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Schloesser L, Klose SM, Mauschitz MM, Abdullah Z, Finger RP. The role of immune modulators in age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol 2024:S0039-6257(24)00084-5. [PMID: 39097172 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
We provide an overview of the expanding literature on the role of cytokines and immune mediators in pathophysiology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Although many immunological mediators have been linked to AMD pathophysiology, the broader mechanistic picture remains unclear with substantial variations in the levels of evidence supporting these mediators. Therefore, we reviewed the literature considering the varying levels of supporting evidence. A Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) term-based literature research was conducted in September, 2023, consisting of the MeSH terms "cytokine" and "Age-related macular degeneration" connected by the operator "AND". After screening the publications by title, abstract, and full text, a total of 146 publications were included. The proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β (especially in basic research studies), IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, TNF-α, and MCP-1 are the most extensively characterised cytokines/chemokines, highlighting the role of local inflammasome activation and altered macrophage function in the AMD pathophysiology. Among the antiinflammatory mediators IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β were found to be the most extensively characterised, with IL-4 driving and IL-10 and TGF-β suppressing disease progression. Despite the extensive literature on this topic, a profound understanding of AMD pathophysiology has not yet been achieved. Therefore, further studies are needed to identify potential therapeutic targets, followed by clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schloesser
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Sara M Klose
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Zeinab Abdullah
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Robert P Finger
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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2
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Pan S, Yuan J, Jin Y, Liu X, Wu S, Wang Y, Yao H, Cheng L. Innate immune responsive inflammation in development of progressive myopia. Eye (Lond) 2024; 38:1542-1548. [PMID: 38287111 PMCID: PMC11126664 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-024-02947-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Inflammation has been implicated for development of myopia. It is not clear when inflammation is kicked in during the course of myopia, and what characteristics of the inflammation. In this study, we tested for cytokines from aqueous humour of eyes with wide spectrum of refractive status for profiling the inflammation. METHODS Aqueous humour of 142 patient eyes were tested for soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Eye globe axial length of these patients ranged from emmetropia to high myopia. RESULTS Of 142 patients, an average axial length is 25.51 ± 3.31 mm, with a range of 21.56-34.37 mm. There are 36 cases in lower 25 percentile, 37 cases in upper 25 percentile, and 69 case in the middle 50 percentile. sICAM-1 and MCP-1 were significantly higher in the eyes with staphyloma (407.48 pg/mL, 312.31 pg/mL, n = 33) or macular schisis (445.86 pg/mL,345.33 pg/mL, n = 19) than that in the eyes without these changes (206.44 pg/mL, 244.76 pg/mL, n = 107). All three cytokines level was significantly associated with eye globe axial in a positive mode while adjusting for the age and sex. Strength of the association was the greatest for sICAM-1 and the weakest for TGF- β2. MCP-1 was in between. CONCLUSION sICAM-1 and MCP-1 in ocular fluid may be indicative biomarkers for progressive high myopia and the underneath autoimmune inflammation. sICAM-1 may be used as a monitoring biomarker for development of pathologic myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqi Pan
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianshu Yuan
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yuanhui Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongyang People's Hospital, Dongyang, China
| | - Xiaotian Liu
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shanjun Wu
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hongyan Yao
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lingyun Cheng
- Jacob's Retina Center at Shiley Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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3
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Zhao Q, Lai K. Role of immune inflammation regulated by macrophage in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2024; 239:109770. [PMID: 38145794 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) can lead to irreversible impairment of visual function, and the number of patients with AMD has been increasing globally. The immunoinflammatory theory is an important pathogenic mechanism of AMD, with macrophages serving as the primary inflammatory infiltrating cells in AMD lesions. Its powerful immunoinflammatory regulatory function has attracted considerable attention. Herein, we provide an overview of the involvement of macrophage-regulated immunoinflammation in different stages of AMD. Additionally, we summarize novel therapeutic approaches for AMD, focusing on targeting macrophages, such as macrophage/microglia modulators, reduction of macrophage aggregation in the subretinal space, modulation of macrophage effector function, macrophage phenotypic alterations, and novel biomimetic nanocomposites development based on macrophage-associated functional properties. We aimed to provide a basis and reference for the further exploration of AMD pathogenesis, developmental influences, and new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, No.7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Kunbei Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, No.7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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4
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Chao WWJ, Chao HWH, Lee HF, Chao HM. The Effect of S-Allyl L-Cysteine on Retinal Ischemia: The Contributions of MCP-1 and PKM2 in the Underlying Medicinal Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1349. [PMID: 38279349 PMCID: PMC10816972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinal ischemia plays a vital role in vision-threatening retinal ischemic disorders, such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, etc. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of S-allyl L-cysteine (SAC) and its associated therapeutic mechanism. Oxidative stress was induced by administration of 500 μM H2O2 for 24 h; SAC demonstrated a dose-dependent neuroprotective effect with significant cell viability effects at 100 μM, and it concurrently downregulated angiogenesis factor PKM2 and inflammatory biomarker MCP-1. In a Wistar rat model of high intraocular pressure (HIOP)-induced retinal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), post-administration of 100 μM SAC counteracted the ischemic-associated reduction of ERG b-wave amplitude and fluorogold-labeled RGC reduction. This study supports that SAC could protect against retinal ischemia through its anti-oxidative, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Windsor Wen-Jin Chao
- Department of Medicine, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK;
- Department of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Howard Wen-Haur Chao
- Department of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Hung-Fu Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11220, Taiwan;
| | - Hsiao-Ming Chao
- Department of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 111045, Taiwan
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5
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Liang J, Huang F, Song Z, Tang R, Zhang P, Chen R. Impact of NAD+ metabolism on ovarian aging. Immun Ageing 2023; 20:70. [PMID: 38041117 PMCID: PMC10693113 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00398-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a crucial coenzyme in cellular redox reactions, is closely associated with age-related functional degeneration and metabolic diseases. NAD exerts direct and indirect influences on many crucial cellular functions, including metabolic pathways, DNA repair, chromatin remodeling, cellular senescence, and immune cell functionality. These cellular processes and functions are essential for maintaining tissue and metabolic homeostasis, as well as healthy aging. Causality has been elucidated between a decline in NAD levels and multiple age-related diseases, which has been confirmed by various strategies aimed at increasing NAD levels in the preclinical setting. Ovarian aging is recognized as a natural process characterized by a decline in follicle number and function, resulting in decreased estrogen production and menopause. In this regard, it is necessary to address the many factors involved in this complicated procedure, which could improve fertility in women of advanced maternal age. Concerning the decrease in NAD+ levels as ovarian aging progresses, promising and exciting results are presented for strategies using NAD+ precursors to promote NAD+ biosynthesis, which could substantially improve oocyte quality and alleviate ovarian aging. Hence, to acquire further insights into NAD+ metabolism and biology, this review aims to probe the factors affecting ovarian aging, the characteristics of NAD+ precursors, and the current research status of NAD+ supplementation in ovarian aging. Specifically, by gaining a comprehensive understanding of these aspects, we are optimistic about the prominent progress that will be made in both research and therapy related to ovarian aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Feiling Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhaoqi Song
- School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ruiyi Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Rare Disease Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China.
