in response to increased oxidative stress. GSTP and GSTA are thought to play an important role in protecting the airways of asthmatics compared with GSTM and GSTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Wook Sohn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
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10
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Peng J, Xu X, Mace BE, Vanderveer LA, Workman LR, Slifker MJ, Sullivan PM, Veenstra TD, Clapper ML. Estrogen metabolism within the lung and its modulation by tobacco smoke. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:909-15. [PMID: 23276798 PMCID: PMC3616670 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although estrogen and the enzymes responsible for its metabolism have been detected within the lung, the ability of this tissue to metabolize estrogen has not been demonstrated previously. The goal of this study was to characterize the profile of estrogen metabolites within the murine lung and to determine the effect of tobacco smoke exposure on metabolite levels. Use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry led to the detection of three estrogens (E1, E2 and E3) and five estrogen metabolites (2-OHE1, 4-OHE1, 4-OHE2, 2-OMeE1 and 2-OMeE2) within the perfused lung, with 4-OHE1 being the most abundant species. Levels of 4-OHEs, carcinogenic derivatives produced primarily by cytochrome P450 1B1 (Cyp1b1), were 2-fold higher in females than males. Deletion of Cyp1b1 in females led to a dramatic reduction (21-fold) in 4-OHEs, whereas levels of 2-OHE1 and the putative protective estrogen metabolite 2-OMeE2 were increased (2.4- and 5.0-fold, respectively) (P = 0.01). Similar quantitative differences in estrogen metabolite levels were observed between Cyp1b1 null and wild-type males. Exposure of female mice to tobacco smoke for 8 weeks (2h per day, 5 days per week) increased the levels of 4-OHE1 (4-fold) and 2-OHE2 (2-fold) within the lung while reducing the total concentration of 2-OMeEs to 70% of those of unexposed controls. These data suggest that tobacco smoke accelerates the production of 4-OHEs within the lung; carcinogenic metabolites that could potentially contribute to lung tumor development. Thus, inhibition of CYP1B1 may represent a promising strategy for the prevention and treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Peng
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Xia Xu
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytics Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Brian E. Mace
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center DVAMC, Durham, NC 27705, USA and
| | - Lisa A. Vanderveer
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Laura R. Workman
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Michael J. Slifker
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Patrick M. Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center DVAMC, Durham, NC 27705, USA and
| | - Timothy D. Veenstra
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytics Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Margie L. Clapper
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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11
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Tischer CG, Gref A, Standl M, Bauer M, Bergström A, Brauer M, Carlsten C, Gehring U, Granell R, Henderson J, Kerkhof M, MacNutt M, Melén E, Wickman M, Heinrich J. Glutathione-S-transferase P1, early exposure to mould in relation to respiratory and allergic health outcomes in children from six birth cohorts. A meta-analysis. Allergy 2013; 68:339-46. [PMID: 23330922 DOI: 10.1111/all.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are conflicting study results regarding the association of exposure to visible mould and fungal components in house dust with respiratory and allergic diseases in children. It has been suggested that functional polymorphisms of the GSTP1 gene may influence the risk for allergic disorders through an impaired defence against oxidant injury. METHODS We examined in six birth cohorts of over 14 000 children whether the association between early exposure to reported mould at home in relation to respiratory and allergic diseases is modified by a single nucleotide polymorphism of the GSTP1 gene. RESULTS We observed a positive association of mould exposure with nasal symptoms (2-10 year) aOR: 1.19 (1.02-11.38). Further, there was a borderline significant increased risk of rhinoconjunctivitis (6-8 year) in children homozygous for the minor allele Val/Val, aOR: 1.25 (0.98-1.60). In stratified analyses, subjects homozygous for the minor allele and exposed to mould at home were at increased risk for early wheezing aOR: 1.34 (1.03-1.75), whereas the major allele may confer susceptibility for later nasal outcomes, (6-8 year) aOR: 1.20 (1.00-1.45) and (2-10 year) aOR: 1.30 (1.04-1.61), respectively. For none of the health outcomes studied, we found gene by environment interactions. CONCLUSION A genetic influence of the GSTP1 gene cannot be ruled out, but the magnitude of the effect is a matter of further research. In conclusion, the interplay between gene and environments is complex and remains subject of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. G. Tischer
- Helmholtz Centre Munich; German Research Centre for Environmental Health; Institute of Epidemiology I; Neuherberg; Germany
| | - A. Gref
- Institute of Environmental Medicine; Centre for Allergy Research; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - M. Standl
- Helmholtz Centre Munich; German Research Centre for Environmental Health; Institute of Epidemiology I; Neuherberg; Germany
| | - M. Bauer
- Department of Environmental Immunology; UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research; Leipzig; Germany
