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Zhang Y, Xu M, He H, Ren S, Chen X, Zhang Y, An J, Ren X, Zhang X, Zhang M, Liu Z, Li X. Proteomic analysis of aqueous humor reveals novel regulators of diabetic macular edema. Exp Eye Res 2024; 239:109724. [PMID: 37981180 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the most common cause of blindness in patients with diabetic retinopathy. To investigate the proteomic profiles of the aqueous humor (AH) of individuals with diabetic macular edema (DME), AH samples were collected from patients with non-diabetes mellitus (NDM), DM, nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and DME. We performed comparative proteomic analyses using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and bioinformatics analyses. We identified 425 proteins in these AH samples, of which 113 showed changes in expression in DME compared with NDM, 95 showed changes in expression in DME vs. DM, and 84 showed changes in expression in DME compared with NPDR. The bioinformatics analysis suggested that DME is closely associated with platelet degranulation, oxidative stress-related pathway, and vascular-related pathways. Upregulation of haptoglobin (HP) and downregulation of fibrillin 1 (FBN1) were validated by ELISA. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that HP and FBN1 could distinguish DME from NPDR with areas under the curve of 0.987 (p = 0.00608) and 0.791 (p = 0.00629), respectively. The findings provide potential clues for further analysis of the molecular mechanisms and the development of new treatments for DME. HP and FBN1 may be potential key proteins and therapeutic targets in human DME. The proteomics dataset generated has been deposited to the ProteomeXchange/iProX Consortium with Identifier: PXD033404/IPX0004353001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China; Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hebei Provincial Eye Institute, Hebei Provincial Eye Hospital, Xiangtai, Hebei, China
| | - Manhong Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongbo He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaojie Ren
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinying An
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinjun Ren
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Minglian Zhang
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hebei Provincial Eye Institute, Hebei Provincial Eye Hospital, Xiangtai, Hebei, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hebei Provincial Eye Institute, Hebei Provincial Eye Hospital, Xiangtai, Hebei, China.
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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Silva-Viguera MC, García-Romera MC, Bautista-Llamas MJ. Contrast sensitivity function under three light conditions in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus without retinopathy: a cross-sectional, case-control study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 261:2497-2505. [PMID: 37039937 PMCID: PMC10432366 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), without any sign of diabetic retinopathy, have any alteration in Contrast Sensitivity Function (CSF), in relation to patients without this disease, and whether CSF assessment in three different light conditions can be an effective test in the early detection of diabetic retinopathy. METHODS A prospective, cross-sectional, case-control study was preformed including 80 patients (40 with T1DM without diabetic retinopathy and 40 controls) between 11 and 47 years old. CSF was assessed at four spatial frequencies (3, 6, 12 and 18 cycles/degree) using the CSV-1000E test, under three light conditions: high (550 lx), medium (200 lx) and low (< 2 lx). RESULTS A lower CSF in the T1DM group was found at the three light conditions studied. The most spatial frequency affected was 18 cpd, 0.08 log units (p = 0.048) in high, 0.10 log units (p = 0.010) in medium (p = 0.010) and 0.16 log units (p < 0.001) in low-light conditions in mean CS values. The least spatial frequency affected was 3 cpd (p > 0.05 in all three light conditions). CONCLUSION Patients with T1DM, without diabetic retinopathy, presented a loss of CS to sine-wave gratings, with respect to people with the same characteristics without the disease, mainly at medium and high frequencies, and in medium and low-light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Carmen Silva-Viguera
- Department of Physics of Condensed Matter, Optics Area Vision Research Group (CIVIUS), University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Marta C García-Romera
- Department of Physics of Condensed Matter, Optics Area Vision Research Group (CIVIUS), University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - María-José Bautista-Llamas
- Department of Physics of Condensed Matter, Optics Area Vision Research Group (CIVIUS), University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
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Hernández C, Simó-Servat O, Porta M, Grauslund J, Harding SP, Frydkjaer-Olsen U, García-Arumí J, Ribeiro L, Scanlon P, Cunha-Vaz J, Simó R. Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein and neurofilament light chain as biomarkers of retinal neurodysfunction in early diabetic retinopathy: results of the EUROCONDOR study. Acta Diabetol 2023; 60:837-844. [PMID: 36959506 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-023-02076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Neurodegeneration and glial activation are primary events in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neurofilament light chain (NfL) are biomarkers of underlying neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disease processes. The aim of the present study was to assess the usefulness of these serum biomarkers for the identification and monitoring of retinal neurodysfunction in subjects with type 2 diabetes. METHODS A case-control study was designed including 38 patients from the placebo arm of the EUROCONDOR clinical trial: 19 with and 19 without retinal neurodysfunction assessed by multifocal electroretinography. GFAP and NfL were measured by Simoa. RESULTS Serum levels of GFAP and NfL directly correlated with age (r = 0.37, p = 0.023 and r = 0.54, p < 0.001, respectively). In addition, a direct correlation between GFAP and NfL was observed (r = 0.495, p = 0.002). Serum levels of GFAP were significantly higher at baseline in those subjects in whom neurodysfunction progressed after the 2 years of follow-up (139.1 ± 52.5 pg/mL vs. 100.2 ± 54.6 pg/mL; p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS GFAP could be a useful serum biomarker for retinal neurodysfunction. Monitoring retinal neurodysfunction using blood samples would be of benefit in clinical decision-making. However, further research is needed to validate this result as well as to establish the best cutoff values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Hernández
