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Said GE, Metwally HM, Abdel-Latif E, Elnagar MR, Ibrahim HS, Ibrahim MA. Development of non-acidic 4-methylbenzenesulfonate-based aldose reductase inhibitors; Design, Synthesis, Biological evaluation and in-silicostudies. Bioorg Chem 2024; 151:107666. [PMID: 39067420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Design and virtual screening of a set of non-acidic 4-methyl-4-phenyl-benzenesulfonate-based aldose reductase 2 inhibitors had been developed followed by chemical synthesis. Based on the results, the synthesized compounds 2, 4a,b, 7a-c, 9a-c, 10a-c, 11b,c and 14a-c inhibited the ALR2 enzymatic activity in a submicromolar range (99.29-417 nM) and among them, the derivatives 2, 9b, 10a and 14b were able to inhibit ALR2 by IC50 of 160.40, 165.20, 99.29 and 120.6 nM, respectively. Moreover, kinetic analyses using Lineweaver-Burk plot revealed that the most active candidate 10a inhibited ALR2 potently via a non-competitive mechanism. In vivo studies showed that 10 mg/kg of compound 10a significantly lowered blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic mice by 46.10 %. Moreover, compound 10a showed no toxicity up to a concentration of 50 mg/kg and had no adverse effects on liver and kidney functions. It significantly increased levels of GSH and SOD while decreasing MDA levels, thereby mitigating oxidative stress associated with diabetes and potentially attenuating diabetic complications. Furthermore, the binding mode of compound 10a was confirmed through MD simulation. Noteworthy, compounds 2 and 14b showed moderate antimicrobial activity against the two fungi Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger. Finally, we report the thiazole derivative 10a as a new promising non-acidic aldose reductase inhibitor that may be beneficial in treating diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehad E Said
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Heba M Metwally
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Ehab Abdel-Latif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed R Elnagar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Islamic University, Najaf, 54001, Iraq
| | - Hany S Ibrahim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
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2
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Bano S, Nadeem H, Zulfiqar I, Shahzadi T, Anwar T, Bukhari A, Masaud SM. Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of benzimidazole derivatives; an in vitro, in vivo and in silico approach. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30102. [PMID: 38726192 PMCID: PMC11078874 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Many non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concurrently inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2, with a preference for specifically targeting COX-2 due to its significant involvement in various pathologies. In addition to COX enzymes, several other targets, including Aldose reductase, Aldo-ketoreductase family 1-member C2, and Phospholipase A2, have been identified as contributors to inflammation and a myriad of other diseases. In this context, a series of 2-substituted benzimidazole derivatives was synthesized and assessed for their anti-inflammatory potential through both in vitro and in vivo assays. Molecular docking studies were conducted to elucidate the mechanism of action of these compounds against COX enzymes and other therapeutic targets associated with NSAIDs, such as Aldose reductase, AIKRC, and Phospholipase A2. Among the synthesized compounds, B2, B4, B7, and B8 demonstrated IC50 values lower than the standard ibuprofen, as determined by the Luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence assay. Validation of these findings was achieved through an in vivo carrageenan-induced mice paw edema model, confirming a comparable anti-inflammatory effect to diclofenac sodium observed in vitro. Notably, these compounds exhibited significant binding affinity with all therapeutic targets investigated in this study. These results suggest that the newly synthesized derivatives possess noteworthy anti-inflammatory potential, warranting further exploration for the development of novel multi-targeting inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaher Bano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Humaira Nadeem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Zulfiqar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tamseela Shahzadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Anwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Asma Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Muzzammil Masaud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Rao M, Chang KC. Aldose reductase is a potential therapeutic target for neurodegeneration. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 389:110856. [PMID: 38185272 PMCID: PMC10842418 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a complex process involving various inflammatory mediators and cellular responses. Aldose reductase (AR) is a key enzyme in the polyol pathway, which converts glucose to sorbitol. Beyond its metabolic role, AR has also been found to play a significant role in modulating neuroinflammation. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding the involvement of AR inhibition in attenuating neuroinflammation and complications from diabetic neuropathies. Here, we review the literature regarding AR and neuropathy/neurodegeneration. We discuss the mechanisms underlying the influence of AR inhibitors on ocular inflammation, beta-amyloid-induced neurodegeneration, and optic nerve degeneration. Furthermore, potential therapeutic strategies targeting AR in neurodegeneration are explored. The understanding of AR's role in neurodegeneration may lead to the development of novel therapeutic interventions for other neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mishal Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Center of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
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Arıkan S, Guven S, Sehitoglu MH, Elmas S. The possible effect of topically applied azithromycin and moxifloxacin on the alleviation of uveitis. Int Ophthalmol 2023; 43:4451-4460. [PMID: 37642800 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-023-02845-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the inhibitory effect of topically administered azithromycin (AZM), and moxifloxacin (MXF) against tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in a rat model of endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU). METHODS Thirty-six Wistar albino rats were divided into 6 equal groups. Groups 1, 2 and 3 were determined as sham, control group for topical AZM application and control group for topical MXF application, respectively. Sterile saline, topical AZM 1.5%, and topical MXF 0.5% were instilled 5 times daily for totally 6 days on both eyes of the rats in Group 4, Group 5, and Group 6, before and after inducing EIU by intravitreal injections of lipopolysaccharide, respectively. At 24 h after intravitreal injections, aqueous humor was collected from both eyes of each rat for the assessment of TNF-α concentration. Also, density of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in ciliary body, and the number of cells infiltrating the posterior segment of EIU rat eyes was assessed in one eye of each rat. RESULTS There was a significant reduction in mean aqueous humor concentration of TNF-α in EIU rats pretreated with topical AZM in comparison with those pretreated with sterile saline (139 ± 38.6 in Group 4 vs. 72 ± 12.6 in Group 5, p = 0.006). There was also a marked decrease in mean aqueous humor concentration of TNF-α in EIU rats pretreated with topical MXF (139 ± 38.6 in Group 4 vs.86.1 ± 35.5 in Group 6, p = 0.025). Also, evident suppressions were determined in mean density of NF-κB, and in mean number of cells in EIU rats pretreated either with topical AZM, or topical MXF. CONCLUSIONS Topically applied AZM or MXF may be beneficial in the suppression of TNF-α production in aqueous humor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedat Arıkan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kayseri City Training and Research Hospital, Muhsin Yazıcıoglu Aveniu, Seker Street, No:77, Kocasinan, 38038, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Soner Guven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kayseri City Training and Research Hospital, Muhsin Yazıcıoglu Aveniu, Seker Street, No:77, Kocasinan, 38038, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Muserref Hilal Sehitoglu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University School of Medicine, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Sait Elmas
- Experimental Research Application and Research Center, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
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Alkholief M, Kalam MA, Raish M, Ansari MA, Alsaleh NB, Almomen A, Ali R, Alshamsan A. Topical Sustained-Release Dexamethasone-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles: Assessment of Drug Delivery Efficiency in a Rabbit Model of Endotoxin-Induced Uveitis. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2273. [PMID: 37765242 PMCID: PMC10537057 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Uveitis is an ocular illness that if not treated properly can lead to a total loss of vision. In this study, we evaluated the utility of HA-coated Dexamethasone-sodium-phosphate (DEX)-chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) coated with hyaluronic acid (HA) as a sustained ocular delivery vehicle for the treatment of endotoxin-induced-uveitis (EIU) in rabbits. The CSNPs were characterized for particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity, surface morphology, and physicochemical properties. Drug encapsulation, in vitro drug release, and transcorneal permeation were also evaluated. Finally, eye irritation, ocular pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics were in vivo. The CSNPs ranged from 310.4 nm and 379.3 nm pre-(uncoated) and post-lyophilization (with HA-coated), respectively. The zeta potentials were +32 mV (uncoated) and -5 mV (HA-uncoated), while polydispersity was 0.178-0.427. Drug encapsulation and loading in the CSNPs were 73.56% and 6.94% (uncoated) and 71.07% and 5.54% (HA-coated), respectively. The in vitro DEX release over 12 h was 77.1% from the HA-coated and 74.2% from the uncoated NPs. The physicochemical properties of the CSNPs were stable over a 3-month period when stored at 25 °C. Around a 10-fold increased transcorneal-flux and permeability of DEX was found with HA-CSNPs compared to the DEX-aqueous solution (DEX-AqS), and the eye-irritation experiment indicated its ocular safety. After the ocular application of the CSNPs, DEX was detected in the aqueous humor (AH) till 24 h. The area under the concentrations curve (AUC0-24h) for DEX from the CSNPs was 1.87-fold (uncoated) and 2.36-fold (HA-coated) higher than DEX-AqS. The half-life (t1/2) of DEX from the uncoated and HA-coated NPs was 2.49-and 3.36-fold higher, and the ocular MRT0-inf was 2.47- and 3.15-fold greater, than that of DEX-AqS, respectively. The EIU rabbit model showed increased levels of MPO, TNF-α, and IL-6 in AH. Topical DEX-loaded CSNPs reduced MPO, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels as well as inhibited NF-κB expression. Our findings demonstrate that the DEX-CSNPs platform has improved the delivery properties and, hence, the promising anti-inflammatory effects on EIU in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musaed Alkholief
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.K.); (M.R.); (R.A.)
| | - Mohd Abul Kalam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.K.); (M.R.); (R.A.)
| | - Mohammad Raish
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.K.); (M.R.); (R.A.)
