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Jiao S, Reinach PS, Huang C, Yu L, Zhuang H, Ran H, Zhao F, Srinivasalu N, Qu J, Zhou X. Calcipotriol Attenuates Form Deprivation Myopia Through a Signaling Pathway Parallel to TGF-β2-Induced Increases in Collagen Expression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:2. [PMID: 36723926 PMCID: PMC9904334 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the role of calcipotriol, a vitamin D3 analogue, in myopia development and altering the expression of scleral α1 chain of type I collagen (Col1α1) in mice. We also aimed to identify if the signaling pathway mediating the above changes is different from the one involved in transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2)-mediated increases of COL1A1 in cultured human scleral fibroblasts (HSFs). Methods C57BL/6J mice were either intraperitoneally injected with calcipotriol and subjected to form deprivation (FD) or exposed to normal refractive development for 4 weeks. Scleral vitamin D receptor (Vdr) expression was knocked down using a Sub-Tenon's capsule injection of an adeno-associated virus-packaged short hairpin RNA (AAV8-shRNA). Refraction and biometric measurements evaluated myopia development. A combination of knockdown and induction strategies determined the relative contributions of the vitamin D3 and the TGF-β2 signaling pathways in modulating COL1A1 expression in HSFs. Results Calcipotriol injections suppressed FD-induced myopia (FDM), but it had no significant effect on normal refractive development. AAV8-shRNA injection reduced Vdr mRNA expression by 42% and shifted the refraction toward myopia (-3.15 ± 0.99D, means ± SEM) in normal eyes. In HSFs, VDR knockdown reduced calcipotriol-induced rises in COL1A1 expression, but it did not alter TGF-β2-induced increases in COL1A1 expression. Additionally, TGF-β2 augmented calcipotriol-induced rises in COL1A1 expression. TGF-β receptor (TGFBRI/II) knockdown blunted TGF-β2-induced increases in COL1A1 expression, whereas calcipotriol-induced increases in VDR and COL1A1 expression levels were unaltered. Conclusions Scleral vitamin D3 inhibits myopia development in mice, potentially by activating a VDR-dependent signaling pathway and increasing scleral COL1A1 expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Jiao
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peter Sol Reinach
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengjie Huang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lan Yu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huiman Zhuang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongli Ran
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nethrajeith Srinivasalu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangtian Zhou
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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2
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Musolf AM, Haarman AEG, Luben RN, Ong JS, Patasova K, Trapero RH, Marsh J, Jain I, Jain R, Wang PZ, Lewis DD, Tedja MS, Iglesias AI, Li H, Cowan CS, Biino G, Klein AP, Duggal P, Mackey DA, Hayward C, Haller T, Metspalu A, Wedenoja J, Pärssinen O, Cheng CY, Saw SM, Stambolian D, Hysi PG, Khawaja AP, Vitart V, Hammond CJ, van Duijn CM, Verhoeven VJM, Klaver CCW, Bailey-Wilson JE. Rare variant analyses across multiethnic cohorts identify novel genes for refractive error. Commun Biol 2023; 6:6. [PMID: 36596879 PMCID: PMC9810640 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04323-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Refractive error, measured here as mean spherical equivalent (SER), is a complex eye condition caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Individuals with strong positive or negative values of SER require spectacles or other approaches for vision correction. Common genetic risk factors have been identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS), but a great part of the refractive error heritability is still missing. Some of this heritability may be explained by rare variants (minor allele frequency [MAF] ≤ 0.01.). We performed multiple gene-based association tests of mean Spherical Equivalent with rare variants in exome array data from the Consortium for Refractive Error and Myopia (CREAM). The dataset consisted of over 27,000 total subjects from five cohorts of Indo-European and Eastern Asian ethnicity. We identified 129 unique genes associated with refractive error, many of which were replicated in multiple cohorts. Our best novel candidates included the retina expressed PDCD6IP, the circadian rhythm gene PER3, and P4HTM, which affects eye morphology. Future work will include functional studies and validation. Identification of genes contributing to refractive error and future understanding of their function may lead to better treatment and prevention of refractive errors, which themselves are important risk factors for various blinding conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Musolf
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Annechien E G Haarman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert N Luben
- MRC Epidemiology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Jue-Sheng Ong
- Statistical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Karina Patasova
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rolando Hernandez Trapero
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joseph Marsh
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ishika Jain
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Riya Jain
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul Zhiping Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Deyana D Lewis
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Milly S Tedja
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana I Iglesias
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hengtong Li
- Data Science Unit, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cameron S Cowan
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ginevra Biino
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alison P Klein
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Priya Duggal
- The Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Toomas Haller
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Juho Wedenoja
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olavi Pärssinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, DUKE-National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Ocular Epidemiology Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Myopia Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pirro G Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony P Khawaja
- MRC Epidemiology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher J Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Virginie J M Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Joan E Bailey-Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Neitz M, Wagner-Schuman M, Rowlan JS, Kuchenbecker JA, Neitz J. Insight from OPN1LW Gene Haplotypes into the Cause and Prevention of Myopia. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:942. [PMID: 35741704 PMCID: PMC9222437 DOI: 10.3390/genes13060942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearsightedness (myopia) is a global health problem of staggering proportions that has driven the hunt for environmental and genetic risk factors in hopes of gaining insight into the underlying mechanism and providing new avenues of intervention. Myopia is the dominant risk factor for leading causes of blindness, including myopic maculopathy and retinal detachment. The fundamental defect in myopia-an excessively elongated eyeball-causes blurry distance vision that is correctable with lenses or surgery, but the risk of blindness remains. Haplotypes of the long-wavelength and middle-wavelength cone opsin genes (OPN1LW and OPN1MW, respectively) that exhibit profound exon-3 skipping during pre-messenger RNA splicing are associated with high myopia. Cone photoreceptors expressing these haplotypes are nearly devoid of photopigment. Conversely, cones in the same retina that express non-skipping haplotypes are relatively full of photopigment. We hypothesized that abnormal contrast signals arising from adjacent cones differing in photopigment content stimulate axial elongation, and spectacles that reduce contrast may significantly slow myopia progression. We tested for an association between spherical equivalent refraction and OPN1LW haplotype in males of European ancestry as determined by long-distance PCR and Sanger sequencing and identified OPN1LW exon 3 haplotypes that increase the risk of common myopia. We also evaluated the effects of contrast-reducing spectacles lenses on myopia progression in children. The work presented here provides new insight into the cause and prevention of myopia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (J.S.R.); (J.A.K.); (J.N.)
| | | | - Jessica S. Rowlan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (J.S.R.); (J.A.K.); (J.N.)
| | - James A. Kuchenbecker
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (J.S.R.); (J.A.K.); (J.N.)
| | - Jay Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (J.S.R.); (J.A.K.); (J.N.)
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4
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Simpson CL, Musolf AM, Cordero RY, Cordero JB, Portas L, Murgia F, Lewis DD, Middlebrooks CD, Ciner EB, Bailey-Wilson JE, Stambolian D. Myopia in African Americans Is Significantly Linked to Chromosome 7p15.2-14.2. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:16. [PMID: 34241624 PMCID: PMC8287048 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.9.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to perform genetic linkage analysis and association analysis on exome genotyping from highly aggregated African American families with nonpathogenic myopia. African Americans are a particularly understudied population with respect to myopia. Methods One hundred six African American families from the Philadelphia area with a family history of myopia were genotyped using an Illumina ExomePlus array and merged with previous microsatellite data. Myopia was initially measured in mean spherical equivalent (MSE) and converted to a binary phenotype where individuals were identified as affected, unaffected, or unknown. Parametric linkage analysis was performed on both individual variants (single-nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs] and microsatellites) as well as gene-based markers. Family-based association analysis and transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) analysis modified for rare variants was also performed. Results Genetic linkage analysis identified 2 genomewide significant variants at 7p15.2 and 7p14.2 (in the intergenic region between MIR148A and NFE2L3 and in the noncoding RNA LOC401324) and 2 genomewide significant genes (CRHR2 and AVL9) both at 7p14.3. No genomewide results were found in the association analyses. Conclusions This study identified a significant linkage peak in African American families for myopia at 7p15.2 to 7p14.2, the first potential risk locus for myopia in African Americans. Interesting candidate genes are located in the region, including PDE1C, which is highly expressed in the eyes, and known to be involved in retinal development. Further identification of the causal variants at this linkage peak will help elucidate the genetics of myopia in this understudied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L. Simpson
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Anthony M. Musolf
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Roberto Y. Cordero
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jennifer B. Cordero
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Laura Portas
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Federico Murgia
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Deyana D. Lewis
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Candace D. Middlebrooks
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Elise B. Ciner
- The Pennsylvania College of Optometry at Salus University, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Joan E. Bailey-Wilson
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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5
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Liu J, Zhang R, Sun L, Zheng Y, Chen S, Chen SL, Xu Y, Pang CP, Zhang M, Ng TK. Genotype-phenotype correlation and interaction of 4q25, 15q14 and MIPEP variants with myopia in southern Chinese population. Br J Ophthalmol 2021; 105:869-877. [PMID: 31604699 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To determine the association and interaction of genome-wide association study-reported variants for Asian populations with myopia and ocular biometric parameters in southern Chinese population. METHODS Totally, 1462 unrelated Han Chinese subjects were recruited with complete ophthalmic examinations, including 1196 myopia and 266 control subjects. A total of nine variants were selected for TaqMan genotyping. The genetic association, joint additive effect and genotype-phenotype correlation were investigated. RESULTS The 4q25 variant rs10034228 (p=0.002, OR=0.56) and MIPEP variant rs9318086 (p=0.004, OR=1.62) were found to be significantly associated with myopia as well as different severity of myopia. Moreover, 15q14 variant rs524952 (p=0.015, OR=1.49) also showed mild association with myopia and high myopia. However, there was no significant association of CTNND2, vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 and syntrophin beta 1 variants with myopia. Joint additive analysis revealed that the subjects carrying 6 risk alleles of the 3 associated variants were 10-fold higher risk predisposed to high myopia. Genotype-phenotype correlation analysis revealed that high myopia subjects carrying 4q25 rs10034228 T allele showed thicker central corneal thickness, whereas high myopia subjects carrying 15q14 rs524952 A allele were associated with longer axial length and larger curvature ratio. CONCLUSION This study revealed significant association of 4q25, 15q14 and MIPEP variants with myopia and different severity of myopia in southern Chinese population, joint additively enhancing 10-fold of risk predisposing to high myopia. The correlation of these associated variants with axial length and corneal parameters suggests their contribution to the refractive status in high myopia subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbin Liu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Riping Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lixia Sun
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuqian Zheng
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaowan Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shao-Lang Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanxuan Xu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chi-Pui Pang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tsz Kin Ng
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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6
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A Bibliometric and Citation Network Analysis of Myopia Genetics. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030447. [PMID: 33801043 PMCID: PMC8003911 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To aim of the study was describe the growth of publications on genetic myopia and understand the current research landscape through the analysis of citation networks, as well as determining the different research areas and the most cited publications. METHODS The Web of Science database was used to perform the publication search, looking for the terms "genetic*" AND "myopia" within the period between 2009 and October 2020. The CitNetExplorer and CiteSpace software were then used to conduct the publication analysis. To obtain the graphics, the VOSviewer software was used. RESULTS A total of 721 publications were found with 2999 citations generated within the network. The year 2019 was singled out as a "key year", taking into account the number of publications that emerged in that year and given that in 2019, 200 loci associated with refractive errors and myopia were found, which is considered to be great progress. The most widely cited publication was "Genome-wide meta-analyses of multiancestry cohorts identify multiple new susceptibility loci for refractive error and myopia", an article by Verhoeven et al., which was published in 2013. By using the clustering function, we were able to establish three groups that encompassed the different research areas within this field: heritability rate of myopia and its possible association with environmental factors, retinal syndromes associated with myopia and the genetic factors that control and influence axial growth of the eye. CONCLUSIONS The citation network offers a comprehensive and objective analysis of the main papers that address genetic myopia.
