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Arazi H, Falahati A, Suzuki K. Moderate Intensity Aerobic Exercise Potential Favorable Effect Against COVID-19: The Role of Renin-Angiotensin System and Immunomodulatory Effects. Front Physiol 2021; 12:747200. [PMID: 34867452 PMCID: PMC8634264 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.747200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by a novel coronavirus (CoV) named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the cellular receptor of SARS-CoV-2, it has a strong interaction with the renin angiotensin system (RAS). Experimental studies have shown that the higher levels of ACE2 or increasing ACE2/ACE1 ratio improve COVID-19 outcomes through lowering inflammation and death. Aerobic moderate intensity physical exercise fights off infections by two mechanisms, the inhibition of ACE/Ang II/AT1-R pathway and the stimulation of ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis. Exercise can also activate the anti-inflammatory response so that it can be a potential therapeutic strategy against COVID-19. Here, we summarize and focus the relation among COVID-19, RAS, and immune system and describe the potential effect of aerobic moderate intensity physical exercise against CoV as a useful complementary tool for providing immune protection against SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, which is a novel intervention that requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Arazi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Akram Falahati
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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2
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Yashirogi S, Nagao T, Nishida Y, Takahashi Y, Qaqorh T, Yazawa I, Katayama T, Kioka H, Matsui TS, Saito S, Masumura Y, Tsukamoto O, Kato H, Ueda H, Yamaguchi O, Yashiro K, Yamazaki S, Takashima S, Shintani Y. AMPK regulates cell shape of cardiomyocytes by modulating turnover of microtubules through CLIP-170. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e50949. [PMID: 33251722 PMCID: PMC7788454 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a multifunctional kinase that regulates microtubule (MT) dynamic instability through CLIP-170 phosphorylation; however, its physiological relevance in vivo remains to be elucidated. In this study, we identified an active form of AMPK localized at the intercalated disks in the heart, a specific cell-cell junction present between cardiomyocytes. A contractile inhibitor, MYK-461, prevented the localization of AMPK at the intercalated disks, and the effect was reversed by the removal of MYK-461, suggesting that the localization of AMPK is regulated by mechanical stress. Time-lapse imaging analysis revealed that the inhibition of CLIP-170 Ser-311 phosphorylation by AMPK leads to the accumulation of MTs at the intercalated disks. Interestingly, MYK-461 increased the individual cell area of cardiomyocytes in CLIP-170 phosphorylation-dependent manner. Moreover, heart-specific CLIP-170 S311A transgenic mice demonstrated elongation of cardiomyocytes along with accumulated MTs, leading to progressive decline in cardiac contraction. In conclusion, these findings suggest that AMPK regulates the cell shape and aspect ratio of cardiomyocytes by modulating the turnover of MTs through homeostatic phosphorylation of CLIP-170 at the intercalated disks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Yashirogi
- Department of Medical BiochemistryOsaka University Graduate School of Frontier Biological ScienceSuita, OsakaJapan
| | - Takemasa Nagao
- Department of Medical BiochemistryOsaka University Graduate School of Frontier Biological ScienceSuita, OsakaJapan
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuita, OsakaJapan
| | - Yuya Nishida
- Department of Medical BiochemistryOsaka University Graduate School of Frontier Biological ScienceSuita, OsakaJapan
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuita, OsakaJapan
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuita, OsakaJapan
| | - Tasneem Qaqorh
- Department of Medical BiochemistryOsaka University Graduate School of Frontier Biological ScienceSuita, OsakaJapan
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuita, OsakaJapan
| | - Issei Yazawa
- Department of Medical BiochemistryOsaka University Graduate School of Frontier Biological ScienceSuita, OsakaJapan
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuita, OsakaJapan
| | - Toru Katayama
- Department of Medical BiochemistryOsaka University Graduate School of Frontier Biological ScienceSuita, OsakaJapan
| | - Hidetaka Kioka
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuita, OsakaJapan
| | - Tsubasa S Matsui
- Division of BioengineeringGraduate School of Engineering ScienceOsaka UniversityToyonakaJapan
| | - Shigeyoshi Saito
- Department of Biomedical ImagingNational Cardiovascular and Cerebral Research CenterSuita, OsakaJapan