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (N.B.A.)
| | - Nasser B. Alsaleh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (N.B.A.)
| | - Aliyah Almomen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Raisuddin Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.K.); (M.R.); (R.A.)
| | - Aws Alshamsan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.K.); (M.R.); (R.A.)
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Otaka Y, Kanai K, Okada D, Nagai N, Yamashita Y, Ichikawa Y, Tajima K. Effects of Oral 5-Aminolevulinic Acid on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Ocular Inflammation in Rats. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10030207. [PMID: 36977246 PMCID: PMC10054159 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10030207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) on endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in rats. EIU was induced in male Sprague Dawley rats by the subcutaneous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). During LPS injection, 5-ALA diluted with saline was administered via gastric gavage. After 24 h, clinical scores were assessed after which aqueous humor (AqH) samples were obtained. The number of infiltrating cells, protein concentration, and levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nitric oxide (NO), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in AqH were measured. For histological examination, both eyes of some rats were enucleated. In vitro, a mouse macrophage cell line (RAW264.7 cells) was stimulated by LPS with or without 5-ALA. Western blot was used to analyze the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2. 5-ALA suppressed the EIU clinical scores, infiltrating cell number, and protein concentration while improving the histopathologic scores. In particular, 100 mg/kg 5-ALA reduced the concentrations of NO, PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-6 in AqH, similar to 1 mg/kg prednisolone. In addition, 5-ALA suppressed iNOS upregulation in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Therefore, 5-ALA has an anti-inflammatory effect on EIU through the inhibition of the upregulation of inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Otaka
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1 Higashi 23 ban-cho, Towada 034-8628, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Kanai
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1 Higashi 23 ban-cho, Towada 034-8628, Aomori, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-176-23-4371
| | - Daiki Okada
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1 Higashi 23 ban-cho, Towada 034-8628, Aomori, Japan
| | - Noriaki Nagai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yohei Yamashita
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1 Higashi 23 ban-cho, Towada 034-8628, Aomori, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Ichikawa
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1 Higashi 23 ban-cho, Towada 034-8628, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tajima
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1 Higashi 23 ban-cho, Towada 034-8628, Aomori, Japan
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Singh M, Kapoor A, Bhatnagar A. Physiological and Pathological Roles of Aldose Reductase. Metabolites 2021; 11:655. [PMID: 34677370 PMCID: PMC8541668 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) is an aldo-keto reductase that catalyzes the first step in the polyol pathway which converts glucose to sorbitol. Under normal glucose homeostasis the pathway represents a minor route of glucose metabolism that operates in parallel with glycolysis. However, during hyperglycemia the flux of glucose via the polyol pathway increases significantly, leading to excessive formation of sorbitol. The polyol pathway-driven accumulation of osmotically active sorbitol has been implicated in the development of secondary diabetic complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Based on the notion that inhibition of AR could prevent these complications a range of AR inhibitors have been developed and tested; however, their clinical efficacy has been found to be marginal at best. Moreover, recent work has shown that AR participates in the detoxification of aldehydes that are derived from lipid peroxidation and their glutathione conjugates. Although in some contexts this antioxidant function of AR helps protect against tissue injury and dysfunction, the metabolic transformation of the glutathione conjugates of lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes could also lead to the generation of reactive metabolites that can stimulate mitogenic or inflammatory signaling events. Thus, inhibition of AR could have both salutary and injurious outcomes. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence suggests that inhibition of AR could modify the effects of cardiovascular disease, asthma, neuropathy, sepsis, and cancer; therefore, additional work is required to selectively target AR inhibitors to specific disease states. Despite past challenges, we opine that a more gainful consideration of therapeutic modulation of AR activity awaits clearer identification of the specific role(s) of the AR enzyme in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahavir Singh
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Aniruddh Kapoor
- Internal Medicine—Critical Care, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63141, USA;
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
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Shi Z, Kong X, Li C, Liu H, Aliagan AI, Liu L, Shi Y, Shi X, Ma B, Jin R, Wang S, Pan D, Tang J. Bioinformatic analysis of differentially expressed genes as prognostic markers in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma tumors. Genes Genet Syst 2021; 96:55-69. [PMID: 34039789 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.20-00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PCPG) catecholamine-producing tumors is exceedingly complicated. Here, we sought to identify important genes affecting the prognosis and survival rate of patients suffering from PCPG. We analyzed 95 samples obtained from two microarray data series, GSE19422 and GSE60459, from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository. First, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by comparing 87 PCPG tumor samples and eight normal adrenal tissue samples using R language. The GEO2R tool and Venn diagram software were applied to the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) to analyze Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways and Gene Ontology (GO). We further employed Cytoscape with the Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) tool to make protein-protein interactions visible for the Search Tool for Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING). These procedures resulted in 30 candidate DEGs, which were subjected to Kaplan-Meier analysis and validated by Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) to determine their influence on overall survival rate. Finally, we identified ALDH3A2 and AKR1B1, two genes in the glycerolipid metabolism pathway, as being particularly enriched in PCPG tumors and correlated with T and B tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Our results suggest that these two DEGs are closely associated with the prognosis of malignant PCPG tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Shi
- Department of Hand and Microsurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University.,Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Xiaodi Kong
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Hand and Microsurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Hand and Microsurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Abdulhafiz Imam Aliagan
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Yue Shi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University
| | - Xiao Shi
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Binbin Ma
- Department of Hand and Microsurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Ruiqi Jin
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Shizhuo Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology
| | - Ding Pan
- Department of Hand and Microsurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Juyu Tang
- Department of Hand and Microsurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
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9
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Chang KC, Shieh B, Petrash JM. Role of aldose reductase in diabetes-induced retinal microglia activation. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 302:46-52. [PMID: 30682331 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes-induced hyperglycemia plays a key pathogenic role in degenerative retinal diseases. In diabetic hyperglycemia, aldose reductase (AR) is elevated and linked to the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and cataract. Retinal microglia (RMG), the resident immune cells in the retina, are thought to contribute to the proinflammatory phenotype in the diabetic eye. However, we have a limited understanding of the potential role of AR expressed in RMG as a mediator of inflammation in the diabetic retina. Glycated proteins accumulate in diabetes, including Amadori-glycated albumin (AGA) which has been shown to induce a proinflammatory phenotype in various tissues. In this study, we investigated the ability of AGA to stimulate inflammatory changes to RMG and macrophages, and whether AR plays a role in this process. In macrophages, treatment with an AR inhibitor (Sorbinil) or genetic knockdown of AR lowered AGA-induced TNF-α secretion (56% and 40%, respectively) as well as cell migration. In a mouse RMG model, AR inhibition attenuated AGA-induced TNF-α secretion and cell migration (67% and 40%, respectively). To further mimic the diabetic milieu in retina, we cultured RMG under conditions of hypoxia and observed the induction of TNF-α and VEGF protein expression. Downregulation of AR in either a pharmacological or genetic manner prevented hypoxia-induced TNF-α and VEGF expression. In our animal study, increased numbers of RMG observed in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic retina was substantially lower when diabetes was induced in AR knockout mice. Thus, in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that AR is involved in diabetes-induced RMG activation, providing a rationale for targeting AR as a therapeutic strategy for DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Biehuoy Shieh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - J Mark Petrash
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Abstract
Uveitis can affect individuals of all ages, genders, and races and accounts for 10-15% of all cases of blindness. Uveitis represents a diverse array of intraocular inflammatory conditions that can be associated with complications from autoimmune diseases, bacterial infections, viral infections, chemical injuries, and metabolic issues. In rodents, endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) is an efficient experimental model to study pathological mechanisms associated with the disease and evaluate the pharmacological efficacy of potential new drug agents. In the EIU model, uveitis is characterized by clinically relevant inflammation, including inflammatory exudates and cells infiltrated into the anterior and vitreous eye chambers. EIU in small animal models, including rats, mice, and rabbits, is characterized by a short-lived uveal inflammation. This inflammation can be facilitated using bacterial endotoxins, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this chapter, we present a reliable, reproducible, and simplified protocol to induce EIU in mice. This method is flexible and can be applied for EIU induction in other small animals and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh C S Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kota V Ramana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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11