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Elbaz-Hayoun S, Rinsky B, Hagbi-Levi S, Grunin M, Chowers I. CCR1 mediates Müller cell activation and photoreceptor cell death in macular and retinal degeneration. eLife 2023; 12:e81208. [PMID: 37903056 PMCID: PMC10615370 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mononuclear cells are involved in the pathogenesis of retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Here, we examined the mechanisms that underlie macrophage-driven retinal cell death. Monocytes were extracted from patients with AMD and differentiated into macrophages (hMdɸs), which were characterized based on proteomics, gene expression, and ex vivo and in vivo properties. Using bioinformatics, we identified the signaling pathway involved in macrophage-driven retinal cell death, and we assessed the therapeutic potential of targeting this pathway. We found that M2a hMdɸs were associated with retinal cell death in retinal explants and following adoptive transfer in a photic injury model. Moreover, M2a hMdɸs express several CCRI (C-C chemokine receptor type 1) ligands. Importantly, CCR1 was upregulated in Müller cells in models of retinal injury and aging, and CCR1 expression was correlated with retinal damage. Lastly, inhibiting CCR1 reduced photic-induced retinal damage, photoreceptor cell apoptosis, and retinal inflammation. These data suggest that hMdɸs, CCR1, and Müller cells work together to drive retinal and macular degeneration, suggesting that CCR1 may serve as a target for treating these sight-threatening conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Elbaz-Hayoun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Batya Rinsky
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Shira Hagbi-Levi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Michelle Grunin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Itay Chowers
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
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Prasad M, Xu J, Agranat JS, Xia W, Daley S, Ness S, Chen X, Siegel NH, Stein TD, Chung J, Subramanian ML. Upregulation of Neuroinflammatory Protein Biomarkers in Acute Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachments. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:life13010118. [PMID: 36676067 PMCID: PMC9862737 DOI: 10.3390/life13010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to characterize the inflammatory cytokine profile in rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRDs) compared to surgical controls. Vitreous humor was collected from patients undergoing vitrectomy for RRD and noninflammatory vitreoretinal diseases. A quantitative immunoassay was used to measure the levels of 36 cytokine markers. Linear regression analysis with the duration of detachment as the predictor and log-transformed cytokine levels as the outcome was conducted for normally distributed cytokines as determined by the Shapiro-Wilk test. The analysis was adjusted for age, sex, and race. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for cytokines not normally distributed. Twenty-seven RRD cases and thirteen control cases were studied. Between all RRDs and controls, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) (p = 0.0029), inducible protein-10(IP-10) (p = 0.0021), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (p = 0.0040), interleukin (IL)-16 (p = 0.018), IL-8 (p = 0.0148), IL-6 (p = 0.0071), eotaxin (p = 0.0323), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 alpha (p = 0.0149), MIP-1 beta (p = 0.0032), and the thymus and activation regulated cytokine (TARC) (p = 0.0121) were elevated in RRD cases. Between acute RRDs (n = 16) and controls, FGF2 (p = 0.0001), IP10 (p = 0.0027), MCP-1 (p = 0.0015), MIP-1β (p = 0.0004), IL-8 (p = 0.0146), and IL-6 (p = 0.0031) were elevated. Determining alterations in inflammatory cytokine profiles may aid in understanding their impact on RRD development, clinical course, and complications before and after surgical repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minali Prasad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine & Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine & Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Joshua S. Agranat
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine & Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Weiming Xia
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | - Sarah Daley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | - Steven Ness
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine & Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Xuejing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine & Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Nicole H. Siegel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine & Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Thor D. Stein
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Jaeyoon Chung
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Manju L. Subramanian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine & Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +617-414-2020
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Wong JHC, Ma JYW, Jobling AI, Brandli A, Greferath U, Fletcher EL, Vessey KA. Exploring the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration: A review of the interplay between retinal pigment epithelium dysfunction and the innate immune system. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1009599. [PMID: 36408381 PMCID: PMC9670140 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1009599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss in the older population. Classical hallmarks of early and intermediate AMD are accumulation of drusen, a waste deposit formed under the retina, and pigmentary abnormalities in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). When the disease progresses into late AMD, vision is affected due to death of the RPE and the light-sensitive photoreceptors. The RPE is essential to the health of the retina as it forms the outer blood retinal barrier, which establishes ocular immune regulation, and provides support for the photoreceptors. Due to its unique anatomical position, the RPE can communicate with the retinal environment and the systemic immune environment. In AMD, RPE dysfunction and the accumulation of drusen drive the infiltration of retinal and systemic innate immune cells into the outer retina. While recruited endogenous or systemic mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) contribute to the removal of noxious debris, the accumulation of MPs can also result in chronic inflammation and contribute to AMD progression. In addition, direct communication and indirect molecular signaling between MPs and the RPE may promote RPE cell death, choroidal neovascularization and fibrotic scarring that occur in late AMD. In this review, we explore how the RPE and innate immune cells maintain retinal homeostasis, and detail how RPE dysfunction and aberrant immune cell recruitment contribute to AMD pathogenesis. Evidence from AMD patients will be discussed in conjunction with data from preclinical models, to shed light on future therapeutic targets for the treatment of AMD.