- Department of Medical Physics and EngineeringDivision of Health SciencesOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuita, OsakaJapan
| | - Yuki Masumura
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuita, OsakaJapan
| | - Osamu Tsukamoto
- Department of Medical BiochemistryOsaka University Graduate School of Frontier Biological ScienceSuita, OsakaJapan
| | - Hisakazu Kato
- Department of Medical BiochemistryOsaka University Graduate School of Frontier Biological ScienceSuita, OsakaJapan
| | - Hiromichi Ueda
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuita, OsakaJapan
| | - Osamu Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuita, OsakaJapan
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension and NephrologyEhime University Graduate School of MedicineShitsukawa, EhimeJapan
| | - Kenta Yashiro
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental BiologyDepartment of AnatomyKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Satoru Yamazaki
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuita, OsakaJapan
| | - Seiji Takashima
- Department of Medical BiochemistryOsaka University Graduate School of Frontier Biological ScienceSuita, OsakaJapan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency‐Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST)KawaguchiJapan
| | - Yasunori Shintani
- Department of Medical BiochemistryOsaka University Graduate School of Frontier Biological ScienceSuita, OsakaJapan
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuita, OsakaJapan
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Zbinden‐Foncea H, Francaux M, Deldicque L, Hawley JA. Does High Cardiorespiratory Fitness Confer Some Protection Against Proinflammatory Responses After Infection by SARS-CoV-2? Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:1378-1381. [PMID: 32324968 PMCID: PMC7264673 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originated in China in late 2019 and has since spread rapidly to every continent in the world. This pandemic continues to cause widespread personal suffering, along with severe pressure on medical and health care providers. The symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 and the subsequent prognosis are worsened in individuals who have preexisting comorbidities prior to infection by the virus. Individuals with obesity or overweight, insulin resistance, and diabetes typically have chronic low-grade inflammation characterized by increased levels of several proinflammatory cytokines and the inflammasome; this state predisposes to greater risk for infection along with more adverse outcomes. Here, we consider whether a high level of cardiorespiratory fitness induced by prior exercise training may confer some innate immune protection against COVID-19 by attenuating the "cytokine storm syndrome" often experienced by "at risk" individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Zbinden‐Foncea
- School of KinesiologyFaculty of MedicineUniversidad Finis TerraeSantiagoChile
- Centro de Salud DeportivaClinica Santa MariaSantiagoChile
- Institute of NeuroscienceUCLouvainLouvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
| | - Marc Francaux
- Institute of NeuroscienceUCLouvainLouvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
| | | | - John A. Hawley
- Exercise and Nutrition Research GroupMary MacKillop Institute for Health ResearchAustralian Catholic UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
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4
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Protective role for the N-terminal domain of α-dystroglycan in Influenza A virus proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11396-11401. [PMID: 31097590 PMCID: PMC6561248 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904493116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Dystroglycan (α-DG) is a highly glycosylated basement membrane receptor that is cleaved by the proprotein convertase furin, which releases its N-terminal domain (α-DGN). Before cleavage, α-DGN interacts with the glycosyltransferase LARGE1 and initiates functional O-glycosylation of the mucin-like domain of α-DG. Notably, α-DGN has been detected in a wide variety of human bodily fluids, but the physiological significance of secreted α-DGN remains unknown. Here, we show that mice lacking α-DGN exhibit significantly higher viral titers in the lungs after Influenza A virus (IAV) infection (strain A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 H1N1), suggesting an inability to control virus load. Consistent with this, overexpression of α-DGN before infection or intranasal treatment with recombinant α-DGN prior and during infection, significantly reduced IAV titers in the lungs of wild-type mice. Hemagglutination inhibition assays using recombinant α-DGN showed in vitro neutralization of IAV. Collectively, our results support a protective role for α-DGN in IAV proliferation.