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7
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Wong CW, Foo LL, Morjaria P, Morgan I, Mueller A, Davis A, Keys D, He M, Sankaridurg P, Zhu JF, Hendicott P, Tan D, Saw SM, Cheng CY, Lamoureux EL, Crowston JG, Gemmy Cheung CM, Sng C, Chan C, Wong D, Lee SY, Agrawal R, Hoang QV, Su X, Koh A, Ngo C, Chen H, Wu PC, Chia A, Jonas JB, Wong TY, Ang M. Highlights from the 2019 International Myopia Summit on 'controversies in myopia'. Br J Ophthalmol 2020; 105:1196-1202. [PMID: 32816799 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Myopia is an emerging public health issue with potentially significant economic and social impact, especially in East Asia. However, many uncertainties about myopia and its clinical management remain. The International Myopia Summit workgroup was convened by the Singapore Eye Research Institute, the WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific and the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness in 2019. The aim of this workgroup was to summarise available evidence, identify gaps or unmet needs and provide consensus on future directions for clinical research in myopia. In this review, among the many 'controversies in myopia' discussed, we highlight three main areas of consensus. First, development of interventions for the prevention of axial elongation and pathologic myopia is needed, which may require a multifaceted approach targeting the Bruch's membrane, choroid and/or sclera. Second, clinical myopia management requires co-operation between optometrists and ophthalmologists to provide patients with holistic care and a tailored approach that balances risks and benefits of treatment by using optical and pharmacological interventions. Third, current diagnostic technologies to detect myopic complications may be improved through collaboration between clinicians, researchers and industry. There is an unmet need to develop new imaging modalities for both structural and functional analyses and to establish normative databases for myopic eyes. In conclusion, the workgroup's call to action advocated for a paradigm shift towards a collaborative approach in the holistic clinical management of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Wai Wong
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Lian Foo
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Priya Morjaria
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
| | - Ian Morgan
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Australia
| | - Andreas Mueller
- World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific.,Centre for Eye Research Australia, Australia
| | - Amanda Davis
- International Agency for Prevention of Blindness, London, United Kingdom
| | - Drew Keys
- International Agency for Prevention of Blindness, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Padmaja Sankaridurg
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jian Feng Zhu
- Department of Preventative Ophthalmology Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Centre, Shanghai Eye Hospital, China
| | - Peter Hendicott
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Optometry and Vision Science, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Donald Tan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching Yu Cheng
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ecosse Luc Lamoureux
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jonathan G Crowston
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chui Ming Gemmy Cheung
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chelvin Sng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Doric Wong
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shu Yen Lee
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rupesh Agrawal
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Quan V Hoang
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Xinyi Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adrian Koh
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Cheryl Ngo
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical College, China
| | - Pei Chang Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan.,Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Audrey Chia
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jost B Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marcus Ang
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore .,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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8
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Zhao F, Zhang D, Zhou Q, Zhao F, He M, Yang Z, Su Y, Zhai Y, Yan J, Zhang G, Xue A, Tang J, Han X, Shi Y, Zhu Y, Liu T, Zhuang W, Huang L, Hong Y, Wu D, Li Y, Lu Q, Chen W, Jiao S, Wang Q, Srinivasalu N, Wen Y, Zeng C, Qu J, Zhou X. Scleral HIF-1α is a prominent regulatory candidate for genetic and environmental interactions in human myopia pathogenesis. EBioMedicine 2020; 57:102878. [PMID: 32652319 PMCID: PMC7348000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopia is a good model for understanding the interaction between genetics and environmental stimuli. Here we dissect the biological processes affecting myopia progression. METHODS Human Genetic Analyses: (1) gene set analysis (GSA) of new genome wide association study (GWAS) data for 593 individuals with high myopia (refraction ≤ -6 diopters [D]); (2) over-representation analysis (ORA) of 196 genes with de novo mutations, identified by whole genome sequencing of 45 high-myopia trio families, and (3) ORA of 284 previously reported myopia risk genes. Contributions of the enriched signaling pathways in mediating the genetic and environmental interactions during myopia development were investigated in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS All three genetic analyses showed significant enrichment of four KEGG signaling pathways, including amphetamine addiction, extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor interaction, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, and regulation of actin cytoskeleton pathways. In individuals with extremely high myopia (refraction ≤ -10 D), the GSA of GWAS data revealed significant enrichment of the HIF-1α signaling pathway. Using human scleral fibroblasts, silencing the key nodal genes within protein-protein interaction networks for the enriched pathways antagonized the hypoxia-induced increase in myofibroblast transdifferentiation. In mice, scleral HIF-1α downregulation led to hyperopia, whereas upregulation resulted in myopia. In human subjects, near work, a risk factor for myopia, significantly decreased choroidal blood perfusion, which might cause scleral hypoxia. INTERPRETATION Our study implicated the HIF-1α signaling pathway in promoting human myopia through mediating interactions between genetic and environmental factors. FUNDING National Natural Science Foundation of China grants; Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; The State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dake Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyi Zhou
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; The State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fuxin Zhao
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; The State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingguang He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zhenglin Yang
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongchao Su
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; The State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Zhai
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; The State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaofeng Yan
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; The State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoyun Zhang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; The State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anquan Xue
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; The State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Tang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; The State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaotong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Shi
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; The State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tianzi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhuang
- People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Eye Hospital (First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University For Nationalities), Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Lulin Huang
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yaqiang Hong
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Deng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Qinkang Lu
- Ophthalmology Center of Yinzhou People's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shiming Jiao
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; The State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiongsi Wang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; The State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nethrajeith Srinivasalu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; The State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingying Wen
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; The State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Changqing Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; The State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangtian Zhou
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; The State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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9
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Cheong KX, Yong RYY, Tan MMH, Tey FLK, Ang BCH. Association of VIPR2 and ZMAT4 with high myopia. Ophthalmic Genet 2020; 41:41-48. [PMID: 32166996 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2020.1737951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: To investigate the associations of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in the VIPR2 and ZMAT4 genes with high myopia in a Han Chinese population.Materials and Methods: In this case-control genetic association study comprising 193 high myopia participants and 135 normal emmetropic controls from a Han Chinese population, 15 SNPs from the VIPR2 and ZMAT4 genes were selected for genotyping based on previous studies. Allelic frequencies of the SNPs and haplotypes were compared for association with high myopia and axial length (AL).Results: RS885863 (G-reference/A-effect) and RS7829127 (A-reference/G-effect) were significantly associated with high myopia (OR = 1.832, P = .045; OR = 0.539, P = .023 respectively). The associations of RS885863 with high myopia were observed under the dominant (GA+AA: OR = 1.972, P < .05) and co-dominant models (Heterozygous GA: OR = 1.874; Homozygous AA: OR = 5.310; P < .05) against GG (reference). The mean AL of GG was 25.94 mm, compared with that in GA and AA of 26.64 mm and 27.48 mm respectively. The associations of RS7829127 with high myopia were observed under the dominant (AG+GG: OR = 0.512, P < .05) and co-dominant models (Heterozygous AG: OR = 0.524; Homozygous GG: OR = 0.307; P < .05) against AA (reference). The mean AL of AA was 26.35 mm, compared with that in AG and GG of 25.62 mm and 25.17 mm respectively. The importance of RS885863 and RS7829127 were also highlighted by their being the constituent SNPs in the haplotypes (ACGA, P = .002; and GA, P = .008 respectively) that were significantly associated with high myopia.Conclusions: Our findings agree that RS885863 from VIPR2 and RS7829127 from ZMAT4 are significantly associated with high myopia in a Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xiong Cheong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Vision Performance Centre, Military Medicine Institute, Singapore Armed Forces, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rita Yu Yin Yong
- DSO National Laboratories, Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mellisa Mei Hui Tan
- Vision Performance Centre, Military Medicine Institute, Singapore Armed Forces, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Frederick Lian Kheng Tey
- DSO National Laboratories, Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bryan Chin Hou Ang
- Vision Performance Centre, Military Medicine Institute, Singapore Armed Forces, Singapore, Singapore.,National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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10
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Leung KH, Luo S, Kwarteng R, Chen SG, Yap MKH, Huang CL, Yip SP. The myopia susceptibility locus vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 (VIPR2) contains variants with opposite effects. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18165. [PMID: 31796800 PMCID: PMC6890636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54619-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia is the commonest eye disorder in the world. High myopes are predisposed to ocular pathologies. The vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 (VIPR2) gene was identified as a myopia susceptibility locus by our group and another group. We continued to fine-map this locus. A case-control study was performed in 4 sequential stages with a total of 941 highly myopic subjects and 846 control subjects, all unrelated Chinese. Stage 1 experimentally genotyped 64.4% of the entire cohort for 152 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and Stage 2 the remaining subjects for 21 SNPs. Stage 3 combined the genotypes for 21 SNPs for the entire cohort, and identified one group of high-risk haplotypes and one group of protective haplotypes significantly associated with high myopia. Stage 4 imputed genotypes for variants in the VIPR2 region and identified two independent groups of variants: one group with high-risk minor alleles and another with protective minor alleles. Variants within each group were generally in strong linkage disequilibrium among themselves while high-risk variants were in linkage equilibrium with protective variants. Therefore, the VIPR2 locus seems to contain variants with opposite effects. This is the first study that has examined the genetic architecture of a myopia susceptibility locus in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Hung Leung
