1
|
Kaur J, Sharma A, Passi G, Dey P, Khajuria A, Alajangi HK, Jaiswal PK, Barnwal RP, Singh G. Nanomedicine at the Pulmonary Frontier: Immune-Centric Approaches for Respiratory Disease Treatment. Immunol Invest 2024; 53:295-347. [PMID: 38206610 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2023.2298398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases (RD) are a group of common ailments with a rapidly increasing global prevalence, posing a significant threat to humanity, especially the elderly population, and imposing a substantial burden on society and the economy. RD represents an unmet medical need that requires the development of viable pharmacotherapies. While various promising strategies have been devised to advance potential treatments for RD, their implementation has been hindered by difficulties in drug delivery, particularly in critically ill patients. Nanotechnology offers innovative solutions for delivering medications to the inflamed organ sites, such as the lungs. Although this approach is enticing, delivering nanomedicine to the lungs presents complex challenges that require sophisticated techniques. In this context, we review the potential of novel nanomedicine-based immunomodulatory strategies that could offer therapeutic benefits in managing this pressing health condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Kaur
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akanksha Sharma
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gautam Passi
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Piyush Dey
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akhil Khajuria
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Hema Kumari Alajangi
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Jaiswal
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | | | - Gurpal Singh
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
CD4 T Cell Epitope Specificity and Cytokine Potential Are Preserved as Cells Transition from the Lung Vasculature to Lung Tissue following Influenza Virus Infection. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00377-18. [PMID: 29669836 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00377-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary CD4 T cells are critical in respiratory virus control, both by delivering direct effector function and through coordinating responses of other immune cells. Recent studies have shown that following influenza virus infection, virus-specific CD4 T cells are partitioned between pulmonary vasculature and lung tissue. However, very little is known about the peptide specificity or functional differences of CD4 T cells within these two compartments. Using a mouse model of influenza virus infection in conjunction with intravascular labeling in vivo, the cell surface phenotype, epitope specificity, and functional potential of the endogenous polyclonal CD4 T cell response was examined by tracking nine independent CD4 T cell epitope specificities. These studies revealed that tissue-localized CD4 cells were globally distinct from vascular cells in expression of markers associated with transendothelial migration, residency, and micropositioning. Despite these differences, there was little evidence for remodeling of the viral epitope specificity or cytokine potential as cells transition from vasculature to the highly inflamed lung tissue. Our studies also distinguished cells in the pulmonary vasculature from peripheral circulating CD4 T cells, providing support for the concept that the pulmonary vasculature does not simply reflect circulating cells that are trapped within the narrow confines of capillary vessels but rather is enriched in transitional cells primed in the draining lymph node that have specialized potential to enter the lung tissue.IMPORTANCE CD4 T cells convey a multitude of functions in immunity to influenza, including those delivered in the lymph node and others conveyed by CD4 T cells that leave the lymph node, enter the blood, and extravasate into the lung tissue. Here, we show that the transition of recently primed CD4 cells detected in the lung vasculature undergo profound changes in expression of markers associated with tissue localization as they establish residence in the lung. However, this transition does not edit CD4 T cell epitope specificity or the cytokine potential of the CD4 T cells. Thus, CD4 T cells that enter the infected lung can convey diverse functions and have a sufficiently broad viral antigen specificity to detect the complex array of infected cells within the infected tissue, offering the potential for more effective protective function.
