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Byun J, Tai J, Kim B, Kim J, Jung S, Lee J, Song YW, Shin J, Kim TH. Identification of Hit Compounds Using Artificial Intelligence for the Management of Allergic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2280. [PMID: 38396957 PMCID: PMC10889320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify and evaluate drug candidates targeting the kinase inhibitory region of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 3 for the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR). Utilizing an artificial intelligence (AI)-based new drug development platform, virtual screening was conducted to identify compounds inhibiting the SH2 domain binding of SOCS3. Luminescence assays assessed the ability of these compounds to restore JAK-2 activity diminished by SOCS3. Jurkat T and BEAS-2B cells were utilized to investigate changes in SOCS3 and STAT3 expression, along with STAT3 phosphorylation in response to the identified compounds. In an OVA-induced allergic rhinitis mouse model, we measured serum levels of total IgE and OVA-specific IgE, performed real-time PCR on nasal mucosa samples to quantify Th2 cytokines and IFN-γ expression, and conducted immunohistochemistry to analyze eosinophil levels. Screening identified 20 hit compounds with robust binding affinities. As the concentration of SOCS3 increased, a corresponding decrease in JAK2 activity was observed. Compounds 5 and 8 exhibited significant efficacy in restoring JAK2 activity without toxicity. Treatment with these compounds resulted in reduced SOCS3 expression and the reinstatement of STAT3 phosphorylation in Jurkat T and BEAS-2B cells. In the OVA-induced allergic rhinitis mouse model, compounds 5 and 8 effectively alleviated nasal symptoms and demonstrated lower levels of immune markers compared to the allergy group. This study underscores the promising nonclinical efficacy of compounds identified through the AI-based drug development platform. These findings introduce innovative strategies for the treatment of AR and highlight the potential therapeutic value of targeting SOCS3 in managing AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhyoung Byun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, 02842 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Mucosal Immunology Institute, College of Medicine, Korea University, 02842 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhu Tai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, 02842 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungjae Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, 02842 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, College of Medicine, Korea University, 02842 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyeong Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, 02842 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Mucosal Immunology Institute, College of Medicine, Korea University, 02842 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Semyung Jung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, 02842 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyun Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, 02842 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn woo Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, 02842 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Mucosal Immunology Institute, College of Medicine, Korea University, 02842 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemin Shin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, 02842 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Mucosal Immunology Institute, College of Medicine, Korea University, 02842 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, 02842 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Mucosal Immunology Institute, College of Medicine, Korea University, 02842 Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Jafarzadeh A, Chauhan P, Nemati M, Jafarzadeh S, Yoshimura A. Aberrant expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) molecules contributes to the development of allergic diseases. Clin Exp Allergy 2023; 53:1147-1161. [PMID: 37641429 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins bind to certain cytokine receptors, Janus kinases and signalling molecules to regulate signalling pathways, thus controlling immune and inflammatory responses. Dysregulated expression of various types of SOCS molecules was indicated in multiple types of allergic diseases. SOCS1, SOCS2, SOCS3, SOCS5, and cytokine-inducible SH2 domain protein (CISH) can differentially exert anti-allergic impacts through different mechanisms, such as suppressing Th2 cell development and activation, reducing eosinophilia, decreasing IgE production, repressing production of pro-allergic chemokines, promoting Treg cell differentiation and activation, suppressing Th17 cell differentiation and activation, increasing anti-allergic Th1 responses, inhibiting M2 macrophage polarization, modulating survival and development of mast cells, reducing pro-allergic activity of keratinocytes, and suppressing pulmonary fibrosis. Although some anti-allergic effects were attributed to SOCS3, it can perform pro-allergic impacts through several pathways, such as promoting Th2 cell development and activation, supporting eosinophilia, boosting pro-allergic activity of eosinophils, increasing IgE production, enhancing the expression of the pro-allergic chemokine receptor, reducing Treg cell differentiation, increasing pro-allergic Th9 responses, as well as supporting mucus secretion and collagen deposition. In this review, we discuss the contrasting roles of SOCS proteins in contexts of allergic disorders to provide new insights regarding the pathophysiology of these diseases and possibly explore SOCS proteins as potential therapeutic targets for alleviating allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Prashant Chauhan
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Department of Hematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Sara Jafarzadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Mise-Omata S, Ando M, Srirat T, Nakagawara K, Hayakawa T, Iizuka-Koga M, Nishimasu H, Nureki O, Ito M, Yoshimura A. SOCS3 deletion in effector T cells confers an anti-tumorigenic role of IL-6 to the pro-tumorigenic cytokine. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112940. [PMID: 37582370 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6 is abundantly expressed in the tumor microenvironment and is associated with poor patient outcomes. Here, we demonstrate that the deletion of the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) in T cells potentiates anti-tumor immune responses by conferring the anti-tumorigenic function of IL-6 in mouse and human models. In Socs3-deficient CD8+ T cells, IL-6 upregulates the expression of type I interferon (IFN)-regulated genes and enhances the anti-tumor effector function of T cells, while also modifying mitochondrial fitness to increase mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and to promote metabolic glycolysis in the energy state. Furthermore, Socs3 deficiency reduces regulatory T cells and increases T helper 1 (Th1) cells. SOCS3 knockdown in human chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells exhibits a strong anti-tumor response in humanized mice. Thus, genetic disruption of SOCS3 offers an avenue to improve the therapeutic efficacy of adoptive T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setsuko Mise-Omata
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Makoto Ando