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shumeng Luo
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Regina Kwarteng
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sin-Guang Chen
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Maurice K H Yap
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chien-Ling Huang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Shea Ping Yip
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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11
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Musolf AM, Simpson CL, Alexander TA, Portas L, Murgia F, Ciner EB, Stambolian D, Bailey-Wilson JE. Genome-wide scans of myopia in Pennsylvania Amish families reveal significant linkage to 12q15, 8q21.3 and 5p15.33. Hum Genet 2019; 138:339-354. [PMID: 30826882 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-01991-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myopia is one of the most common ocular disorders in the world, yet the genetic etiology of the disease remains poorly understood. Specialized founder populations, such as the Pennsylvania Amish, provide the opportunity to utilize exclusive genomic architecture, like unique haplotypes, to better understand the genetic causes of myopia. We perform genetic linkage analysis on Pennsylvania Amish families that have a strong familial history of myopia to map any potential causal variants and genes for the disease. 293 individuals from 25 extended families were genotyped on the Illumina ExomePlus array and merged with previous microsatellite data. We coded myopia affection as a binary phenotype; myopia was defined as having a mean spherical equivalent (MSE) of less than or equal to - 1 D (diopters). Two-point and multipoint parametric linkage analyses were performed under an autosomal dominant model. When allowing for locus heterogeneity, we identified two novel genome-wide significantly linked variants at 12q15 (heterogeneity LOD, HLOD = 3.77) in PTPRB and at 8q21.3 (HLOD = 3.35) in CNGB3. We identified further three genome-wide significant variants within a single family. These three variants were located in exons of SLC6A18 at 5p15.33 (LODs ranged from 3.51 to 3.37). Multipoint analysis confirmed the significant signal at 5p15.33 with six genome-wide significant variants (LODs ranged from 3.6 to 3.3). Further suggestive evidence of linkage was observed in several other regions of the genome. All three novel linked regions contain strong candidate genes, especially CNGB3 on 8q21.3, which has been shown to affect photoreceptors and cause complete color blindness. Whole genome sequencing on these regions is planned to conclusively elucidate the causal variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Musolf
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr, Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Claire L Simpson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr, Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.,Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Theresa A Alexander
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr, Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Laura Portas
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr, Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Federico Murgia
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr, Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Elise B Ciner
- The Pennsylvania College of Optometry at Salus University, Elkins Park, PA, USA
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joan E Bailey-Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Dr, Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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12
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Wan L, Deng B, Wu Z, Chen X. Exome sequencing study of 20 patients with high myopia. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5552. [PMID: 30245926 PMCID: PMC6148412 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High myopia is a common ocular disease worldwide. To expand our current understanding of the genetic basis of high myopia, we carried out a whole exome sequencing (WES) study to identify potential causal gene mutations. Methods A total of 20 individuals with high myopia were exome sequenced. A novel filtering strategy combining phenotypes and functional impact of variants was applied to identify candidate genes by multi-step bioinformatics analyses. Network and enrichment analysis were employed to examine the biological pathways involved in the candidate genes. Results In 16 out of 20 patients, we identified 20 potential pathogenic gene variants for high myopia. A total of 18 variants were located in myopia-associated chromosomal regions. In addition to the novel mutations found in five known myopia genes (ADAMTS18, CSMD1, P3H2, RPGR, and SLC39A5), we also identified pathogenic variants in seven ocular disease genes (ABCA4, CEP290, HSPG2, PCDH15, SAG, SEMA4A, and USH2A) as novel candidate genes. The biological processes associated with vision were significantly enriched in our candidate genes, including visual perception, photoreceptor cell maintenance, retinoid metabolic process, and cellular response to zinc ion starvation. Discussion Systematic mutation analysis of candidate genes was performed using WES data, functional interaction (FI) network, Gene Ontology and pathway enrichment. FI network analysis revealed important network modules and regulator linker genes (EP300, CTNNB1) potentially related to high myopia development. Our study expanded the list of candidate genes associated with high myopia, which increased the genetic screening performance and provided implications for future studies on the molecular genetics of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wan
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital and Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Boling Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital and Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengzheng Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital and Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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13
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Liu KY, Sengillo JD, Velez G, Jauregui R, Sakai LY, Maumenee IH, Bassuk AG, Mahajan VB, Tsang SH. Missense mutation in SLIT2 associated with congenital myopia, anisometropia, connective tissue abnormalities, and obesity. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2018; 13:138. [PMID: 30111362 PMCID: PMC6094464 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-018-0885-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SLIT2 is a protein ligand for the Roundabout (ROBO) receptor and was found to play a major role in repulsive midline axon guidance in central nervous system development. Based on studies utilizing knockout models, it has been postulated that SLIT2 is important for preventing inappropriate axonal routing during mammalian optic chiasm development. Methods Case report. Results Here, we report a case of congenital myopia, anisometropia, and obesity in a patient with a SLIT2 point mutation. Examination of the patient’s skin biopsy revealed abnormalities in elastin and collagen fibrils that suggest an underlying connective tissue disorder. Structural modeling placed the novel mutation (p.D1407G) in the EGF-like domain 8 and was predicted to affect interactions with SLIT2 binding partners. Conclusions To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of a SLIT2 variant in the context of these ocular findings. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13023-018-0885-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Y Liu
- Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jesse D Sengillo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Reading Hospital, West Reading, PA, USA
| | - Gabriel Velez
- Omics Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ruben Jauregui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lynn Y Sakai
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University and Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, USA
| | - Irene H Maumenee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Palo Alto Veterans Administration, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Jonas Children's Vision Care, and Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, New York, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Stem Cell Initiative (CSCI), Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. .,Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, 635 West 165th Street, Box 212, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Myopia occurs in more than 50% of the population in many industrialized countries and is expected to increase; complications associated with axial elongation from myopia are the sixth leading cause of blindness. Thus, understanding its etiology, epidemiology, and the results of various treatment regiments may modify current care and result in a reduction in morbidity from progressive myopia. This rapid increase cannot be explained by genetics alone. Current animal and human research demonstrates that myopia development is a result of the interplay between genetic and the environmental factors. The prevalence of myopia is higher in individuals whose both parents are myopic, suggesting that genetic factors are clearly involved in myopia development. At the same time, population studies suggest that development of myopia is associated with education and the amount time spent doing near work; hence, activities increase the exposure to optical blur. Recently, there has been an increase in efforts to slow the progression of myopia because of its relationship to the development of serious pathological conditions such as macular degeneration, retinal detachments, glaucoma, and cataracts. We reviewed meta-analysis and other of current treatments that include: atropine, progressive addition spectacle lenses, orthokeratology, and multifocal contact lenses.
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15
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Musolf AM, Simpson CL, Long KA, Moiz BA, Lewis DD, Middlebrooks CD, Portas L, Murgia F, Ciner EB, Bailey-Wilson JE, Stambolian D. Myopia in Chinese families shows linkage to 10q26.13. Mol Vis 2018; 24:29-42. [PMID: 29383007 PMCID: PMC5767476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine genetic linkage between myopia and Han Chinese patients with a family history of the disease. Methods One hundred seventy-six Han Chinese patients from 34 extended families were given eye examinations, and mean spherical equivalent (MSE) in diopters (D) was calculated by adding the spherical component of the refraction to one-half the cylindrical component and taking the average of both eyes. The MSE was converted to a binary phenotype, where all patients with an MSE of -1.00 D or less were coded as affected. Unaffected individuals had an MSE greater than 0.00 D (ages 21 years and up), +1.50 (ages 11-20), or +2.00 D (ages 6-10 years). Individuals between the given upper threshold and -1.00 were coded as unknown. Patients were genotyped on an exome chip. Three types of linkage analyses were performed: single-variant two-point, multipoint, and collapsed haplotype pattern (CHP) variant two-point. Results The CHP variant two-point results identified a significant peak (heterogeneity logarithm of the odds [HLOD] = 3.73) at 10q26.13 in TACC2. The single-variant two-point and multipoint analyses showed highly suggestive linkage to the same region. The single-variant two-point results identified 25 suggestive variants at HTRA1, also at 10q26.13. Conclusions We report a significant genetic linkage between myopia and Han Chinese patients at 10q26.13. 10q26.13 contains several good candidate genes, such as TACC2 and the known age-related macular degeneration gene HTRA1. Targeted sequencing of the region is planned to identify the causal variant(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M. Musolf
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Claire L. Simpson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Kyle A. Long
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Bilal A. Moiz
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Deyana D. Lewis
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Candace D. Middlebrooks
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Laura Portas
- Institute of Population Genetics, CNR, Li Punti, Sassari, Italy
| | - Federico Murgia
- Institute of Population Genetics, CNR, Li Punti, Sassari, Italy
| | - Elise B. Ciner
- The Pennsylvania College of Optometry at Salus University, Elkins Park, PA
| | - Joan E. Bailey-Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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16