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Sanarica F, Mantuano P, Conte E, Cozzoli A, Capogrosso RF, Giustino A, Cutrignelli A, Cappellari O, Rolland JF, De Bellis M, Denora N, Camerino GM, De Luca A. Proof-of-concept validation of the mechanism of action of Src tyrosine kinase inhibitors in dystrophic mdx mouse muscle: in vivo and in vitro studies. Pharmacol Res 2019; 145:104260. [PMID: 31059789 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Src tyrosine kinase (TK), a redox-sensitive protein overexpressed in dystrophin-deficient muscles, can contribute to damaging signaling by phosphorylation and degradation of β-dystroglycan (β-DG). We performed a proof-of-concept preclinical study to validate this hypothesis and the benefit-safety ratio of a pharmacological inhibition of Src-TK in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Src-TK inhibitors PP2 and dasatinib were administered for 5 weeks to treadmill-exercised mdx mice. The outcome was evaluated in vivo and ex vivo on functional, histological and biochemical disease-related parameters. Considering the importance to maintain a proper myogenic program, the potential cytotoxic effects of both compounds, as well as their cytoprotection against oxidative stress-induced damage, was also assessed in C2C12 cells. In line with the hypothesis, both compounds restored the level of β-DG and reduced its phosphorylated form without changing basal expression of genes of interest, corroborating a mechanism at post-translational level. The histological profile of gastrocnemius muscle was slightly improved as well as the level of plasma biomarkers. However, amelioration of in vivo and ex vivo functional parameters was modest, with PP2 being more effective than dasatinib. Both compounds reached appreciable levels in skeletal muscle and liver, supporting proper animal exposure. Dasatinib exerted a greater concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect on C2C12 cells than the more selective PP2, while being less protective against H2O2 cytotoxicity, even though at concentrations higher than those experienced during in vivo treatments. Our results support the interest of Src-TK as drug target in dystrophinopathies, although further studies are necessary to assess the therapeutic potential of inhibitors in DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sanarica
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - P Mantuano
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - E Conte
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - A Cozzoli
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - R F Capogrosso
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy; Department of Chemical, Toxicological and Pharmacological Drug Studies, Catholic University "Our Lady of Good Counsel", Tirana, Albania
| | - A Giustino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121, Bari, Italy
| | - A Cutrignelli
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - O Cappellari
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK
| | - J F Rolland
- AXXAM S.p.A., Openzone, 20091, Bresso, Milan, Italy
| | - M De Bellis
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - N Denora
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - G M Camerino
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - A De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy.
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6
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Deev RV, Bardakov SN, Mavlikeev MO, Yakovlev IA, Umakhanova ZR, Akhmedova PG, Magomedova RM, Chekmaryeva IA, Dalgatov GD, Isaev AA. Glu20Ter Variant in PLEC 1f Isoform Causes Limb-Girdle Muscle Dystrophy with Lung Injury. Front Neurol 2017; 8:367. [PMID: 28824526 PMCID: PMC5534468 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plectinopathies are orphan diseases caused by PLEC gene mutations. PLEC is encoding the protein plectin, playing a role in linking cytoskeleton components in various tissues. In this study, we describe the clinical case of a 26-year-old patient with an early onset plectinopathy variant “limb-girdle muscle dystrophy type 2Q,” report histopathological and ultrastructural findings in m. vastus lateralis biopsy and a novel homozygous likely pathogenic variant (NM_201378.3:c.58G>T, NP_958780.1:p.Glu20Ter) in isoform 1f of the gene PLEC. The patient had an early childhood onset with retarded physical development, moderate weakness in pelvic girdle muscles, progressive weakening of limb-girdle muscles after the age of 21, pronounced atrophy of axial muscles, and hypertrophy of the gastrocnemius, deltoid, and triceps muscles, intermittent dyspnea, and no skin involvement. Findings included: non-infectious bronchiolitis and atelectasis signs, biopsy revealed myodystrophal pattern without macrophage infiltration, muscle fiber cytoskeleton disorganization resulted from the plectin loss, incomplete reparative rhabdomyogenesis, and moderate endomysial fibrosis. We have determined a novel likely pathogenic variant in PLEC 1f isoform that causes limb-girdle muscle dystrophy type 2Q and described the third case concerning an isolated myodystrophic phenotype of LGMD2Q with the likely pathogenic variant in PLEC 1f isoform. In addition, we have demonstrated the presence of severe lung injury in a patient and his siblings with the same myodystrophic phenotype and discussed the possible role of plectin deficiency in its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman V Deev
- Human Stem Cells Institute, Moscow, Russia.,Ryazan State Medical University, Ryazan, Russia
| | - Sergei N Bardakov
- Department of Neurology, S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail O Mavlikeev
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ivan A Yakovlev
- Human Stem Cells Institute, Moscow, Russia.,Ryazan State Medical University, Ryazan, Russia.,Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Zoya R Umakhanova
- Department of Neurology, Dagestan State Medical Academy, Makhachkala, Russia
| | - Patimat G Akhmedova
- Department of Neurology, Dagestan State Medical Academy, Makhachkala, Russia
| | - Raisat M Magomedova
- Department of Neurology, Dagestan State Medical Academy, Makhachkala, Russia
| | - Irina A Chekmaryeva
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, A.A. Vishnevsky Institute of Surgery, Moscow, Russia
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7
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Jones JCR, Kam CY, Harmon RM, Woychek AV, Hopkinson SB, Green KJ. Intermediate Filaments and the Plasma Membrane. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:9/1/a025866. [PMID: 28049646 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A variety of intermediate filament (IF) types show intricate association with plasma membrane proteins, including receptors and adhesion molecules. The molecular basis of linkage of IFs to desmosomes at sites of cell-cell interaction and hemidesmosomes at sites of cell-matrix adhesion has been elucidated and involves IF-associated proteins. However, IFs also interact with focal adhesions and cell-surface molecules, including dystroglycan. Through such membrane interactions, it is well accepted that IFs play important roles in the establishment and maintenance of tissue integrity. However, by organizing cell-surface complexes, IFs likely regulate, albeit indirectly, signaling pathways that are key to tissue homeostasis and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C R Jones