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit and CIBERDEM, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig de La Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Olga Simó-Servat
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit and CIBERDEM, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig de La Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Massimo Porta
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Jakob Grauslund
- Research Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Simon P Harding
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, and St. Paul's Eye Unit. Liverpool University Hospitals, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ulrik Frydkjaer-Olsen
- Research Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - José García-Arumí
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luísa Ribeiro
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Peter Scanlon
- Gloucestershire Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cheltenham, UK
| | - José Cunha-Vaz
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rafael Simó
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit and CIBERDEM, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig de La Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
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Silva-Viguera MC, García-Romera MC, López-Izquierdo I, De-Hita-Cantalejo C, Sánchez-González MC, Bautista-Llamas MJ. Contrast Sensitivity Assessment in Early Diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy: A Systematic Review. Semin Ophthalmol 2022; 38:319-332. [PMID: 36047470 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2022.2116289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this systematic review was to study whether contrast sensitivity assessment in people with diabetes could be a reliable test in early detection of diabetic retinopathy. A systematic search based on population, intervention, comparison, and outcome strategy was performed. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for English articles of human patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and contrast sensitivity measurements as domain studied. RESULTS Twentyone comparative cross-sectional studies were included. All of them showed significant loss of contrast sensitivity in people with diabetes and diabetic retinopathy regarding control patients of the same age, regardless of the method used. However, those without diabetic retinopathy, involve a loss of contrast sensitivity, although not always significant. CONCLUSION Changes in contrast sensitivity suggest that there is damage to the retina prior to the vascular ones and that they could be detected by this test.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Carmen Silva-Viguera
- Department of Physics of Condensed Matter, Optics Area. Vision Research Group (CIVIUS), University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Marta-C García-Romera
- Department of Physics of Condensed Matter, Optics Area. Vision Research Group (CIVIUS), University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Inmaculada López-Izquierdo
- Department of Physics of Condensed Matter, Optics Area. Vision Research Group (CIVIUS), University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Concepción De-Hita-Cantalejo
- Department of Physics of Condensed Matter, Optics Area. Vision Research Group (CIVIUS), University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - María Carmen Sánchez-González
- Department of Physics of Condensed Matter, Optics Area. Vision Research Group (CIVIUS), University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - María-José Bautista-Llamas
- Department of Physics of Condensed Matter, Optics Area. Vision Research Group (CIVIUS), University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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McAnany JJ, Persidina OS, Park JC. Clinical electroretinography in diabetic retinopathy: a review. Surv Ophthalmol 2021; 67:712-722. [PMID: 34487740 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The electroretinogram (ERG) is a noninvasive, objective technique to evaluate retinal function that has become increasingly important in the study of diabetic retinopathy. We summarize the principles and rationale of the ERG, present findings from recent clinical studies that have used the full-field ERG, multifocal ERG, and pattern ERG to evaluate neural dysfunction in patients with diabetes, and weigh the strengths and limitations of the technique as it applies to clinical studies and management of patients with diabetic retinopathy. Taken together, ERG studies have provided convincing evidence for dysfunction of the neural retina in patients with diabetes, including those who have no clinically-apparent retinal vascular abnormalities. Recent full-field ERG findings have pointed to the intriguing possibility that photoreceptor function is abnormal in early-stage disease. Pattern ERG data, in conjunction with recently developed photopic negative response analyses, indicate inner retina dysfunction. In addition, multifocal ERG studies have shown spatially localized neural abnormalities that can predict the location of future microaneurysms. Given the insights provided by the ERG, it is likely to play a growing role in understanding the natural history of neural dysfunction in diabetes, as well as providing an attractive outcome measure for future clinical trials that target neural preservation in diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jason McAnany