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Li J, Zhang Q. Insight into the molecular genetics of myopia. Mol Vis 2017; 23:1048-1080. [PMID: 29386878 PMCID: PMC5757860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia is the most common cause of visual impairment worldwide. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of myopia. Studies on the molecular genetics of myopia are well established and have implicated the important role of genetic factors. With linkage analysis, association studies, sequencing analysis, and experimental myopia studies, many of the loci and genes associated with myopia have been identified. Thus far, there has been no systemic review of the loci and genes related to non-syndromic and syndromic myopia based on the different approaches. Such a systemic review of the molecular genetics of myopia will provide clues to identify additional plausible genes for myopia and help us to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying myopia. This paper reviews recent genetic studies on myopia, summarizes all possible reported genes and loci related to myopia, and suggests implications for future studies on the molecular genetics of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingjiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Yu FJ, Lam TC, Liu LQ, Chun RKM, Cheung JKW, Li KK, To CH. Isotope-coded protein label based quantitative proteomic analysis reveals significant up-regulation of apolipoprotein A1 and ovotransferrin in the myopic chick vitreous. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12649. [PMID: 28978931 PMCID: PMC5627271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12650-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study used isotope-coded protein label (ICPL) quantitative proteomics and bioinformatics analysis to examine changes in vitreous protein content and associated pathways during lens-induced eye growth. First, the vitreous protein profile of normal 7-day old chicks was characterized by nano-liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 341 unique proteins were identified. Next, myopia and hyperopia were induced in the same chick by attaching -10D lenses to the right eye and +10D lenses to the left eye, for 3 and 7 days. Protein expression in lens-induced ametropic eyes was analyzed using the ICPL approach coupled to LCMS. Four proteins (cystatin, apolipoprotein A1, ovotransferrin, and purpurin) were significantly up-regulated in the vitreous after 3 days of wearing -10D lenses relative to +10D lens contralateral eyes. The differences in protein expression were less pronounced after 7 days when the eyes approached full compensation. In a different group of chicks, western blot confirmed the up-regulation of apolipoprotein A1 and ovotransferrin in the myopic vitreous relative to both contralateral lens-free eyes and hyperopic eyes in separate animals wearing +10D lenses. Bioinformatics analysis suggested oxidative stress and lipid metabolism as pathways involved in compensated ocular elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Juan Yu
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Thomas Chuen Lam
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Long-Qian Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Rachel Ka-Man Chun
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jimmy Ka-Wai Cheung
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - King-Kit Li
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Ho To
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Chen F, Duggal P, Klein BEK, Lee KE, Truitt B, Klein R, Iyengar SK, Klein AP. Variation in PTCHD2, CRISP3, NAP1L4, FSCB, and AP3B2 associated with spherical equivalent. Mol Vis 2016; 22:783-96. [PMID: 27440996 DOI: pmid/27440996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ocular refraction is measured in spherical equivalent as the power of the external lens required to focus images on the retina. Myopia (nearsightedness) and hyperopia (farsightedness) are the most common refractive errors, and the leading causes of visual impairment and blindness in the world. The goal of this study is to identify rare and low-frequency variants that influence spherical equivalent. METHODS We conducted variant-level and gene-level quantitative trait association analyses for mean spherical equivalent, using data from 1,560 individuals in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Genotyping was conducted using the Illumina exome array. We analyzed 34,976 single nucleotide variants and 11,571 autosomal genes across the genome, using single-variant tests as well as gene-based tests. RESULTS Spherical equivalent was significantly associated with five genes in gene-based analysis: PTCHD2 at 1p36.22 (p = 3.6 × 10(-7)), CRISP3 at 6p12.3 (p = 4.3 × 10(-6)), NAP1L4 at 11p15.5 (p = 3.6 × 10(-6)), FSCB at 14q21.2 (p = 1.5 × 10(-7)), and AP3B2 at 15q25.2 (p = 1.6 × 10(-7)). The variant-based tests identified evidence suggestive of association with two novel variants in linkage disequilibrium (pairwise r(2) = 0.80) in the TCTE1 gene region at 6p21.1 (rs2297336, minor allele frequency (MAF) = 14.1%, β = -0.62 p = 3.7 × 10(-6); rs324146, MAF = 16.9%, β = -0.55, p = 1.4 × 10(-5)). In addition to these novel findings, we successfully replicated a previously reported association with rs634990 near GJD2 at 15q14 (MAF = 47%, β = -0.29, p=1.8 × 10(-3)). We also found evidence of association with spherical equivalent on 2q37.1 in PRSS56 at rs1550094 (MAF = 31%, β = -0.33, p = 1.7 × 10(-3)), a region previously associated with myopia. CONCLUSIONS We identified several novel candidate genes that may play a role in the control of spherical equivalent. However, further studies are needed to replicate these findings. In addition, our results contribute to the increasing evidence that variation in the GJD2 and PRSS56 genes influence the development of refractive errors. Identifying that variation in these genes is associated with spherical equivalent may provide further insight into the etiology of myopia and consequent vision loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Priya Duggal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Barbara E K Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Kristine E Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Barbara Truitt
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Sudha K Iyengar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Alison P Klein
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Zidan HE, Rezk NA, Fouda SM, Mattout HK. Association of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Gene Polymorphisms with Different Types of Myopia in Egyptian Patients. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2016; 20:291-6. [PMID: 27167306 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2015.0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effect of the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) gene's rs6214 and rs5742632 polymorphisms on IGF-1 expression levels and their association with different types of myopia in Egyptian patients. METHODS A case-control format was used that included 272 patients with myopia and 136 controls. The IGF-1 gene rs6214 and rs5742632 polymorphisms were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analyses. IGF-1 levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS In patients with high-grade myopia, the frequencies of the IGF-1 rs6214 GA and AA genotypes, and the A allele were significantly increased compared to the control group: 41.9% vs. 33.8%, 17.7% vs. 8.9%, and 38.9% vs. 25.7%, respectively. Subjects with the GA and AA genotypes and carriers of A allele were significantly more likely to have high-grade myopia: odds ratios (OR) = 1.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.03-2.9, and p = 0.03; OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.3-6.0, and p = 0.003; and OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.25-2.61, and p = 0.001, respectively. A nonsignificant association of the IGF-1 gene rs5742632 polymorphism with the two myopia groups was also observed. The IGF-1 levels were significantly increased in patients with high-grade myopia and simple myopia compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, our results showed a nonsignificant association of the IGF-1 (rs6214-rs5742632) haplotype with either simple myopia or high-grade myopia. CONCLUSIONS We found a significant association of the IGF-1 gene rs6214 polymorphism in Egyptian patients with simple myopia and high-grade myopia. IGF-1 levels were significantly increased in relation to the IGF-1 rs6214 genotypes, while a nonsignificant association was found between IGF-1 level and the IGF-1 (rs5742632) genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidy E Zidan
- 1 Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University , Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Noha A Rezk
- 1 Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University , Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sameh M Fouda
- 2 Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University , Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hala K Mattout
- 2 Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University , Zagazig, Egypt
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Ohno-Matsui K, Lai TY, Lai CC, Cheung CMG. Updates of pathologic myopia. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 52:156-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Tkatchenko AV, Tkatchenko TV, Guggenheim JA, Verhoeven VJM, Hysi PG, Wojciechowski R, Singh PK, Kumar A, Thinakaran G, Williams C. APLP2 Regulates Refractive Error and Myopia Development in Mice and Humans. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005432. [PMID: 26313004 PMCID: PMC4551475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia is the most common vision disorder and the leading cause of visual impairment worldwide. However, gene variants identified to date explain less than 10% of the variance in refractive error, leaving the majority of heritability unexplained (“missing heritability”). Previously, we reported that expression of APLP2 was strongly associated with myopia in a primate model. Here, we found that low-frequency variants near the 5’-end of APLP2 were associated with refractive error in a prospective UK birth cohort (n = 3,819 children; top SNP rs188663068, p = 5.0 × 10−4) and a CREAM consortium panel (n = 45,756 adults; top SNP rs7127037, p = 6.6 × 10−3). These variants showed evidence of differential effect on childhood longitudinal refractive error trajectories depending on time spent reading (gene x time spent reading x age interaction, p = 4.0 × 10−3). Furthermore, Aplp2 knockout mice developed high degrees of hyperopia (+11.5 ± 2.2 D, p < 1.0 × 10−4) compared to both heterozygous (-0.8 ± 2.0 D, p < 1.0 × 10−4) and wild-type (+0.3 ± 2.2 D, p < 1.0 × 10−4) littermates and exhibited a dose-dependent reduction in susceptibility to environmentally induced myopia (F(2, 33) = 191.0, p < 1.0 × 10−4). This phenotype was associated with reduced contrast sensitivity (F(12, 120) = 3.6, p = 1.5 × 10−4) and changes in the electrophysiological properties of retinal amacrine cells, which expressed Aplp2. This work identifies APLP2 as one of the “missing” myopia genes, demonstrating the importance of a low-frequency gene variant in the development of human myopia. It also demonstrates an important role for APLP2 in refractive development in mice and humans, suggesting a high level of evolutionary conservation of the signaling pathways underlying refractive eye development. Gene variants identified by GWAS studies to date explain only a small fraction of myopia cases because myopia represents a complex disorder thought to be controlled by dozens or even hundreds of genes. The majority of genetic variants underlying myopia seems to be of small effect and/or low frequency, which makes them difficult to identify using classical genetic approaches, such as GWAS, alone. Here, we combined gene expression profiling in a monkey model of myopia, human GWAS, and a gene-targeted mouse model of myopia to identify one of the “missing” myopia genes, APLP2. We found that a low-frequency risk allele of APLP2 confers susceptibility to myopia only in children exposed to large amounts of daily reading, thus, providing an experimental example of the long-hypothesized gene-environment interaction between nearwork and genes underlying myopia. Functional analysis of APLP2 using an APLP2 knockout mouse model confirmed functional significance of APLP2 in refractive development and implicated a potential role of synaptic transmission at the level of glycinergic amacrine cells of the retina for the development of myopia. Furthermore, mouse studies revealed that lack of Aplp2 has a dose-dependent suppressive effect on susceptibility to form-deprivation myopia, providing a potential gene-specific target for therapeutic intervention to treat myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V. Tkatchenko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Tatiana V. Tkatchenko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeremy A. Guggenheim
- School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Virginie J. M. Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Wojciechowski
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Statistical Genetics Section, Inherited Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute (NIH), Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pawan Kumar Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gopal Thinakaran
- Departments of Neurobiology, Neurology, and Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | - Cathy Williams
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Zhang X, Zhou X, Qu X. The association between IGF-1 polymorphisms and high myopia. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:10158-10167. [PMID: 26309715 PMCID: PMC4538016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential association between IGF-1 polymorphisms and high myopia has been investigated in previous studies, but the actual relationship remains controversial. Accordingly, we conducted a meta-analysisincludingcase-control and cohort studies to assess the existing relationship between high myopia and IGF-1 polymorphisms. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and OVID. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were derived for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) involved in the studies obtained from the retrospective database search. Analyses of heterogeneity, sensitivity, and publication bias were also conducted. The findings from this meta-analysis were based on approximately 2,187 high myopia cases and 1,183 controls, and were used to assess the association between three IGF-1 genetic polymorphisms (rs6214, rs12423791, and rs5742632) and high myopia risks. We investigated the association of the IGF-1 gene SNP rs6214, but no statistical association was observed in the resulting odds ratios (OR) in the allelic (OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 0.89-1.25), dominant (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.90-1.27), or recessive models (OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 0.89-1.26), or in the homozygote (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.91-1.38) and heterozygote comparisons (OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 0.88-1.27). Simultaneously, two other selected SNPs, rs12423791 and rs5742632, were also studied, but similarly, no statistical association existed between these polymorphisms and the risk of high myopia. In conclusions, no statistical association between IGF-1 polymorphisms (rs6214, rs12423791, and rs5742632) and the risk of high myopia was observed following the reported meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Myopia Key Laboratory of The Health MinistryShanghai, China