- The School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Chen Yuan Kam
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Robert M Harmon
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Alexandra V Woychek
- The School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Susan B Hopkinson
- The School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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8
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Lee YJ, Choi SY, Yang JH. AMP-activated protein kinase is involved in perfluorohexanesulfonate-induced apoptosis of neuronal cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 149:1-7. [PMID: 26826296 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), one of the major perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs), has been used in a variety of industrial and consumer applications and detected in serum in the general population. This raised a concern over its possible detrimental health effects, including neurotoxic effects. We have previously shown that PFHxS induced neuronal apoptosis via the NMDA receptor-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Recently, it has been reported that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) acts as a key signal molecule in neuronal excitotoxicity as well as providing a neuroprotective function. In the present study, we have examined the involvement of AMPK in PFHxS-induced neuronal apoptosis using neuronal differentiated PC12 cells. PFHxS induced significant increases in intracellular [Ca(2+)] via the NMDA receptor and the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (L-VGCC). The inhibition of Ca(2+) loading by the NMDA receptor antagonist, MK801 and the L-VGCC blockers, nifedipine and diltiazem significantly reduced PFHxS-induced apoptosis. PFHxS induced sustained activation of AMPK and the inhibition of AMPK activation by compound C and AMPK siRNA significantly reduced PFHxS-induced caspase-3 activity. These results indicate the pro-apoptotic role of AMPK. The activation of AMPK was attenuated by MK801, nifedipine and diltiazem. However, the activation of AMPK was not affected by the ERK inhibitor, PD98059. Likewise, ERK activation was not affected by compound C but was substantially reduced by MK801, nifedipine or diltiazem. This suggests that the activation of AMPK and ERK is regulated by intracellular Ca(2+) loading in distinct pathways. Taken together, PFHxS-induced neuronal apoptosis is mediated by AMPK and ERK pathways, which are distinctly regulated by increased intracellular Ca(2+) via the NMDA receptor and L-VGCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Ju Lee
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Choi
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Yang
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Garbincius JF, Michele DE. Dystrophin-glycoprotein complex regulates muscle nitric oxide production through mechanoregulation of AMPK signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015. [PMID: 26483453 DOI: 10.1073./pnas.1512991112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients deficient in dystrophin, a protein that links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix via the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC), exhibit muscular dystrophy, cardiomyopathy, and impaired muscle nitric oxide (NO) production. We used live-cell NO imaging and in vitro cyclic stretch of isolated adult mouse cardiomyocytes as a model system to investigate if and how the DGC directly regulates the mechanical activation of muscle NO signaling. Acute activation of NO synthesis by mechanical stretch was impaired in dystrophin-deficient mdx cardiomyocytes, accompanied by loss of stretch-induced neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) S1412 phosphorylation. Intriguingly, stretch induced the acute activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in normal cardiomyocytes but not in mdx cardiomyocytes, and specific inhibition of AMPK was sufficient to attenuate mechanoactivation of NO production. Therefore, we tested whether direct pharmacologic activation of AMPK could bypass defective mechanical signaling to restore nNOS activity in dystrophin-deficient cardiomyocytes. Indeed, activation of AMPK with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside or salicylate increased nNOS S1412 phosphorylation and was sufficient to enhance NO production in mdx cardiomyocytes. We conclude that the DGC promotes the mechanical activation of cardiac nNOS by acting as a mechanosensor to regulate AMPK activity, and that pharmacologic AMPK activation may be a suitable therapeutic strategy for restoring nNOS activity in dystrophin-deficient hearts and muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne F Garbincius
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Daniel E Michele
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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10
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Dystrophin-glycoprotein complex regulates muscle nitric oxide production through mechanoregulation of AMPK signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:13663-8. [PMID: 26483453 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1512991112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients deficient in dystrophin, a protein that links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix via the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC), exhibit muscular dystrophy, cardiomyopathy, and impaired muscle nitric oxide (NO) production. We used live-cell NO imaging and in vitro cyclic stretch of isolated adult mouse cardiomyocytes as a model system to investigate if and how the DGC directly regulates the mechanical activation of muscle NO signaling. Acute activation of NO synthesis by mechanical stretch was impaired in dystrophin-deficient mdx cardiomyocytes, accompanied by loss of stretch-induced neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) S1412 phosphorylation. Intriguingly, stretch induced the acute activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in normal cardiomyocytes but not in mdx cardiomyocytes, and specific inhibition of AMPK was sufficient to attenuate mechanoactivation of NO production. Therefore, we tested whether direct pharmacologic activation of AMPK could bypass defective mechanical signaling to restore nNOS activity in dystrophin-deficient cardiomyocytes. Indeed, activation of AMPK with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside or salicylate increased nNOS S1412 phosphorylation and was sufficient to enhance NO production in mdx cardiomyocytes. We conclude that the DGC promotes the mechanical activation of cardiac nNOS by acting as a mechanosensor to regulate AMPK activity, and that pharmacologic AMPK activation may be a suitable therapeutic strategy for restoring nNOS activity in dystrophin-deficient hearts and muscle.