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tanakorn Srirat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Nakagawara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taeko Hayakawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mana Iizuka-Koga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishimasu
- Structural Biology Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minako Ito
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Multi-Omic Profiles in Infants at Risk for Food Reactions. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13112024. [DOI: 10.3390/genes13112024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Food reactions (FR) are multifactorial and impacted by medical, demographic, environmental, and immunologic factors. We hypothesized that multi-omic analyses of host-microbial factors in saliva would enhance our understanding of FR development. This longitudinal cohort study included 164 infants followed from birth through two years. The infants were identified as FR (n = 34) or non-FR (n = 130) using the Infant Feeding Practice II survey and medical record confirmation. Saliva was collected at six months for the multi-omic assessment of cytokines, mRNAs, microRNAs, and the microbiome/virome. The levels of one miRNA (miR-203b-3p, adj. p = 0.043, V = 2913) and one viral phage (Proteus virus PM135, adj. p = 0.027, V = 2955) were lower among infants that developed FRs. The levels of one bacterial phylum (Cyanobacteria, adj. p = 0.048, V = 1515) were higher among infants that developed FR. Logistical regression models revealed that the addition of multi-omic features (miR-203b-3p, Cyanobacteria, and Proteus virus PM135) improved predictiveness for future FRs in infants (p = 0.005, X2 = 12.9), predicting FRs with 72% accuracy (AUC = 0.81, sensitivity = 72%, specificity = 72%). The multi-omic analysis of saliva may enhance the accurate identification of infants at risk of FRs and provide insights into the host/microbiome interactions that predispose certain infants to FRs.
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Gao J, Xia Z, Vohidova D, Joseph J, Luo JN, Joshi N. Progress in non-viral localized delivery of siRNA therapeutics for pulmonary diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 13:1400-1428. [PMID: 37139423 PMCID: PMC10150162 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging therapies based on localized delivery of siRNA to lungs have opened up exciting possibilities for treatment of different lung diseases. Localized delivery of siRNA to lungs has shown to result in severalfold higher lung accumulation than systemic route, while minimizing non-specific distribution in other organs. However, to date, only 2 clinical trials have explored localized delivery of siRNA for pulmonary diseases. Here we systematically reviewed recent advances in the field of pulmonary delivery of siRNA using non-viral approaches. We firstly introduce the routes of local administration and analyze the anatomical and physiological barriers towards effective local delivery of siRNA in lungs. We then discuss current progress in pulmonary delivery of siRNA for respiratory tract infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, acute lung injury, and lung cancer, list outstanding questions, and highlight directions for future research. We expect this review to provide a comprehensive understanding of current advances in pulmonary delivery of siRNA.
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Kim EG, Leem JS, Baek SM, Kim HR, Kim KW, Kim MN, Sohn MH. Interleukin-18 Receptor α Modulates the T Cell Response in Food Allergy. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2022; 14:424-438. [PMID: 35837825 PMCID: PMC9293601 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2022.14.4.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Methods Results Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Gyul Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Su Leem
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Min Baek
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Rin Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Won Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Na Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung Hyun Sohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Xu K, Wu N, Min Z, Li Z, Zhu T, Liu C, Zeng Y, Song J, Mao R, Ji H, Jiang Z, Chen Z. Adoptive transfer of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) alleviates OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation in asthmatic mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13915. [PMID: 32807859 PMCID: PMC7431555 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway dendritic cells (DCs) are recognized as important factors in the mechanisms of allergic inflammatory diseases. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) is involved in regulating the functions of T cells and macrophages, but the roles of SOCS3-expressing DCs in the pathogeneses of allergic inflammatory diseases are still controversial. We compared the effects of adoptively transferred SOCS3-/- and SOCS3+/+ bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) on airway inflammation in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized asthmatic mice. Adoptive transfer of mature DCs (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]-induced DCs, DClps) with or without SOCS3 gene expression significantly ameliorated allergic airway inflammation. SOCS3-/- DCs slightly attenuated BMDC-induced immunogenic tolerance. DClps migrated to OVA-sensitized lungs with higher efficiency than immature DCs (DCim). DClps with or without SOCS3 greatly improved lung pathology scores and alleviated airway inflammatory cell infiltration after adoptive transfer into mice; they also increased interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) production and inhibited signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 4 and STAT6 signaling in the lungs after OVA sensitization. In conclusion, the BMDC adoptive transfer-induced immunogenic tolerance in OVA-sensitized mice might not be due to SOCS3 gene depletion. BMDC adoptive transfer may be developed into a new approach that alleviates asthma by modulating the balance between immune tolerance and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Xu
- Geriatric Department of Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Respiratory Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Geriatric Department of Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Respiratory Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihui Min
- Research Center of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Research Center of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Chunfang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuzhen Zeng
- Respiratory Division of Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Respiratory Disease, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Song
- Respiratory Division of Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Respiratory Disease, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruolin Mao
- Respiratory Division of Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Respiratory Disease, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Ji
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Zhilong Jiang
- Respiratory Division of Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Respiratory Disease, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhihong Chen
- Respiratory Division of Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Respiratory Disease, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, China.