Collapse
|
3
|
Baaten BJG, Cooper AM, Swain SL, Bradley LM. Location, location, location: the impact of migratory heterogeneity on T cell function. Front Immunol 2013; 4:311. [PMID: 24115949 PMCID: PMC3792444 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell migration is crucial for an effective adaptive immune response to invading pathogens. Naive and memory T cells encounter pathogen antigens, become activated, and differentiate into effector cells in secondary lymphoid tissues, and then migrate to the site(s) of infection where they exert effector activities that control and eliminate pathogens. To achieve activation, efficient effector function, and good memory formation, T cells must traffic between lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues within the body. This complex process is facilitated by chemokine receptors, selectins, CD44, and integrins that mediate the interactions of T cells with the environment. The expression patterns of these migration receptors (MR) dictate the tissues into which the effector T cells migrate and enable them to occupy specific niches within the tissue. While MR have been considered primarily to facilitate cell movement, we highlight how the heterogeneity of signaling through these receptors influences the function and fate of T cells in situ. We explore what drives MR expression heterogeneity, how this affects migration, and how this impacts T cell effector function and memory formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bas J G Baaten
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nguyen TM, Ravindra D, Kwong B, Waheed S, Ferguson R, Tarlton N, Wu V, Sequeira CS, Bremer M, Abramson T. Differential expression of alpha 4 integrins on effector memory T helper cells during Bordetella infections. Delayed responses in Bordetella pertussis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52903. [PMID: 23300813 PMCID: PMC3531986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) is the causative agent of whooping cough, a respiratory disease that is reemerging worldwide. Mechanisms of selective lymphocyte trafficking to the airways are likely to be critical in the immune response to this pathogen. We compared murine infection by B. pertussis, B. parapertussis, and a pertussis toxin-deleted B. pertussis mutant (BpΔPTX) to test the hypothesis that effector memory T-helper cells (emTh) display an altered pattern of trafficking receptor expression in B. pertussis infection due to a defect in imprinting. Increased cell recruitment to the lungs at 5 days post infection (p.i.) with B. parapertussis, and to a lesser extent with BpΔPTX, coincided with an increased frequency of circulating emTh cells expressing the mucosal-associated trafficking receptors α4β7 and α4β1 while a reduced population of these cells was observed in B. pertussis infection. These cells were highly evident in the blood and lungs in B. pertussis infection only at 25 days p.i. when B. parapertussis and BpΔPTX infections were resolved. Although at 5 days p.i., an equally high percentage of lung dendritic cells (DCs) from all infections expressed maturation markers, this expression persisted only in B. pertussis infection at 25 days p.i. Furthermore, at 5 days p.i with B. pertussis, lung DCs migration to draining lymph nodes may be compromised as evidenced by decreased frequency of CCR7(+) DCs, inhibited CCR7-mediated in vitro migration, and fewer DCs in lung draining lymph nodes. Lastly, a reduced frequency of allogeneic CD4(+) cells expressing α4β1 was detected following co-culture with lung DCs from B. pertussis-infected mice, suggesting a defect in DC imprinting in comparison to the other infection groups. The findings in this study suggest that B. pertussis may interfere with imprinting of lung-associated trafficking receptors on T lymphocytes leading to extended survival in the host and a prolonged course of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuan M. Nguyen
- Department of Biology, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Dipti Ravindra
- Department of Biology, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Brian Kwong
- Department of Biology, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Sana Waheed
- Department of Biology, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Ryan Ferguson
- Department of Biology, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Nicole Tarlton
- Department of Biology, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Victoria Wu
- Department of Biology, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher S. Sequeira
- Department of Biology, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Martina Bremer
- Department of Mathematics, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Tzvia Abramson
- Department of Biology, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hasenberg M, Stegemann-Koniszewski S, Gunzer M. Cellular immune reactions in the lung. Immunol Rev 2012; 251:189-214. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mike Hasenberg
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Imaging; University of Duisburg/Essen; University Hospital; Essen; Germany
| | | | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Imaging; University of Duisburg/Essen; University Hospital; Essen; Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Purwar R, Campbell J, Murphy G, Richards WG, Clark RA, Kupper TS. Resident memory T cells (T(RM)) are abundant in human lung: diversity, function, and antigen specificity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16245. [PMID: 21298112 PMCID: PMC3027667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that tissue resident memory T cells (T(RM)) are critical to antiviral host defense in peripheral tissues. This new appreciation of T(RM) that reside in epithelial tissues and mediate host defense has been studied most extensively in skin: adult human skin contains large numbers of functional T(RM) that express skin specific markers. Indeed, more than twice as many T cells reside in skin as in peripheral blood. This T cell population has a diverse T cell receptor repertoire, and can produce a broad array of cytokines. More recently, we have begun to examine other epithelial tissues for the presence of resident T cells. In the present study, we asked whether analogous populations of resident T cells could be found in human lung. We were able to demonstrate abundant resident T cells in human lung-more than 10 billion T cells were present. Lung T cells were largely of the effector memory T cell (T(EM)) phenotype, though small numbers of central memory T cells (T(CM)) and T regulatory cells (T(reg)) could be identified. Lung T cells had a diverse T cell receptor repertoire and subsets produced IL-17, IL-4, IFNγ, as well as TNFα. A significant number of lung T(RM) CD4+Th cells produced more than one cytokine, identifying them as "multifunctional" Th1 type cells. Finally, lung T(RM), but not T(RM) resident to skin or T cells from blood, proliferated in response to influenza virus. This work suggests that normal human lung contains large numbers of T(RM) cells, and these cells are poised to respond to recall antigens previously encountered through lung mucosa. This population of T cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of asthma and other T cell mediated lung diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Purwar
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James Campbell
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - George Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - William G. Richards
- Tissue Bank, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rachael A. Clark
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas S. Kupper
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Harp JR, Onami TM. Naïve T cells re-distribute to the lungs of selectin ligand deficient mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10973. [PMID: 20532047 PMCID: PMC2881108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Selectin mediated tethering represents one of the earliest steps in T cell extravasation into lymph nodes via high endothelial venules and is dependent on the biosynthesis of sialyl Lewis X (sLex) ligands by several glycosyltransferases, including two fucosyltransferases, fucosyltransferase-IV and –VII. Selectin mediated binding also plays a key role in T cell entry to inflamed organs. Methodology/Principal Findings To understand how loss of selectin ligands (sLex) influences T cell migration to the lung, we examined fucosyltransferase-IV and –VII double knockout (FtDKO) mice. We discovered that FtDKO mice showed significant increases (∼5-fold) in numbers of naïve T cells in non-inflamed lung parenchyma with no evidence of induced bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue. In contrast, activated T cells were reduced in inflamed lungs of FtDKO mice following viral infection, consistent with the established role of selectin mediated T cell extravasation into inflamed lung. Adoptive transfer of T cells into FtDKO mice revealed impaired T cell entry to lymph nodes, but selective accumulation in non-lymphoid organs. Moreover, inhibition of T cell entry to the lymph nodes by blockade of L-selectin, or treatment of T cells with pertussis toxin to inhibit chemokine dependent G-coupled receptor signaling, also resulted in increased T cells in non-lymphoid organs. Conversely, inhibition of T cell egress from lymph nodes using FTY720 agonism of S1P1 impaired T cell migration into non-lymphoid organs. Conclusions/Significance Taken together, our results suggest that impaired T cell entry into lymph nodes via high endothelial venules due to genetic deficiency of selectin ligands results in the selective re-distribution and accumulation of T cells in non-lymphoid organs, and correlates with their increased frequency in the blood. Re-distribution of T cells into organs could potentially play a role in the initiation of T cell mediated organ diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R. Harp
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Thandi M. Onami
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bi S, Baum LG. Sialic acids in T cell development and function. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1790:1599-610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
9
|
Heath L, Fox A, McClure J, Diem K, van 't Wout AB, Zhao H, Park DR, Schouten JT, Twigg HL, Corey L, Mullins JI, Mittler JE. Evidence for limited genetic compartmentalization of HIV-1 between lung and blood. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6949. [PMID: 19759830 PMCID: PMC2736399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 is frequently detected in the lungs of infected individuals and is likely important in the development of pulmonary opportunistic infections. The unique environment of the lung, rich in alveolar macrophages and with specialized local immune responses, may contribute to differential evolution or selection of HIV-1. Methodology and Findings We characterized HIV-1 in the lung in relation to contemporaneous viral populations in the blood. The C2-V5 region of HIV-1 env was sequenced from paired lung (induced sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage) and blood (plasma RNA and proviral DNA from sorted or unsorted PBMC) from 18 subjects. Compartmentalization between tissue pairs was assessed using 5 established tree or distance-based methods, including permutation tests to determine statistical significance. We found statistical evidence of compartmentalization between lung and blood in 10/18 subjects, although lung and blood sequences were intermingled on phylogenetic trees in all subjects. The subject showing the greatest compartmentalization contained many nearly identical sequences in BAL sample, suggesting clonal expansion may contribute to reduced viral diversity in the lung in some cases. However, HIV-1 sequences in lung were not more homogeneous overall, nor were we able to find a lung-specific genotype associated with macrophage tropism in V3. In all four subjects in whom predicted X4 genotypes were found in blood, predicted X4 genotypes were also found in lung. Conclusions Our results support a picture of continuous migration of HIV-1 between circulating blood and lung tissue, with perhaps a very limited degree of localized evolution or clonal replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Heath
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alan Fox
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jan McClure
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kurt Diem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Angélique B. van 't Wout
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David R. Park
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey T. Schouten
- General Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Homer L. Twigg
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - James I. Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - John E. Mittler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
The respiratory tract is characterized by an extensive surface area that is in direct contact with the environment, posing a significant problem for effective immune surveillance. Yet most respiratory pathogens are quickly recognized and controlled by a coordinated response involving the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. The investigation of pulmonary immunity to respiratory viruses during a primary infection has demonstrated that multiple innate and adaptive immune mechanisms are necessary for efficient antiviral responses, and the inhibition of any single mechanism can have disastrous consequences for the host. Furthermore, the investigation of recall responses in the lung has shown that protection from a secondary challenge infection is a complex and elegant process that occurs in distinct stages. In this review, we discuss recent advances that describe the roles of individual components during primary and secondary responses to respiratory virus infections and how these discoveries have added to our understanding of antiviral immunity in the lung.
Collapse
|
11
|
Manicone AM, Burkhart KM, Lu B, Clark JG. CXCR3 ligands contribute to Th1-induced inflammation but not to homing of Th1 cells into the lung. Exp Lung Res 2008; 34:391-407. [PMID: 18716926 DOI: 10.1080/01902140802221987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Th1 cells are implicated in numerous pulmonary inflammatory disorders, and adoptive transfer of alloreactive Th1 cells mediates lung injury and inflammation in mice. In response to Th1-mediated immune injury, CXCR3 ligands IP10 and MIG are markedly induced. Because Th1 cells express high levels of CXCR3, their recruitment and activity may be influenced by CXCR3 ligands. To examine the role of CXCR3 ligands, the authors inhibited CXCR3-ligand interaction by 2 approaches: (1) antibody ablation of CXCR3 ligands IP10 (CXCL10/interferon-gamma -inducible 10-kDa protein) and MIG (CXCL9/monokine-induced by interferon-gamma), and (2) use of cxcr3(-/-) mice. Antibody neutralization of IP10 and MIG reduced Th1-cell mediated lung inflammation but did not alter Th1-cell influx in the lung. In contrast, a lack of CXCR3 on host cells had no effect on Th1 cells influx or acute inflammation. In vitro, ablation of endogenous IP10 and MIG inhibited antigen-mediated Th1-cell proliferation. These results suggest that the influx of alloreactive Th1 cells into the lung does not require CXCR3 ligands, but that these chemokines do affect Th1-cell proliferation and activity within the affected tissue. Other CXCR3(+) leukocytes do not contribute to acute alloimmune injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Manicone
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kohlmeier JE, Woodland DL. Memory T cell recruitment to the lung airways. Curr Opin Immunol 2006; 18:357-62. [PMID: 16616475 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2006.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Memory T cells play an important role in the resolution of secondary respiratory virus infections through the production of anti-viral cytokines and the lysis of infected cells. Within the lung airways, memory T cells form an initial line of defense against secondary virus challenge by limiting early viral replication at the site of infection. Recent studies have addressed the generation and maintenance of airway memory T cells and their relationship with memory T cells in the secondary lymphoid organs. These advances have demonstrated that different memory subsets contribute to the maintenance of the airway memory T cell population and have identified molecules that influence trafficking to the lung tissue and the lung airways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Trudeau Institute, 154 Algonquin Avenue, Saranac Lake, New York, NY 12983, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Coskun