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11
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Zhang X, Dong XH, Ma Y, Li LF, Wu H, Zhou M, Gu YH, Li GZ, Wang DS, Zhang XF, Mou J, Qi JP. Reduction of α-dystroglycan expression is correlated with poor prognosis in glioma. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:11621-9. [PMID: 25139094 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2418-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dystroglycan (DG), a multifunctional protein dimer of non-covalently linked α and β subunits, is best known as an adhesion and transduction molecule linking the cytoskeleton and intracellular signaling pathways to extracellular matrix proteins. Loss of DG binding, possibly by degradation or disturbed glycosylation, has been reported in a variety of cancers. DG is abundant at astroglial endfeet forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and glia limitans; so, we examined if loss of expression is associated with glioma. Expression levels of α-DG and β-DG were assessed by immunohistochemistry in a series of 78 glioma specimens to determine the relationship with tumor grade and possible prognostic significance. α-DG immunostaining was undetectable in 44 of 49 high-grade specimens (89.8%) compared to 15 of 29 low-grade specimens (51.72%) (P<0.05). Moreover, loss of α-DG expression was an independent predictor of shorter disease-free survival (DFS) (hazards ratio (HR) = 0.142, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.033-0.611, P=0.0088). Reduced expression of both α-DG and β-DG was also a powerful negative prognostic factor for DFS (HR=2.556, 95% CI 1.403-4.654, P=0.0022) and overall survival (OS) (HR=2.193, 95% CI 1.031-4.666, P=0.0414). Lack of α-DG immunoreactivity is more frequent in high-grade glioma and is an independent predictor of poor clinical outcome. Similarly, lack of both α-DG and β-DG immunoreactivity is a strong independent predictor of clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No.23 Youzheng Street, NanGang District, Harbin, 150001, China
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12
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Abstract
Physical forces are central players in development and morphogenesis, provide an ever-present backdrop influencing physiological functions, and contribute to a variety of pathologies. Mechanotransduction encompasses the rich variety of ways in which cells and tissues convert cues from their physical environment into biochemical signals. These cues include tensile, compressive and shear stresses, and the stiffness or elastic modulus of the tissues in which cells reside. This article focuses on the proximal events that lead directly from a change in physical state to a change in cell-signaling state. A large body of evidence demonstrates a prominent role for the extracellular matrix, the intracellular cytoskeleton, and the cell matrix adhesions that link these networks in transduction of the mechanical environment. Recent work emphasizes the important role of physical unfolding or conformational changes in proteins induced by mechanical loading, with examples identified both within the focal adhesion complex at the cell-matrix interface and in extracellular matrix proteins themselves. Beyond these adhesion and matrix-based mechanisms, classical and new mechanisms of mechanotransduction reside in stretch-activated ion channels, the coupling of physical forces to interstitial autocrine and paracrine signaling, force-induced activation of extracellular proteins, and physical effects directly transmitted to the cell's nucleus. Rapid progress is leading to detailed delineation of molecular mechanisms by which the physical environment shapes cellular signaling events, opening up avenues for exploring how mechanotransduction pathways are integrated into physiological and pathophysiological cellular and tissue processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Tschumperlin
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Eisenberg JL, Beaumont KG, Takawira D, Hopkinson SB, Mrksich M, Budinger GRS, Jones JCR. Plectin-containing, centrally localized focal adhesions exert traction forces in primary lung epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:3746-55. [PMID: 23750011 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.128975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor clustering upon cell attachment to the substrate induces assembly of cytoplasmic protein complexes termed focal adhesions (FAs), which connect, albeit indirectly, the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton. A subset of cultured primary alveolar epithelial cells (AEC) display a unique pattern of vinculin/paxillin/talin-rich FAs in two concentric circles when cultured on glass and micropatterned substrates: one ring of FAs located at the cell periphery (pFAs), and another FA ring located centrally in the cell (cFAs). Unusually, cFAs associate with an aster-like actin array as well as keratin bundles. Moreover, cFAs show rapid paxillin turnover rates following fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and exert traction forces similar to those generated by FAs at the cell periphery. The plakin protein plectin localizes to cFAs and is normally absent from pFAs, whereas tensin, a marker of mature/fibrillar adhesions, is found in both cFAs and pFAs. In primary AEC in which plectin expression is depleted, cFAs are largely absent, with an attendant reorganization of both the keratin and actin cytoskeletons. We suggest that the mechanical environment in the lung gives rise to the assembly of unconventional FAs in AEC. These FAs not only show a distinctive arrangement, but also possess unique compositional and functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Eisenberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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14