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Oksana S Persidina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason C Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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McAnany JJ, Park JC, Chau FY, Leiderman YI, Lim JI, Blair NP. AMPLITUDE LOSS OF THE HIGH-FREQUENCY FLICKER ELECTRORETINOGRAM IN EARLY DIABETIC RETINOPATHY. Retina 2020; 39:2032-2039. [PMID: 30024576 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000002262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate retinal dysfunction in diabetic patients who have mild or no nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (DR) using the high-frequency flicker electroretinogram. METHODS Light-adapted flicker electroretinograms were recorded from 15 diabetic patients who have no clinically apparent retinopathy, 15 diabetic patients who have mild nonproliferative DR, and 15 nondiabetic, age-equivalent controls. Electroretinograms were elicited by full-field flicker at 2 temporal frequencies, 31.25 and 62.5 Hz, and were recorded using conventional techniques. Amplitude and timing of the flicker responses were compared among the groups and correlated with clinical characteristics including age, acuity, disease duration, and HbA1c. RESULTS The 31.25-Hz flicker amplitude was slightly, but nonsignificantly, smaller for subjects with no DR and mild nonproliferative DR , compared with the control group (both t < 1.38, P > 0.31); small, nonsignificant response delays for both patient groups were also observed (both t < 1.57, P > 0.12). By contrast, there were significant amplitude reductions for the 62.5-Hz flicker stimulus: mean amplitude was reduced by 32% for subjects with no DR and by 41% for subjects with mild nonproliferative DR (both t > 2.92 and P < 0.01). Response timing at 62.5 Hz did not differ significantly from control for either group (both t < 1.2 and P > 0.39). Electroretinogram amplitude and timing were not correlated significantly with clinical characteristics. CONCLUSION The 62.5-Hz flicker electroretinogram is useful for evaluating retinal dysfunction in diabetic patients who have mild or no DR because this response can be significantly reduced. Attenuation of the high-frequency flicker electroretinogram, which is primarily generated by bipolar cells, suggests a relatively early retinal site of neural dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jason McAnany
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and.,Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jason C Park
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and
| | - Felix Y Chau
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and
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Zeng Y, Cao D, Yang D, Zhuang X, Yu H, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Yang C, He M, Zhang L. Screening for diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients with a mydriasis-free, full-field flicker electroretinogram recording device. Doc Ophthalmol 2020; 140:211-220. [PMID: 31720980 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-019-09734-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the accuracy of the RETeval full-field flicker ERG in the screening of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy (VTDR) and to determine a suitable range of DR diagnostic reference for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS This was a cross-sectional study involving 172 subjects with T2DM, including 71 subjects without clinically detectable DR (NDR), 25 subjects with mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), 24 subjects with moderate NPDR, 27 subjects with severe NPDR and 25 subjects with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). All the subjects underwent a full-field flicker ERG using the RETeval device (DR assessment protocol), which is a mydriasis-free, full-field electroretinogram (ERG) recording system. The performance of the DR assessment protocol in detecting the DR (including mild NPDR, moderate NPDR, severe NPDR and PDR) and VTDR was analyzed with the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS For the detection of DR (mild NPDR, moderate NPDR, severe NPDR, PDR), the area under the ROC curve was 0.867 (p < 0.001, 95% CI 0.814-0.920), and the best cutoff value for DR was determined to be 20.75, with a sensitivity of 80.2% and specificity of 81.7%. Meanwhile, for the detection of VTDR, the area under the ROC curve was 0.965 (p < 0.001, 95% CI 0.941-0.989), and the best cutoff value was set to 23.05, with a sensitivity of 94.6% and a specificity of 88.8%. CONCLUSION The DR assessment protocol in RETeval device was effective in screening for DR (mild NPDR, moderate NPDR, severe NPDR, PDR) and VTDR in patients with diabetes. It could be helpful in referring and managing patients with T2DM in primary healthcare setting. However, caution should be taken that optimal cutoff value of DR assessment protocol may vary in different ethnic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunkao Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 106, Zhongshan Er Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Dan Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 106, Zhongshan Er Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dawei Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 106, Zhongshan Er Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xuenan Zhuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 106, Zhongshan Er Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Honghua Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 106, Zhongshan Er Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunyan Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 106, Zhongshan Er Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 106, Zhongshan Er Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 106, Zhongshan Er Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 106, Zhongshan Er Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 106, Zhongshan Er Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Zafar S, Sachdeva M, Frankfort BJ, Channa R. Retinal Neurodegeneration as an Early Manifestation of Diabetic Eye Disease and Potential Neuroprotective Therapies. Curr Diab Rep 2019; 19:17. [PMID: 30806815 PMCID: PMC7192364 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-019-1134-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of visual impairment and blindness throughout the world. Microvascular changes have long been regarded