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Lin X, Lv J, Ge D, Bai H, Yang Y, Wu J. Heme oxygenase-1 alleviates eosinophilic inflammation by inhibiting STAT3-SOCS3 signaling. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020; 55:1440-1447. [PMID: 32297710 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Airway inflammation of eosinophilic asthma (EA) attributes to Th2 response, leaving the role of Th17 response unknown. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) induce both suppressors of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) and retinoic acid receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor γ (RORγt) to initiate Th17 cell differentiation which is inhibited by SOCS3, a negative feedback regulator of STAT3. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a stress-responsive, cytoprotective, and immunoregulatory molecular. Two other isoforms of the enzyme includes HO-2 and HO-3. Because HO-2 does not exhibit stress-related upregulation and distributes mainly in nervous system and HO-3 shows a low enzymatic activity, we tested a hypothesized anti-inflammatory role for HO-1 in EA by inhibiting STAT3-SOCS3 signaling. Animal model was established with Ovalbumin in wild type Balb/C mice. Hemin or SNPP was intraperitoneally (IP) injected ahead of the animal model to induce or inhibit HO-1 expression. Airway inflammation was evaluated by bronchoalveolar lavage, hematoxyline and eosin staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blot analysis. In vivo results showed that HO-1 induction inhibited phosphorylation of STAT3 and expression of SOCS3 and RORγt, decreased Th2 and Th17 immune responses, and alleviated airway inflammation. In vitro results revealed that HO-1 inhibited phosphorylation of STAT3 and expression of SOCS3 in naive CD4+ T cells. These findings identify HO-1 induction as a potential therapeutic strategy for EA treatment by reducing STAT3 phosphorylation, STAT3-SOCS3-mediated Th2/Th17 immune responses, and ultimate allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiajia Lv
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dandan Ge
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Haitao Bai
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yungang Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinzhun Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Phung CD, Nguyen HT, Tran TH, Choi HG, Yong CS, Kim JO. Rational combination immunotherapeutic approaches for effective cancer treatment. J Control Release 2018; 294:114-130. [PMID: 30553850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is an important mode of cancer treatment. Over the past decades, immunotherapy has improved the clinical outcome for cancer patients. However, in many cases, mutations in cancer cells, lack of selectivity, insufficiency of tumor-reactive T cells, and host immunosuppression limit the clinical benefit of immunotherapy. Combination approaches in immunotherapy may overcome these obstacles. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that combination immunotherapy is the future of cancer treatment. However, designing safe and rational combinations of immunotherapy with other treatment modalities is critical. This review will discuss the optimal immunotherapy-based combinations mainly with respect to the mechanisms of action of individual therapeutic agents that target multiple steps in evasion and progression of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Dai Phung
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Deahak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanh Thuy Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Deahak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuan Hiep Tran
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Han-Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55, Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Soon Yong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Deahak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Deahak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
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Ansari AS, Santerre PJ, Uludağ H. Biomaterials for polynucleotide delivery to anchorage-independent cells. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:7238-7261. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb01833a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Comparison of various chemical vectors used for polynucleotide delivery to mammalian anchorage-independent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysha S. Ansari
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
| | - Paul J. Santerre
- Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Hasan Uludağ
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
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Li JG, DU YM, Yan ZD, Yan J, Zhuansun YX, Chen R, Zhang W, Feng SL, Ran PX. CD80 and CD86 knockdown in dendritic cells regulates Th1/Th2 cytokine production in asthmatic mice. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:878-884. [PMID: 26998006 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.2989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are associated with the activation and differentiation of T helper (Th) cells. Cluster of differentiation (CD)80 and CD86, the co-stimulatory molecules highly expressed in DCs, have are prominent in promoting the differentiation of Th cells toward Th2 cells. However, little is known about the effect of CD80 and CD86 knockdown on Th1/Th2 cytokine production in mature DCs (mDCs). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether small-interfering RNA (siRNA) could suppress the surface expression of CD80 and CD86 in mDCs. The effects of CD80 and CD86 knockdown in mDCs on Th1/Th2 cytokine expression were examined using an asthmatic murine model. DCs were isolated, separated and cultured in vitro. Flow cytometry was used to examine the expression of CD11c, CD80 and CD86 on the DCs. The DCs were transfected with CD80- and CD86-specific siRNA, while non-siRNA and negative siRNA controls were also designed. Then, the mRNA and protein expression levels of CD80 and CD86 were determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry, respectively. The levels of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-4 produced by T cells co-cultured with mDCs were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Substantial downregulation of CD80 and CD86 mRNA and protein levels were observed in the mDCs following transfection with siRNA. The level of IFN-γ produced by T cells co-cultured with mDCs was significantly increased in the siRNA group, while IL-4 production was significantly decreased. These results show that specific targeting of CD80 and CD86 with siRNA is able to suppress CD80/CD86 expression and consequently regulate Th1/Th2 cytokine levels by increasing IFN-γ production and decreasing IL-4 levels in an asthmatic murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Guo Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Mo DU
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Dong Yan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Jia Yan
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Xun Zhuansun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Su-Ling Feng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Pi-Xin Ran
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
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Abstract
The therapeutic potential of dendritic cell (DC) cancer vaccines has gained momentum in recent years. However, clinical data indicate that antitumor immune responses generally fail to translate into measurable tumor regression. This has been ascribed to a variety of tolerance mechanisms, one of which is the expression of immunosuppressive factors by DCs and T cells. With respect to cancer immunotherapies, these factors antagonise the ability to induce robust and sustained immunity required for tumor cell eradication. Gene silencing of immunosuppressive factors in either DCs or adoptive transferred T cells enhanced anti-tumor immune responses and significantly inhibited tumor growth. Therefore, engineered next generation of DC vaccines or adoptive T-cell therapy should include immunomodulatory siRNAs to release the "brakes" imposed by the immune system. Moreover, the combination of gene silencing, antigen targeting to DCs and cytoplasmic cargo delivery will improve clinical benefits.