| | - A. Bergström
- Institute of Environmental Medicine; Centre for Allergy Research; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - M. Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health & Department of Medicine - Atmospheric Science Programme; Faculty of Medicine; University of British Columbia; Vancouver; BC; Canada
| | - C. Carlsten
- Respiratory Medicine Division; University of British Columbia; Vancouver; BC; Canada
| | - U. Gehring
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht; the Netherlands
| | - R. Granell
- School of Social and Community Medicine; University of Bristol; Bristol; UK
| | - J. Henderson
- School of Social and Community Medicine; University of Bristol; Bristol; UK
| | - M. Kerkhof
- Department of Epidemiology; University Medical Centre Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen; the Netherlands
| | - M. MacNutt
- Respiratory Medicine Division; University of British Columbia; Vancouver; BC; Canada
| | - E. Melén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine; Centre for Allergy Research; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - M. Wickman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine; Centre for Allergy Research; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - J. Heinrich
- Helmholtz Centre Munich; German Research Centre for Environmental Health; Institute of Epidemiology I; Neuherberg; Germany
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12
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Board PG, Menon D. Glutathione transferases, regulators of cellular metabolism and physiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012. [PMID: 23201197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytosolic glutathione transferases (GSTs) comprise a super family of proteins that can be categorized into multiple classes with a mixture of highly specific and overlapping functions. SCOPE OF REVIEW The review covers the genetics, structure and function of the human cytosolic GSTs with particular attention to their emerging roles in cellular metabolism. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS All the catalytically active GSTs contribute to the glutathione conjugation or glutathione dependant-biotransformation of xenobiotics and many catalyze glutathione peroxidase or thiol transferase reactions. GSTs also catalyze glutathione dependent isomerization reactions required for the synthesis of several prostaglandins and steroid hormones and the catabolism of tyrosine. An increasing body of work has implicated several GSTs in the regulation of cell signaling pathways mediated by stress-activated kinases like Jun N-terminal kinase. In addition, some members of the cytosolic GST family have been shown to form ion channels in intracellular membranes and to modulate ryanodine receptor Ca(2+) channels in skeletal and cardiac muscle. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE In addition to their well established roles in the conjugation and biotransformation of xenobiotics, GSTs have emerged as significant regulators of pathways determining cell proliferation and survival and as regulators of ryanodine receptors that are essential for muscle function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Cellular functions of glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Board
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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13
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Henderson CJ, Ritchie KJ, McLaren A, Chakravarty P, Wolf CR. Increased skin papilloma formation in mice lacking glutathione transferase GSTP. Cancer Res 2011; 71:7048-60. [PMID: 21975931 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-0882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferase GSTP is overexpressed in many human cancers and chemotherapy-resistant cancer cells, where there is evidence that GSTP may have additional functions beyond its known catalytic role. On the basis of evidence that Gstp-deficient mice have a comparatively higher susceptibility to skin carcinogenesis, we investigated whether this phenotype reflected an alteration in carcinogen detoxification or not. For this study, Gstp(-/-) mice were interbred with Tg.AC mice that harbor initiating H-ras mutations in the skin. Gstp(-/-)/Tg.AC mice exposed to the proinflammatory phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) exhibited higher tumor incidence and multiplicity with a significant thickening of skin after treatment, illustrating hyperproliferative growth. Unexpectedly, we observed no difference in cellular proliferation or apoptosis or in markers of oxidative stress, although higher levels of the inflammatory marker nitrotyrosine were found in Gstp(-/-)/Tg.AC mice. Instead, gene set enrichment analysis of microarray expression data obtained from skin revealed a more proapoptotic and proinflammatory environment shortly after TPA treatment. Within 4 weeks of TPA treatment, Gstp(-/-)/Tg.AC mice displayed altered lipid/sterol metabolism and Wnt signaling along with aberrant processes of cytoskeletal control and epidermal morphogenesis at both early and late times. In extending the evidence that GSTP has a vital role in normal homeostatic control and cancer prevention, they also strongly encourage the emerging concept that GSTP is a major determinant of the proinflammatory character of the tumor microenvironment. This study shows that the GSTP plays a major role in carcinogenesis distinct from its role in detoxification and provides evidence that the enzyme is a key determinant of the proinflammatory tumor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Henderson
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
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14