central to disease pathogenesis. In recent years, however, retinal neurodegeneration is increasingly being hypothesized to occur prior to the vascular changes classically associated with DR and contribute to disease pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS There is growing structural and functional evidence from human and animal studies that suggests retinal neurodegeneration to be an early component of DR. Identification of new therapeutic targets is an ongoing area of research with several different molecules undergoing testing in animal models for their neuroprotective properties and for possible use in humans. Retinal neurodegeneration may play a central role in DR pathogenesis. As new therapies are developed, it will be important to develop criteria for clinically defining retinal neurodegeneration. A standardization of the methods for monitoring neurodegeneration along with more sensitive means of detecting preclinical damage is also needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Zafar
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mira Sachdeva
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | | | - Roomasa Channa
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Loss of CD40 attenuates experimental diabetes-induced retinal inflammation but does not protect mice from electroretinogram defects. Vis Neurosci 2018; 34:E009. [PMID: 28965505 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523817000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic low grade inflammation is considered to contribute to the development of experimental diabetic retinopathy (DR). We recently demonstrated that lack of CD40 in mice ameliorates the upregulation of inflammatory molecules in the diabetic retina and prevented capillary degeneration, a hallmark of experimental diabetic retinopathy. Herein, we investigated the contribution of CD40 to diabetes-induced reductions in retinal function via the electroretinogram (ERG) to determine if inflammation plays a role in the development of ERG defects associated with diabetes. We demonstrate that diabetic CD40-/- mice are not protected from reduction to the ERG b-wave despite failing to upregulate inflammatory molecules in the retina. Our data therefore supports the hypothesis that retinal dysfunction found in diabetics occurs independent of the induction of inflammatory processes.
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Santos AR, Ribeiro L, Bandello F, Lattanzio R, Egan C, Frydkjaer-Olsen U, García-Arumí J, Gibson J, Grauslund J, Harding SP, Lang GE, Massin P, Midena E, Scanlon P, Aldington SJ, Simão S, Schwartz C, Ponsati B, Porta M, Costa MÂ, Hernández C, Cunha-Vaz J, Simó R. Functional and Structural Findings of Neurodegeneration in Early Stages of Diabetic Retinopathy: Cross-sectional Analyses of Baseline Data of the EUROCONDOR Project. Diabetes 2017; 66:2503-2510. [PMID: 28663190 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study evaluated the relationship between 1) functional and structural measurements of neurodegeneration in the initial stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and 2) the presence of neurodegeneration and early microvascular impairment. We analyzed baseline data of 449 patients with type 2 diabetes enrolled in the European Consortium for the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy (EUROCONDOR) study (NCT01726075). Functional studies by multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) evaluated neurodysfunction, and structural measurements using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) evaluated neurodegeneration. The mfERG P1 amplitude was more sensitive than the P1 implicit time and was lower in patients with Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) level 20-35 than in patients with ETDRS level <20 (P = 0.005). In 58% of patients, mfERG abnormalities were present in the absence of visible retinopathy. Correspondence between SD-OCT thinning and mfERG abnormalities was shown in 67% of the eyes with ETDRS <20 and in 83% of the eyes with ETDRS level 20-35. Notably, 32% of patients with ETDRS 20-35 presented no abnormalities in mfERG or SD-OCT. We conclude that there is a link between mfERG and SD-OCT measurements that increases with the presence of microvascular impairment. However, a significant proportion of patients in our particular study population (ETDRS ≤35) had normal ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness and normal mfERG findings. We raise the hypothesis that neurodegeneration may play a role in the pathogenesis of DR in many but not in all patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Santos
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
- Superior School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luísa Ribeiro
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francesco Bandello
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosangela Lattanzio
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Catherine Egan
- Moorfields Eye Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Institute of Ophthalmology/University College London, London, U.K
| | - Ulrik Frydkjaer-Olsen
- Research Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - José García-Arumí
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jonathan Gibson
- Department of Vision Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, U.K
| | - Jakob Grauslund
- Research Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Simon P Harding
- Department of Eye & Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K
| | - Gabriele E Lang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Pascale Massin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Edoardo Midena
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Peter Scanlon
- Gloucestershire Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cheltenham, U.K
| | - Stephen J Aldington
- Gloucestershire Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cheltenham, U.K
| | - Sílvia Simão
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Christian Schwartz
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Massimo Porta
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Miguel Ângelo Costa
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Hernández
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit and CIBERDEM, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Cunha-Vaz