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Cumaoğlu A, Yerer MB. The Effects of Aldose Reductase Inhibitor Quercetin and Monochloropivaloylquercetin in Amyloid β Peptide (1–42) Induced Neuroinflammation in Microglial Cells. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial over-activation plays a crucial roles during neuroinflammation. Aldose reductase (AR) is one of the enzymes that has been linked to inflammatory processes in several diseases. Therefore, inhibition of AR is considered as an important strategy to reduce inflammation. In the present study, Quercetin (Q) and monochloropivaloylquercetin (MCPQ) showed potent inhibition on AR expression and anti-neuroinflammatory effects in Amyloid β (Aβ) peptide (1–42) induced inflammatory process by inhibiting expression of inflammatory mediators from microglial cells. Furthermore, ablation of AR caused a significant reduction on COX2 expression in Aβ-induced neuroinflammation. Q and MCPQ suppressed COX2 mRNA and protein expression, which further resulted in downstream inhibition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release in Aβ-induced neuroinflammatory process. Additionally, Aβ treatment resulted in activation of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and increased translocation of Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NFκB). Q and Sorbinil significantly reduced the activation of MAPK, at the same time Q, MCPQ and sorbinil decreased nuclear translocation of NFκB and diminished tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α release in Aβ-induced neuroinflammation. The results suggested that AR is a probable target for treatment of neuroinflammation as well as Q and MCPQ could be effective agents for treating or preventing inflammation-related neurodegenerative diseases by AR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Cumaoğlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
| | - Mükerrem Betül Yerer
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
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Lei X, He J, Ren C, Zhou Y, Chen X, Dou J. Protective effects of the Chinese herbal medicine prescription Zhujing pill on retina of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 98:643-650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Chang KC, Petrash JM. Aldo-Keto Reductases: Multifunctional Proteins as Therapeutic Targets in Diabetes and Inflammatory Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1032:173-202. [PMID: 30362099 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-98788-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) is an NADPH-dependent aldo-keto reductase that has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of several blinding diseases such as uveitis, diabetic retinopathy (DR) and cataract. However, possible mechanisms linking the action of AR to these diseases are not well understood. As DR and cataract are among the leading causes of blindness in the world, there is an urgent need to explore therapeutic strategies to prevent or delay their onset. Studies with AR inhibitors and gene-targeted mice have demonstrated that the action of AR is also linked to cancer onset and progression. In this review we examine possible mechanisms that relate AR to molecular signaling cascades and thus explain why AR inhibition is an effective strategy against colon cancer as well as diseases of the eye such as uveitis, cataract, and retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - J Mark Petrash
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Pleyer U, Algharably EAH, Feist E, Kreutz R. Small molecules as therapy for uveitis: a selected perspective of new and developing agents. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2017; 18:1311-1323. [PMID: 28750572 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2017.1361408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intraocular inflammation (uveitis) remains a significant burden of legal blindness. Because of its immune mediated and chronic recurrent nature, common therapy includes corticosteroids, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and more recently biologics as immune modulatory agents. The purpose of this article is to identify the role of new treatment approaches focusing on small molecules as therapeutic option in uveitis. Areas covered: A MEDLINE database search was conducted through February 2017 using the terms 'uveitis' and 'small molecule'. To provide ongoing and future perspectives in treatment options, also clinical trials as registered at ClinicalTrials.gov were included. Both, results from experimental as well as clinical research in this field were included. Since this field is rapidly evolving, a selection of promising agents had to be made. Expert opinion: Small molecules may interfere at different steps of the inflammatory cascade and appear as an interesting option in the treatment algorithm of uveitis. Because of their highly targeted molecular effects and their favorable bioavailability with the potential of topical application small molecules hold great promise. Nevertheless, a careful evaluation of these agents has to be made, since current experience is almost exclusively based on experimental uveitis models and few registered trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Pleyer
- a Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Department of Ophthalmology , Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin , Germany
| | - Engi Abdel-Hady Algharably
- b Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology , Berlin , Germany.,c Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Eugen Feist
- d Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology , Berlin , Germany
| | - Reinhold Kreutz
- b Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology , Berlin , Germany
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Song XM, Yu Q, Dong X, Yang HO, Zeng KW, Li J, Tu PF. Aldose reductase inhibitors attenuate β-amyloid-induced TNF-α production in microlgia via ROS-PKC-mediated NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2017. [PMID: 28623716 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is a key risk factor to the development of Alzheimer' disease (AD). Aldose reductase (AR) has been found to be widely involved in inflammation-related diseases; however, whether aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) could be used to treat neuroinflammation is rarely reported. This study aims to evaluate the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of two major ARIs of Sorbinil (Sor) and Zopolrestat (Zol) in β-amyloid protein (Aβ)-induced microglia (BV-2). We find that Sor and Zol significantly inhibit TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 production from microglia in response to Aβ stimulation. Mechanism study showed that Sor and Zol decreased the production of intracellular ROS which resulted in an effective inhibition on the phosphorylation of several protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms including PKCα/β, δ, ζ/λ and mu. Moreover, Sor and Zol inactivated PCK-associated IKKβ-IκB-NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (JNK, p38, ERK) inflammation pathways. In summary, our findings suggest that Sor and Zol could inhibit Aβ-induced neuroinflammation by regulating ROS/PKC-dependent NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, indicating that ARIs could be promising agents for treating inflammation-related neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Research Studio of Integration of Traditional and Western Medicine, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Xin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hyun Ok Yang
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Gangneung Institute, Kangneung 210-340, Republic of Korea
| | - Ke-Wu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Peng-Fei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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Miláčková I, Meščanová M, Ševčíková V, Mučaji P. Water leaves extracts of Cornus mas and Cornus kousa as aldose reductase inhibitors: the potential therapeutic agents. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-017-0227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Ballekova J, Soltesova-Prnova M, Majekova M, Stefek M. Does inhibition of aldose reductase contribute to the anti-inflammatory action of setipiprant? Physiol Res 2017; 66:687-693. [PMID: 28406694 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate aldose reductase inhibitory action of setipiprant as a potential additional mechanism contributing to its anti-inflammatory action. Aldose reductase activity was determined by spectrophotometric measuring of NADPH consumption. Setipiprant was found to inhibit aldose reductase/NADPH-mediated reduction of 4-hydroxynonenal, 4-hydroxynonenal glutathione and prostaglandin H2 substrates, all relevant to the process of inflammation. Molecular modeling simulations into the aldose reductase inhibitor binding site revealed an interaction pattern of setipiprant. Considering multifactorial etiology of inflammatory pathologies, it is suggested that, in addition to the antagonizing prostaglandin D2 receptor, inhibition of aldose reductase may contribute to the reported anti-inflammatory action of setipiprant.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ballekova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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18
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Miláčková I, Kapustová K, Mučaji P, Hošek J. Artichoke Leaf Extract Inhibits AKR1B1 and Reduces NF-κB Activity in Human Leukemic Cells. Phytother Res 2017; 31:488-496. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Miláčková
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy; Comenius University in Bratislava; Odbojárov 10 SR-83232 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Kristína Kapustová
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy; Comenius University in Bratislava; Odbojárov 10 SR-83232 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Pavel Mučaji
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy; Comenius University in Bratislava; Odbojárov 10 SR-83232 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Jan Hošek
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Palackého tř. 1946/1 CZ-61242 Brno Czech Republic
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Chang KC, Li L, Sanborn TM, Shieh B, Lenhart P, Ammar D, LaBarbera DV, Petrash JM. Characterization of Emodin as a Therapeutic Agent for Diabetic Cataract. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:1439-44. [PMID: 27140653 PMCID: PMC5578730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) in the lens plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic cataract (DC) by contributing to osmotic and oxidative stress associated with accelerated glucose metabolism through the polyol pathway. Therefore, inhibition of AR in the lens may hold the key to prevent DC formation. Emodin, a bioactive compound isolated from plants, has been implicated as a therapy for diabetes. However, its inhibitory activity against AR remains unclear. Our results showed that emodin has good selectively inhibitory activity against AR (IC50 = 2.69 ± 0.90 μM) but not other aldo-keto reductases and is stable at 37 °C for at least 7 days. Enzyme kinetic studies demonstrated an uncompetitive inhibition against AR with a corresponding inhibition constant of 2.113 ± 0.095 μM. In in vivo studies, oral administration of emodin reduced the incidence and severity of morphological markers of cataract in lenses of AR transgenic mice. Computational modeling of the AR-NADP(+)-emodin ternary complex indicated that the 3-hydroxy group of emodin plays an essential role by interacting with Ser302 through hydrogen bonding in the specificity pocket of AR. All the findings above provide encouraging evidence for emodin as a potential therapeutic agent to prevent cataract in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Linfeng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Theresa M. Sanborn
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Biehuoy Shieh
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Patricia Lenhart
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - David Ammar
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Daniel V. LaBarbera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - J. Mark Petrash
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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Kanai K, Nagata S, Hatta T, Sugiura Y, Sato K, Yamashita Y, Kimura Y, Itoh N. Therapeutic anti-inflammatory effects of luteolin on endotoxin-induced uveitis in Lewis rats. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1381-4. [PMID: 27170432 PMCID: PMC5053947 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of post-inflammatory
treatment with luteolin on endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in rats. Intraperitoneal
injection of 10 mg/kg luteolin or 1 mg/kg prednisolone (Pred) at 4 hr
post-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection (200 µg) was associated at 24 hr
post-LPS injection with decreased clinical severity scores, number of inflammatory cells,