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Znamenskaya LF, Znamenskaya LF. Proteome technologies in studying the pathogenesisof psoriasis. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2011. [DOI: 10.25208/vdv1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is one of the most prevalent inflammatory dermatoses. At the same time, its pathogenesis has not been studied
in full. Proteome profiling is currently a promising method to study the biological mechanisms of developing different
diseases. Proteome technologies make it possible to detect changes in the skin protein profile in psoriatic patients and
identify the revealed proteins. The proteins serve as potential targets for drugs or biomarkers for assessing the patients
individual drug response. The article describes the key achievements in the field of studying the pathogenesis of psoriasis
using proteome technologies (two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry) set out in the latest literature
sources, and also analyzes the results of the authors studies aimed at detecting proteins being markers of the patients
response to the infliximab therapy.
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15
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Mahmoud MI, Kassem HS, Abdel Wahab NH, Saad AA, Moez P. The association between glutathione S-transferase P1 polymorphisms and asthma in Egyptians. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud I. Mahmoud
- Chest Diseases Department Faculty of Medicine Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt
| | - Heba Sh. Kassem
- Pathology Department and Clinical Genomics Center Faculty of Medicine Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt
| | - Nashwa H. Abdel Wahab
- Chest Diseases Department Faculty of Medicine Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt
| | - Abeer A. Saad
- Institute of Graduate Studies and Research Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt
| | - Pacint Moez
- Clinical Pathology Department Faculty of Medicine Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt
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16
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Schroer KT, Gibson AM, Sivaprasad U, Bass SA, Ericksen MB, Wills-Karp M, Lecras T, Fitzpatrick AM, Brown LAS, Stringer KF, Hershey GKK. Downregulation of glutathione S-transferase pi in asthma contributes to enhanced oxidative stress. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:539-48. [PMID: 21570714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTPi) is the predominant redox regulator in the lung. Although evidence implicates an important role for GSTPi in asthma, the mechanism for this has remained elusive. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine how GSTPi is regulated in asthma and to elucidate its role in maintaining redox homeostasis. METHODS We elucidated the regulation of GSTPi in children with asthma and used murine models of asthma to determine the role of GSTPi in redox homeostasis. RESULTS Our findings demonstrate that GSTPi transcript levels are markedly downregulated in allergen- and IL-13-treated murine models of asthma through signal transducer and activator of transcription 6-dependent and independent pathways. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 was also downregulated in these models. The decrease in GSTPi expression was associated with decreased total glutathione S-transferase activity in the lungs of mice. Examination of cystine intermediates uncovered a functional role for GSTPi in regulating cysteine oxidation, whereby GSTPi-deficient mice exhibited increased oxidative stress (increase in percentage cystine) compared with wild-type mice after allergen challenge. GSTPi expression was similarly downregulated in children with asthma. CONCLUSIONS These data collectively suggest that downregulation of GSTPi after allergen challenge might contribute to the asthma phenotype because of disruption of redox homeostasis and increased oxidative stress. Furthermore, GSTPi might be an important therapeutic target for asthma, and evaluation of GSTPi expression might prove beneficial in identifying patients who would benefit from therapy targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy T Schroer
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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17
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Kim TH, Jang AS, Lee TH, Kim YJ, Lee EJ, Kim JM, Park JS, Park SW, Park CS. Particle stimulation dephosphorylates glutathione S-transferase π1 of epithelial cells. Toxicology 2011; 284:12-8. [PMID: 21439344 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Environmental pollutant exposure is associated with adverse respiratory outcomes. The phosphorylation of enzymes activates or deactivates many cellular processes and is related to the development of lung diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, little is known about protein phosphorylation of bronchial epithelial cells in response to airborne particulates. Herein, we screened differentially phosphorylated proteins in TiO₂-treated epithelial cells and validated the change in GSTP1 protein phosphorylation. Two-dimensional electrophoresis was adopted for differential display proteomics of TiO₂-treated BEAS-2B cell lysates. Phosphoproteins were screened using Pro-Q® Diamond phosphoprotein gel stain and identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting were performed for quantitative measurement of GSTP1 phosphorylation in cell lysates. Normalized relative intensities of nine phosphorylated proteins increased after TiO₂ treatment, whereas those of 12 proteins decreased in the BEAS-2B cell lysates. From gene ontology and pathway analysis, proteins involved in signal transduction were commonly identified, followed by