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Davidovich N, Huang J, Margulies SS. Reproducible uniform equibiaxial stretch of precision-cut lung slices. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 304:L210-20. [PMID: 23275624 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00224.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simulating ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) in the laboratory requires stretching of lung alveolar tissue. Whereas precision-cut lung slices (PCLSs) are widely used for studying paracrine signaling pathways in the lungs, their use in stretch studies is very limited because of the technical challenge of fixing them to a stretchable substrate, stretching them uniformly, or holding them in a stretch device without causing rupture. We describe a novel method for attaching PCLSs to silicone membranes by stitching them together in a star-shaped pattern. Using a device that was previously designed in our laboratory for stretching primary alveolar epithelial cell monolayers, we demonstrate that in the central region of the PCLSs stretch is uniform, equibiaxial, and, after a short preconditioning period, also reproducible. The stitched and stretched PCLSs showed equal or better viability outcomes after 60 min of cyclic stretch at different magnitudes of physiological stretch compared with primary pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell monolayers. Preparing and stitching the PCLSs before stretch is relatively easy to perform, yields repeatable outcomes, and can be used with tissue from any species. Together with the ensuring uniform and equibiaxial stretch, the proposed methods provide an optimal model for VILI studies with PCLSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Davidovich
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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15
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Davidovich N, Chhour P, Margulies SS. Uses of Remnant Human Lung Tissue for Mechanical Stretch Studies. Cell Mol Bioeng 2012; 6:175-182. [PMID: 23833689 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-012-0263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human lung tissue donated for research purposes is a precious resource which can enhance the exploration of mechanisms involved in ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). The goal of this work was to establish methods and demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining viable primary human type I-like alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) from remnant tissue, even after a significant lapse in post-mortem time, as well as human precision-cut lung slices (PCLSs), and stretch them at magnitudes correlated with mechanical ventilation volumes. Although after 3 days in culture many of the isolated cells stained for the type II AEC marker pro-surfactant Protein C (pro-SPC), after 6 days in culture the monolayer stained only weakly and non-specifically for pro-SPC, and stained brightly for the type I AEC marker aquaporin-5. A strong zona-occludin 1 stain demonstrated the formation of tight junctions between the cells in the epithelial monolayer after only 3 days in culture. To demonstrate the utility of the preparations for the study of lung injury, we stretched the cells and the PCLSs cyclically, uniformly, and equibiaxially and quantified their viability. Our data show that the described methods allow the utilization of human tissue in in vitro stretch studies investigating VILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Davidovich
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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16
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Moore CJ, Winder SJ. The inside and out of dystroglycan post-translational modification. Neuromuscul Disord 2012; 22:959-65. [PMID: 22770978 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In neuromuscular systems dystroglycan provides a vital link between laminin in the extracellular matrix and dystrophin in the membrane cytoskeleton. The integrity of this link is maintained and regulated by post-translational modifications of dystroglycan that have effects both inside and outside the cell. Glycosylation of α-dystroglycan is crucial for its link to laminin and phosphorylation of β-dystroglycan on tyrosine regulates its association with intracellular binding partners. This short review focuses on some of the recent developments in our understanding of the role of these post-translational modification in regulating dystroglycan function, and how new knowledge of signalling through the laminin-dystroglycan axis is leading to hope for treatment for some neuromuscular diseases associated with this adhesion complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Moore
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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17