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de Almeida Torres R, de Almeida Torres R, Luchini A, Anjos Ferreira A. The oxidative and inflammatory nature of age-related macular degeneration. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL OPHTHALMOLOGY AND RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jcor.jcor_268_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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10
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Rasool S, Kaushik M, Chaudhary R, Blachford K, Berry M, Scott RAH, Logan A, Blanch RJ. Visual deterioration in patients with photoreceptor loss after retinal reattachment surgery. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2022; 260:2141-2147. [PMID: 35080648 PMCID: PMC9203401 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05519-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Assess the relationship between photoreceptor degeneration and visual function after retinal reattachment surgery (RRS) in a prospective cohort. METHODS Patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) were reviewed before and 6 months after vitreoretinal surgery. Optical coherence tomographical thickness of the outer nuclear layer (ONL), outer retinal segment (ORS), retinal pigmented epithelium to ellipsoid zone (RPE-EZ) and external limiting membrane to EZ (ELM-EZ) were recorded 6 months post-operatively. These were compared to best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and retinal sensitivity (Humphrey visual field). RESULTS Thirteen macula-off and 8 macula-on RRD patients were included. The mean ONL thickness was higher after macula-on RRD compared to macula-off RRD (97.70 ± 3.62 μm vs. 73.10 ± 4.98 μm). In all RRD eyes, every 1 μm decrease in ONL thickness correlated with a 0.052 dB decrease and in retinal sensitivity and every 1 μm decrease in ORS thickness was associated with a 0.062 dB reduction in retinal sensitivity. ORS, ELM-EZ and RPE-EZ thickness did not correlate with BCVA post-RRS. CONCLUSION There was greater ONL and ORS thinning following macula-off compared to macula-on RRD. Correlations between ONL and ORS thinning with decreased retinal sensitivity may be explained by RRD-induced photoreceptor death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Rasool
- Sandwell & West Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Megha Kaushik
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rishika Chaudhary
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK ,Neuroscience & Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK ,National Institute of Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Robert A. H. Scott
- Neuroscience & Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ann Logan
- Axolotl Consulting Ltd, Droitwich, WR9 0JS Worcestershire UK ,Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV4 7HL Coventry, UK
| | - Richard J. Blanch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK ,Neuroscience & Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK ,National Institute of Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK ,Academic Department of Military Surgery & Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
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11
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Baiula M, Caligiana A, Bedini A, Zhao J, Santino F, Cirillo M, Gentilucci L, Giacomini D, Spampinato S. Leukocyte Integrin Antagonists as a Novel Option to Treat Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:617836. [PMID: 33584300 PMCID: PMC7878375 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.617836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex multifactorial degenerative disease that leads to irreversible blindness. AMD affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp central vision. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is the main cellular type affected in dry AMD. RPE cells form a monolayer between the choroid and the neuroretina and are in close functional relationship with photoreceptors; moreover, RPE cells are part of the blood retina barrier that is disrupted in ocular diseases such as AMD. During ocular inflammation lymphocytes and macrophages are recruited, contact RPE and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, which play an important role in AMD pathogenesis. The interaction between RPE and immune cells is mediated by leukocyte integrins, heterodimeric transmembrane receptors, and adhesion molecules, including VCAM-1 and ICAM-1. Within this frame, this study aimed to characterize RPE-leukocytes interaction and to investigate any potentially beneficial effects induced by integrin antagonists (DS-70, MN27 and SR714), developed in previous studies. ARPE-19 cells were co-cultured for different incubation times with Jurkat cells and apoptosis and necrosis levels were analyzed by flow cytometry. Moreover, we measured the mRNA levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β and the expression of adhesion molecules VCAM-1 and ICAM-1. We found that RPE-lymphocyte interaction increased apoptosis and necrosis levels in RPE cells and the expression of IL-1β. This interaction was mediated by the binding of α4β1 and αLβ2 integrins to VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, respectively. The blockade of RPE-lymphocyte interaction with blocking antibodies highlighted the pivotal role played by integrins. Therefore, α4β1 and αLβ2 integrin antagonists were employed to disrupt RPE-lymphocyte crosstalk. Small molecule integrin antagonists proved to be effective in reducing RPE cell death and expression of IL-1β, demonstrating that integrin antagonists could protect RPE cells from detrimental effects induced by the interaction with immune cells recruited to the retina. Overall, the leukocyte integrin antagonists employed in the present study may represent a novel opportunity to develop new drugs to fight dry AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Baiula
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Caligiana
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Bedini
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Junwei Zhao
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Santino
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Cirillo
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Biologically Active Compounds, Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Gentilucci
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daria Giacomini
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Biologically Active Compounds, Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Santi Spampinato
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Specilization School of Hospital Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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12
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Piedra-Quintero ZL, Wilson Z, Nava P, Guerau-de-Arellano M. CD38: An Immunomodulatory Molecule in Inflammation and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:597959. [PMID: 33329591 PMCID: PMC7734206 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.597959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD38 is a molecule that can act as an enzyme, with NAD-depleting and intracellular signaling activity, or as a receptor with adhesive functions. CD38 can be found expressed either on the cell surface, where it may face the extracellular milieu or the cytosol, or in intracellular compartments, such as endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear membrane, and mitochondria. The main expression of CD38 is observed in hematopoietic cells, with some cell-type specific differences between mouse and human. The role of CD38 in immune cells ranges from modulating cell differentiation to effector functions during inflammation, where CD38 may regulate cell recruitment, cytokine release, and NAD availability. In line with a role in inflammation, CD38 appears to also play a critical role in inflammatory processes during autoimmunity, although whether CD38 has pathogenic or regulatory effects varies depending on the disease, immune cell, or animal model analyzed. Given the complexity of the physiology of CD38 it has been difficult to completely understand the biology of this molecule during autoimmune inflammation. In this review, we analyze current knowledge and controversies regarding the role of CD38 during inflammation and autoimmunity and novel molecular tools that may clarify current gaps in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zayda L. Piedra-Quintero
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Zachary Wilson
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Biomedical Science Undergraduate Program, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Porfirio Nava
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), México City, México
| | - Mireia Guerau-de-Arellano
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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13
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An in vitro model of chronic wounding and its implication for age-related macular degeneration. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236298. [PMID: 32701996 PMCID: PMC7377501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) plays a central role in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Throughout life, RPE cells are challenged by a variety of cytotoxic stressors, some of which are cumulative with age and may ultimately contribute to drusen and lipofuscin accumulation. Stressors such as these continually damage RPE cells resulting in a state of chronic wounding. Current cell-based platforms that model a state of chronic RPE cell wounding are limited, and the RPE cellular response is not entirely understood. Here, we used the electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) system to induce a state of acute or chronic wounding on differentiated human fetal RPE cells to analyze changes in the wound repair response. RPE cells surrounding the lesioned area employ both cell migration and proliferation to repair wounds but fail to reestablish their original cell morphology or density after repetitive wounding. Chronically wounded RPE cells develop phenotypic AMD characteristics such as loss of cuboidal morphology, enlarged size, and multinucleation. Transcriptomic analysis suggests a systemic misregulation of RPE cell functions in bystander cells, which are not directly adjacent to the wound. Genes associated with the major RPE cell functions (LRAT, MITF, RDH11) significantly downregulate after wounding, in addition to differential expression of genes associated with the cell cycle (CDK1, CDC6, CDC20), inflammation (IL-18, CCL2), and apoptosis (FAS). Interestingly, repetitive wounding resulted in prolonged misregulation of genes, including FAS, LRAT, and PEDF. The use of ECIS to induce wounding resulted in an over-representation of AMD-associated genes among those dysregulated genes, particularly genes associated with advanced AMD. This simple system provides a new model for further investigation of RPE cell wound response in AMD pathogenesis.