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rafael Simó
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit and CIBERDEM, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Hernández C, Dal Monte M, Simó R, Casini G. Neuroprotection as a Therapeutic Target for Diabetic Retinopathy. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:9508541. [PMID: 27123463 PMCID: PMC4830713 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9508541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a multifactorial progressive disease of the retina and a leading cause of vision loss. DR has long been regarded as a vascular disorder, although neuronal death and visual impairment appear before vascular lesions, suggesting an important role played by neurodegeneration in DR and the appropriateness of neuroprotective strategies. Upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the main target of current therapies, is likely to be one of the first responses to retinal hyperglycemic stress and VEGF may represent an important survival factor in early phases of DR. Of central importance for clinical trials is the detection of retinal neurodegeneration in the clinical setting, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography seems the most indicated technique. Many substances have been tested in animal studies for their neuroprotective properties and for possible use in humans. Perhaps, the most intriguing perspective is the use of endogenous neuroprotective substances or nutraceuticals. Together, the data point to the central role of neurodegeneration in the pathogenesis of DR and indicate neuroprotection as an effective strategy for treating this disease. However, clinical trials to determine not only the effectiveness and safety but also the compliance of a noninvasive route of drug administration are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Hernández
- CIBERDEM (CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas) and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- *Cristina Hernández: and
| | - Massimo Dal Monte
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 31, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rafael Simó
- CIBERDEM (CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas) and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giovanni Casini
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 31, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- *Giovanni Casini:
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12
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Pescosolido N, Barbato A, Stefanucci A, Buomprisco G. Role of Electrophysiology in the Early Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Diabetic Retinopathy. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:319692. [PMID: 26075282 PMCID: PMC4436463 DOI: 10.1155/2015/319692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinopathy is a severe and common complication of diabetes, representing a leading cause of blindness among working-age people in developed countries. It is estimated that the number of people with diabetic retinopathy (DR) will increase from 126.6 million in 2011 to 191 million by 2030. The pathology seems to be characterized not only by the involvement of retinal microvessels but also by a real neuropathy of central nervous system, similar to what happens to the peripheral nerves, particularly affected by diabetes. The neurophysiological techniques help to assess retinal and nervous (optic tract) function. Electroretinography (ERG) and visual evoked potentials (VEP) allow a more detailed study of the visual function and of the possible effects that diabetes can have on the visual function. These techniques have an important role both in the clinic and in research: the central nervous system, in fact, has received much less attention than the peripheral one in the study of the complications of diabetes. These techniques are safe, repeatable, quick, and objective. In addition, both the ERG (especially the oscillatory potentials and the flicker-ERG) and VEP have proved to be successful tools for the early diagnosis of the disease and, potentially, for the ophthalmologic follow-up of diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pescosolido
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrologic, Anesthesiologic and Geriatric Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Barbato
- Center of Ocular Electrophysiology, Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
- *Andrea Barbato:
| | - Alessio Stefanucci
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Buomprisco
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
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13
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Samuels IS, Bell BA, Pereira A, Saxon J, Peachey NS. Early retinal pigment epithelium dysfunction is concomitant with hyperglycemia in mouse models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. J Neurophysiol 2014; 113:1085-99. [PMID: 25429122 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00761.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the diabetic retina, cellular changes in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and neurons occur before vision loss or diabetic retinopathy can be identified clinically. The precise etiologies of retinal pathology are poorly defined, and it remains unclear if the onset and progression of cellular dysfunction differ between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Three mouse models were used to compare the time course of RPE involvement in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. C57BL/6J mice injected with streptozotocin (STZ mice) modeled type 1 diabetes, whereas Lepr(db/db) mice on both BKS and B6.BKS background strains modeled type 2 diabetes. Electroretinogram (ERG)-based techniques were used to measure light-evoked responses of the RPE (direct current-coupled ERG, dc-ERG) and the neural retina (a-wave, b-wave). Following onset of hyperglycemia, a-wave and b-wave amplitudes of STZ mice declined progressively and by equivalent degrees. Components of the dc-ERG were also altered, with the largest reduction seen in the c-wave. Lepr(db/db) mice on the BKS strain (BKS.Lepr) displayed sustained hyperglycemia and a small increase in insulin, whereas Lepr(db/db) mice on the B6.BKS background (B6.BKS.Lepr) were transiently hyperglycemic and displayed severe hyperinsulinemia. BKS.Lepr mice exhibited sustained reductions in the dc-ERG c-wave, fast oscillation, and off response that were not attributable to reduced photoreceptor activity; B6.BKS.Lepr mice displayed transient reductions in the c-wave and fast oscillation that correlated with hyperglycemia and magnitude of photoreceptor activity. In summary, all mouse models displayed altered RPE function concomitant with the onset of hyperglycemia. These results suggest that RPE function is directly reduced by elevated blood glucose levels. That RPE dysfunction was reversible and mitigated in hyperinsulinemic B6.BKS.Lepr mice provides insight into the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy S Samuels