| | - Xingtao Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Myopia Key Laboratory of The Health MinistryShanghai, China
| | - Xinhua Qu
- Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
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Physiopathologie de la myopie, entre hérédité et environnement. J Fr Ophtalmol 2014; 37:407-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Sherwin JC, Mackey DA. Update on the epidemiology and genetics of myopic refractive error. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.12.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Miyake M, Yamashiro K, Nakanishi H, Nakata I, Akagi-Kurashige Y, Tsujikawa A, Moriyama M, Ohno-Matsui K, Mochizuki M, Yamada R, Matsuda F, Yoshimura N. Insulin-like growth factor 1 is not associated with high myopia in a large Japanese cohort. Mol Vis 2013; 19:1074-81. [PMID: 23734076 PMCID: PMC3668686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether genetic variations in the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) gene are associated with high myopia in Japanese. METHODS A total of 1,339 unrelated Japanese patients with high myopia (axial length ≥26 mm in both eyes) and two independent control groups were evaluated (334 cataract patients without high myopia and 1,194 healthy Japanese individuals). The mean axial length (mm±SD) in the case group was 29.18±1.85 mm, and the mean spherical equivalent (D±SD) of the phakic eyes was -12.69±4.54 D. We genotyped five tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IGF-1: rs6214, rs978458, rs5742632, rs12423791, and rs2162679. Chi-square tests for trend, multivariable logistic regression, and haplotype regression analysis were conducted. RESULTS We found no significant association between the IGF-1 SNPs and high or extreme myopia (axial length ≥28 mm in both eyes, 837 subjects) in the additive model, even when compared with the cataract and general population controls, with or without adjustments for age and sex. The evaluation using dominant and recessive models also did not reveal any significant associations. The haplotype analysis with a variable-sized sliding-window strategy also showed a lack of association of IGF-1 SNPs with high or extreme myopia. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study using a Japanese subset do not support the proposal that the IGF-1 gene determines susceptibility to high or extreme myopia in Caucasians and Chinese. Further studies are needed to confirm our reports in other populations and to identify the underlying genetic determinants of these ocular pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Miyake
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Tokyo, Japan,Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamashiro
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Nakanishi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Tokyo, Japan,Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Nakata
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Tokyo, Japan,Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Akagi-Kurashige
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Tokyo, Japan,Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Muka Moriyama
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Ohno-Matsui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Mochizuki
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamada
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Tokyo, Japan
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Yiu WC, Yap MKH, Fung WY, Ng PW, Yip SP. Genetic susceptibility to refractive error: association of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 (VIPR2) with high myopia in Chinese. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61805. [PMID: 23637909 PMCID: PMC3630195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia is the most common ocular disease worldwide. We investigated the association of high myopia with the common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of five candidate genes – early growth response 1 (EGR1), v-fos FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog (FOS), jun oncogene (JUN), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 (VIPR2). We recruited 1200 unrelated Chinese subjects with 600 cases (spherical equivalent ≤−8.00 diopters) and 600 controls (spherical equivalent within ±1.00 diopter). A discovery sample set was formed from 300 cases and 300 controls, and a replication sample set from the remaining samples. Tag SNPs were genotyped for the discovery sample set, and the most significant haplotypes and their constituent SNPs were followed up with the replication sample set. The allele and haplotype frequencies in cases and controls were compared by logistic regression adjusted for sex and age to give Pa values, and multiple comparisons were corrected by permutation test to give Paemp values. Odd ratios (OR) were calculated accordingly. In the discovery phase, EGR1, JUN and VIP did not show any significant association while FOS and VIPR2 demonstrated significant haplotype association with high myopia. In the replication phase, the haplotype association for VIPR2 was successfully replicated, but not FOS. In analysis combining both sample sets, the most significant association signals of VIPR2 were the single marker rs2071625 (Pa = 0.0008, Paemp = 0.0046 and OR = 0.75) and the 4-SNP haplotype window rs2071623-rs2071625-rs2730220-rs885863 (omnibus test, Pa = 9.10e-10 and Paemp = 0.0001) with one protective haplotype (GGGG: Paemp = 0.0002 and OR = 0.52) and one high-risk haplotype (GAGA: Paemp = 0.0027 and OR = 4.68). This 4-SNP haplotype window was the most significant in all sample sets examined. This is the first study to suggest a role of VIPR2 in the genetic susceptibility to high myopia. EGR1, JUN, FOS and VIP are unlikely to be important in predisposing humans to high myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Chi Yiu
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Hawthorne F, Feng S, Metlapally R, Li YJ, Tran-Viet KN, Guggenheim JA, Malecaze F, Calvas P, Rosenberg T, Mackey DA, Venturini C, Hysi PG, Hammond CJ, Young TL. Association mapping of the high-grade myopia MYP3 locus reveals novel candidates UHRF1BP1L, PTPRR, and PPFIA2. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:2076-86. [PMID: 23422819 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-11102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Myopia, or nearsightedness, is a common ocular genetic disease for which over 20 candidate genomic loci have been identified. The high-grade myopia locus, MYP3, has been reported on chromosome 12q21-23 by four independent linkage studies. METHODS We performed a genetic association study of the MYP3 locus in a family-based high-grade myopia cohort (n = 82) by genotyping 768 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the linkage region. Qualitative testing for high-grade myopia (sphere ≤ -5 D affected, > -0.5 D unaffected) and quantitative testing on the average dioptric sphere were performed. RESULTS Several genetic markers were nominally significantly associated with high-grade myopia in qualitative testing, including rs3803036, a missense mutation in PTPRR (P = 9.1 × 10(-4)) and rs4764971, an intronic SNP in UHRF1BP1L (P = 6.1 × 10(-4)). Quantitative testing determined statistically significant SNPs rs4764971, also found by qualitative testing (P = 3.1 × 10(-6)); rs7134216, in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of DEPDC4 (P = 5.4 × 10(-7)); and rs17306116, an intronic SNP within PPFIA2 (P < 9 × 10(-4)). Independently conducted whole genome expression array analyses identified protein tyrosine phosphatase genes PTPRR and PPFIA2, which are in the same gene family, as differentially expressed in normal rapidly growing fetal relative to normal adult ocular tissue (confirmed by RT-qPCR). CONCLUSIONS In an independent high-grade myopia cohort, an intronic SNP in UHRF1BP1L, rs4764971, was validated for quantitative association, and SNPs within PTPRR (quantitative) and PPFIA2 (qualitative and quantitative) approached significance. Three genes identified by our association study and supported by ocular expression and/or replication, UHRF1BP1L, PTPRR, and PPFIA2, are novel candidates for myopic development within the MYP3 locus that should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Hawthorne
- Duke Center for Human Genetics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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McClements M, Davies WIL, Michaelides M, Young T, Neitz M, MacLaren RE, Moore AT, Hunt DM. Variations in opsin coding sequences cause x-linked cone dysfunction syndrome with myopia and dichromacy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:1361-9. [PMID: 23322568 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-11156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the role of variant L opsin haplotypes in seven families with Bornholm Eye Disease (BED), a cone dysfunction syndrome with dichromacy and myopia. METHODS Analysis of the opsin genes within the L/M opsin array at Xq28 included cloning and sequencing of an exon 3-5 gene fragment, long range PCR to establish gene order, and quantitative PCR to establish gene copy number. In vitro expression of normal and variant opsins was performed to examine cellular trafficking and spectral sensitivity of pigments. RESULTS All except one of the BED families possessed L opsin genes that contained a rare exon 3 haplotype. The exception was a family with the deleterious Cys203Arg substitution. Two rare exon 3 haplotypes were found and, where determined, these variant opsin genes were in the first position in the array. In vitro expression in transfected cultured neuronal cells showed that the variant opsins formed functional pigments, which trafficked to the cell membranes. The variant opsins were, however, less stable than wild type. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that the variant L opsin haplotypes underlie BED. The reduction in the amount of variant opsin produced in vitro compared with wild type indicates a possible disease mechanism. Alternatively, the recently identified defective splicing of exon 3 of the variant opsin transcript may be involved. Both mechanisms explain the presence of dichromacy and cone dystrophy. Abnormal pigment may also underlie the myopia that is invariably present in BED subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle McClements
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
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Hawthorne FA, Young TL. Genetic contributions to myopic refractive error: Insights from human studies and supporting evidence from animal models. Exp Eye Res 2013; 114:141-9. [PMID: 23379998 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies of both population-based and recruited affected patient cohorts have identified a number of genomic regions and candidate genes that may contribute to myopic development. Scientists have developed animal models of myopia, as collection of affected tissues from patents is impractical. Recent advances in whole exome sequencing technology show promise for further elucidation of disease causing variants as in the recent identification of rare variants within ZNF644 segregating with pathological myopia. We present a review of the current research trends and findings on genetic contributions to myopic refraction including candidate loci for myopic development and their genomic convergence with expression studies of animal models inducing myopic development.
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Evaluation of MMP2 as a candidate gene for high myopia. Mol Vis 2013; 19:121-7. [PMID: 23378725 PMCID: PMC3559096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) has been shown to be expressed in the human sclera, and is increased in the sclera of the eye with myopia induced by form deprivation in chicks when compared with the control eye. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between high myopia and MMP2 in a mainland Han Chinese population. METHODS Four hundred unrelated patients with high myopia and 400 normal controls in a mainland Han Chinese population were studied. All the subjects were genotyped for 20 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MMP2 with the dye terminator-based SNaPshot method. The distribution of the genotypes in the cases and controls was compared with a χ(2) test. Screening for mutations in the coding regions and the adjacent intronic regions of MMP2 was performed in 200 patients with high myopia and 200 normal controls by direct sequencing. RESULTS None of the 20 tested SNPs showed significant association with high myopia in this study. Seven variations were detected upon sequencing of the coding regions and the adjacent intronic regions of MMP2 in 200 subjects with high myopia and 200 normal controls. One novel variation, c.1287G>A (p.K429K), was detected in 79 of the 200 patients with high myopia (65 heterozygous and 14 homozygous) and in 84 of the 200 controls (67 heterozygous and 17 homozygous). The c.1810G>A mutation (p. Arg500His) was detected in three of the 200 patients with high myopia but not in the controls. The five other variations, known as polymorphisms, were detected in the case and control groups. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence that MMP2 is responsible for high myopia in these Han Chinese subjects and hence is unlikely to be important in the genetic predisposition to high myopia. Our results imply that MMP2 may not play a major role in high myopia in the Han Chinese population.