protein levels and levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, nitric oxide (NO) and
prostaglandin (PG) E2 in the aqueous humor (AqH) and degrees of histological ocular tissue
injury. The anti-inflammatory potency of luteolin was comparable to that of Pred. Luteolin
exhibited robust efficacy in the treatment of EIU in rats, indicating its potential
clinical utility in treating uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Kanai
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine I, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kitasato, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
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Kanai K, Hatta T, Nagata S, Sugiura Y, Sato K, Yamashita Y, Kimura Y, Itoh N. Luteolin attenuates endotoxin-induced uveitis in Lewis rats. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1229-35. [PMID: 27098110 PMCID: PMC5053922 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of luteolin on
endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in rats. EIU was induced in Lewis rats by subcutaneous
injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). One hr before the LPS injection, 0.1, 1 or 10
mg/kg luteolin or 1 mg/kg prednisolone was intraperitoneally injected. We investigated its
effect upon clinical scores, cellular infiltration and protein leakage, as well as on the
level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PG) E2 in the
aqueous humor (AqH). Histologic examination and immunohistochemical analysis in the
iris-ciliary body (ICB) were performed to determine the expressions of cyclooxygenase
(COX)-2 and inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and then the activated nuclear factor (NF)-κB
p65, I kappa B (IκB)-α degradation, phosphorylated (p)-IκB kinase (IKK) α/β and activator
protein (AP)-1 c-Jun. Luteolin suppressed, in a dose-dependent manner, the clinical
scores, number of inflammatory cells, the protein concentration, and the TNF-α, NO and
PGE2 levels in the AqH and improved the histiologic status of the ocular tissue. Luteolin
suppressed the expression of iNOS and COX-2 and the activated NF-κB p65, IκB-α
degradation, p-IKKα/β and AP-1 p-c-Jun in the ICB. The anti-inflammatory potency of 10
mg/kg luteolin was as strong as that observed with 1 mg/kg prednisolone. These results
demonstrate that luteolin attenuates ocular inflammation by inhibiting expression and
release of inflammatory markers, along with the inhibition of the activated NF-κB pathway
and at least partly AP-1 activity in the ICB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Kanai
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine I, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kitasato, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
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Chang KC, Shieh B, Petrash JM. Aldose reductase mediates retinal microglia activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:565-71. [PMID: 27033597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Retinal microglia (RMG) are one of the major immune cells in charge of surveillance of inflammatory responses in the eye. In the absence of an inflammatory stimulus, RMG reside predominately in the ganglion layer and inner or outer plexiform layers. However, under stress RMG become activated and migrate into the inner nuclear layer (INL) or outer nuclear layer (ONL). Activated RMG in cell culture secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines in a manner sensitive to downregulation by aldose reductase inhibitors. In this study, we utilized CX3CR1(GFP) mice carrying AR mutant alleles to evaluate the role of AR on RMG activation and migration in vivo. When tested on an AR(WT) background, IP injection of LPS induced RMG activation and migration into the INL and ONL. However, this phenomenon was largely prevented by AR inhibitors or in AR null mice, or was exacerbated in transgenic mice that over-express AR. LPS-induced increases in ocular levels of TNF-α and CX3CL-1 in WT mice were substantially lower in AR null mice or were reduced by AR inhibitor treatment. These studies demonstrate that AR expression in RMG may contribute to the proinflammatory phenotypes common to various eye diseases such as uveitis and diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Biehuoy Shieh
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - J Mark Petrash
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Wu J, Lu C, Li X, Fang H, Wan W, Yang Q, Sun X, Wang M, Hu X, Chen CYO, Wei X. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Gigantol Derivatives as Potential Agents in Prevention of Diabetic Cataract. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141092. [PMID: 26517726 PMCID: PMC4627826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As a continuation of our efforts directed towards the development of natural anti-diabetic cataract agents, gigantol was isolated from Herba dendrobii and was found to inhibit both aldose reductase (AR) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity, which play a significant role in the development and progression of diabetic cataracts. To improve its bioefficacy and facilitate use as a therapeutic agent, gigantol (compound 14f) and a series of novel analogs were designed and synthesized. Analogs were formulated to have different substituents on the phenyl ring (compounds 4, 5, 8, 14a-e), substitute the phenyl ring with a larger steric hindrance ring (compounds 10, 17c) or modify the carbon chain (compounds 17a, 17b, 21, 23, 25). All of the analogs were tested for their effect on AR and iNOS activities and on D-galactose-induced apoptosis in cultured human lens epithelial cells. Compounds 5, 10, 14a, 14b, 14d, 14e, 14f, 17b, 17c, 23, and 25 inhibited AR activity, with IC50 values ranging from 5.02 to 288.8 μM. Compounds 5, 10, 14b, and 14f inhibited iNOS activity with IC50 ranging from 432.6 to 1188.7 μM. Compounds 5, 8, 10, 14b, 14f, and 17c protected the cells from D-galactose induced apoptosis with viability ranging from 55.2 to 76.26%. Of gigantol and its analogs, compound 10 showed the greatest bioefficacy and is warranted to be developed as a therapeutic agent for diabetic cataracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chuanjun Lu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Processing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xue Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hua Fang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wencheng Wan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qiaohong Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaosheng Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Meiling Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaohong Hu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - C.-Y. Oliver Chen
- Antioxidants Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyong Wei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Antioxidants Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, United States of America
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Pastel E, Pointud JC, Loubeau G, Dani C, Slim K, Martin G, Volat F, Sahut-Barnola I, Val P, Martinez A, Lefrançois-Martinez AM. Aldose reductases influence prostaglandin F2α levels and adipocyte differentiation in male mouse and human species. Endocrinology 2015; 156:1671-84. [PMID: 25730106 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aldose reductases (AKR1B) are widely expressed oxidoreductases whose physiological function remains elusive. Some isoforms are genuine prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) synthases, suggesting they might influence adipose homeostasis because PGF2α inhibits adipogenesis. This was shown by Akr1b7 gene ablation in the mouse, which resulted in increased adiposity related to a lower PGF2α content in fat. Yet humans have no ortholog gene for Akr1b7, so the role of aldose reductases in human adipose homeostasis remains to be explored. We analyzed expression of genes encoding human and mouse aldose reductase isoforms in adipose tissues and differentiating adipocytes to assess conserved mechanisms regulating PGF2α synthesis and adipogenesis. The Akr1b3 gene encoded the most abundant isoform in mouse adipose tissue, whereas Akr1b7 encoded the only isoform enriched in the stromal vascular fraction. Most mouse aldose reductase gene expression peaked in early adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells and diminished with differentiation. In contrast with its mouse ortholog Akr1b3, AKR1B1 expression increased throughout differentiation of human multipotent adipose-derived stem cells, paralleling PGF2α release, whereas PGF2α receptor (FP) levels collapsed in early differentiation. Pharmacological inhibition of aldose reductase using Statil altered PGF2α production and enhanced human multipotent adipose-derived stem adipocyte differentiation. As expected, the adipogenic effects of Statil were counteracted by an FP agonist (cloprostenol). Thus, in both species aldose reductase-dependent PGF2α production could be important in early differentiation to restrict adipogenesis. PGF2α antiadipogenic signaling could then be toned down through the FP receptor or aldose reductases down-regulation in human and mouse cells, respectively. Our data suggest that aldose reductase inhibitors could have obesogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Pastel
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6293 (E.P., J.-C.P., G.L., I.S.-B., P.V., A.M., A.-M.L.-M.), INSERM Unité 1103, Génétique Reproduction et Développement, Clermont Université, 63171 Aubière, France; iBV (C.D.), Institute of Biology Valrose, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06189 Nice, France; Service de Chirurgie Digestive (K.S., G.M.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Estaing, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; and INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche 1048 (F.V.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Université Paul Sabatier, 31432 Toulouse, France
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Zheng C, Lei C, Chen Z, Zheng S, Yang H, Qiu Y, Lei B. Topical administration of diminazene aceturate decreases inflammation in endotoxin-induced uveitis. Mol Vis 2015; 21:403-11. [PMID: 25883526 PMCID: PMC4392833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Our previous study demonstrated that an intraperitoneal injection of Diminazene Aceturate (DIZE) attenuated uveitis by activating ocular angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects on the ocular anterior segment of a topical administration of a DIZE solution and explored the downstream target molecules involved in the anti-inflammatory mechanism after ACE2 activation. METHODS Endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in rats was induced by a subcutaneous injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS, 200 μg) in 0.1 ml of sterile saline. DIZE (0.025, 0.05, or 0.1%) and dexamethasone (0.1%) solutions were applied topically (10 μl eyedrops) to both eyes 6X every two hours before and after LPS injection. The inflammation of the ocular anterior segment was observed and the clinical scores were evaluated 24 h after LPS injection. The total protein concentration and levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the aqueous humor were determined. CD11b-positive cells adjacent to the iris ciliary body (ICB) were stained by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines and mediators, including IL-1β, TNF-α, COX-2, and iNOS or NF-κB subunit p65 in the ICB, were analyzed by real time RT-PCR. The protein expression of NF-κB p65 and the phosphorylated protein of p38 MAPK were detected by western blotting. RESULTS A topical administration of DIZE decreased clinical scores and the total protein concentration, as well as TNF-α and IL-6 levels in the aqueous humor. Meanwhile, the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines and mediators, including IL-1β, TNF-α, COX-2, and iNOS in the ICB, were downregulated. DIZE reduced the recruitment of CD11b-positive cells adjacent to the ICB. Furthermore, DIZE downregulated the expressions of NF-κB subunit p65 at protein and mRNA levels and inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK protein in the ICB. CONCLUSIONS A topical administration of DIZE suppressed ocular inflammation in EIU and decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines. DIZE attenuated the activation of NF-κB and p38 MAPK in EIU, which may be associated with ACE2-mediated anti-inflammatory effects. Our data provided further evidence that DIZE may represent a novel class of drug for the management of ocular inflammation.