cytoskeletal proteins, proteins from oxidation and antioxidation pathways, proteins catalyzing reductions, and those involved in cellular process, transport, and modification. Immunoblotting with anti-GSTP1 antibody demonstrated no change in GSTP1 protein levels in the lysates of BEAS-2B cells after treatment with TiO₂ particles; blotting with anti-phosphoserine and anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies showed dose-dependent decreases in phosphoserine and phosphotyrosine proteins. Stimulation with particulates phosphorylated and dephosphorylated several proteins in epithelial cells, and serine and tyrosine protein phosphorylation of GSTP1 decreased. These data indicate that airborne particles affect the pattern of phosphorylation of proteins involved in defense or apoptosis of respiratory epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hoon Kim
- Genome Research Center for Allergy and Respiratory Disease, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, 1174 Jung-dong, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 420-767, Republic of Korea
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18
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Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are a multigene family of ubiquitously expressed, polymorphic enzymes responsible for the metabolism of a wide range of both endogenous and exogenous substrates, play a central role in the adaptive response to chemical and oxidative stress, and are subject to regulation by a range of structurally unrelated chemicals. In this review, we present a current summary of knockout mouse models in the GST field, discussing some of the issues pertaining to orthologous proteins between mice and humans, the potential confounding issues related to genetic background, and also cover new transgenic models in the increasingly important area of humanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Henderson
- Cancer Research UK, Molecular Pharmacology Group, Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee College of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom.
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19
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Jeong YJ, Kim JH, Kang JS, Lee WJ, Hwang YI. Mega-dose vitamin C attenuated lung inflammation in mouse asthma model. Anat Cell Biol 2010; 43:294-302. [PMID: 21267403 PMCID: PMC3026181 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2010.43.4.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a Th2-dependent disease mediated by IgE and Th2 cytokines, and asthmatic patients suffer from oxidative stresses from abnormal airway inflammation. Vitamin C is a micro-nutrient functioning as an antioxidant. When administered at a mega-dose, vitamin C has been reported to shift immune responses toward Th1. Thus, we tried to determine whether vitamin C exerted beneficial effects in asthma animal model. Asthma was induced in mice by sensitizing and challenging with ovalbumin. At the time of challenge, 3~5 mg of vitamin C was administered and the effects were evaluated. Vitamin C did not modulate Th1/Th2 balance in asthma model. However, it decreased airway hyperreactivity to methacholine, decreased inflammatory cell numbers in brochoalveolar lavage fluid, and moderate reduction of perivascular and peribronchiolar inflammatory cell infiltration. These results suggest that vitamin C administered at the time of antigen challenge exerted anti-inflammatory effects. Further studies based on chronic asthma model are needed to evaluate a long-term effect of vitamin C in asthma. In conclusion, even though vitamin C did not show any Th1/Th2 shifting effects in this experiment, it still exerted moderate anti-inflammatory effects. Considering other beneficial effects and inexpensiveness of vitamin C, mega-dose usage of vitamin C could be a potential supplementary modality for the management of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Joo Jeong
- Department of Anatomy and Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Tierney ML. Insights into the biophysical properties of GABA(A) ion channels: modulation of ion permeation by drugs and protein interactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1808:667-73. [PMID: 21126507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental properties of ion channels assure their selectivity for a particular ion, its rapid permeation through a central pore and that such electrical activity is modulated by factors that control the opening and closing (gating) of the channel. All cell types possess ion channels and their regulated flux of ions across the membrane play critical roles in all steps of life. An ion channel does not act alone to control cell excitability but rather forms part of larger protein complexes. The identification of protein interaction partners of ion channels and their influence on both the fundamental biophysical properties of the channel and its expression in the membrane are revealing the many ways in which electrical activity may be regulated. Highlighted here is the novel use of the patch clamp method to dissect out the influence of protein interactions on the activity of individual GABA(A) receptors. The studies demonstrate that ion conduction is a dynamic property of a channel and that protein interactions in a cytoplasmic domain underlie the channel's ability to alter ion permeation. A structural model describing a reorganisation of the conserved cytoplasmic gondola domain and the influence of drugs on this process are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Louise Tierney
- Membrane Physiology and Ion Channel Signaling Group, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Building 54, Garran Road, The Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia.