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - Brent A Bell
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - Ariane Pereira
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Joseph Saxon
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - Neal S Peachey
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; and Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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14
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Reis A, Mateus C, Melo P, Figueira J, Cunha-Vaz J, Castelo-Branco M. Neuroretinal dysfunction with intact blood-retinal barrier and absent vasculopathy in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2014; 63:3926-37. [PMID: 24947354 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
It is unknown whether independent neural damage may occur in the pre-/absent vascular diabetic retinopathy (DR). To exclude vasculopathy, it is important to measure the integrity of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). This cross-sectional study addressed this problem in type 1 diabetic patients with normal ocular fundus and absent breakdown of the BRB (confirmed with vitreous fluorometry). These were compared with a group with disrupted BRB (with normal fundus or initial DR) and normal controls. Multifocal electroretinography and chromatic/achromatic contrast sensitivity were measured in these 42 patients with preserved visual acuity. Amplitudes of neurophysiological responses (multifocal electroretinogram) were decreased in all eccentricity rings in both clinical groups, when compared with controls, with sensitivity >78% for a specificity level of 90%. Implicit time changes were also found in the absence of initial DR. Impaired contrast sensitivity along chromatic axes was also observed, and achromatic thresholds were also different between controls and both clinical groups. The pattern of changes in the group without baseline BRB permeability alterations, as probed by psychophysical and electrophysiological measurements, does thereby confirm independent damage mechanisms. We conclude that retinal neuronal changes can be diagnosed in type 1 diabetes, independently of the breakdown of the BRB and onset of vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldina Reis
- Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute for Biomedical Imaging in Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal Coimbra University Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Mateus
- Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute for Biomedical Imaging in Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Melo
- Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute for Biomedical Imaging in Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Figueira
- Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute for Biomedical Imaging in Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal Coimbra University Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Cunha-Vaz
- Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute for Biomedical Imaging in Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal Coimbra University Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute for Biomedical Imaging in Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Lois N, McCarter RV, O’Neill C, Medina RJ, Stitt AW. Endothelial progenitor cells in diabetic retinopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:44. [PMID: 24782825 PMCID: PMC3988370 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of visual impairment worldwide. Patients with DR may irreversibly lose sight as a result of the development of diabetic macular edema (DME) and/or proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR); retinal blood vessel dysfunction and degeneration plays an essential role in their pathogenesis. Although new treatments have been recently introduced for DME, including intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors (anti-VEGFs) and steroids, a high proportion of patients (~40-50%) do not respond to these therapies. Furthermore, for people with PDR, laser photocoagulation remains a mainstay therapy despite this being an inherently destructive procedure. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are a low-frequency population of circulating cells known to be recruited to sites of vessel damage and tissue ischemia where they promote vascular healing and re-perfusion. A growing body of evidence suggests that the number and function of EPCs are altered in patients with varying degrees of diabetes duration, metabolic control, and in the presence or absence of DR. Although there are no clear-cut outcomes from these clinical studies, there is mounting evidence that some EPC sub-types may be involved in the pathogenesis of DR and may also serve as biomarkers for disease progression and stratification. Moreover, some EPC sub-types have considerable potential as therapeutic modalities for DME and PDR in the context of cell therapy. This study presents basic clinical concepts of DR and combines this with a general insight on EPCs and their relation to future directions in understanding and treating this important diabetic complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Lois
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Rachel V. McCarter
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Christina O’Neill
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Reinhold J. Medina
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Alan W. Stitt