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Maccari R, Ottanà R. Targeting Aldose Reductase for the Treatment of Diabetes Complications and Inflammatory Diseases: New Insights and Future Directions. J Med Chem 2014; 58:2047-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500907a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Maccari
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del
Farmaco e dei Prodotti per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Messina, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosaria Ottanà
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del
Farmaco e dei Prodotti per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Messina, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Inhibition of ocular aldose reductase by a new benzofuroxane derivative ameliorates rat endotoxic uveitis. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:857958. [PMID: 25435715 PMCID: PMC4243589 DOI: 10.1155/2014/857958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The study investigated the effects of the aldose reductase (AR) inhibitor benzofuroxane derivative 5(6)-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylmethoxy) benzofuroxane (herein referred to as BF-5m) on the biochemical and tissue alterations induced by endotoxic uveitis in rats. BF-5m has been administered directly into the vitreous, in order to assess the expression and levels of (i) inflammatory markers such as the ocular ubiquitin-proteasome system, NF-κB, TNF-α, and MCP-1; (ii) prooxidant and antioxidant markers such as nitrotyrosine, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX); (iii) apoptotic/antiapoptotic factors caspases and Bcl-xl; (iv) markers of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) recruitment such as CD34 and CD117. 5 μL of BF-5m (0.01; 0.05; and 0.1 μM) into the right eye decreased in a dose-dependent manner the LPS-induced inflammation of the eye, reporting a clinical score 1. It reduced the ocular levels of ubiquitin, 20S and 26S proteasome subunits, NF-κB subunits, TNF-α, MCP-1, and nitrotyrosine. BF-5m ameliorated LPS-induced decrease in levels of MnSOD and GPX. Antiapoptotic effects were seen from BF-5m by monitoring the expression of Bcl-xl, an antiapoptotic protein. Similarly, BF-5m increased recruitment of the EPCs within the eye, as evidenced by CD34 and CD117 antibodies.
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CHEN TONG, SHI DUANYU, CHEN JINFENG, YANG YANXUE, QIU MENGGUANG, WANG WEI, QIU LONGXIN. Inhibition of aldose reductase ameliorates diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice via modulating the phosphorylation of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:303-8. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Chang KC, Ponder J, Labarbera DV, Petrash JM. Aldose reductase inhibition prevents endotoxin-induced inflammatory responses in retinal microglia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:2853-61. [PMID: 24677107 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal microglia become activated in diabetes and produce pro-inflammatory molecules associated with changes in retinal vasculature and increased apoptosis of retinal neurons and glial cells. We sought to determine if the action of aldose reductase (AR), an enzyme linked to the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, contributes to activation of microglial cells. METHODS Involvement of AR in the activation process was studied using primary cultures of retinal microglia (RMG) isolated from wild-type and AR-null mice, or in mouse macrophage cultures treated with either AR inhibitors or small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed to AR. Inflammatory cytokines were measured by ELISA. Cell migration was measured using a transwell assay. Gelatin zymography was used to detect active matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, while RMG-induced apoptosis of adult retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE-19) cells was studied in a cell coculture system. RESULTS Aldose reductase inhibition or genetic deficiency substantially reduced lipopolysacharide (LPS)-induced cytokine secretion from macrophages and RMG. Aldose reductase inhibition or deficiency also reduced the activation of MMP-9 and attenuated LPS-induced cell migration. Additionally, blockade of AR by sorbinil or through genetic means caused a reduction in the ability of activated RMG to induce apoptosis of ARPE-19 cells. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the action of AR contributes to the activation of RMG. Inhibition of AR may be a therapeutic strategy to reduce inflammation associated with activation of RMG in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
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Lennikov A, Kitaichi N, Noda K, Mizuuchi K, Ando R, Dong Z, Fukuhara J, Kinoshita S, Namba K, Ohno S, Ishida S. Amelioration of endotoxin-induced uveitis treated with the sea urchin pigment echinochrome in rats. Mol Vis 2014; 20:171-7. [PMID: 24520186 PMCID: PMC3919668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Echinochrome is a pigment present in the shells and spines of sea urchins. It has been reported to have several biologic protective effects, including in experimental models of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, for which the proposed mechanisms are scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and chelating iron. Endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) is an animal model of acute anterior segment intraocular inflammation that is induced by the injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this study, the therapeutic effect of echinochrome was examined in uveitis using the EIU model. METHODS EIU was induced in Lewis rats via 200 μg subcutaneous injections of LPS from Escherichia coli. Echinochrome was administered intravenously in 10, 1, or 0.1 mg/kg doses suspended in PBS (controls were injected with PBS only). Twenty-four hours after LPS injection, the number of infiltrating cells and the protein concentration in aqueous humor were determined. Aqueous tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) concentration was quantified with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, eyes were stained with nuclear factor (NF) κB antibodies, and ROS production was determined by dihydroethidium staining in fresh frozen samples. RESULTS The number of inflammatory aqueous cells and protein levels were lower in the groups treated with 10 and 1 mg/kg of echinochrome than in the untreated LPS group (p<0.01). Treatment with 10 and 1 mg/kg of echinochrome significantly reduced TNF-α concentrations in aqueous humor (p<0.01). The numbers of NFκB-positive cells and ROS signals were also reduced by echinochrome administration (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Echinochrome ameliorated intraocular inflammation caused by EIU by reducing ROS production, thereby also decreasing the expression of NFκB and TNF-α. As a natural pigment, echinochrome may therefore be a promising candidate for the safe treatment of intraocular inflammation. The use of sea urchin shells and spines in health foods and medical products is thus both economically and environmentally meaningful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Lennikov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Kitaichi
- Department of Ocular Inflammation and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan,Department of Ophthalmology, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kousuke Noda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuomi Mizuuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryo Ando
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Zhenyu Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junichi Fukuhara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kinoshita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Namba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Ohno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Susumu Ishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan,Department of Ocular Inflammation and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Kemmochi Y, Miyajima K, Ohta T, Sasase T, Yasui Y, Toyoda K, Kakimoto K, Shoda T, Kakehashi A. Ocular inflammation in uveal tract in aged obese type 2 diabetic rats (Spontaneously Diabetic Torii fatty rats). J Diabetes Res 2014; 2014:629016. [PMID: 25295283 PMCID: PMC4180194 DOI: 10.1155/2014/629016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We report uveitis observed in an obese type 2 diabetes rat model, Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Lepr(fa) (SDT fatty) rats aged over 50 weeks. The eyes of SDT fatty rats (16 animals: 7 males and 9 females with 50 or 60 weeks of age) were examined histopathologically. Infiltration of inflammatory cells in the uveal tract was observed in 13 of 16 animals. One female showed severe inflammation affecting the entire uveal tract including the iris, ciliary body, and choroid with a variety of inflammatory cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages). Those changes clinically mimic the findings of diabetic iridocyclitis in diabetic patients. Uveitis associated with diabetes can occur in diabetic patients but the pathogenesis still remains unknown. Since increased extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen and abscess in the genital and lower urinary tracts were observed in some SDT fatty rats, increased susceptibility to infection, prolongation of inflammatory states, and disorders of the immune system were considered to be possible factors of the uveitis in aged SDT fatty rats. There have been few reports on how diabetes has influence on the development of uveitis associated with bacterial infection. The SDT fatty rat can be an animal model to investigate diabetes-associated uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kemmochi
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Toxicology Research Laboratories, 23 Naganuki, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
- *Yusuke Kemmochi:
| | - Katsuhiro Miyajima
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Toxicology Research Laboratories, 23 Naganuki, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Sasase
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Yuzo Yasui
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Toxicology Research Laboratories, 23 Naganuki, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
| | - Kaoru Toyoda
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Toxicology Research Laboratories, 23 Naganuki, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
| | - Kochi Kakimoto
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Toxicology Research Laboratories, 23 Naganuki, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shoda
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Toxicology Research Laboratories, 23 Naganuki, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kakehashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
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Chatzopoulou M, Pegklidou K, Papastavrou N, Demopoulos VJ. Development of aldose reductase inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:1365-80. [PMID: 24090200 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.843524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accumulating evidence attributes a significant role to aldose reductase (ALR2) in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory pathologies. Aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) were found to attenuate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, they disrupt signaling cascades that lead to the production of cytokines/chemokines, which induce and exacerbate inflammation. As a result, ARIs might hold a significant therapeutic potential as alternate anti-inflammatory drugs. AREAS COVERED The authors present a comprehensive review of the current data that support the central role of ALR2 in several inflammatory pathologies (i.e., diabetes, cancer, sepsis, asthma and ocular inflammation). Further, the authors describe the potential underlying molecular mechanisms and provide a commentary on the status of ARIs in this field. EXPERT OPINION It is important that future efforts focus on delineating all the steps of the molecular mechanism that implicates ALR2 in inflammatory pathologies. At the same time, utilizing the previous efforts in the field of ARIs, several candidates that have been proven safe in the clinic may be evaluated for their clinical significance as anti-inflammatory medication. Finally, structurally novel ARIs, designed to target specifically the proinflammatory subpocket of ALR2, should be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chatzopoulou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , 54124 Thessaloniki , Greece ;