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14
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Nguyen DD, Luo LJ, Lue SJ, Lai JY. The role of aromatic ring number in phenolic compound-conjugated chitosan injectables for sustained therapeutic antiglaucoma efficacy. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 231:115770. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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15
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Ma M, Zhao S, Zhang J, Sun T, Fan Y, Zheng Z. High Glucose-Induced TRPC6 Channel Activation Decreases Glutamate Uptake in Rat Retinal Müller Cells. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1668. [PMID: 32116675 PMCID: PMC7033573 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High glucose (HG) increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to decreased glutamate uptake in Müller cells. The transient receptor potential cation channel 6 (TRPC6) channel, an oxidative stress-sensitive Ca2+-permeable cationic channel, is readily detected in Müller cells and highly expressed under HG conditions. Yet, the effect of high glucose-induced TRPC6 channel activation in Müller cells is poorly understood. We hypothesized that TRPC6 channel activation mediates high glucose-induced decreases in Müller cell glutamate uptake. We found RNA interference (RNAi) of the TRPC6 channel abolished HG-induced decreases in glutamate uptake and cell death. HG also decreased the expression of the glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST), which is the most important transporter involved in glutamate uptake. The mRNA level of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) in rMC-1 cells and the release of CNTF in the culture media was decreased, but the mRNA levels of IL-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were increased under HG conditions. After RNAi silencing in rMC-1 cells, the mRNA levels of CNTF increased, but IL-6 and VEGF levels decreased. Furthermore, TRPC6 knockdown (KD) decreased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and increased expression of Kir4.1, pointing to inhibition of HG-induced gliosis in rMC-1 cells. ROS and intracellular Ca2+ levels decreased after TRPC6 knockdown. Exposure to Hyp9 (10 μM), a highly selective TRPC6 channel agonist, can aggravate HG-induced pathological changes. Collectively, our results suggest TRPC6 channel activation is involved in HG-induced decreases in glutamate uptake in rMC-1 cells. These findings provide novel insights into the role of TRPC6 in HG-induced retinal neurovasculopathy and suggest TRPC6 is a promising target for drug development for diabetic retinopathy (DR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuzhi Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
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16
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Li W, Ma N, Liu MX, Ye BJ, Li YJ, Hu HY, Tang YH. C1q/TNF-related protein-9 attenuates retinal inflammation and protects blood–retinal barrier in db/db mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 853:289-298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Bian ZM, Field MG, Elner SG, Elner VM. Expression and regulation of alarmin cytokine IL-1α in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2018; 172:10-20. [PMID: 29551335 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) cells play important immune-regulatory roles in a variety of retinal pathologic processes, including the production of inflammatory cytokines that are essential mediators of the innate immune response within the ocular microenvironment. The pro-inflammatory "alarmin" cytokine IL-1α has been implicated in both infectious and non-infectious retinal diseases, but its regulation in the retina is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the expression and regulation of IL-1α within hRPE cells. To do this, IL-1α mRNA and protein in hRPE cells was assessed by RT-PCR, qPCR, ELISA, Western blot, and immunofluorescence following treatment with a variety of stimuli and inhibitors. ER stress, LPS, IL-1β, and TLR2 activation all significantly increased intracellular IL-1α protein. Increasing intracellular calcium synergized both LPS- and Pam3CSK4-induced IL-1α protein production. Accordingly, blocking calcium signaling and calpain activity strongly suppressed IL-1α protein expression. Significant but more moderate inhibition occurred following blockage of TLR4, caspase-4, or caspase-1. Neutralizing antibodies to IL-1β and TLR2 partially eliminated LPS- and TLR2 ligand Pam3CSK4-stimulated IL-1α protein production. IFN-β induced caspase-4 expression and activation, and also potentiated LPS-induced IL-1α expression, but IFN-β alone had no effect on IL-1α protein production. Interestingly, all inhibitors targeting the PI3K/Akt pathway, with the exception of Ly294002, strongly increased IL-1α protein expression. This study improves understanding of the complex mechanisms regulating IL-1α protein expression in hRPE cells by demonstrating that TLR4 and TLR2 stimulation and exposure to IL-1β, ER stress and intracellular calcium all induce hRPE cells to produce intracellular IL-1α, which is negatively regulated by the PI3K/Akt pathway. Additionally, the non-canonical inflammasome pathway was shown to be involved in LPS-induced hRPE IL-1α expression through caspase-4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Mei Bian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, United States
| | - Matthew G Field
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, United States.
| | - Susan G Elner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, United States
| | - Victor M Elner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, United States
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18
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Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), the cell's hydrogen carrier for redox enzymes, is well known for its role in redox reactions. More recently, it has emerged as a signaling molecule. By modulating NAD+-sensing enzymes, NAD+ controls hundreds of key processes from energy metabolism to cell survival, rising and falling depending on food intake, exercise, and the time of day. NAD+ levels steadily decline with age, resulting in altered metabolism and increased disease susceptibility. Restoration of NAD+ levels in old or diseased animals can promote health and extend lifespan, prompting a search for safe and efficacious NAD-boosting molecules that hold the promise of increasing the body's resilience, not just to one disease, but to many, thereby extending healthy human lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Rajman
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karolina Chwalek
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David A Sinclair
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Laboratory for Ageing Research, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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19
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Ischemic Retinopathies: Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:3940241. [PMID: 29410732 PMCID: PMC5749295 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3940241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic retinopathies (IRs), such as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and (in many cases) age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are ocular disorders characterized by an initial phase of microvascular changes that results in ischemia, followed by a second phase of abnormal neovascularization that may culminate into retinal detachment and blindness. IRs are complex retinal conditions in which several factors play a key role during the development of the different pathological stages of the disease. Increasing evidence reveals that oxidative stress and inflammatory processes are important contributors to the pathogenesis of IRs. Despite the beneficial effects of the photocoagulation and anti-VEGF therapy during neovascularization phase, the need to identify novel targets to prevent initial phases of these ocular pathologies is still needed. In this review, we provide an update on the involvement of oxidative stress and inflammation in the progression of IRs and address some therapeutic interventions by using antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents.
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20
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Targeting the P2X7 Receptor in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Vision (Basel) 2017; 1:vision1020011. [PMID: 31740637 PMCID: PMC6836166 DOI: 10.3390/vision1020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a membrane receptor for the extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP). It functions as a ligand-gated non-selective cation channel and can mediate formation of a large non-selective membrane pore. Activation of the P2X7R induces multiple downstream events, including oxidative stress, inflammatory responses and cell death. Although the P2X7R has been identified in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and different layers of retina, its biological and pathological functions as well as its downstream signaling pathways in the RPE and retina are not yet fully understood. Better understanding of the function of P2X7R in the RPE and retina under normal and disease states might lead to novel therapeutic targets in retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This brief review will mainly focus on recent findings on in vitro and in vivo evidence for the role of the P2X7R in the RPE and AMD.