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK
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16
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Raczyńska D, Zorena K, Urban B, Zalewski D, Skorek A, Malukiewicz G, Sikorski BL. Current trends in the monitoring and treatment of diabetic retinopathy in young adults. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:492926. [PMID: 24688225 PMCID: PMC3944937 DOI: 10.1155/2014/492926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in young adults have significantly improved in recent years. Research methods have widened significantly, for example, by introducing spectral optical tomography of the eye. Invasive diagnostics, for example, fluorescein angiography, are done less frequently. The early introduction of an insulin pump to improve the administration of insulin is likely to delay the development of diabetic retinopathy, which is particularly important for young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The first years of diabetes occurring during childhood and youth are the most appropriate to introduce proper therapeutic intervention before any irreversible changes in the eyes appear. The treatment of DR includes increased metabolic control, laserotherapy, pharmacological treatment (antiangiogenic and anti-inflammatory treatment, enzymatic vitreolysis, and intravitreal injections), and surgery. This paper summarizes the up-to-date developments in the diagnostics and treatment of DR. In the literature search, authors used online databases, PubMed, and clinitrials.gov and browsed through individual ophthalmology journals, books, and leading pharmaceutical company websites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Raczyńska
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zorena
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Powstania Styczniowego 9b, 81-519 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Beata Urban
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Dominik Zalewski
- Diagnostic and Microsurgery Center of the Eye Lens, Budowlana 3A, 10-424 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Andrzej Skorek
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grażyna Malukiewicz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Bartosz L. Sikorski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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17
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Abstract
In this review article, we first present a brief overview of the vascular and neural components of diabetic retinopathy. Next, the multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) technique, which can map neuroretinal function noninvasively, is described. Findings in diabetic retinal disease using the mfERG are reviewed. We then describe the progress that has been made to predict the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy and edema in specific retinal locations, using quantitative models based on the mfERG. Finally, we consider the implications for the future of these predictive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Bearse
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, 360 Minor Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-2020, USA,
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18
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Laron M, Bearse MA, Bronson-Castain K, Jonasdottir S, King-Hooper B, Barez S, Schneck ME, Adams AJ. Association between local neuroretinal function and control of adolescent type 1 diabetes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:7071-6. [PMID: 22977133 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate associations between neuroretinal function measured with multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) and disease variables in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and no retinopathy. METHODS Fundus photographs, blood glucose (BG) concentration, HbA1c, and monocular mfERG were performed on 115 adolescent patients (mean age ± SD; 15.7 ± 1.8 years) and 30 controls (18.0 ± 2.8 years). All subjects had best-corrected visual acuity ≥ 20/20. The 45° mfERG stimulus included 103 hexagons, reversing between dark and bright according to a pseudorandom m-sequence. Amplitudes (AMPs) and implicit times (ITs) were derived from local mfERG response waveforms, and Z-scores were calculated. Retinal maps of abnormality frequencies were generated. Differences between controls and patients were evaluated using t-tests. Associations between mfERG and age, duration, and diabetes control were examined using linear regression analysis. RESULTS Mean mfERG IT was significantly longer in the patients compared with that in the controls (P = 0.019), but AMP was not different (P > 0.05). In all, 26 eyes (23%) of the patients had abnormal IT and 3 eyes (3%) had abnormal AMP. IT abnormalities were essentially distributed randomly across the retina. There were too few AMP abnormalities to examine their retinal distribution. IT was positively correlated with HbA1c (P < 0.0002) but not correlated with diabetes duration, BG, or age. CONCLUSIONS Higher long-term blood glucose concentration is associated with degraded neuroretinal function in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and no retinopathy. Over 20% of these patients have abnormal neuroretinal function. It will be important to determine longitudinally whether the relationship between mfERG IT and diabetes control exists within individual adolescent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Laron
- School of Optometry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-2020, USA
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19