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Dystroglycan and dystroglycanopathies: report of the 187th ENMC Workshop 11-13 November 2011, Naarden, The Netherlands. Neuromuscul Disord 2012; 22:659-68. [PMID: 22437172 PMCID: PMC3387367 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Urich D, Eisenberg JL, Hamill KJ, Takawira D, Chiarella SE, Soberanes S, Gonzalez A, Koentgen F, Manghi T, Hopkinson SB, Misharin AV, Perlman H, Mutlu GM, Budinger GRS, Jones JCR. Lung-specific loss of the laminin α3 subunit confers resistance to mechanical injury. J Cell Sci 2012; 124:2927-37. [PMID: 21878500 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.080911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Laminins are heterotrimeric glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix that are secreted by epithelial cells and which are crucial for the normal structure and function of the basement membrane. We have generated a mouse harboring a conditional knockout of α3 laminin (Lama3(fl/fl)), one of the main laminin subunits in the lung basement membrane. At 60 days after intratracheal treatment of adult Lama3(fl/fl) mice with an adenovirus encoding Cre recombinase (Ad-Cre), the protein abundance of α3 laminin in whole lung homogenates was more than 50% lower than that in control-treated mice, suggesting a relatively long half-life for the protein in the lung. Upon exposure to an injurious ventilation strategy (tidal volume of 35 ml per kg of body weight for 2 hours), the mice with a knockdown of the α3 laminin subunit had less severe injury, as shown by lung mechanics, histology, alveolar capillary permeability and survival when compared with Ad-Null-treated mice. Knockdown of the α3 laminin subunit resulted in evidence of lung inflammation. However, this did not account for their resistance to mechanical ventilation. Rather, the loss of α3 laminin was associated with a significant increase in the collagen content of the lungs. We conclude that the loss of α3 laminin in the alveolar epithelium results in an increase in lung collagen, which confers resistance to mechanical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Urich
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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19
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Waters CM, Roan E, Navajas D. Mechanobiology in lung epithelial cells: measurements, perturbations, and responses. Compr Physiol 2012; 2:1-29. [PMID: 23728969 PMCID: PMC4457445 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells of the lung are located at the interface between the environment and the organism and serve many important functions including barrier protection, fluid balance, clearance of particulate, initiation of immune responses, mucus and surfactant production, and repair following injury. Because of the complex structure of the lung and its cyclic deformation during the respiratory cycle, epithelial cells are exposed to continuously varying levels of mechanical stresses. While normal lung function is maintained under these conditions, changes in mechanical stresses can have profound effects on the function of epithelial cells and therefore the function of the organ. In this review, we will describe the types of stresses and strains in the lungs, how these are transmitted, and how these may vary in human disease or animal models. Many approaches have been developed to better understand how cells sense and respond to mechanical stresses, and we will discuss these approaches and how they have been used to study lung epithelial cells in culture. Understanding how cells sense and respond to changes in mechanical stresses will contribute to our understanding of the role of lung epithelial cells during normal function and development and how their function may change in diseases such as acute lung injury, asthma, emphysema, and fibrosis.
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20
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Ljubicic V, Miura P, Burt M, Boudreault L, Khogali S, Lunde JA, Renaud JM, Jasmin BJ. Chronic AMPK activation evokes the slow, oxidative myogenic program and triggers beneficial adaptations in mdx mouse skeletal muscle. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:3478-93. [PMID: 21659335 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A therapeutic approach for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is to up-regulate utrophin in skeletal muscle in an effort to compensate for the lack of dystrophin. We previously hypothesized that promotion of the slow, oxidative myogenic program, which triggers utrophin up-regulation, can attenuate the dystrophic pathology in mdx animals. Since treatment of healthy mice with the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) enhances oxidative capacity and elicits a fast-to-slow fiber-type transition, we evaluated the effects of chronic AMPK stimulation on skeletal muscle phenotype and utrophin expression in mdx mice. Daily AICAR administration (500 mg/kg/day, 30 days) of 5-7-week-old mdx animals induced an elevation in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase enzyme activity, an increase in myosin heavy-chain type IIa-positive fibers and slower twitch contraction kinetics in the fast, glycolytic extensor digitorum longus muscle. Utrophin expression was significantly enhanced in response to AICAR, which occurred coincident with an elevated β-dystroglycan expression along the sarcolemma. These adaptations were associated with an increase in sarcolemmal structural integrity under basal conditions, as well as during damaging eccentric contractions ex vivo. Notably, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) and silent information regulator two ortholog 1 protein contents were significantly higher in muscle from mdx mice compared with wild-type littermates and AICAR further increased PGC-1α expression. Our data show that AICAR-evoked muscle plasticity results in beneficial phenotypic adaptations in mdx mice and suggest that the contextually novel application of this compound for muscular dystrophy warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ljubicic
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