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Key Words
- AML, acute myeloid leukemia
- CMV, human cytomegalovirus
- CTLA4, T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4
- DC, Dendritic cells
- Gal, galectin hTERT, human telomerase reverse transcriptase
- IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
- IL, interleukin
- INF, interferon
- NK, natural killer
- PD1, programmed cell death
- RNA interference
- RNAi, RNA interference
- SOCS1, suppressor of cytokine signaling
- STAT, Signal transducer and activator of transcription
- T-cell therapy
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TLR, toll like receptor
- Treg, Regulatory T
- cancer vaccine
- gene silencing
- immunotherapy
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
- targeted therapies
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouldy Sioud
- a Department of Immunology; Institute for Cancer Research ; Oslo University Hospital ; Montebello , Norway
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Yin Y, Liu W, Dai Y. SOCS3 and its role in associated diseases. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:775-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zafra MP, Cañas JA, Mazzeo C, Gámez C, Sanz V, Fernández-Nieto M, Quirce S, Barranco P, Ruiz-Hornillos J, Sastre J, del Pozo V. SOCS3 silencing attenuates eosinophil functions in asthma patients. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:5434-51. [PMID: 25764157 PMCID: PMC4394485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16035434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are one of the key inflammatory cells in asthma. Eosinophils can exert a wide variety of actions through expression and secretion of multiple molecules. Previously, we have demonstrated that eosinophils purified from peripheral blood from asthma patients express high levels of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3). In this article, SOCS3 gene silencing in eosinophils from asthmatics has been carried out to achieve a better understanding of the suppressor function in eosinophils. SOCS3 siRNA treatment drastically reduced SOCS3 expression in eosinophils, leading to an inhibition of the regulatory transcription factors GATA-3 and FoxP3, also interleukin (IL)-10; in turn, an increased STAT3 phosphorilation was observed. Moreover, SOCS3 abrogation in eosinophils produced impaired migration, adhesion and degranulation. Therefore, SOCS3 might be regarded as an important regulator implicated in eosinophil mobilization from the bone marrow to the lungs during the asthmatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mª Paz Zafra
- Department of Immunology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain; E-Mails: (M.P.Z.); (J.A.C.); (C.M.); (C.G.); (V.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomedica En Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; E-Mails: (M.F.-N.); (S.Q.); (P.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Jose A. Cañas
- Department of Immunology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain; E-Mails: (M.P.Z.); (J.A.C.); (C.M.); (C.G.); (V.S.)
| | - Carla Mazzeo
- Department of Immunology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain; E-Mails: (M.P.Z.); (J.A.C.); (C.M.); (C.G.); (V.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomedica En Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; E-Mails: (M.F.-N.); (S.Q.); (P.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Cristina Gámez
- Department of Immunology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain; E-Mails: (M.P.Z.); (J.A.C.); (C.M.); (C.G.); (V.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomedica En Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; E-Mails: (M.F.-N.); (S.Q.); (P.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Veronica Sanz
- Department of Immunology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain; E-Mails: (M.P.Z.); (J.A.C.); (C.M.); (C.G.); (V.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomedica En Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; E-Mails: (M.F.-N.); (S.Q.); (P.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Mar Fernández-Nieto
- Centro de Investigación Biomedica En Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; E-Mails: (M.F.-N.); (S.Q.); (P.B.); (J.S.)
- Department of Allergy, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Quirce
- Centro de Investigación Biomedica En Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; E-Mails: (M.F.-N.); (S.Q.); (P.B.); (J.S.)
- Department of Allergy, Hospital La Paz Health Research Institute (IdiPAZ), 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Barranco
- Centro de Investigación Biomedica En Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; E-Mails: (M.F.-N.); (S.Q.); (P.B.); (J.S.)
- Department of Allergy, Hospital La Paz Health Research Institute (IdiPAZ), 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Ruiz-Hornillos
- Department of Allergy, Hospital Infanta Elena, Valdemoro, 28342 Madrid, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Joaquín Sastre
- Centro de Investigación Biomedica En Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; E-Mails: (M.F.-N.); (S.Q.); (P.B.); (J.S.)