U, Sancak B, Sen I, Bukan N, Tufan MA, Gülbahar O, Sozen S. Serum P-selectin, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-I (s-VCAM-I) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-I (s-ICAM-I) levels in bladder carcinoma patients with different stages. Int Immunopharmacol 2006; 6:672-7. [PMID: 16504931 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2005] [Revised: 09/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion molecules are thought to have a role in the host defense against carcinogenesis. In this study, we measured serum platelet-(P-) selectin, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-I (s-VCAM-I), and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-I (s-ICAM-I) levels in 51 sequential bladder cancer patients at our urology clinic and 8 controls. Serum levels of P-selectin, s-VCAM-I and s-ICAM-I were significantly higher in all patients than controls. Serum P-selectin and s-ICAM-I levels did not differ based on tumor (T) stage and tumor grade, whereas serum levels of s-VCAM-I were significantly higher in patients with muscle invasive tumors than those with superficial tumors. Further, s-VCAM-I levels correlated with T stage. In conclusion, significantly increased P-selectin, s-VCAM-I, and s-ICAM-I levels were observed in patients with bladder cancer, and s-VCAM-I levels correlated with T stage. Thus, we suggest that the analysis of serum s-VCAM-I levels may provide a prognostic test for T stage and bladder cancer progression during and/or following therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Coskun
- Gazi University Medical School, Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Cell-mediated adaptive immune responses contribute to defense against all classes of pulmonary pathogens and are essential against viruses, mycobacteria, and fungi, including Pneumocystis carinii. Adaptive responses depend on sequential pairwise interactions between three cell types: T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells (DC). Differential expression of specific adhesion molecules and chemokines regulates the location and timing of these interactions. Primary adaptive responses are triggered by immature myeloid DC, which carry antigen from the lungs to regional lymph nodes. Antigen presentation by these mature DC is required to activate naive CD4 T cells, which are essential to generate polarized type 1 or type 2 effector responses and for robust immunologic memory. Inflammation recruits NK cells and DC that interact in a contact- and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-dependent fashion within injured tissues to initiate immune response polarization. NK cells exposed to IL-12 favor survival of DC that prime for Th1 responses, whereas NK cells exposed to IL-4 do not exert DC selection, leading to tolerogenic or Th2 responses. Naive alphabeta T cells, NK cells, and DC also amplify secondary adaptive responses to previously encountered pathogens. However, secondary responses are accelerated because memory T cells can migrate directly to infected tissues where they can be activated without strenuous costimulatory requirements. Additionally, previous pulmonary infections or immune responses increase numbers of lung DC and populate the lungs with clones of memory B cells and T cells that are immediately available to respond to infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Curtis
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Section (506/111G), Department of Veterans Affairs Health System, 2215 Fuller Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105-2303, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Schreiber T, Ehlers S, Aly S, Hölscher A, Hartmann S, Lipp M, Lowe JB, Hölscher C. Selectin Ligand-Independent Priming and Maintenance of T Cell Immunity during Airborne Tuberculosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:1131-40. [PMID: 16394002 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.2.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is critically dependent on the timely priming of T effector lymphocytes and their efficient recruitment to the site of mycobacterial implantation in the lung. E-, P-, and L-selectin counterreceptors control lymphocyte homing to lymph nodes and leukocyte trafficking to peripheral sites of acute inflammation, their adhesive function depending on fucosylation by fucosyltransferases (FucT) IV and VII. To address the relative importance of differentially glycosylated selectin counterreceptors for priming of T cell effector functions in a model of mycobacteria-induced granulomatous pulmonary inflammation, we used aerosol-borne M. tuberculosis to infect FucT-IV-/-, FucT-VII-/-, FucT-IV-/-/FucT-VII-/-, or wild-type control mice. In lymph nodes, infected FucT-IV-/-/FucT-VII-/- and, to a lesser extent, FucT-VII-/- mice had severely reduced numbers of T cells and reduced Ag-specific effector responses. By contrast, recruitment of activated T cells into the lungs was similar in all four groups of mice during infection and expression of T cell, and macrophage effector functions were only delayed in lungs of FucT-IV-/-/FucT-VII-/- mice. Importantly, lungs from all groups expressed CXCL13, CCL21, and CCL19 and displayed organized follicular neolymphoid structures after infection with M. tuberculosis, which suggests that the lung served as a selectin ligand-independent priming site for immune responses to mycobacterial infection. All FucT-deficient strains were fully capable of restricting M. tuberculosis growth in infected organs until at least 150 days postinfection. Our observations indicate that leukocyte recruitment functions dictated by FucT-IV and FucT-VII-dependent selectin ligand activities are not critical for inducing or maintaining T cell effector responses at levels necessary to control pulmonary tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Schreiber