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Eisenberg JL, Safi A, Wei X, Espinosa HD, Budinger GS, Takawira D, Hopkinson SB, Jones JC. Substrate stiffness regulates extracellular matrix deposition by alveolar epithelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [PMID: 23204878 DOI: 10.2147/rrb.s13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM: The aim of the study was to address whether a stiff substrate, a model for pulmonary fibrosis, is responsible for inducing changes in the phenotype of alveolar epithelial cells (AEC) in the lung, including their deposition and organization of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. METHODS: Freshly isolated lung AEC from male Sprague Dawley rats were seeded onto polyacrylamide gel substrates of varying stiffness and analyzed for expression and organization of adhesion, cytoskeletal, differentiation, and ECM components by Western immunoblotting and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS: We observed that substrate stiffness influences cell morphology and the organization of focal adhesions and the actin cytoskeleton. Surprisingly, however, we found that substrate stiffness has no influence on the differentiation of type II into type I AEC, nor does increased substrate stiffness lead to an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In contrast, our data indicate that substrate stiffness regulates the expression of the α3 laminin subunit by AEC and the organization of both fibronectin and laminin in their ECM. CONCLUSIONS: An increase in substrate stiffness leads to enhanced laminin and fibronectin assembly into fibrils, which likely contributes to the disease phenotype in the fibrotic lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Eisenberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA ; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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22
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Takawira D, Budinger GRS, Hopkinson SB, Jones JCR. A dystroglycan/plectin scaffold mediates mechanical pathway bifurcation in lung epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:6301-10. [PMID: 21149456 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.178988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In alveolar epithelial cells (AECs), the membrane-anchored proteoglycan dystroglycan (DG) is a mechanoreceptor that transmits mechanical stretch forces to activate independently the ERK1/2 and the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling cascades in a process called pathway bifurcation. We tested the hypothesis that the cytoskeleton cross-linker plectin, known to bind both DG and AMPK in muscle cells, acts as a scaffold to regulate DG-mediated mechanical stimulation and pathway bifurcation. We demonstrate that plectin and DG form a complex in AECs and that this complex interacts with ERK1/2 and AMPK. Plectin knockdown reduces DG interaction with AMPK but not with ERK1/2. Despite this, mechanoactivation of both signaling pathways is significantly attenuated in AECs deficient in plectin. Thus, DG has the dual role of mechanical receptor and scaffold for ERK1/2, whereas plectin acts as a scaffold for AMPK signaling but is also required for DG-mediated ERK1/2 activation. We conclude that the DG-plectin complex plays a central role in transmitting mechanical stress from the extracellular matrix to the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desire Takawira
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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23
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Hamill KJ, Paller AS, Jones JCR. Adhesion and migration, the diverse functions of the laminin alpha3 subunit. Dermatol Clin 2010; 28:79-87. [PMID: 19945619 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The laminins are a secreted family of heterotrimeric molecules essential for basement membrane formation, structure, and function. It is now well established that the alpha3 subunit of laminins-332, -321, and -311 plays an important role in mediating epidermal-dermal integrity and is essential for the skin to withstand mechanical stresses. These laminins also regulate cell migration and mechanosignal transduction. This article provides an overview of the gene, transcripts, and protein structures of laminin alpha3. Also discussed are the proposed functions for the alpha3 subunit-containing laminins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Hamill
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Tarry 8-746, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Lung function is inextricably linked to mechanics. On short timescales every breath generates dynamic cycles of cell and matrix stretch, along with convection of fluids in the airways and vasculature. Perturbations such airway smooth muscle shortening or surfactant dysfunction rapidly alter respiratory mechanics, with profound influence on lung function. On longer timescales, lung development, maturation, and remodeling all strongly depend on cues from the mechanical environment. Thus mechanics has long played a central role in our developing understanding of lung biology and respiratory physiology. This concise review focuses on progress over the past 5 years in elucidating the molecular origins of lung mechanical behavior, and the cellular signaling events triggered by mechanical perturbations that contribute to lung development, homeostasis, and injury. Special emphasis is placed on the tools and approaches opening new avenues for investigation of lung behavior at integrative cellular and molecular scales. We conclude with a brief summary of selected opportunities and challenges that lie ahead for the lung mechanobiology research community.
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