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Kalariya NM, Shoeb M, Reddy ABM, Sawhney R, Ramana KV. Piceatannol suppresses endotoxin-induced ocular inflammation in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:439-46. [PMID: 23892029 PMCID: PMC3786330 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory effect of piceatannol, a naturally occurring polyphenol and a potent free radical scavenger, on ocular inflammation is not known. We examined the anti-inflammatory role of piceatannol in ocular inflammatory response due to endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in rats. EIU was induced in Lewis rats by subcutaneous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 150 ug/rat). Piceatannol (30mg/kg body wt, i.p) was injected either 2h prior to or 1h post LPS induction. A significant increase in the number of infiltrating cells, total protein, and various cytokines and chemokines in AqH were observed in the EIU rat eyes as compared to control groups. However, pre- or post-treatment of piceatannol significantly blocked the LPS-induced changes. Further, piceatannol also suppressed the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and activation of NF-κB in the ciliary bodies as well as retina. Further, piceatannol also inhibited the expression of Cox-2, iNOS, and phosphorylation of NF-κB in primary human non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells (HNPECs) treated with LPS. Similarly, piceatannol also diminished LPS-induced level of NO and prostaglandin E2 in HNPECs. Thus our results demonstrate an anti-inflammatory role of piceatannol in suppressing ocular inflammation induced by endotoxin in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh M. Kalariya
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- School of Nursing, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Mohammad Shoeb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Aramati B. M. Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Rahul Sawhney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Kota V. Ramana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Qiu L, Lin J, Ying M, Chen W, Yang J, Deng T, Chen J, Shi D, Yang JY. Aldose reductase is involved in the development of murine diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73591. [PMID: 24066058 PMCID: PMC3774689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic aldose reductase (AR) expression is known to be induced in liver diseases, including hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the role of AR in the development of these diseases remains unclear. We performed this current study to determine whether and how AR might be involved in the development of diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Our results showed that the level of AR protein expression was significantly higher in db/db mice fed the methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet than in mice fed the control diet. In parallel with the elevation in AR, steatohepatitis was observed in MCD diet-fed mice, and this diet-induced steatohepatitis was significantly attenuated by lentiviral-mediated knock-down of the AR gene. This suppressive effect of AR knock-down was associated with repressed levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and hepatic lipoperoxides, reduced mRNA and protein expression of hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), and decreased mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Moreover, AR-induced elevations on the level of CYP2E1 expression, reactive oxygen species, mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-6 were confirmed in AML12 hepatocytes. Further, lentiviral-mediated knock-down of AR ameliorated MCD diet-induced collagen deposition in the livers of db/db mice. With the improvement in liver fibrosis, the mRNA levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), two genes involved in hepatic fibrogenesis, were found to be significantly suppressed, while TIMP-2 and MMP-13 were unaffected. Together these data indicate that inhibition of AR alleviates the MCD diet-induced liver inflammation and fibrosis in db/db mice, probably through dampening CYP2E1 mediated-oxidative stress and ameliorating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longxin Qiu
- School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology (Longyan University), Longyan, China
- * E-mail: (LQ); (JYY)
| | - Jianhui Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China
| | - Miao Ying
- School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China
| | - Jinmei Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China
| | - Tiantian Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China
| | - Duanyu Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China
| | - James Y. Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang’an, Xiamen, China
- * E-mail: (LQ); (JYY)
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Tang J, Du Y, Petrash JM, Sheibani N, Kern TS. Deletion of aldose reductase from mice inhibits diabetes-induced retinal capillary degeneration and superoxide generation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62081. [PMID: 23614016 PMCID: PMC3628579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Pharmacologic inhibition of aldose reductase (AR) previously has been studied with respect to diabetic retinopathy with mixed results. Since drugs can have off-target effects, we studied the effects of AR deletion on the development and molecular abnormalities that contribute to diabetic retinopathy. Since recent data suggests an important role for leukocytes in the development of the retinopathy, we determined also if AR in leukocytes contributes to leukocyte-mediated death of retinal endothelial cells in diabetes. Methods Wild-type (WT; C57BL/6J) and AR deficient (AR−/−) mice were made diabetic with streptozotocin. Mice were sacrificed at 2 and 10 months of diabetes to evaluate retinal vascular histopathology, to quantify retinal superoxide production and biochemical and physiological abnormalities in the retina, and to assess the number of retinal endothelial cells killed by blood leukocytes in a co-culture system. Results Diabetes in WT mice developed the expected degeneration of retinal capillaries, and increased generation of superoxide by the retina. Leukocytes from diabetic WT mice also killed more retinal endothelial cells than did leukocytes from nondiabetic animals (p<0.0001). Deletion of AR largely (P<0.05) inhibited the diabetes-induced degeneration of retinal capillaries, as well as the increase in superoxide production by retina. AR-deficiency significantly inhibited the diabetes-induced increase in expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in retina, but had no significant effect on expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), phosphorylated p38 MAPK, or killing of retinal endothelial cells by leukocytes. Conclusions AR contributes to the degeneration of retinal capillaries in diabetic mice. Deletion of the enzyme inhibits the diabetes-induced increase in expression of iNOS and of superoxide production, but does not correct a variety of other pro-inflammatory abnormalities associated with the development of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Heilongjiang Province Hospital, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Yunpeng Du
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - J. Mark Petrash
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Timothy S. Kern
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Cleveland VAMC Research Service 151, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Badawy D, El-Bassossy HM, Fahmy A, Azhar A. Aldose reductase inhibitors zopolrestat and ferulic acid alleviate hypertension associated with diabetes: effect on vascular reactivity. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:101-7. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2012-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of aldose reductase (AR) inhibitors on hypertension in diabetes. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin, while AR inhibitors zopolrestat and ferulic acid were administered at 2 weeks after streptozotocin treatment and for 6 weeks afterwards. Then, blood pressure (BP) and serum level of glucose were determined. Concentration–response curves for phenylephrine (PE), KCl, and acetylcholine (ACh) were obtained in isolated aorta. In addition, ACh-induced NO and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in aorta and histopathology were examined. Compared with the control animals, diabetes increased diastolic and systolic BP. AR inhibitors reduced diastolic BP elevation without affecting the developed hyperglycaemia. Diabetes increased the contractile response of aorta to KCl, and decreased the relaxation response to Ach, while administering AR inhibitors prevented an impaired response to ACh. Incubation of aorta isolated from diabetic animals with AR inhibitors did not affect the impaired relaxation response to ACh. In addition, AR inhibitors negated the impaired Ach-stimulated NO generation seen in aorta isolated from diabetic animals. Furthermore, diabetes was accompanied with marked infiltration of leukocytes in aortic adventitia, endothelial cell pyknosis, and increased ROS formation. AR inhibitors reduced leukocyte infiltration and inhibited endothelial pyknosis and ROS formation. In conclusion, AR inhibitors negate diabetes-evoked hypertension via ameliorating impaired endothelial relaxation and NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Badawy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Hany M. El-Bassossy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Fahmy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Ahmad Azhar
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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McDowell RE, McGeown JG, Stitt AW, Curtis TM. Therapeutic potential of targeting lipid aldehydes and lipoxidation end-products in the treatment of ocular disease. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:189-211. [PMID: 23360143 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoxidation reactions and the subsequent accumulation of advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many of the leading causes of visual impairment. Here, we begin by outlining some of the major lipid aldehydes produced through lipoxidation reactions, the ALEs formed upon their reaction with proteins, and the endogenous aldehyde metabolizing enzymes involved in protecting cells against lipoxidation mediated damage. Discussions are subsequently focused on the clinical and experimental evidence supporting the contribution of lipid aldehydes and ALEs in the development of ocular diseases. From these discussions, it is clear that inhibition of lipoxidation reactions and ALE formation could represent a new therapeutic avenue for the treatment of a broad range of ocular disorders. Current and emerging pharmacological strategies to prevent or neutralize the effects of lipid aldehydes and ALEs are therefore considered, with particular emphasis on the potential of these drugs for treatment of diseases of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary E McDowell
- Centre for Vision & Vascular Science, Queen's University of Belfast, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Royal Victoria Hospital, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BA, Northern Ireland, UK
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Abstract
Uveitis is a common cause of vision loss, accounting for 10-15 % of all cases of blindness worldwide and affects individuals of all ages, genders, and races. Uveitis represents a broad range of intraocular inflammatory conditions due to complications of autoimmune diseases, bacterial infections, viral infections, and chemical and metabolic injuries. Endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in rodents is an efficient experimental model to investigate the pathological mechanism and pharmacological efficacy of potential drug agents. EIU is characterized by clinically relevant classical signs of inflammation, including inflammatory exudates and cells in the anterior and vitreous chambers. EIU in small animal models such as rats, mice, and rabbits is a short-lived uveal inflammation that can be developed subsequent to administration of bacterial endotoxin, such as lipopolysaccharide. Here, we present a reproducible, reliable, and simplified protocol to induce EIU in mice. This method could be used with similar efficacy for EIU induction in other small animals as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh C S Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Beta-glucogallin reduces the expression of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory markers by inhibition of aldose reductase in murine macrophages and ocular tissues. Chem Biol Interact 2012; 202:283-7. [PMID: 23247009 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) catalyzes the reduction of toxic lipid aldehydes to their alcohol products and mediates inflammatory signals triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Beta-glucogallin (BGG), a recently described AR inhibitor, was purified from extracts of the Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis). In this study, we found that BGG showed low cytotoxicity in Raw264.7 murine macrophages and effectively inhibited AR activity as measured by a decrease in sorbitol accumulation. In addition, BGG-mediated inhibition of AR prevented LPS-induced activation of JNK and p38 and lowered ROS levels, which could inhibit LPS-induced apoptosis. Uveitis is a disease of the eye associated with chronic inflammation. In this study, we also demonstrated that treatment with BGG decreased the number of inflammatory cells that infiltrate the ocular media of mice with experimental uveitis. Accordingly, these results suggest BGG is a potential therapy for inflammatory diseases.