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21
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Peng QY, Zou Y, Zhang LN, Ai ML, Liu W, Ai YH. Blocking Cyclic Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose-mediated Calcium Overload Attenuates Sepsis-induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 129:1725-30. [PMID: 27411462 PMCID: PMC4960964 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.185854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common complication of sepsis that is associated with high mortality. Intracellular Ca2+ overload plays an important role in the pathophysiology of sepsis-induced ALI, and cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose (cADPR) is an important regulator of intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. The cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38)/cADPR pathway has been found to play roles in multiple inflammatory processes but its role in sepsis-induced ALI is still unknown. This study aimed to investigate whether the CD38/cADPR signaling pathway is activated in sepsis-induced ALI and whether blocking cADPR-mediated calcium overload attenuates ALI. Methods: Septic rat models were established by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Rats were divided into the sham group, the CLP group, and the CLP+ 8-bromo-cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose (8-Br-cADPR) group. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), cADPR, CD38, and intracellular Ca2+ levels in the lung tissues were measured at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after CLP surgery. Lung histologic injury, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were measured. Results: NAD+, cADPR, CD38, and intracellular Ca2+ levels in the lungs of septic rats increased significantly at 24 h after CLP surgery. Treatment with 8-Br-cADPR, a specific inhibitor of cADPR, significantly reduced intracellular Ca2+ levels (P = 0.007), attenuated lung histological injury (P = 0.023), reduced TNF-α and MDA levels (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively) and recovered SOD activity (P = 0.031) in the lungs of septic rats. Conclusions: The CD38/cADPR pathway is activated in the lungs of septic rats, and blocking cADPR-mediated calcium overload with 8-Br-cADPR protects against sepsis-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yi Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yu Zou
- Department of Anesthesia, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Li-Na Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Mei-Lin Ai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yu-Hang Ai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
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22
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Mathis T, Housset M, Eandi C, Beguier F, Touhami S, Reichman S, Augustin S, Gondouin P, Sahel JA, Kodjikian L, Goureau O, Guillonneau X, Sennlaub F. Activated monocytes resist elimination by retinal pigment epithelium and downregulate their OTX2 expression via TNF-α. Aging Cell 2017; 16:173-182. [PMID: 27660103 PMCID: PMC5242302 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthodenticle homeobox 2 (OTX2) controls essential, homeostatic retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) genes in the adult. Using cocultures of human CD14+ blood monocytes (Mos) and primary porcine RPE cells and a fully humanized system using human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived RPE cells, we show that activated Mos markedly inhibit RPEOTX2 expression and resist elimination in contact with the immunosuppressive RPE. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that TNF-α, secreted from activated Mos, mediates the downregulation of OTX2 and essential RPE genes of the visual cycle among others. Our data show how subretinal, chronic inflammation and in particular TNF-α can affect RPE function, which might contribute to the visual dysfunctions in diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) where subretinal macrophages are observed. Our findings provide important mechanistic insights into the regulation of OTX2 under inflammatory conditions. Therapeutic restoration of OTX2 expression might help revive RPE and visual function in retinal diseases such as AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Mathis
- Institut de la Vision; 17 rue Moreau 75012 Paris France
- UPMC University of Paris 06; INSERM; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités; Paris France
- Department of Ophthalmology; Croix-Rousse University Hospital; Hospices Civils de Lyon; University of medicine Lyon 1; 103 Grande rue de la Croix Rousse 69317 Lyon Cedex 04 France
| | - Michael Housset
- Institut de la Vision; 17 rue Moreau 75012 Paris France
- UPMC University of Paris 06; INSERM; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités; Paris France
| | - Chiara Eandi
- Institut de la Vision; 17 rue Moreau 75012 Paris France
- UPMC University of Paris 06; INSERM; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités; Paris France
- Department of Clinical Science; Eye Clinic; University of Torino; Torino Italy
| | - Fanny Beguier
- Institut de la Vision; 17 rue Moreau 75012 Paris France
- UPMC University of Paris 06; INSERM; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités; Paris France
| | - Sara Touhami
- Institut de la Vision; 17 rue Moreau 75012 Paris France
- UPMC University of Paris 06; INSERM; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités; Paris France
| | - Sacha Reichman
- Institut de la Vision; 17 rue Moreau 75012 Paris France
- UPMC University of Paris 06; INSERM; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités; Paris France
| | - Sebastien Augustin
- Institut de la Vision; 17 rue Moreau 75012 Paris France
- UPMC University of Paris 06; INSERM; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités; Paris France
| | - Pauline Gondouin
- Institut de la Vision; 17 rue Moreau 75012 Paris France
- UPMC University of Paris 06; INSERM; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités; Paris France
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Institut de la Vision; 17 rue Moreau 75012 Paris France
- UPMC University of Paris 06; INSERM; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités; Paris France
| | - Laurent Kodjikian
- Department of Ophthalmology; Croix-Rousse University Hospital; Hospices Civils de Lyon; University of medicine Lyon 1; 103 Grande rue de la Croix Rousse 69317 Lyon Cedex 04 France
| | - Olivier Goureau
- Institut de la Vision; 17 rue Moreau 75012 Paris France
- UPMC University of Paris 06; INSERM; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités; Paris France
| | - Xavier Guillonneau
- Institut de la Vision; 17 rue Moreau 75012 Paris France
- UPMC University of Paris 06; INSERM; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités; Paris France
| | - Florian Sennlaub
- Institut de la Vision; 17 rue Moreau 75012 Paris France
- UPMC University of Paris 06; INSERM; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités; Paris France
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23
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Iannaccone A, Hollingsworth TJ, Koirala D, New DD, Lenchik NI, Beranova-Giorgianni S, Gerling IC, Radic MZ, Giorgianni F. Retinal pigment epithelium and microglia express the CD5 antigen-like protein, a novel autoantigen in age-related macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2016; 155:64-74. [PMID: 27989757 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report on a novel autoantigen expressed in human macular tissues, identified following an initial Western blot (WB)-based screening of sera from subjects with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) for circulating auto-antibodies (AAbs) recognizing macular antigens. Immunoprecipitation, 2D-gel electrophoresis (2D-GE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), WBs, immunohistochemistry (IHC), human primary and ARPE-19 immortalized cell cultures were used to characterize this novel antigen. An approximately 40-kDa autoantigen in AMD was identified as the scavenger receptor CD5 antigen-like protein (CD5L), also known as apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM). CD5L/AIM was localized to human RPE by IHC and WB methods and to retinal microglial cells by IHC. ELISAs with recombinant CD5L/AIM on a subset of AMD sera showed a nearly 2-fold higher anti-CD5L/AIM reactivity in AMD vs. Control sera (p = 0.000007). Reactivity ≥0.4 was associated with 18-fold higher odds of having AMD (χ2 = 21.42, p = 0.00063). Circulating CD5L/AIM levels were also nearly 2-fold higher in AMD sera compared to controls (p = 0.0052). The discovery of CD5L/AIM expression in the RPE and in retinal microglial cells adds to the known immunomodulatory roles of these cells in the retina. The discovery of AAbs recognizing CD5L/AIM identifies a possible novel disease biomarker and suggest a potential role for CD5L/AIM in the pathogenesis of AMD in situ. The possible mechanisms via which anti-CD5L/AIM AAbs may contribute to AMD pathogenesis are discussed. In particular, since CD5L is known to stimulate autophagy and to participate in oxidized LDL uptake in macrophages, we propose that anti-CD5L/AIM auto-antibodies may play a role in drusen biogenesis and inflammatory RPE damage in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Iannaccone
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - T J Hollingsworth
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Diwa Koirala
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, Memphis, TN, USA; University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David D New
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nataliya I Lenchik
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, Memphis, TN, USA; University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sarka Beranova-Giorgianni
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ivan C Gerling
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Marko Z Radic
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Francesco Giorgianni
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Memphis, TN, USA
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24
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Das UN. Diabetic macular edema, retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration as inflammatory conditions. Arch Med Sci 2016; 12:1142-1157. [PMID: 27695506 PMCID: PMC5016593 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.61918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic macular edema (DME) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) are complications affecting about 25% of all patients with long-standing type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and are a major cause of significant decrease in vision and quality of life. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is not uncommon, and diabetes mellitus affects the incidence and progression of AMD through altering hemodynamics, increasing oxidative stress, accumulating advanced glycation end products, etc. Recent studies suggest that DME, DR and AMD are inflammatory conditions characterized by a breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier, inflammatory processes and an increase in vascular permeability. Key factors that seem to have a dominant role in DME, DR and AMD are angiotensin II, prostaglandins and the vascular endothelial growth factor and a deficiency of anti-inflammatory bioactive lipids. The imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory eicosanoids and enhanced production of pro-angiogenic factors may initiate the onset and progression of DME, DR and AMD. This implies that bioactive lipids that possess anti-inflammatory actions and suppress the production of angiogenic factors could be employed in the prevention and management of DME, DR and AMD.