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Leveziel N, Yu Y, Reynolds R, Tai A, Meng W, Caillaux V, Calvas P, Rosner B, Malecaze F, Souied EH, Seddon JM. Genetic factors for choroidal neovascularization associated with high myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:5004-9. [PMID: 22678500 PMCID: PMC3410690 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-9538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Nonsyndromic high myopia, defined by a refractive error greater than -6 diopters (D), is associated with an increased risk of macular choroidal neovascularization (CNV), a vision-threatening complication. The aim of this study was to investigate whether genetic factors associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are related to myopic CNV. METHODS We conducted a case-control study, including 71 cases with myopic CNV and 196 myopic controls without CNV, from Creteil and Toulouse, France, and Boston, MA. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 15 genes reported to be related to AMD were selected for association testing in this study. RESULTS In univariate analysis, the rs10033900 SNP located in CFI was associated with myopic CNV (P = 0.0011), and a SNP in APOE was also related (P = 0.041). After adjustment for age, sex, and degree of myopia, SNPs in three genes were significantly associated, including CFI (odds ratio [OR] 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-3.37, P = 0.0023), COL8A1 (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.18-2.98, P = 0.0076), and CFH (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.02-2.66, P = 0.04). After correction for multiple testing, only CFI remained significantly related to high myopic CNV (P = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS We report the first genetic associations with choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in a high myopic Caucasian population. One SNP (rs10033900) in the CFI gene, which encodes a protein involved in the inflammatory pathway, was significantly associated with myopic CNV in multivariate analysis after correction for multiple testing. This SNP is a plausible biological marker associated with CNV outgrowth among high myopic patients. Results generate hypotheses about potential loci related to CNV in high myopia, and larger studies are needed to expand on these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Leveziel
- From the Faculté de Médecine Henri Mondor, Department of Ophthalmology, APHP (Assistance Publique Hôpitaux Paris), Groupe Hospitalier Albert Chenevier-Henri Mondor, University Paris Est, Creteil, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Creteil, France
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology and Genetics Service, Department of Ophthalmology, and
| | - Yi Yu
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology and Genetics Service, Department of Ophthalmology, and
| | - Robyn Reynolds
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology and Genetics Service, Department of Ophthalmology, and
| | - Albert Tai
- Department of Pathology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Weihua Meng
- INSERM U563, Purpan Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Violaine Caillaux
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Creteil, France
| | | | | | | | - Eric H. Souied
- From the Faculté de Médecine Henri Mondor, Department of Ophthalmology, APHP (Assistance Publique Hôpitaux Paris), Groupe Hospitalier Albert Chenevier-Henri Mondor, University Paris Est, Creteil, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Creteil, France
| | - Johanna M. Seddon
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology and Genetics Service, Department of Ophthalmology, and
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Ho DWH, Yap MKH, Ng PW, Fung WY, Yip SP. Association of high myopia with crystallin beta A4 (CRYBA4) gene polymorphisms in the linkage-identified MYP6 locus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40238. [PMID: 22792142 PMCID: PMC3389832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myopia is the most common ocular disorder worldwide and imposes tremendous burden on the society. It is a complex disease. The MYP6 locus at 22 q12 is of particular interest because many studies have detected linkage signals at this interval. The MYP6 locus is likely to contain susceptibility gene(s) for myopia, but none has yet been identified. Methodology/Principal Findings Two independent subject groups of southern Chinese in Hong Kong participated in the study an initial study using a discovery sample set of 342 cases and 342 controls, and a follow-up study using a replication sample set of 316 cases and 313 controls. Cases with high myopia were defined by spherical equivalent ≤ -8 dioptres and emmetropic controls by spherical equivalent within ±1.00 dioptre for both eyes. Manual candidate gene selection from the MYP6 locus was supported by objective in silico prioritization. DNA samples of discovery sample set were genotyped for 178 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 26 genes. For replication, 25 SNPs (tagging or located at predicted transcription factor or microRNA binding sites) from 4 genes were subsequently examined using the replication sample set. Fisher P value was calculated for all SNPs and overall association results were summarized by meta-analysis. Based on initial and replication studies, rs2009066 located in the crystallin beta A4 (CRYBA4) gene was identified to be the most significantly associated with high myopia (initial study: P = 0.02; replication study: P = 1.88e-4; meta-analysis: P = 1.54e-5) among all the SNPs tested. The association result survived correction for multiple comparisons. Under the allelic genetic model for the combined sample set, the odds ratio of the minor allele G was 1.41 (95% confidence intervals, 1.21-1.64). Conclusions/Significance A novel susceptibility gene (CRYBA4) was discovered for high myopia. Our study also signified the potential importance of appropriate gene prioritization in candidate selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W. H. Ho
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Maurice K. H. Yap
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Po Wah Ng
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai Yan Fung
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shea Ping Yip
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- * E-mail:
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Zhu B, Chen C, Moyzis RK, Dong Q, Chen C, He Q, Stern HS, Li H, Li J, Li J, Lessard J, Lin C. Genetic variations in the dopamine system and facial expression recognition in healthy chinese college students. Neuropsychobiology 2012; 65:83-9. [PMID: 22222624 DOI: 10.1159/000329555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the relation between genetic variations in the dopamine system and facial expression recognition. METHODS A sample of Chinese college students (n = 478) was given a facial expression recognition task. Subjects were genotyped for 98 loci [96 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 2 variable number tandem repeats] in 16 genes involved in the dopamine neurotransmitter system, including its 4 subsystems: synthesis (TH, DDC, and DBH), degradation/transport (COMT,MAOA,MAOB, and SLC6A3), receptors (DRD1,DRD2,DRD3,DRD4, and DRD5), and modulation (NTS,NTSR1,NTSR2, and NLN). To quantify the total contributions of the dopamine system to emotion recognition, we used a series of multiple regression models. Permutation analyses were performed to assess the posterior probabilities of obtaining such results. RESULTS Among the 78 loci that were included in the final analyses (after excluding 12 SNPs that were in high linkage disequilibrium and 8 that were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium), 1 (for fear), 3 (for sadness), 5 (for anger), 13 (for surprise), and 15 (for disgust) loci exhibited main effects on the recognition of facial expressions. Genetic variations in the dopamine system accounted for 3% for fear, 6% for sadness, 7% for anger, 10% for surprise, and 18% for disgust, with the latter surviving a stringent permutation test. CONCLUSIONS Genetic variations in the dopamine system (especially the dopamine synthesis and modulation subsystems) made significant contributions to individual differences in the recognition of disgust faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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An international collaborative family-based whole genome quantitative trait linkage scan for myopic refractive error. Mol Vis 2012; 18:720-9. [PMID: 22509102 PMCID: PMC3324362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate quantitative trait loci linked to refractive error, we performed a genome-wide quantitative trait linkage analysis using single nucleotide polymorphism markers and family data from five international sites. METHODS Genomic DNA samples from 254 families were genotyped by the Center for Inherited Disease Research using the Illumina Linkage Panel IVb. Quantitative trait linkage analysis was performed on 225 Caucasian families and 4,656 markers after accounting for linkage disequilibrium and quality control exclusions. Two refractive quantitative phenotypes, sphere (SPH) and spherical equivalent (SE), were analyzed. The SOLAR program was used to estimate identity by descent probabilities and to conduct two-point and multipoint quantitative trait linkage analyses. RESULTS We found 29 markers and 11 linkage regions reaching peak two-point and multipoint logarithms of the odds (LODs)>1.5. Four linkage regions revealed at least one LOD score greater than 2: chromosome 6q13-6q16.1 (LOD=1.96 for SPH, 2.18 for SE), chromosome 5q35.1-35.2 (LOD=2.05 for SPH, 1.80 for SE), chromosome 7q11.23-7q21.2 (LOD=1.19 for SPH, 2.03 for SE), and chromosome 3q29 (LOD=1.07 for SPH, 2.05 for SE). Among these, the chromosome 6 and chromosome 5 regions showed the most consistent results between SPH and SEM. Four linkage regions with multipoint scores above 1.5 are near or within the known myopia (MYP) loci of MYP3, MYP12, MYP14, and MYP16. Overall, we observed consistent linkage signals across the SPH and SEM phenotypes, although scores were generally higher for the SEM phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Our quantitative trait linkage analyses of a large myopia family cohort provided additional evidence for several known MYP loci, and identified two additional potential loci at chromosome 6q13-16.1 and chromosome 5q35.1-35.2 for myopia. These results will benefit the efforts toward determining genes for myopic refractive error.
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Yu L, Li ZK, Gao JR, Liu JR, Xu CT. Epidemiology, genetics and treatments for myopia. Int J Ophthalmol 2011; 4:658-69. [PMID: 22553740 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2011.06.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia is a significant public health problem and its prevalence is increasing over time and genetic factors in disease development are important. The prevalence and incidence of myopia within sampled population often varies with age, country, sex, race, ethnicity, occupation, environment, and other factors. Myopia growth is under a combination of genes and their products in time and space to complete the coordination role of the guidance. Myopia-related genes include about 70 genetic loci to which primary myopias have been mapped, although the number is constantly increasing and depends to some extent on definition. Of these, several are associated with additional abnormalities, mostly as part of developmental syndromes. These tend to result from mutations in genes encoding transcriptional activators, and most of these have been identified by sequencing candidate genes in patients with developmental anomalies. Currently, COL1A1 (collagen alpha-1 chain of type I), COL2A1 (collagen alpha-1 chain of type II), ACTC1 (actin, alpha, cardiac muscle 1), PAX6 (paired box gene 6) and NIPBL (nipped-B homolog), and so on have been mapped. Myopia is most commonly treated with spectacles or glasses. The most common surgical procedure performed to correct myopia is laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). This review of the recent advances on epidemiology, genetic locations and treatments of myopia are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xi'an Fourth Municipal People's Hospital, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
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Gao Y, Wang P, Li S, Xiao X, Jia X, Guo X, Zhang Q. Common variants in chromosome 4q25 are associated with myopia in Chinese adults. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2011; 32:68-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mackey D, Hewitt A, Ruddle J, Vote B, Buttery R, Toomes C, Metlapally R, Li Y, Tran-Viet K, Malecaze F, Calvas P, Rosenberg T, Guggenheim J, Young T. Pediatric cataract, myopic astigmatism, familial exudative vitreoretinopathy and primary open-angle glaucoma co-segregating in a family. Mol Vis 2011; 17:2118-28. [PMID: 21850187 PMCID: PMC3156798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe an Australian pedigree of European descent with a variable autosomal dominant phenotype of: pediatric cortical cataract (CC), asymmetric myopia with astigmatism, familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR), and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). METHODS Probands with CC, FEVR, and POAG were enrolled in three independent genetic eye studies in Tasmania. Genealogy confirmed these individuals were closely related and subsequent examination revealed 11 other family members with some or all of the associated disorders. RESULTS Twelve individuals had CC thought to be of childhood onset, with one child demonstrating progressive lenticular opacification. One individual had severe retinal detachment while five others had dragged retinal vessels. Seven individuals had POAG. Seven individuals had myopia in at least one eye ≤-3 Diopters. DNA testing excluded mutations in myocilin, trabecular meshwork inducible glucocorticoid response (MYOC) and tetraspanin 12 (TSPAN12). Haplotype analysis excluded frizzled family receptor 4 (FZD4) and low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5), but only partly excluded EVR3. Multipoint linkage analysis revealed multiple chromosomal single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of interest, but no statistically significant focal localization. CONCLUSIONS This unusual clustering of ophthalmic diseases suggests a possible single genetic cause for an apparently new cataract syndrome. This family's clinical ocular features may reflect the interplay between retinal disease with lenticular changes and axial length in the development of myopia and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.A. Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Australia,Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia,Eye Department, University of Tasmania, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Australia