- Department of Allergy, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria del Pozo
- Department of Immunology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain; E-Mails: (M.P.Z.); (J.A.C.); (C.M.); (C.G.); (V.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomedica En Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; E-Mails: (M.F.-N.); (S.Q.); (P.B.); (J.S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-915-504-891; Fax: +34-915-448-246
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15
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Rottenberg ME, Carow B. SOCS3 and STAT3, major controllers of the outcome of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:518-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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16
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Asai-Tajiri Y, Matsumoto K, Fukuyama S, Kan-O K, Nakano T, Tonai K, Ohno T, Azuma M, Inoue H, Nakanishi Y. Small interfering RNA against CD86 during allergen challenge blocks experimental allergic asthma. Respir Res 2014; 15:132. [PMID: 25344652 PMCID: PMC4216659 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-014-0132-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD86-CD28 interaction has been suggested as the principal costimulatory pathway for the activation and differentiation of naïve T cells in allergic inflammation. However, it remains uncertain whether this pathway also has an essential role in the effector phase. We sought to determine the contribution of CD86 on dendritic cells in the reactivation of allergen-specific Th2 cells. Methods We investigated the effects of the downregulation of CD86 by short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) on Th2 cytokine production in the effector phase in vitro and on asthma phenotypes in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized and -challenged mice. Results Treatment of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) with CD86 siRNA attenuated LPS-induced upregulation of CD86. CD86 siRNA treatment impaired BMDCs’ ability to activate OVA-specific Th2 cells. Intratracheal administration of CD86 siRNA during OVA challenge downregulated CD86 expression in the airway mucosa. CD86 siRNA treatment ameliorated OVA-induced airway eosinophilia, airway hyperresponsiveness, and the elevations of OVA-specific IgE in the sera and IL-5, IL-13, and CCL17 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, but not the goblet cell hyperplasia. Conclusion These results suggest that local administration of CD86 siRNA during the effector phase ameliorates lines of asthma phenotypes. Targeting airway dendritic cells with siRNA suppresses airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in an experimental model of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Asai-Tajiri
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Koichiro Matsumoto
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Satoru Fukuyama
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Keiko Kan-O
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Takako Nakano
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Ken Tonai
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Tatsukuni Ohno
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Miyuki Azuma
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiromasa Inoue
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. .,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | - Yoichi Nakanishi
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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17
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Suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins as guardians of inflammatory responses critical for regulating insulin sensitivity. Biochem J 2014; 461:177-88. [PMID: 24966052 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Overactivation of immune pathways in obesity is an important cause of insulin resistance and thus new approaches aimed to limit inflammation or its consequences may be effective for treating Type 2 diabetes. The SOCS (suppressors of cytokine signalling) are a family of proteins that play an essential role in mediating inflammatory responses in both immune cells and metabolic organs such as the liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. In the present review we discuss the role of SOCS1 and SOCS3 in controlling immune cells such as macrophages and T-cells and the impact this can have on systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. We also dissect the mechanisms by which SOCS (1-7) regulate insulin signalling in different tissues including their impact on the insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrates. Lastly, we discuss the important findings from SOCS whole-body and tissue-specific null mice, which implicate an important role for these proteins in controlling insulin action and glucose homoeostasis in obesity.
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18
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Mazzeo C, Gámez C, Rodriguez Marco A, de Zulueta A, Sanz V, Bilbao I, Ruiz-Cabello J, Zubeldia JM, del Pozo V. Gene silencing of SOCS3 by siRNA intranasal delivery inhibits asthma phenotype in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91996. [PMID: 24637581 PMCID: PMC3956882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppresors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins regulate cytokine responses and control immune balance. Several studies have confirmed that SOCS3 is increased in asthmatic patients, and SOCS3 expression is correlated with disease severity. The objective of this study was to evaluate if delivering of SOCS3 short interfering RNA (siRNA) intranasally in lungs could be a good therapeutic approach in an asthma chronic mouse model. Our results showed that intranasal treatment with SOCS3-siRNA led to an improvement in the eosinophil count and the normalization of hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. Concomitantly, this treatment resulted in an improvement in mucus secretion, a reduction in lung collagen, which are prominent features of airway remodeling. The mechanism implies JAK/STAT and RhoA/Rho-kinase signaling pathway, because we found a decreasing in STAT3 phosphorylation status and down regulation of RhoA/Rho-kinase protein expression. These results might lead to a new therapy for the treatment of chronic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Paz Zafra
- Department of Immunology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carla Mazzeo
- Department of Immunology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Gámez
- Department of Immunology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana de Zulueta
- Department of Immunology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Veronica Sanz
- Department of Immunology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Izaskun Bilbao
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
- Advanced Imaging Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, and Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Ruiz-Cabello
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
- Advanced Imaging Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, and Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M. Zubeldia
- Allergy Section and Experimental Medicine Unit, Gregorio Marañón Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria del Pozo