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Yadav UCS, Srivastava SK, Ramana KV. Prevention of VEGF-induced growth and tube formation in human retinal endothelial cells by aldose reductase inhibition. J Diabetes Complications 2012; 26:369-77. [PMID: 22658411 PMCID: PMC3434238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since diabetes-induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is implicated in retinal angiogenesis, we aimed to examine the role of aldose reductase (AR) in VEGF-induced human retinal endothelial cells (HREC) growth and tube formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS HRECs were stimulated with VEGF and cell-growth was determined by MTT assay. AR inhibitor, fidarestat, to block the enzyme activity and AR siRNA to ablate AR gene expression in HREC were used to investigate the role of AR in neovascularization using cell-migration and tube formation assays. Various signaling intermediates and angiogenesis markers were assessed by Western blot analysis. Immuno-histochemical analysis of diabetic rat eyes was performed to examine VEGF expression in the retinal layer. RESULTS Stimulation of primary HREC with VEGF caused increased cell growth and migration, and AR inhibition with fidarestat or ablation with siRNA significantly prevented it. VEGF-induced tube formation in HREC was also significantly prevented by fidarestat. Treatment of HREC with VEGF also increased the expression of VCAM, AR, and phosphorylation and activation of Akt and p38-MAP kinase, which were prevented by fidarestat. VEGF-induced expression of VEGFRII in HREC was also prevented by AR inhibition or ablation. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that inhibition of AR in HREC prevents tube formation by inhibiting the VEGF-induced activation of the Akt and p38-MAPK pathway and suggest a mediatory role of AR in ocular neovascularization generally implicated in retinopathy and AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - KV Ramana
- Corresponding Author: Kota V Ramana, PhD., Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 6.614D Basic Science Building, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-0647, Tel: 409-772-2202,
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Kalariya NM, Shoeb M, Ansari NH, Srivastava SK, Ramana KV. Antidiabetic drug metformin suppresses endotoxin-induced uveitis in rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:3431-40. [PMID: 22562515 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-9432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the therapeutic effects of metformin, a commonly used antidiabetic drug, in preventing endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in rats. METHODS EIU in Lewis rats was developed by subcutaneous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 150 μg). Metformin (300 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally) or its carrier was injected either 12 hours before or 2 hours after LPS induction. Three and 24 hours after EIU, eyes were enucleated and aqueous humor (AqH) was collected. The MILLIPLEX-MAG Rat cytokine-chemokine magnetic bead array was used to determine inflammatory cytokines. The expression of Cox-2, phosphorylation of AMPK, and NF-κB (p65) were determined immunohistochemically. Primary human nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cells (HNPECs) were used to determine the in vitro efficacy of metformin. RESULTS Compared with controls, the EIU rat AqH had significantly increased number of infiltrating cells and increased levels of various cytokines and chemokines (TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-1β, MIP-1α, IL-6, Leptin, and IL-18) and metformin significantly prevented the increase. Metformin also prevented the expression of Cox-2 and phosphorylation of p65, and increased the activation of AMPK in the ciliary bodies and retinal tissues. Moreover, metformin prevented the expression of Cox-2, iNOS, and activation of NF-kB in the HNPECs and decreased the levels of NO and PGE2 in cell culture media. CONCLUSIONS Our results for the first time demonstrate a novel role of the antidiabetic drug, metformin, in suppressing uveitis in rats and suggest that this drug could be developed to prevent uveitis complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh M Kalariya
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
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Laffin B, Petrash JM. Expression of the Aldo-Ketoreductases AKR1B1 and AKR1B10 in Human Cancers. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:104. [PMID: 22685431 PMCID: PMC3368246 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The American Cancer Society estimates that there will be more than 1.5 million new cases of cancer in 2011, underscoring the need for identification of new therapeutic targets and development of novel cancer therapies. Previous studies have implicated the human aldo-ketoreductases AKR1B1 and AKR1B10 in cancer, and therefore we examined AKR1B1 and AKR1B10 expression across all major human cancer types using the Oncomine cancer gene expression database (Compendia Biosciences, www.oncomine.com). Using this database, we found that expression of AKR1B1 and AKR1B10 varies greatly by cancer type and tissue of origin, including agreement with previous reports that AKR1B10 is significantly over-expressed in cancers of the lungs and liver. AKR1B1 is more broadly over-expressed in human cancers than AKR1B10, albeit at a generally lower magnitude. AKR1B1 over-expression was found to be associated with shortened patient survival in acute myelogenous leukemias and multiple myelomas. High AKR1B10 expression tends to predict less aggressive clinical course generally, notably within lung cancers, where it tends to be highly over-expressed compared to normal tissue. These findings suggest that AKR1B1 inhibitors in particular hold great potential as novel cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Laffin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The School of Medicine, University of Colorado Aurora, CO, USA
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Wang ZL, Deng CY, Zheng H, Xie CF, Wang XH, Luo YF, Chen ZZ, Cheng P, Chen LJ. (Z)2-(5-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-2, 4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl) acetic acid protects rats from CCl(4) -induced liver injury. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27:966-73. [PMID: 21913985 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM (Z)2-(5-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-2, 4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl) acetic acid (MDA) is an aldose reductase (AR) inhibitor. Recent studies suggest that AR contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammation by affecting the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-dependent expression of cytokines and chemokines and therefore could be a novel therapeutic target for inflammatory pathology. The current study evaluated the in vivo role of MDA in protecting the liver against injury and fibrogenesis caused by CCl(4) in rats, and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS A single injection of CCl(4) induced acute hepatitis, and repeated injections were used to induce hepatic fibrosis in rats. Therapeutic efficacy was assessed by comparison of the severity of hepatic injury and fibrosis in MDA-treated rats versus untreated controls. RESULTS MDA significantly protected the liver from injury by reducing the activity of serum alanine aminotransferase, and improving the histological architecture of the liver. MDA modulated NF-κB-dependent activation of inflammatory cytokines by reducing hepatic mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase and transforming growth factor-β. In addition, MDA attenuated oxidative stress by increasing the content of hepatic glutathione. These favorable changes were associated with suppressed hepatic NF-κB activation by MDA. MDA treatment improved liver fibrosis in rats that received repeated CCl(4) injections. In vitro, MDA attenuated phosphorylation of IκB and activation of NF-κB, and thus prevented biosynthesis of NO in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 cells. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that AR is a novel therapeutic anti-inflammatory target for the treatment of hepatitis and liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Takahashi K, Mizukami H, Kamata K, Inaba W, Kato N, Hibi C, Yagihashi S. Amelioration of acute kidney injury in lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome by an aldose reductase inhibitor, fidarestat. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30134. [PMID: 22253906 PMCID: PMC3257265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic inflammatory response syndrome is a fatal disease because of multiple organ failure. Acute kidney injury is a serious complication of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and its genesis is still unclear posing a difficulty for an effective treatment. Aldose reductase (AR) inhibitor is recently found to suppress lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cardiac failure and its lethality. We studied the effects of AR inhibitor on LPS-induced acute kidney injury and its mechanism. Methods Mice were injected with LPS and the effects of AR inhibitor (Fidarestat 32 mg/kg) before or after LPS injection were examined for the mortality, severity of renal failure and kidney pathology. Serum concentrations of cytokines (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α) and their mRNA expressions in the lung, liver, spleen and kidney were measured. We also evaluated polyol metabolites in the kidney. Results Mortality rate within 72 hours was significantly less in LPS-injected mice treated with AR inhibitor both before (29%) and after LPS injection (40%) than untreated mice (90%). LPS-injected mice showed marked increases in blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and cytokines, and AR inhibitor treatment suppressed the changes. LPS-induced acute kidney injury was associated with vacuolar degeneration and apoptosis of renal tubular cells as well as infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages. With improvement of such pathological findings, AR inhibitor treatment suppressed the elevation of cytokine mRNA levels in multiple organs and renal sorbitol accumulation. Conclusion AR inhibitor treatment ameliorated LPS-induced acute kidney injury, resulting in the lowered mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Takahashi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mizukami
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kamata
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Wataru Inaba
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Soroku Yagihashi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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He RR, Tsoi B, Lan F, Yao N, Yao XS, Kurihara H. Antioxidant properties of lutein contribute to the protection against lipopolysaccharide-induced uveitis in mice. Chin Med 2011; 6:38. [PMID: 22040935 PMCID: PMC3217882 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-6-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lutein is an important eye-protective nutrient. This study investigates the protective effects and mechanisms of lutein on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced uveitis in mice. METHODS Lutein, suspended in drinking water at a final concentration of 12.5 and 25 mg/mL, was administered to mice at 0.1 mL/10 g body weight for five consecutive days. Control and model group received drinking water only. Uveitis was induced by injecting LPS (100 mg per mouse) into the footpad in the model and lutein groups on day 5 after the last drug administration. Eyes of the mice were collected 24 hours after the LPS injection for the detection of indicators using commercial kits and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS LPS-induced uveitis was confirmed by significant pathological damage and increased the nitric oxide level in eye tissue of BALB/C mice 24 hours after the footpad injection. The elevated nitric oxide level was significantly reduced by oral administration of lutein (125 and 500 mg/kg/d for five days) before LPS injection. Moreover, lutein decreased the malondialdehyde content, increased the oxygen radical absorbance capacity level, glutathione, the vitamin C contents and total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. Lutein further increased expressions of copper-zinc SOD, manganese SOD and GPx mRNA. Conclusion The antioxidant properties of lutein contribute to the protection against LPS-induced uveitis, partially through the intervention of inflammation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Rong He