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Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B negatively regulates S100A9-mediated lung damage during respiratory syncytial virus exacerbations. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:1317-29. [PMID: 26813343 PMCID: PMC4963308 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) has anti-inflammatory potential but PTP1B responses are desensitized in the lung by prolonged cigarette smoke exposure. Here we investigate whether PTP1B expression affects lung disease severity during respiratory syncytial viral (RSV) exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Ptp1b(-/-) mice infected with RSV exhibit exaggerated immune cell infiltration, damaged epithelial cell barriers, cytokine production, and increased apoptosis. Elevated expression of S100A9, a damage-associated molecular pattern molecule, was observed in the lungs of Ptp1b(-/-) mice during RSV infection. Utilizing a neutralizing anti-S100A9 IgG antibody, it was determined that extracellular S100A9 signaling significantly affects lung damage during RSV infection. Preexposure to cigarette smoke desensitized PTP1B activity that coincided with enhanced S100A9 secretion and inflammation in wild-type animals during RSV infection. S100A9 levels in human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid had an inverse relationship with lung function in healthy subjects, smokers, and COPD subjects. Fully differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells isolated from COPD donors cultured at the air liquid interface secreted more S100A9 than cells from healthy donors or smokers following RSV infection. Together, these findings show that reduced PTP1B responses contribute to disease symptoms in part by enhancing S100A9 expression during viral-associated COPD exacerbations.
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Carver KA, Yang D. N-Acetylcysteine Amide Protects Against Oxidative Stress-Induced Microparticle Release From Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:360-71. [PMID: 26842754 PMCID: PMC4736743 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Oxidative stress is a major factor involved in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) apoptosis that underlies AMD. Drusen, extracellular lipid- and protein-containing deposits, are strongly associated with the development of AMD. Cell-derived microparticles (MPs) are small membrane-bound vesicles shed from cells. The purpose of this study was to determine if oxidative stress drives MP release from RPE cells, to assess whether these MPs carry membrane complement regulatory proteins (mCRPs: CD46, CD55, and CD59), and to evaluate the effects of a thiol antioxidant on oxidative stress–induced MP release. Methods Retinal pigment epithelium cells isolated from human donor eyes were cultured and treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to induce oxidative stress. Isolated MPs were fixed for transmission electron microscopy or processed for component analysis by flow cytometry, Western blot analysis, and confocal microscopy. Results Transmission electron microscopy showed that MPs ranged in diameter from 100 to 1000 nm. H2O2 treatment led to time- and dose-dependent elevations in MPs with externalized phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine, known markers of MPs. These increases were strongly correlated to RPE apoptosis. Oxidative stress significantly increased the release of mCRP-positive MPs, which were prevented by a thiol antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA). Conclusions This is the first evidence that oxidative stress induces cultured human RPE cells to release MPs that carry mCRPs on their surface. The levels of released MPs are strongly correlated with RPE apoptosis. N-acetylcysteine amide prevents oxidative stress–induced effects. Our findings indicate that oxidative stress reduces mCRPs on the RPE surface through releasing MPs.
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Lambert NG, ElShelmani H, Singh MK, Mansergh FC, Wride MA, Padilla M, Keegan D, Hogg RE, Ambati BK. Risk factors and biomarkers of age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 54:64-102. [PMID: 27156982 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A biomarker can be a substance or structure measured in body parts, fluids or products that can affect or predict disease incidence. As age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the developed world, much research and effort has been invested in the identification of different biomarkers to predict disease incidence, identify at risk individuals, elucidate causative pathophysiological etiologies, guide screening, monitoring and treatment parameters, and predict disease outcomes. To date, a host of genetic, environmental, proteomic, and cellular targets have been identified as both risk factors and potential biomarkers for AMD. Despite this, their use has been confined to research settings and has not yet crossed into the clinical arena. A greater understanding of these factors and their use as potential biomarkers for AMD can guide future research and clinical practice. This article will discuss known risk factors and novel, potential biomarkers of AMD in addition to their application in both academic and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan G Lambert
- Ambati Lab, John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Hanan ElShelmani
- Ocular Development and Neurobiology Research Group, Zoology Department, School of Natural Sciences, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Malkit K Singh
- Ambati Lab, John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Fiona C Mansergh
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Michael A Wride
- Ocular Development and Neurobiology Research Group, Zoology Department, School of Natural Sciences, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Maximilian Padilla
- Ambati Lab, John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - David Keegan
- Mater Misericordia Hospital, Eccles St, Dublin 7, Ireland.
| | - Ruth E Hogg
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Clinical Science Block A, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, Co.Antrim, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Balamurali K Ambati
- Ambati Lab, John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Radomska-Leśniewska DM, Hevelke A, Skopiński P, Bałan B, Jóźwiak J, Rokicki D, Skopińska-Różewska E, Białoszewska A. Reactive oxygen species and synthetic antioxidants as angiogenesis modulators: Clinical implications. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:462-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Jung E, Kim J, Kim CS, Kim SH, Cho MH. Gemigliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, inhibits retinal pericyte injury in db/db mice and retinal neovascularization in mice with ischemic retinopathy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2618-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Peng QY, Ai ML, Zhang LN, Zou Y, Ma XH, Ai YH. Blocking NAD(+)/CD38/cADPR/Ca(2+) pathway in sepsis prevents organ damage. J Surg Res 2015; 201:480-9. [PMID: 27020835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+))/CD38/cyclic ADP ribose (cADPR)/Ca(2+) signaling pathway has been shown to regulate intracellular calcium homeostasis and functions in multiple inflammatory processes, its role in sepsis remains unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether the NAD(+)/CD38/cADPR/Ca(2+) signaling pathway is activated during sepsis and whether an inhibitor of this pathway, 8-Br-cADPR, protects the organs from sepsis-induced damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or sham laparotomies. NAD(+), cADPR, CD38, and intracellular Ca(2+) levels were measured in the hearts, livers, and kidneys of septic rats at 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after CLP surgery. Rats were also divided into sham, CLP, and CLP+8-Br-cADPR groups, and the hearts, livers, and kidneys were hematoxylin-eosin-stained and assayed for malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase activities. RESULTS NAD(+), cADPR, CD38, and intracellular Ca(2+) levels increased in the hearts, livers, and kidneys of septic rats as early as 6-24 h after CLP surgery. Treatment with 8-Br-cADPR inhibited sepsis-induced intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, attenuated tissue injury, reduced malondialdehyde levels, and increased superoxide dismutase activity in septic rats. CONCLUSIONS The NAD(+)/CD38/cADPR/Ca(2+) signaling pathway was activated during sepsis in the CLP rat model. Blocking this pathway with 8-Br-cADPR protected hearts, livers, and kidneys from sepsis-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yi Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Mei-Lin Ai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Li-Na Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yu Zou
- Department of Anesthesia, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xin-Hua Ma
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yu-Hang Ai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
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Cinidium officinale and its Bioactive Compound, Butylidenephthalide, Inhibit Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization in a Rat Model. Molecules 2015; 20:20699-708. [PMID: 26610445 PMCID: PMC6332384 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201119728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a common pathology in age-related macular degeneration. In this study, we evaluated in a rat model the effect of an extract of Cinidium officinale Makino and its bioactive compound, butylidenephthalide, on laser-induced CNV. Experimental CNV was induced in Long-Evans rats by laser photocoagulation. C. officinale extract (COE) and butylidenephthalide was intraperitoneally injected once per day for ten days after laser photocoagulation. Choroidal flat mounts were prepared to measure CNV areas and macrophage infiltration. We used a protein array to evaluate the expression levels of angiogenic factors. The CNV area and macrophage infiltration in COE-treated rats were significantly lower than in vehicle-treated rats. COE decreased the expression levels of IGFBP-1, MCP-1, PAI-1, and VEGF. Additionally, butylidenephthalide also inhibited the laser-induced CNV formation and macrophage infiltration and down-regulated the expression of IGFBP-1, MCP-1 and VEGF. These results suggest that COE exerts anti-angiogenic effects on laser-induced CNV by inhibiting the expression of IGFBP-1, MCP-1, and VEGF, indicating that anti-angiogenic activities of COE may be in part due to its bioactive compound, butylidenephthalide.