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21
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 10:87-92. [PMID: 20026987 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e3283355458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2010; 16:77-82. [PMID: 19996898 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0b013e328334fe23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Markedly enhanced colon tumorigenesis in Apc(Min) mice lacking glutathione S-transferase Pi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:20859-64. [PMID: 19915149 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911351106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione transferases are a multigene family of proteins that catalyze the conjugation of toxic electrophiles and carcinogens to glutathione. Glutathione transferase Pi (GSTP) is commonly overexpressed in human tumors and there is emerging evidence that the enzyme has additional cellular functions in addition to its role in drug and carcinogen detoxification. To investigate the unique functions of this enzyme, we have crossed Gstp null mice with an initiated model of colon cancer, the Apc(Min) mouse. In contrast to the Apc(Min/+) Gstp1/p2(+/+) (Gstp-wt Apc(Min)) mice, which rarely develop colonic tumours, Apc(Min/+)Gstp1/p2(-/-) (Gstp-null Apc(Min)) mice had a 6-fold increase in colon adenoma incidence, and a 50-fold increase in colorectal adenoma multiplicity, relative to Gstp-wt Apc(Min). This increase was associated with early tumor onset and decreased survival. Analysis of the biochemical changes in the colon tissue of Gstp-null Apc(Min) mice demonstrated a marked induction of many inflammatory genes, including IL-6, IL-4, IFN-gamma, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. In support of the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase, a profound induction of nitrotyrosine adducts was observed. Gstp therefore appears to play a role in controlling inflammatory responses in the colon, which would explain the change in tumor incidence observed. These data also suggest that individual variation in GSTP levels may be a factor in colon cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy C Moore
- Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Diseases and the Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27106, USA.
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25
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Ginsberg G, Smolenski S, Hattis D, Guyton KZ, Johns DO, Sonawane B. Genetic Polymorphism in Glutathione Transferases (GST): Population distribution of GSTM1, T1, and P1 conjugating activity. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2009; 12:389-439. [PMID: 20183528 DOI: 10.1080/10937400903158375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GST) catalyze the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with electrophiles, many of which may otherwise interact with protein or DNA. In select cases such as halogenated solvents, GST-mediated conjugation may lead to a more toxic or mutagenic metabolite. Polymorphisms that exert substantial effects on GST function were noted in human populations for several isozymes. This analysis focuses on three well-characterized isozymes, GSTM1, T1, and P1, in which polymorphisms were extensively studied with respect to DNA adducts and cancer in molecular epidemiologic studies. The current review and analysis focused upon how polymorphisms in these GST contributed to population variability in GST function. The first step in developing this review was to characterize the influence of genotype on phenotype (enzyme function) and the frequency of the polymorphisms across major population groups for all three GST. This information was then incorporated into Monte Carlo simulations to develop population distributions of enzyme function. These simulations were run separately for GSTM1, T1, and P1, and also for the combination of these isozymes, to assess the possibility of overlapping substrate specificity. Monte Carlo simulations indicated large interindividual variability for GSTM1 and T1 due to the presence of the null (zero activity) genotype, which is common in all populations studied. Even for GSTM1 or T1 non-null individuals, there was considerable interindividual variability with a bimodal distribution of enzyme activity evident. GSTP1 polymorphisms are associated with somewhat less variability due to the absence of null genotypes. However, in all cases simulated, the estimated variability is sufficiently large to warrant consideration of GST function distributions in assessments involving GST-mediated activation or detoxification of xenobiotics. Ideally, such assessments would involve physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) modeling to assess population variability in internal dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Ginsberg
- Connecticut Department of Public Health, Hartford 06134, USA.
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