- Department of Immunology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Carow B, Rottenberg ME. SOCS3, a Major Regulator of Infection and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2014; 5:58. [PMID: 24600449 PMCID: PMC3928676 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we describe the role of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3) in modulating the outcome of infections and autoimmune diseases as well as the underlying mechanisms. SOCS3 regulates cytokine or hormone signaling usually preventing, but in some cases aggravating, a variety of diseases. A main role of SOCS3 results from its binding to both the JAK kinase and the cytokine receptor, which results in the inhibition of STAT3 activation. Available data also indicate that SOCS3 can regulate signaling via other STATs than STAT3 and also controls cellular pathways unrelated to STAT activation. SOCS3 might either act directly by hampering JAK activation or by mediating the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasome degradation of the cytokine/growth factor/hormone receptor. Inflammation and infection stimulate SOCS3 expression in different myeloid and lymphoid cell populations as well as in diverse non-hematopoietic cells. The accumulated data suggest a relevant program coordinated by SOCS3 in different cell populations, devoted to the control of immune homeostasis in physiological and pathological conditions such as infection and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Carow
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Martin E Rottenberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
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20
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Kyogoku C, Smiljanovic B, Grün JR, Biesen R, Schulte-Wrede U, Häupl T, Hiepe F, Alexander T, Radbruch A, Grützkau A. Cell-specific type I IFN signatures in autoimmunity and viral infection: what makes the difference? PLoS One 2013; 8:e83776. [PMID: 24391825 PMCID: PMC3877094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) has revealed a crucial role for type I interferon (IFN) in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, it is unclear how particular leucocyte subsets contribute to the overall type I IFN signature of PBMCs and whole blood samples.Furthermore, a detailed analysis describing the differences in the IFN signature in autoimmune diseases from that observed after viral infection has not been performed to date. Therefore, in this study, the transcriptional responses in peripheral T helper cells (CD4+) and monocyte subsets (CD16− inflammatory and CD16+ resident monocytes) isolated from patients with SLE, healthy donors (ND) immunised with the yellow fever vaccine YFV-17Dand untreated controls were compared by global gene expression profiling.It was striking that all of the transcripts that were regulated in response to viral exposure were also found to be differentially regulated in SLE, albeit with markedly lower fold-change values. In addition to this common IFN signature, a pathogenic IFN-associated gene signature was detected in the CD4+ T cells and monocytes from the lupus patients. IL-10, IL-9 and IL-15-mediated JAK/STAT signalling was shown to be involved in the pathological amplification of IFN responses observed in SLE. Type I IFN signatures identified were successfully applied for the monitoring of interferon responses in PBMCs of an independent cohort of SLE patients and virus-infected individuals. Moreover, these cell-type specific gene signatures allowed a correct classification of PBMCs independent from their heterogenic cellular composition. In conclusion, our data show for the first time that monocytes and CD4 cells are sensitive biosensors to monitor type I interferon response signatures in autoimmunity and viral infection and how these transriptional responses are modulated in a cell- and disease-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieko Kyogoku
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, An Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- University of Tsukuba Hospital, Amakubo, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan
| | - Biljana Smiljanovic
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, An Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim R. Grün
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, An Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Biesen
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, An Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ursula Schulte-Wrede
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, An Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Häupl
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Hiepe
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, An Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Alexander
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, An Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, An Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Grützkau
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, An Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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21
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Freeley M, Long A. The two hit hypothesis: An improved method for siRNA-mediated gene silencing in stimulated primary human T cells. J Immunol Methods 2013; 396:116-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Advances in siRNA delivery to T-cells: potential clinical applications for inflammatory disease, cancer and infection. Biochem J 2013; 455:133-47. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20130950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The specificity of RNAi and its ability to silence ‘undruggable’ targets has made inhibition of gene expression in T-cells with siRNAs an attractive potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of inflammatory disease, cancer and infection. However, delivery of siRNAs into primary T-cells represents a major hurdle to their use as potential therapeutic agents. Recent advances in siRNA delivery through the use of electroporation/nucleofection, viral vectors, peptides/proteins, nanoparticles, aptamers and other agents have now enabled efficient gene silencing in primary T-cells both in vitro and in vivo. Overcoming such barriers in siRNA delivery offers exciting new prospects for directly targeting T-cells systemically with siRNAs, or adoptively transferring T-cells back into patients following ex vivo manipulation with siRNAs. In the present review, we outline the challenges in delivering siRNAs into primary T-cells and discuss the mechanism and therapeutic opportunities of each delivery method. We emphasize studies that have exploited RNAi-mediated gene silencing in T-cells for the treatment of inflammatory disease, cancer and infection using mouse models. We also discuss the potential therapeutic benefits of manipulating T-cells using siRNAs for the treatment of human diseases.
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23
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Lan F, Zhang N, Zhang J, Krysko O, Zhang Q, Xian J, Derycke L, Qi Y, Li K, Liu S, Lin P, Bachert C. Forkhead box protein 3 in human nasal polyp regulatory T cells is regulated by the protein suppressor of cytokine signaling 3. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:1314-21. [PMID: 23910692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with persistent upper airway inflammation, the number of forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3)(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells is reduced, but the regulation of Foxp3 expression in Treg cells is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE We investigated the interaction between suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) and Foxp3 expression in the airway mucosa. METHODS Expression of SOCS3 and Foxp3 was measured in tissue from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and control tissue. Coexpression of SOCS3 and Foxp3 was evaluated in PBMCs and in tissue from patients with CRSwNP. We also switched off and overexpressed SOCS3 in tissue from patients with CRSwNP and in pancreatic carcinoma epithelial-like cell line (PANC-1) cells and examined the effect on Foxp3 expression. RESULTS SOCS3 gene and protein expression was upregulated in inflammatory cells in airway mucosa, whereas Foxp3 gene and protein expression was downregulated. Mucosal Treg cells coexpressed both proteins. Switching off the expression of SOCS3 in human airway mucosa resulted in Foxp3 upregulation, whereas inducing it in PANC-1 cells led to Foxp3 downregulation. We also found that phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 was decreased in inflamed mucosa, and we hypothesized that SOCS3 was responsible. Phosphorylation of STAT3 increased on silencing SOCS3 expression in inflamed mucosa and decreased on SOCS3 plasmid transfection in PANC-1 cells. CONCLUSION For the first time, we demonstrate that SOCS3 and Foxp3 are coexpressed in Treg cells in human nasal mucosa and that SOCS3 negatively regulates Foxp3 expression in human airway mucosa, possibly through phosphorylation of STAT3. Hence SOCS3 could be a potential target for restoring Foxp3 expression in Treg cells in patients with persistent mucosal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lan