- Junior Research Group Molecular Infection Biology, Research Center Borstel, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Galkina E, Thatte J, Dabak V, Williams MB, Ley K, Braciale TJ. Preferential migration of effector CD8+ T cells into the interstitium of the normal lung. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:3473-83. [PMID: 16308575 PMCID: PMC1288831 DOI: 10.1172/jci24482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory tract is a primary site of infection and exposure to environmental antigens and an important site of memory T cell localization. We analyzed the migration and retention of naive and activated CD8+ T cells within the noninflamed lungs and quantitated the partitioning of adoptively transferred T cells between the pulmonary vascular and interstitial compartments. Activated but not naive T cells were retained within the lungs for a prolonged period. Effector CD8+ T cells preferentially egressed from the pulmonary vascular compartment into the noninflamed pulmonary interstitium. T cell retention within the lung vasculature was leukocyte function antigen-1 dependent, while the egress of effector T cells from the vascular to the interstitium functions through a pertussis toxin-sensitive (PTX-sensitive) mechanism driven in part by constitutive CC chemokine ligand 5 expression in the lungs. These results document a novel mechanism of adhesion receptor- and pulmonary chemokine-dependent regulation of the migration of activated CD8+ T cells into an important nonlymphoid peripheral site (i.e., the normal/noninflamed lung).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Galkina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yiming MT, Parthasarathi K, Issekutz AC, Bhattacharya S. Sequence of endothelial signaling during lung expansion. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005; 33:549-54. [PMID: 16123392 PMCID: PMC2715332 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0133oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although high tidal volume ventilation exacerbates lung injury, the mechanisms underlying the inflammatory response are not clear. Here, we exposed isolated lungs to high or low tidal volume ventilation, while perfusing lungs with whole blood, or blood depleted of leukocytes and platelets. Then, we determined signaling responses in freshly isolated lung endothelial cells by means of immunoblotting and immunofluorescence approaches. In depleted blood perfusion, high tidal volume induced modest increases in both P-selectin expression on the endothelial surface, and in endothelial protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Both high tidal volume-induced responses were markedly enhanced in the presence of whole blood perfusion. However, a P-selectin-blocking antibody given together with whole blood perfusion inhibited the responses down to levels corresponding to those for depleted blood perfusion. These findings indicate that the full proinflammatory response occurs in two stages. First, lung distension causes modest endothelial activation. Second, subsequent endothelial-inflammatory cell interactions augment P-selectin expression and tyrosine phosphorylation. We conclude that interactions of circulating inflammatory cells with P-selectin critically determine proinflammatory endothelial activation during high tidal volume ventilation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maimaiti T Yiming
- St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, AJA #510, 1000 10th Avenue, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ichimura H, Parthasarathi K, Issekutz AC, Bhattacharya J. Pressure-induced leukocyte margination in lung postcapillary venules. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 289:L407-12. [PMID: 15879460 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00048.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although pressure elevation in lung postcapillary venules increases endothelial P-selectin expression, the extent to which P-selectin causes lung leukocyte margination remains controversial. To address this issue, we optically viewed postcapillary venules of the isolated blood-perfused rat lung by real-time fluorescence imaging. To determine leukocyte margination in single postcapillary venules, we quantified the fluorescence of leukocytes labeled in situ with rhodamine 6G (R6G). Although baseline fluorescence was sparse, a 10-min pressure elevation by 10 cmH(2)O markedly increased R6G fluorescence. Both stopping blood flow during pressure elevation and eliminating leukocytes from the perfusion blocked the fluorescence increase, affirming that these fluorescence responses were attributable to pressure-induced leukocyte margination. A P-selectin-blocking MAb and the L- and P-selectin blocker fucoidin each inhibited the fluorescence increase, indicating that P-selectin was critical for inducing margination. Time-dependent imaging of blood-borne fluorescent beads revealed reduction of plasma velocity during pressure elevation. After pressure returned to baseline, a similar reduction of plasma velocity, established by manually decreasing the perfusion rate, prolonged margination. Our findings show that in lung postcapillary venules, the decrease in plasma velocity critically determines pressure-induced leukocyte margination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Ichimura
- lung Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|