| | - A.W. Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J.B. Ruddle
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - B. Vote
- The Launceston Eye Institute, Launceston, Australia
| | - R.G. Buttery
- Vitreoretinal Unit, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - C. Toomes
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - R. Metlapally
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Eye Center, Durham, NC,School of Optometry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Y.J. Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC,Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - K.N. Tran-Viet
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - F. Malecaze
- Toulouse University Hospital, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - P. Calvas
- Toulouse University Hospital, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | - J.A. Guggenheim
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - T.L. Young
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Eye Center, Durham, NC,Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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Rydzanicz M, Nath SK, Sun C, Podfigurna-Musielak M, Frajdenberg A, Mrugacz M, Winters D, Ratnamala U, Radhakrishna U, Bejjani BA, Gajecka M. Identification of novel suggestive loci for high-grade myopia in Polish families. Mol Vis 2011; 17:2028-39. [PMID: 21850178 PMCID: PMC3154124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Myopia is the most common human eye disorder with complex genetic and environmental causes. To date, several myopia loci have been identified in families of different geographic origin. However, no causative gene(s) have yet been identified. The aim of this study was the characterization of Polish families with high-grade myopia, including genetic analysis. METHODS Forty-two multiplex Polish families with non-syndromic high-grade myopia participated in the study. All family members underwent detailed ophthalmic examination and high-grade myopia was defined as ≤-6.0 diopters (D) based on the spherical refractive error. A genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based high-density linkage scan was performed using Affymetrix Human SNP Array 6.0 on a selected family (HM-32) with multiple affected individuals. RESULTS Nonparametric linkage analysis identified three novel loci in family HM-32 at chromosome 7p22.1-7p21.1 ([NPL] 8.26; p=0.006), chromosome 7p12.3-7p11.2 ([NPL] 8.23; p=0.006), and chromosome 12p12.3-12p12.1 ([NPL] 8.02; p=0.006), respectively. The effect of linkage disequilibrium on linkage due to dense SNP map was addressed by systematically pruning SNPs from the linkage panel. CONCLUSIONS Haplotype analysis with informative crossovers in affected individuals defined a 12.2; 10.9; and 9.5 Mb genomic regions for high-grade myopia spanned between SNP markers rs11977885/rs10950639, rs11770622/rs9719399, and rs4763417/rs10842388 on chromosomes 7p22.1-7p21.1, 7p12.3-7p11.2, and 12p12.3-12p12.1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Swapan K. Nath
- Arthritis and Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Celi Sun
- Arthritis and Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | | | - Agata Frajdenberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland,Namsos Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Namsos, Norway,University Hospital in Linköping, Department of Ophthalmology, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Malgorzata Mrugacz
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Daniel Winters
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA
| | - Uppala Ratnamala
- Department of Surgery-Transplant, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Uppala Radhakrishna
- Department of Surgery-Transplant, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | | | - Marzena Gajecka
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland,Basic Medical Sciences Program, WWAMI, Spokane, WA
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Shi Y, Li Y, Zhang D, Zhang H, Li Y, Lu F, Liu X, He F, Gong B, Cai L, Li R, Liao S, Ma S, Lin H, Cheng J, Zheng H, Shan Y, Chen B, Hu J, Jin X, Zhao P, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Lin Y, Li X, Fan Y, Yang H, Wang J, Yang Z. Exome sequencing identifies ZNF644 mutations in high myopia. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002084. [PMID: 21695231 PMCID: PMC3111487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia is the most common ocular disorder worldwide, and high myopia in particular is one of the leading causes of blindness. Genetic factors play a critical role in the development of myopia, especially high myopia. Recently, the exome sequencing approach has been successfully used for the disease gene identification of Mendelian disorders. Here we show a successful application of exome sequencing to identify a gene for an autosomal dominant disorder, and we have identified a gene potentially responsible for high myopia in a monogenic form. We captured exomes of two affected individuals from a Han Chinese family with high myopia and performed sequencing analysis by a second-generation sequencer with a mean coverage of 30× and sufficient depth to call variants at ∼97% of each targeted exome. The shared genetic variants of these two affected individuals in the family being studied were filtered against the 1000 Genomes Project and the dbSNP131 database. A mutation A672G in zinc finger protein 644 isoform 1 (ZNF644) was identified as being related to the phenotype of this family. After we performed sequencing analysis of the exons in the ZNF644 gene in 300 sporadic cases of high myopia, we identified an additional five mutations (I587V, R680G, C699Y, 3′UTR+12 C>G, and 3′UTR+592 G>A) in 11 different patients. All these mutations were absent in 600 normal controls. The ZNF644 gene was expressed in human retinal and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Given that ZNF644 is predicted to be a transcription factor that may regulate genes involved in eye development, mutation may cause the axial elongation of eyeball found in high myopia patients. Our results suggest that ZNF644 might be a causal gene for high myopia in a monogenic form. People with myopia see near objects more clearly than objects far away. Myopia is the most common ocular disorder worldwide, with a high prevalence in Asian (40%–70%) and Caucasian (20%–30%) populations. Although the etiologies of myopia have not yet been established, previous studies have indicated the involvement of genetic and environmental factors (such as close working habits, higher education levels, and higher socioeconomic class). Genetic factors play a critical role in the development of myopia, especially high myopia. In this study, we use exome sequencing, a powerful tool for a disease gene identification, to identify a gene involved in high myopia in a monogenic form among Han Chinese. Mutations in zinc finger protein 644 isoform 1 (ZNF644) were identified as potentially responsible for the phenotype of high myopia. The main feature of high myopia is axial elongation of the eye globe. Given that ZNF644 is predicted to be a transcription factor that may regulate genes involved in eye development, a mutant ZNF644 protein may impact the normal eye development and therefore may underlie the axial elongation of the eye globe in high myopia patients. Further study of the biological function of ZNF644 will provide insight into the pathogenesis of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shi
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yingrui Li
- Beijing Genome Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dingding Zhang
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Beijing Genome Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanfeng Li
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fang Lu
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fei He
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Gong
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Cai
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruiqiang Li
- Beijing Genome Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shihuang Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shi Ma
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - He Lin
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | | | - Ying Shan
- Beijing Genome Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianbin Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Innovative Program for Undergraduate Students, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiquan Zhao
- The Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiye Chen
- The Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Beijing Genome Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Lin
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xi Li
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yingchuan Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huanming Yang
- Beijing Genome Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Beijing Genome Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhenglin Yang
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- * E-mail:
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41
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Mutti DO, Cooper ME, Dragan E, Jones-Jordan LA, Bailey MD, Marazita ML, Murray JC, Zadnik K. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) and group-specific component (GC, vitamin D-binding protein) polymorphisms in myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:3818-24. [PMID: 21357399 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Epidemiologic evidence indicates that time outdoors reduces the risk of myopia, suggesting a possible role for vitamin D. This case-control study was conducted to determine whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within VDR at 12q13.11 and GC at 4q12-13 are associated with myopia. METHODS The primary analysis was conducted on 81 white adult control subjects between 18 and 50 years of age with a spherical equivalent refractive error between +0.50 and +2.00 D in both eyes and less than 1.50 D of astigmatism. Affected myopic subjects were 289 unrelated white adults at least 18 years of age with at least -0.75 D myopia in both principal meridians of both eyes. RESULTS One SNP within VDR was significantly associated with myopia in the multivariate analysis of the primary sample (rs2853559: odds ratio = 1.99, P = 0.003). In a subsample of less severely myopic white subjects between -0.75 and -4.00 D, three SNPs within VDR were significantly associated in a multivariate model after adjustment for multiple comparisons (rs2239182: odds ratio = 2.17, P = 0.007; rs3819545: odds ratio = 2.34, P = 0.003; rs2853559: odds ratio = 2.14, P = 0.0035), accounting for 12% of model variance over age alone. CONCLUSIONS Polymorphisms within VDR appear to be associated with low to moderate amounts of myopia in white subjects. Future studies should determine whether this finding can be replicated and should explore the biological significance of these variations with respect to myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald O Mutti
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1280, USA.
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42
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Li Z, Qu J, Xu X, Zhou X, Zou H, Wang N, Li T, Hu X, Zhao Q, Chen P, Li W, Huang K, Yang J, He Z, Ji J, Wang T, Li J, Li Y, Liu J, Zeng Z, Feng G, He L, Shi Y. A genome-wide association study reveals association between common variants in an intergenic region of 4q25 and high-grade myopia in the Chinese Han population. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:2861-8. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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43
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Leo SW, Young TL. An evidence-based update on myopia and interventions to retard its progression. J AAPOS 2011; 15:181-9. [PMID: 21596297 PMCID: PMC3688263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2010.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Myopia is the most common human eye disorder. With its increasing prevalence and earlier age-of-onset in recent birth cohorts, myopia now affects almost 33% of adults in the United States, and epidemic proportions of 85% to 90% adults in Asian cities. Unlike children in Western populations, where the prevalence of myopia is very low (less than 5%), Asian children have prevalences as high as 29% in 7-year-olds. In addition to the direct economic and social burdens of myopia, associated ocular complications may lead to substantial vision loss. This workshop summarizes the current literature regarding myopia epidemiology, genetics, animal model studies, risk factors, and clinical treatments. Published treatment strategies to retard the progression of myopia in children, such as pharmacologic agents, progressive addition lenses, and neural adaptation programs, are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Wei Leo
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Singapore.