- Division of Geriatrics, Center for Medical Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Upper Airways Research Laboratory, ENT Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Yan C, Ward PA, Wang X, Gao H. Myeloid depletion of SOCS3 enhances LPS-induced acute lung injury through CCAAT/enhancer binding protein δ pathway. FASEB J 2013; 27:2967-76. [PMID: 23585399 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-225797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although uncontrolled inflammatory response plays a central role in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI), the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the development of this disorder remain poorly understood. SOCS3 is an important negative regulator of IL-6-type cytokine signaling. SOCS3 is induced in lung during LPS-induced lung injury, suggesting that generation of SOCS3 may represent a regulatory product during ALI. In the current study, we created mice lacking SOCS3 expression in macrophages and neutrophils (LysM-cre SOCS3(fl/fl)). We evaluated the lung inflammatory response to LPS in both LysM-cre SOCS3(fl/fl) mice and the wild-type (WT) mice (SOCS3(fl/fl)). LysM-cre SOCS3(fl/fl) mice displayed significant increase of the lung permeability index (lung vascular leak of albumin), neutrophils, lung neutrophil accumulation (myeloperoxidase activity), and proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines in bronchial alveolar lavage fluids compared to WT mice. These phenotypes were consistent with morphological evaluation of lung, which showed enhanced inflammatory cell influx and intra-alveolar hemorrhage. We further identify the transcription factor, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) δ as a critical downstream target of SOCS3 in LPS-induced ALI. These results indicate that SOCS3 has a protective role in LPS-induced ALI by suppressing C/EBPδ activity in the lung. Elucidating the function of SOCS3 would represent prospective targets for a new generation of drugs needed to treat ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunguang Yan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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de Oliveira Henriques MDGM, Penido C. γδ T Lymphocytes Coordinate Eosinophil Influx during Allergic Responses. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:200. [PMID: 23316161 PMCID: PMC3540995 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue eosinophil infiltration, which is a hallmark of allergic and helminthic diseases, is mainly coordinated by T lymphocytes, via the production of eosinophilotactic chemokines. Among T lymphocyte subsets, lymphocytes expressing γδ T cell receptor have been determined as a key factor for eosinophil accumulation via direct and indirect mechanisms. This knowledge is strongly supported by the fact that, in different experimental models of eosinophilic airway inflammation and helminth-induced Th2 lung inflammation, an evident tissue accumulation of γδ T lymphocytes is observed. In addition, the depletion of γδ T lymphocytes is correlated with the impairment of eosinophil accumulation in inflamed tissue. γδ T lymphocytes are non-conventional T lymphocytes, which comprise a minor T lymphocyte subset, mainly distributed in the tissue, and present crucial roles in innate and acquired immune responses. γδ T lymphocytes recognize several danger- and pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules and stress antigens in a MHC-independent fashion and can provide rapid tissue-specific responses, via the production of a wide range of chemical mediators capable to modulate other cell populations. These mediators include chemoattractant cytokines and chemokines that attract eosinophils into the tissue by either direct recognition (such as IL-5, CCL11/eotaxin), or indirect mechanisms via the modulation of αβ T lymphocytes and macrophages (through the production of interferon-γ, IL-4, and CCL2/Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MCP-1, for example). The present review presents an overview of how γδ T lymphocytes coordinate eosinophil accumulation in allergy, by focusing on their role in airway inflammation and by discussing the involvement of cytokines and chemokines in this phenomenon.
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Hao K, Bossé Y, Nickle DC, Paré PD, Postma DS, Laviolette M, Sandford A, Hackett TL, Daley D, Hogg JC, Elliott WM, Couture C, Lamontagne M, Brandsma CA, van den Berge M, Koppelman G, Reicin AS, Nicholson DW, Malkov V, Derry JM, Suver C, Tsou JA, Kulkarni A, Zhang C, Vessey R, Opiteck GJ, Curtis SP, Timens W, Sin DD. Lung eQTLs to help reveal the molecular underpinnings of asthma. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1003029. [PMID: 23209423 PMCID: PMC3510026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified loci reproducibly associated with pulmonary diseases; however, the molecular mechanism underlying these associations are largely unknown. The objectives of this study were to discover genetic variants affecting gene expression in human lung tissue, to refine susceptibility loci for asthma identified in GWAS studies, and to use the genetics of gene expression and network analyses to find key molecular drivers of asthma. We performed a genome-wide search for expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) in 1,111 human lung samples. The lung eQTL dataset was then used to inform asthma genetic studies reported in the literature. The top ranked lung eQTLs were integrated with the GWAS on asthma reported by the GABRIEL consortium to generate a Bayesian gene expression network for discovery of novel molecular pathways underpinning asthma. We detected 17,178 cis- and 593 trans- lung eQTLs, which can be used to explore the functional consequences of loci associated with lung diseases and traits. Some strong eQTLs are also asthma susceptibility loci. For example, rs3859192 on chr17q21 is robustly associated with the mRNA levels of GSDMA (P = 3.55×10−151). The genetic-gene expression network identified the SOCS3 pathway as one of the key drivers of asthma. The eQTLs and gene networks identified in this study are powerful tools for elucidating the causal mechanisms underlying pulmonary disease. This data resource offers much-needed support to pinpoint the causal genes and characterize the molecular function of gene variants associated with lung diseases. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic variants associated with lung diseases. The challenge now is to find the causal genes in GWAS–nominated chromosomal regions and to characterize the molecular function of disease-associated genetic variants. In this paper, we describe an international effort to systematically capture the genetic architecture of gene expression regulation in human lung. By studying lung specimens from 1,111 individuals of European ancestry, we found a large number of genetic variants affecting gene expression in the lung, or lung expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL). These lung eQTLs will serve as an important resource to aid in the understanding of the molecular underpinnings of lung biology and its disruption in disease. To demonstrate the utility of this lung eQTL dataset, we integrated our data with previous genetic studies on asthma. Through integrative techniques, we identified causal variants and genes in GWAS–nominated loci and found key molecular drivers for asthma. We feel that sharing our lung eQTLs dataset with the scientific community will leverage the impact of previous large-scale GWAS on lung diseases and function by providing much needed functional information to understand the molecular changes introduced by the susceptibility genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Hao
- Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Merck, Rahway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Genetics, Rosetta Inpharmatics, Merck, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yohan Bossé
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, Canada
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Québec City, Canada
| | - David C. Nickle
- Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Merck, Rahway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Genetics, Rosetta Inpharmatics, Merck, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter D. Paré
- The University of British Columbia James Hogg Research Laboratory, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
- Respiratory Division, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Dirkje S. Postma
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Laviolette
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Québec City, Canada
| | - Andrew Sandford
- The University of British Columbia James Hogg Research Laboratory, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
- Respiratory Division, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Tillie L. Hackett
- The University of British Columbia James Hogg Research Laboratory, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Denise Daley
- The University of British Columbia James Hogg Research Laboratory, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
- Respiratory Division, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - James C. Hogg
- The University of British Columbia James Hogg Research Laboratory, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - W. Mark Elliott
- The University of British Columbia James Hogg Research Laboratory, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christian Couture
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Québec City, Canada
| | - Maxime Lamontagne
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Québec City, Canada
| | - Corry-Anke Brandsma
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten van den Berge
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Koppelman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Christine Suver
- Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wim Timens
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Don D. Sin
- The University of British Columbia James Hogg Research Laboratory, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
- Respiratory Division, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Abstract
AbstractSOCS3 is a feedback regulator of cytokine signaling that affects T-cell polarization. Human tuberculosis is accompanied by increased SOCS3 expression in T cells, and this may influence susceptibility against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Because the role of SOCS3 in human T-cell function is not well defined, we characterized cytokine expression and proliferation of human T cells with differential SOCS3 expression in the present study. We established a flow cytometry–based method for SOCS3 protein quantification and detected higher SOCS3 levels induced by M tuberculosis specific T-cell activation and a transient decrease of SOCS3 expression in the presence of mycobacteria-infected macrophages. Notably increased SOCS3 expression was detected in IL-17–expressing T-cell clones and in CD161+ T helper type 17 cells ex vivo. Ectopic SOCS3 expression in primary CD4+ T cells by lentiviral transduction induced increased IL-17 production but diminished proliferation and viability. Recombinant IL-7 inhibited SOCS3 expression and reduced IL-17–expressing T-cell proportions. We concluded that higher SOCS3 expression in human T cells favors T helper type 17 cells. Therefore, increased SOCS3 expression in human tuberculosis may reflect polarization toward IL-17–expressing T cells as well as T-cell exhaustion marked by reduced proliferation.
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Yoshimura A, Suzuki M, Sakaguchi R, Hanada T, Yasukawa H. SOCS, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2012; 3:20. [PMID: 22566904 PMCID: PMC3342034 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines play essential roles in innate and adaptive immunity. However, excess cytokines or dysregulation of cytokine signaling will cause a variety of diseases, including allergies, autoimmune diseases, inflammation, and cancer. Most cytokines utilize the so-called Janus kinase–signal transducers and activators of transcription pathway. This pathway is negatively regulated by various mechanisms including suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins. SOCS proteins bind to JAK or cytokine receptors, thereby suppressing further signaling events. Especially, suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS1) and SOCS3 are strong inhibitors of JAKs, because these two contain kinase inhibitory region at the N-terminus. Studies using conditional knockout mice have shown that SOCS proteins are key physiological as well as pathological regulators of immune homeostasis. Recent studies have also demonstrated that SOCS1 and SOCS3 are important regulators of helper T cell differentiation and functions. This review focuses on the roles of SOCS1 and SOCS3 in T cell mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi Tokyo, Japan
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Harker JA, Lewis GM, Mack L, Zuniga EI. Late interleukin-6 escalates T follicular helper cell responses and controls a chronic viral infection. Science 2011; 334:825-9. [PMID: 21960530 DOI: 10.1126/science.1208421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple inhibitory molecules create a profoundly immunuosuppressive environment during chronic viral infections in humans and mice. Therefore, eliciting effective immunity in this context represents a challenge. Here, we report that during a murine chronic viral infection, interleukin-6 (IL-6) was produced by irradiation-resistant cells in a biphasic manner, with late IL-6 being absolutely essential for viral control. The underlying mechanism involved IL-6 signaling on virus-specific CD4 T cells that caused up-regulation of the transcription factor Bcl6 and enhanced T follicular helper cell responses at late, but not early, stages of chronic viral infection. This resulted in escalation of germinal center reactions and improved antibody responses. Our results uncover an antiviral strategy that helps to safely resolve a persistent infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Harker
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Fukaya T, Suzuki M, Sakaguchi R, Yasukawa H, Yoshimura A. Role of SOCS proteins in inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Inflamm Regen 2011. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.31.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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