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Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affects approximately one-third of Americans over 70 and is characterized by lipoprotein-rich sub-retinal pigmented epithelium (sub-RPE) deposits. Substantial evidence has emerged that implicates complement factor H (CFH) in the pathogenesis of AMD. Here, we conduct an in vivo analysis to elucidate the role of CFH in AMD pathology. We show that (i) CFH and lipoproteins compete for binding in the sub-RPE extracellular matrix such that decreasing CFH leads to lipoprotein accumulation and sub-RPE deposit formation; and (ii) detrimental complement activation within sub-RPE deposits leads to RPE damage and vision loss. This new understanding of the complicated interactions of CFH in development of AMD-like pathology paves the way for identifying more targeted therapeutic strategies for AMD. Complement factor H (CFH) is a major susceptibility gene for age-related macular degeneration (AMD); however, its impact on AMD pathobiology is unresolved. Here, the role of CFH in the development of AMD pathology in vivo was interrogated by analyzing aged Cfh+/− and Cfh−/− mice fed a high-fat, cholesterol-enriched diet. Strikingly, decreased levels of CFH led to increased sub-retinal pigmented epithelium (sub-RPE) deposit formation, specifically basal laminar deposits, following high-fat diet. Mechanistically, our data show that deposits are due to CFH competition for lipoprotein binding sites in Bruch’s membrane. Interestingly and despite sub-RPE deposit formation occurring in both Cfh+/− and Cfh−/− mice, RPE damage accompanied by loss of vision occurred only in old Cfh+/− mice. We demonstrate that such pathology is a function of excess complement activation in Cfh+/− mice versus complement deficiency in Cfh−/− animals. Due to the CFH-dependent increase in sub-RPE deposit height, we interrogated the potential of CFH as a previously unidentified regulator of Bruch’s membrane lipoprotein binding and show, using human Bruch’s membrane explants, that CFH removes endogenous human lipoproteins in aged donors. Thus, advanced age, high-fat diet, and decreased CFH induce sub-RPE deposit formation leading to complement activation, which contributes to RPE damage and visual function impairment. This new understanding of the complicated interactions of CFH in AMD-like pathology provides an improved foundation for the development of targeted therapies for AMD.
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Hendrikx T, Jeurissen MLJ, van Gorp PJ, Gijbels MJ, Walenbergh SMA, Houben T, van Gorp R, Pöttgens CC, Stienstra R, Netea MG, Hofker MH, Donners MMPC, Shiri-Sverdlov R. Bone marrow-specific caspase-1/11 deficiency inhibits atherosclerosis development inLdlr−/−mice. FEBS J 2015; 282:2327-38. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hendrikx
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Pathology; School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM) and School for Cardiovascular Diseases; University of Maastricht; The Netherlands
| | - Mike L. J. Jeurissen
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Pathology; School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM) and School for Cardiovascular Diseases; University of Maastricht; The Netherlands
| | - Patrick J. van Gorp
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Pathology; School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM) and School for Cardiovascular Diseases; University of Maastricht; The Netherlands
| | - Marion J. Gijbels
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Pathology; School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM) and School for Cardiovascular Diseases; University of Maastricht; The Netherlands
- Departments of Medical Biochemistry and Experimental Vascular Biology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Sofie M. A. Walenbergh
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Pathology; School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM) and School for Cardiovascular Diseases; University of Maastricht; The Netherlands
| | - Tom Houben
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Pathology; School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM) and School for Cardiovascular Diseases; University of Maastricht; The Netherlands
| | - Rick van Gorp
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Pathology; School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM) and School for Cardiovascular Diseases; University of Maastricht; The Netherlands
| | - Chantal C. Pöttgens
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Pathology; School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM) and School for Cardiovascular Diseases; University of Maastricht; The Netherlands
| | - Rinke Stienstra
- Department of Medicine; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; The Netherlands
- Department of Human Nutrition; Wageningen University; The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Medicine; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; The Netherlands
| | - Marten H. Hofker
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Molecular Genetics; Medical Biology Section; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; The Netherlands
| | - Marjo M. P. C. Donners
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Pathology; School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM) and School for Cardiovascular Diseases; University of Maastricht; The Netherlands
| | - Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Pathology; School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM) and School for Cardiovascular Diseases; University of Maastricht; The Netherlands
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The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) induces FasL and reduces iNOS and Cox2 in primary monocytes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 252:1747-54. [PMID: 25059476 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2742-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells may alter the phenotype of monocytes by soluble factors that may be influenced by stimulation of the RPE. Since RPE cells carry the toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3) that detects and reacts to viral infection through binding of dsRNA we investigated the effects of RPE cells with or without TLR3 stimulation on blood-derived monocytes with respect to regulation of pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines, anti-angiogenic factors and migratory properties. METHODS Primary RPE cells were prepared from porcine eyes; monocytes were prepared from porcine blood. TLR3 activation was induced by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C). RPE cells were stimulated with Poly I:C in different concentrations for 24 hours and a cell culture supernatant was applied to the monocytes. Expression of CD14 and Fas ligand (FasL) was determined via flow cytometry. The expression of IL-6, IL-1ß, TNFα, Cox2, iNOS and IL-10 was determined via quantitative RT-PCR. Migration was determined using Boyden chamber experiments. RESULTS The supernatant of RPE cells, irrespective of TLR3 activation, induced FasL expression in the monocytes. Expression of iNOS and Cox2 was reduced by RPE cells and the reduction of Cox2 but not if iNOS was lost under TLR3 activation. No induction of IL-6, IL-1ß, IL-10 or TNFα by the RPE was seen. TLR3-activated RPE cells induced monocyte migration. CONCLUSION RPE cells induce an upregulation of FasL and a downregulation of iNOS and Cox2 without upregulating inflammatory cytokines, possibly inducing an anti-angiogenic phenotype in the monocytes. This phenotype is still upheld after challenging RPE cells with dsRNA, mimicking a viral infection.