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Wright T, Cortese F, Nilsson J, Westall C. Analysis of multifocal electroretinograms from a population with type 1 diabetes using partial least squares reveals spatial and temporal distribution of changes to retinal function. Doc Ophthalmol 2012; 125:31-42. [PMID: 22610144 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-012-9330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Spatial-temporal partial least squares (ST-PLS) is a multivariate statistical analysis that has improved the analysis of modern imaging techniques. Multifocal electroretinograms (mfERGs) contain a large amount of data, and averaging and grouping have been used to reduce the amount of data to levels that can be handled using traditional statistical methods. In contrast, using all acquired data points, ST-PLS enables statistically rigorous testing of changes in waveform shape and in the distributed signal related to retinal function. We hypothesise that ST-PLS will improve analysis of the mfERG. Two mfERG protocols, a 103 hexagon clinical protocol and a slow-flash mfERG (sf-mfERG) protocol, were recorded from an adolescent population with type 1 diabetes and an age similar control population. The standard mfERGs were analysed using a template-fitting algorithm and the sf-mfERG using a signal-to-noise measure. The results of these traditional analysis techniques are compared with those of the ST-PLS analysis. Traditional analysis of the mfERG recordings revealed changes between groups for implicit time but not amplitude; however, the spatial location of these changes could not be identified. In contrast, ST-PLS detected significant changes between groups and displayed the spatial location of these changes on the retinal map and the temporal location within the mfERG waveforms. ST-PLS confirmed that changes to diabetic retinal function occur before the onset of clinical pathology. In addition, it revealed two distinct patterns of change depending on whether the multifocal paradigm was optimised to target outer retinal function (photoreceptors) or middle/inner retinal function (collector cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Wright
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
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20
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Cheung CMG, Vania M, Ang M, Chee SP, Li J. Comparison of aqueous humor cytokine and chemokine levels in diabetic patients with and without retinopathy. Mol Vis 2012; 18:830-7. [PMID: 22511846 PMCID: PMC3327438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the aqueous humor levels of proinflammatory and angiogenic factors of diabetic patients with and without retinopathy. METHODS Aqueous humor was collected at the start of cataract surgery from diabetic subjects and non-diabetic controls. The presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy were graded with fundus examination. Levels of 22 different inflammatory and angiogenic cytokines and chemokines were compared. RESULTS Aqueous humor samples from 47 diabetic patients (20 without retinopathy, 27 with retinopathy) and 24 non-diabetic controls were included. Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10, IL-12, interferon-alpha (IFN-α), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measurable in significantly fewer diabetic samples, and where measurable, were at lower levels than in non-diabetic controls. IL-6 was measurable in significantly more diabetic samples, and the median levels were significantly higher in the eyes with retinopathy than the eyes without retinopathy and the non-diabetic eyes. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level was significantly higher in the diabetic eyes with and without retinopathy compared to the non-diabetic controls. The IL-6 level positively correlated with the monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (CCL2) and interleukin-8 (CXCL8) levels and negatively with the TNF-α level. The VEGF level negatively correlated with the IL-12 and TNF-α levels. CONCLUSIONS The aqueous humor cytokine profile of diabetic patients without retinopathy was similar to that of patients with diabetic retinopathy. These cytokines may be useful biomarkers for early detection and prognosis of diabetic retinopathy. Compared to diabetic patients without retinopathy, only the IL-6 and VEGF levels were significantly higher in diabetic patients with retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chui Ming Gemmy Cheung
- Ocular Inflammation and Immunology Services, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Maya Vania
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Marcus Ang
- Ocular Inflammation and Immunology Services, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Soon Phaik Chee
- Ocular Inflammation and Immunology Services, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Li
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
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21
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Cheung CMG, Vania M, Ang M, Chee SP, Li J. Comparison of aqueous humor cytokine and chemokine levels in diabetic patients with and without retinopathy. Mol Vis 2012; 12:6. [PMID: 22475346 PMCID: PMC3733519 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2415-12-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Major-histocompatibility-complex class I-related chain A (MICA) antigens are
the ligands of NKG2D, which is an activating or coactivating receptor
expressed on human NK cells and CD8+T cells. We sought to
determine whether MICA expression in human corneal epithelium (HCE) could
affect the cytotoxicity mediated by NK cells or CD8+T cells. Methods Cell cultures of HCE were harvested from human donor eyes. Flow cytometric
analysis and ELISA was performed to determine the levels of MICA expression
on HCE. Then, HCE was transfected with a lentivirus vector expressing MICA
and GFP. Flow cytometric analysis, RT-PCR, western blot and ELISA were
performed to check the levels of MICA expression. For cytotoxicity testing,
allogeneic NK cells and CD8+T cells were isolated from peripheral
blood mononuclear cells of healthy volunteers by magnetic cell sorting. The
cytolytic activity of NK cells and CD8+T cells was assessed
against MICA-transfected HCE (NK cells: E:T ratio = 3:1;
CD8+T cells: E:T ratio = 10:1) using the
nonradioactive cytotoxicity detection kit lactate deshydrogenase. Results Surface expression of MICA on corneal epithelium was identified at a low
level. A cell line of stable human MICA-transfected corneal epithelium was
successfully established. Heightened expression of MICA on HCE was found to
promote the cytotoxicity mediated by NK cells or CD8+T cells,
which could be blocked by an anti-MICA antibody. Conclusion MICA molecules may contribute to cytotoxic responses mediated by activated
immune effector cells in corneal epithelium immunity.
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