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44
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Li YJ, Goh L, Khor CC, Fan Q, Yu M, Han S, Sim X, Ong RTH, Wong TY, Vithana EN, Yap E, Nakanishi H, Matsuda F, Ohno-Matsui K, Yoshimura N, Seielstad M, Tai ES, Young TL, Saw SM. Genome-wide association studies reveal genetic variants in CTNND2 for high myopia in Singapore Chinese. Ophthalmology 2011; 118:368-75. [PMID: 21095009 PMCID: PMC3052933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine susceptibility genes for high myopia in Singaporean Chinese. DESIGN A meta-analysis of 2 genome-wide association (GWA) datasets in Chinese and a follow-up replication cohort in Japanese. PARTICIPANTS AND CONTROLS Two independent datasets of Singaporean Chinese individuals aged 10 to 12 years (Singapore Cohort Study of the Risk factors for Myopia [SCORM]: cases = 65, controls = 238) and more than 21 years (Singapore Prospective Study Program [SP2]: cases = 222, controls = 435) for GWA studies, and a Japanese dataset aged more than 20 years (cases = 959, controls = 2128) for replication. METHODS Genomic DNA samples from SCORM and SP2 were genotyped using various Illumina Beadarray platforms (>HumanHap 500). Single-locus association tests were conducted for each dataset with meta-analysis using pooled z-scores. The top-ranked genetic markers were examined for replication in the Japanese dataset. Fisher P was calculated for the combined analysis of all 3 cohorts. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES High myopia, defined by spherical equivalent (SE) ≤ -6.00 diopters (D); controls defined by SE between -0.50 and +1.00 D. RESULTS Two SNPs (rs12716080 and rs6885224) in the gene CTNND2 on chromosome 5p15 ranked top in the meta-analysis of our Chinese datasets (meta P = 1.14 × 10(-5) and meta P = 1.51 × 10(-5), respectively) with strong supporting evidence in each individual dataset analysis (max P = 1.85 × 10(-4) in SCORM: max P = 8.8 × 10(-3) in SP2). Evidence of replication was observed in the Japanese dataset for rs6885224 (P = 0.035, meta P of 3 datasets: 7.84 × 10(-6)). CONCLUSIONS This study identified a strong association of CTNND2 for high myopia in Asian datasets. The CTNND2 gene maps to a known high myopia linkage region on chromosome 5p15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ju Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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45
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Abstract
The refractive errors, myopia and hyperopia, are optical defects of the visual system that can cause blurred vision. Uncorrected refractive errors are the most common causes of visual impairment worldwide. It is estimated that 2.5 billion people will be affected by myopia alone within the next decade. Experimental, epidemiological and clinical research has shown that refractive development is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Animal models have showed that eye growth and refractive maturation during infancy are tightly regulated by visually guided mechanisms. Observational data in human populations provide compelling evidence that environmental influences and individual behavioral factors play crucial roles in myopia susceptibility. Nevertheless, the majority of the variance of refractive error within populations is thought to be because of hereditary factors. Genetic linkage studies have mapped two dozen loci, while association studies have implicated more than 25 different genes in refractive variation. Many of these genes are involved in common biological pathways known to mediate extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and regulate connective tissue remodeling. Other associated genomic regions suggest novel mechanisms in the etiology of human myopia, such as mitochondrial-mediated cell death or photoreceptor-mediated visual signal transmission. Taken together, observational and experimental studies have revealed the complex nature of human refractive variation, which likely involves variants in several genes and functional pathways. Multiway interactions between genes and/or environmental factors may also be important in determining individual risks of myopia, and may help explain the complex pattern of refractive error in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wojciechowski
- Statistical Genetics Section, Inherited Disease Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute/NIH, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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46
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Baird PN, Schäche M, Dirani M. The GEnes in Myopia (GEM) study in understanding the aetiology of refractive errors. Prog Retin Eye Res 2010; 29:520-42. [PMID: 20576483 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Refractive errors represent the leading cause of correctable vision impairment and blindness in the world with an estimated 2 billion people affected. Refractive error refers to a group of refractive conditions including hypermetropia, myopia, astigmatism and presbyopia but relatively little is known about their aetiology. In order to explore the potential role of genetic determinants in refractive error the "GEnes in Myopia (GEM) study" was established in 2004. The findings that have resulted from this study have not only provided greater insight into the role of genes and other factors involved in myopia but have also gone some way to uncovering the aetiology of other refractive errors. This review will describe some of the major findings of the GEM study and their relative contribution to the literature, illuminate where the deficiencies are in our understanding of the development of refractive errors and how we will advance this field in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Baird
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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47
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Metlapally R, Ki CS, Li YJ, Tran-Viet KN, Abbott D, Malecaze F, Calvas P, Mackey DA, Rosenberg T, Paget S, Guggenheim JA, Young TL. Genetic association of insulin-like growth factor-1 polymorphisms with high-grade myopia in an international family cohort. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:4476-9. [PMID: 20435602 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Evidence from human myopia genetic mapping studies (MYP3 locus), modulated animal models, and observations of glycemic control in humans suggests that insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 plays a role in the control of eye growth. This study was conducted to determine whether IGF-1 polymorphisms are associated with myopia in a large, international dataset of Caucasian high-grade myopia pedigrees. METHODS Two hundred sixty-five multiplex families with 1391 subjects participated in the study. IGF-1 genotyping was performed with 13 selected tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using allelic discrimination assays. A family-based pedigree disequilibrium test (PDT) was performed to test for association. Myopia status was defined using sphere (SPH) or spherical equivalent (SE), and analyses assessed the association of (1) high-grade myopia (<or=-5.00 D), and (2) any myopia (<or=-0.50 D) with IGF-1 markers. Results were declared significant at P<or=0.0038 after Bonferroni correction. Q values that take into account multiple testing were also obtained. RESULTS In all, three SNPs-rs10860860, rs2946834, and rs6214-were present at P<0.05. SNP rs6214 showed positive association with both the high-grade- and any-myopia groups (P=2x10(-3) and P=2x10(-3), respectively) after correction for multiple testing. CONCLUSIONS The study supports a genetic association between IGF-1 and high-grade myopia. These findings are in line with recent evidence in an experimental myopia model showing that IGF-1 promotes ocular growth and axial myopia. IGF-1 may be a myopia candidate gene for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikanth Metlapally
- Center for Human GeneticsDepartment of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Ng TK, Lam CY, Lam DSC, Chiang SWY, Tam POS, Wang DY, Fan BJ, Yam GHF, Fan DSP, Pang CP. AC and AG dinucleotide repeats in the PAX6 P1 promoter are associated with high myopia. Mol Vis 2009; 15:2239-48. [PMID: 19907666 PMCID: PMC2774452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The PAX6 gene, located at the reported myopia locus MYP7 on chromosome 11p13, was postulated to be associated with myopia development. This study investigated the association of PAX6 with high myopia in 379 high myopia patients and 349 controls. METHODS High myopia patients had refractive errors of -6.00 diopters or greater and axial length longer than 26 mm. Control subjects had refractive errors less than -1.00 diopter and axial length shorter than 24 mm. The P1 promoter, all coding sequences, and adjacent splice-site regions of the PAX6 gene were screened in all study subjects by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. PAX6 P1 promoter-luciferase constructs with variable AC and AG repeat lengths were prepared and transfected into human ARPE-19 cells prior to assaying for their transcriptional activities. RESULTS No sequence alterations in the coding or splicing regions showed an association with high myopia. Two dinucleotide repeats, (AC)(m) and (AG)(n), in the P1 promoter region were found to be highly polymorphic and significantly associated with high myopia. Higher repeat numbers were observed in high myopia patients for both (AC)(m) (empirical p = 0.013) and (AG)(n) (empirical p = 0.012) dinucleotide polymorphisms, with a 1.327-fold increased risk associated with the (AG)(n) repeat (empirical p = 0.016; 95% confidence interval: 1.059-1.663). Luciferase-reporter analysis showed elevated transcription activity with increasing individual (AC)(m) and (AG)(n) and combined (AC)(m)(AG)(n) repeat lengths. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed an association between high myopia and AC and AG dinucleotide repeat lengths in the PAX6 P1 promoter, indicating the involvement of PAX6 in the pathogenesis of high myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Kin Ng
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R
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Nakanishi H, Yamada R, Gotoh N, Hayashi H, Yamashiro K, Shimada N, Ohno-Matsui K, Mochizuki M, Saito M, Iida T, Matsuo K, Tajima K, Yoshimura N, Matsuda F. A genome-wide association analysis identified a novel susceptible locus for pathological myopia at 11q24.1. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000660. [PMID: 19779542 PMCID: PMC2735651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia is one of the most common ocular disorders worldwide. Pathological myopia, also called high myopia, comprises 1% to 5% of the general population and is one of the leading causes of legal blindness in developed countries. To identify genetic determinants associated with pathological myopia in Japanese, we conducted a genome-wide association study, analyzing 411,777 SNPs with 830 cases and 1,911 general population controls in a two-stage design (297 cases and 934 controls in the first stage and 533 cases and 977 controls in the second stage). We selected 22 SNPs that showed P-values smaller than 10−4 in the first stage and tested them for association in the second stage. The meta-analysis combining the first and second stages identified an SNP, rs577948, at chromosome 11q24.1, which was associated with the disease (P = 2.22×10−7 and OR of 1.37 with 95% confidence interval: 1.21–1.54). Two genes, BLID and LOC399959, were identified within a 200-kb DNA encompassing rs577948. RT–PCR analysis demonstrated that both genes were expressed in human retinal tissue. Our results strongly suggest that the region at 11q24.1 is a novel susceptibility locus for pathological myopia in Japanese. Myopia is one of the most common ocular disorders with elongation of axis of the eyeball. Pathological myopia or high myopia, a subset of myopia which is characterized with excessive axial elongation and degenerative changes of the eye, is a leading cause of visual impairment. Since genetic factors play significant roles in its development, identification of genetic determinants is an urgent and important issue. Although family-based linkage analyses have isolated at least 16 susceptible chromosomal loci for pathological or common myopia, no gene responsible for the disease has been identified. We conducted the first genome-wide case/control association study of pathological myopia in a two-stage design using 411,777 markers with 830 Japanese patients and 1,911 Japanese controls. We identified a region strongly suggestive for the disease susceptibility at chromosome 11q24.1 containing BLID and LOC399959. Their expression was confirmed in human retina with RT–PCR. BLID encodes an inducer of apoptotic cell death, and apoptosis is known to play an important functional role in pathological myopia. We believe that our study contributes to further dissect the molecular events underlying the development and progression of pathological myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Nakanishi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamada
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norimoto Gotoh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisako Hayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamashiro
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriaki Shimada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Ohno-Matsui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Mochizuki
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Saito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Iida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tajima
- Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nagahisa Yoshimura
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (NY); (FM)
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- CEA/Institute de Genomique, Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France
- * E-mail: (NY); (FM)
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50
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Myopia, or nearsightedness, is the most common human eye disorder in the world and is a significant global public health concern. Along with cataract, macular degeneration, infectious disease, and vitamin A deficiency, myopia is one of the most important causes of visual impairment worldwide. Severe or high-grade myopia is a leading cause of blindness because of its associated ocular comorbidities of retinal detachment, macular choroidal degeneration, premature cataract, and glaucoma. Ample epidemiologic and molecular genetic studies support heritability of the nonsyndromic forms of this condition. RECENT FINDINGS Multiple myopia genetic loci have been identified, establishing this entity as a common complex disorder and underscoring the suitability for gene inquiry studies. Animal model research, primarily using form-deprivation techniques, implicates multiple altered regulation of biological substances in the ocular wall layers, which provides important information for prioritizing human candidate gene studies. Recent epidemiologic work supports a greater role for outdoor activity in relieving myopia progression rather than the previous touted young-age near-work activity model. SUMMARY The identification of myopia susceptibility genes will not only provide insight into the molecular basis of this significant eye disorder, but will also identify pathways involved in eye growth and development. This effort may lead to effective therapies to treat or potentially prevent this common eye condition.
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