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bun Tsoi
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fang Lan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Nan Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hiroshi Kurihara
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Kanai K, Ito Y, Nagai N, Itoh N, Hori Y, Chikazawa S, Hoshi F, Higuchi S. Effects of instillation of eyedrops containing disulfiram and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex on endotoxin-induced uveitis in rats. Curr Eye Res 2011; 37:124-31. [PMID: 22029776 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2011.622853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of the instillation of disulfirum (DSF) eyedrops that enhance solubility using 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) on endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in rats and mechanisms related to ocular inflammation. METHODS EIU was induced in male Lewis rats by subcutaneous injection of 200 μg lipopolysaccharide (LPS). DSF (0.125%, 0.25% and 0.5%) or commercially available 0.05% dexamethasone (Dexa) was topically applied to both eyes of rats 1 hour before, immediately after, and 1 and 2 hours after injection of LPS. The aqueous humor (AqH) was collected 24 hours after LPS injection, and the number of infiltrating cells, protein concentration, and levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were determined. Immunohistochemical analysis of the iris ciliary body (ICB) cells was performed to determine the expression of activated nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). RESULTS The topical administration with DSF suppressed, in a dose-dependent manner, the number of inflammatory cells, the protein concentration, and the levels of NO, TNF-α and PGE2 in the AqH and improved the histologic status of the ocular tissue. The anti-inflammatory potency of 0.5% DSF treatment was as strong as that of 0.05% Dexa. Topical DSF treatment also suppressed the activated NF-κB 3 hours after LPS injection, and iNOS and COX-2 expression in the ICB 24 hours after LPS injection. CONCLUSIONS The present results demonstrate that the topical instillation of DSF eyedrops suppresses the inflammation in EIU, suggesting a possible novel approach for the treatment of ocular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Kanai
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kitasato, Towada, Aomori, Japan.
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Yadav UCS, Shoeb M, Srivastava SK, Ramana KV. Aldose reductase deficiency protects from autoimmune- and endotoxin-induced uveitis in mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:8076-85. [PMID: 21911582 PMCID: PMC3208006 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-7830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of aldose reductase (AR) deficiency in protecting the chronic experimental autoimmune (EAU) and acute endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in c57BL/6 mice. METHODS The WT and AR-null (ARKO) mice were immunized with human interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding peptide (hIRPB-1-20), to induce EAU, or were injected subcutaneously with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 μg) to induce EIU. The mice were killed on day 21 for EAU and at 24 hours for EIU, when the disease was at its peak, and the eyes were immediately enucleated for histologic and biochemical studies. Spleen-derived T-lymphocytes were used to study the antigen-specific immune response in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS In WT-EAU mice, severe damage to the retinal wall, especially to the photoreceptor layer was observed, corresponding to a pathologic score of ∼2, which was significantly prevented in the ARKO or AR inhibitor-treated mice. The levels of cytokines and chemokines increased markedly in the whole-eye homogenates of WT-EAU mice, but not in ARKO-EAU mice. Further, expression of inflammatory marker proteins such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 was increased in the WT-EIU mouse eyes but not in the ARKO-EIU eyes. The T cells proliferated vigorously when exposed to the hIRPB antigen in vitro and secreted various cytokines and chemokines, which were significantly inhibited in the T cells isolated from the ARKO mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that AR-deficiency/inhibition protects against acute as well as chronic forms of ocular inflammatory complications such as uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh C. S. Yadav
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Mohammed Shoeb
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Satish K. Srivastava
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Kota V. Ramana
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Yadav UCS, Shoeb M, Srivastava SK, Ramana KV. Amelioration of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis by aldose reductase inhibition in Lewis rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:8033-41. [PMID: 21900376 PMCID: PMC3208000 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-7485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recently, the authors showed that the inhibition of aldose reductase (AR) prevents bacterial endotoxin-induced uveitis in rats. They have now investigated the efficacy of AR inhibitors in the prevention of experimental autoimmune-induced uveitis (EAU) in rats. METHODS Lewis rats were immunized with bovine interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding peptide (IRBP) to develop EAU. Two or 8 days after immunization, the rats started receiving the AR inhibitor fidarestat (7 mg/kg/d; intraperitoneally). They were killed when the disease was at its peak; aqueous humor (AqH) was collected from one eye, and the other eye of each rat was used for histologic studies. The protein concentration and the levels of inflammatory markers were determined in AqH. Immunohistochemical analysis of eye sections was performed to determine the expression of inflammatory markers. The effect of AR inhibition on immune response was investigated in isolated T lymphocytes. RESULTS Immunization of rats by IRBP peptide resulted in a significant infiltration of leukocytes in the posterior and the anterior chambers of the eye. Further, EAU caused an increase in the concentration of proteins, inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines in AqH, and the expression of inflammatory markers such as inducible-nitric oxide synthase and cycloxygenase-2 in the rat eye ciliary bodies and retina. Treatment with fidarestat significantly prevented the EAU-induced ocular inflammatory changes. AR inhibition also prevented the proliferation of spleen-derived T cells isolated from EAU rats in response to the IRBP antigen. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that AR could be a novel mediator of bovine IRBP-induced uveitis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh C. S. Yadav
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Mohammad Shoeb
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Satish K. Srivastava
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Kota V. Ramana
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Kalariya NM, Reddy ABM, Ansari NH, VanKuijk FJGM, Ramana KV. Preventive effects of ethyl pyruvate on endotoxin-induced uveitis in rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:5144-52. [PMID: 21551413 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-7047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies indicate that ethyl pyruvate (EP) exerts anti-inflammatory properties; however, the effect of EP on ocular inflammation is not known. The efficacy of EP in endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in rats was investigated. METHODS EIU in Lewis rats was developed by the subcutaneous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 150 μg). EP (30 mg/kg body weight) or its carrier was injected intraperitoneally 1 hour before or 2 hours after lipopolysaccharide injection. Animals were killed after 3 and 24 hours followed by enucleation of eyes and collection of the aqueous humor (AqH). The number of infiltrating cells and levels of proteins in the AqH were determined. The rat cytokine/chemokine multiplex method was used to determine level of cytokines and chemokines in the AqH. TNF-α and phospho-nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) expression in ocular tissues were determined immunohistochemically. Human primary nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cells (HNPECs) were used to determine the in vitro efficacy of EP on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response. RESULTS Compared to controls, AqH from the EIU rat eyes had a significantly higher number of infiltrating cells, total protein, and inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, and the treatment of EP prevented EIU-induced increases. In addition, EP also prevented the expression of TNF-α and activation of NF-κB in the ciliary bodies and retina of the eye. Moreover, in HNPECs, EP inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of NF-κB and expression of Cox-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that EP prevents ocular inflammation in EIU, suggesting that the supplementation of EP could be a novel approach for the treatment of ocular inflammation, specifically uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh M Kalariya
- AMD Centre, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
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Abstract
In the past years aldose reductase (AKR1B1; AR) is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of secondary diabetic complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy and cataractogenesis. Subsequently, a number of AR inhibitors have been developed and tested for diabetic complications. Although, these inhibitors have found to be safe for human use, they have not been successful at the clinical studies because of limited efficacy. Recently, the potential physiological role of AR has been reassessed from a different point of view. Diverse groups suggested that AR besides reducing glucose, also efficiently reduces oxidative stress-generated lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes and their glutathione conjugates. Since lipid aldehydes alter cellular signals by regulating the activation of transcription factors such as NF-kB and AP1, inhibition of AR could inhibit such events. Indeed, a wide array of recent experimental evidence indicates that the inhibition of AR prevents oxidative stress-induced activation of NF-kB and AP1 signals that lead to cell death or growth. Further, AR inhibitors have been shown to prevent inflammatory complications such as sepsis, asthma, colon cancer and uveitis in rodent animal models. The new experimental in-vitro and in-vivo data has provided a basis for investigating the clinical efficacy of AR inhibitors in preventing other inflammatory complications than diabetes. This review describes how the recent studies have identified novel plethoric physiological and pathophysiological significance of AR in mediating inflammatory complications, and how the discovery of such new insights for this old enzyme could have considerable importance in envisioning potential new therapeutic strategies for the prevention or treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota V Ramana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555
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