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Wang Q, Ren J, Morgan S, Liu Z, Dou C, Liu B. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) regulates macrophage cytotoxicity in abdominal aortic aneurysm. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92053. [PMID: 24632850 PMCID: PMC3954911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims In abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), macrophages are detected in the proximity of aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs). We have previously demonstrated in a murine model of AAA that apoptotic SMCs attract monocytes and other leukocytes by producing MCP-1. Here we tested whether infiltrating macrophages also directly contribute to SMC apoptosis. Methods and Results Using a SMC/RAW264.7 macrophage co-culture system, we demonstrated that MCP-1-primed RAWs caused a significantly higher level of apoptosis in SMCs as compared to control macrophages. Next, we detected an enhanced Fas ligand (FasL) mRNA level and membrane FasL protein expression in MCP-1-primed RAWs. Neutralizing FasL blocked SMC apoptosis in the co-culture. In situ proximity ligation assay showed that SMCs exposed to primed macrophages contained higher levels of receptor interacting protein-1 (RIP1)/Caspase 8 containing cell death complexes. Silencing RIP1 conferred apoptosis resistance to SMCs. In the mouse elastase injury model of aneurysm, aneurysm induction increased the level of RIP1/Caspase 8 containing complexes in medial SMCs. Moreover, TUNEL-positive SMCs in aneurysmal tissues were frequently surrounded by CD68+/FasL+ macrophages. Conversely, elastase-treated arteries from MCP-1 knockout mice display a reduction of both macrophage infiltration and FasL expression, which was accompanied by diminished apoptosis of SMCs. Conclusion Our data suggest that MCP-1-primed macrophages are more cytotoxic. MCP-1 appears to modulate macrophage cytotoxicity by increasing the level of membrane bound FasL. Thus, we showed that MCP-1-primed macrophages kill SMCs through a FasL/Fas-Caspase8-RIP1 mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jun Ren
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Morgan
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Zhenjie Liu
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | | | - Bo Liu
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wei W, Graeff R, Yue J. Roles and mechanisms of the CD38/cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose/Ca 2+ signaling pathway. World J Biol Chem 2014; 5:58-67. [PMID: 24600514 PMCID: PMC3942542 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v5.i1.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ stores is involved in many diverse cell functions, including: cell proliferation; differentiation; fertilization; muscle contraction; secretion of neurotransmitters, hormones and enzymes; and lymphocyte activation and proliferation. Cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose (cADPR) is an endogenous Ca2+ mobilizing nucleotide present in many cell types and species, from plants to animals. cADPR is formed by ADP-ribosyl cyclases from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The main ADP-ribosyl cyclase in mammals is CD38, a multi-functional enzyme and a type II membrane protein. It has been shown that many extracellular stimuli can induce cADPR production that leads to calcium release or influx, establishing cADPR as a second messenger. cADPR has been linked to a wide variety of cellular processes, but the molecular mechanisms regarding cADPR signaling remain elusive. The aim of this review is to summarize the CD38/cADPR/Ca2+ signaling pathway, focusing on the recent advances involving the mechanism and physiological functions of cADPR-mediated Ca2+ mobilization.
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Grunin M, Hagbi-Levi S, Chowers I. The role of monocytes and macrophages in age-related macular degeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 801:199-205. [PMID: 24664699 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3209-8_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
White blood cells, particularly monocytes and their descendants, macrophages, have been implicated in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathology. In this minireview, we describe the current knowledge of monocyte and macrophage involvement in AMD. Chemokine receptors present on these cells such as CCR1, CCR2, and CX3CR1, and their roles in monocyte/macrophage recruitment to sites of injury and inflammation in the context of AMD will be reviewed. Mice models for perturbation of chemokine receptors that recapitulate some of the features of AMD are also described. The body of evidence from human and rodent studies at this point in time suggests that monocyte and macrophages may modulate the course of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Grunin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel,
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Veréb Z, Lumi X, Andjelic S, Globocnik-Petrovic M, Urbancic M, Hawlina M, Facskó A, Petrovski G. Functional and molecular characterization of ex vivo cultured epiretinal membrane cells from human proliferative diabetic retinopathy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:492376. [PMID: 24195074 PMCID: PMC3806336 DOI: 10.1155/2013/492376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of the cell surface marker phenotype of ex vivo cultured cells growing out of human fibrovascular epiretinal membranes (fvERMs) from proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) can give insight into their function in immunity, angiogenesis, and retinal detachment. FvERMs from uneventful vitrectomies due to PDR were cultured adherently ex vivo. Surface marker analysis, release of immunity- and angiogenesis-pathway-related factors upon TNF α activation and measurement of the intracellular calcium dynamics upon mechano-stimulation using fluorescent dye Fura-2 were all performed. FvERMs formed proliferating cell monolayers when cultured ex vivo, which were negative for endothelial cell markers (CD31, VEGFR2), partially positive for hematopoietic- (CD34, CD47) and mesenchymal stem cell markers (CD73, CD90/Thy-1, and PDGFR β ), and negative for CD105. CD146/MCAM and CD166/ALCAM, previously unreported in cells from fvERMs, were also expressed. Secretion of 11 angiogenesis-related factors (DPPIV/CD26, EG-VEGF/PK1, ET-1, IGFBP-2 and 3, IL-8/CXCL8, MCP-1/CCL2, MMP-9, PTX3/TSG-14, Serpin E1/PAI-1, Serpin F1/PEDF, TIMP-1, and TSP-1) were detected upon TNF α activation of fvERM cells. Mechano-stimulation of these cells induced intracellular calcium propagation representing functional viability and role of these cells in tractional retinal detachment, thus serving as a model for studying tractional forces present in fvERMs in PDR ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Veréb
- Stem Cells and Eye Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4010, Hungary
| | - Xhevat Lumi
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sofija Andjelic
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Mojca Urbancic
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Hawlina
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrea Facskó
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Goran Petrovski
- Stem Cells and Eye Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4010, Hungary
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
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Bujarborua D, Borooah S, Dhillon B. The stress response as a target for treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2013.837298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rutar M, Natoli R, Provis JM. Small interfering RNA-mediated suppression of Ccl2 in Müller cells attenuates microglial recruitment and photoreceptor death following retinal degeneration. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:221. [PMID: 22992301 PMCID: PMC3546872 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells is thought to exacerbate photoreceptor death in retinal degenerative conditions such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We investigated the role of Müller cell-derived chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (Ccl)2 expression on monocyte/microglia infiltration and photoreceptor death in light-mediated retinal degeneration, using targeted small interfering (si)RNA. METHODS Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intravitreally with 1 μg of either Ccl2 siRNA or scrambled siRNA, and were then exposed to 1000 lux of light for a period of 24 hours. The mice were given an overdose of barbiturate, and the retinas harvested and evaluated for the effects of bright-light exposure. Ccl2 expression was assessed by quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization. Monocytes/microglia were counted on retinal cryostat sections immunolabeled with the markers ED1 and ionized calcium binding adaptor (IBA)1, and photoreceptor apoptosis was assessed using terminal dUTP nick end labeling. RESULTS Intravitreal injection of Ccl2 siRNA significantly reduced the expression of Ccl2 following light damage to 29% compared with controls. In retinas injected with Ccl2 siRNA, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry on retinal cryostat sections showed a substantial decrease in Ccl2 within Müller cells. Cell counts showed significantly fewer ED1-positive and IBA1-positive cells in the retinal vasculature and outer nuclear layer of Ccl2 siRNA-injected retinas, compared with controls. Moreover, there was significantly less photoreceptor apoptosis in Ccl2 siRNA-injected retinas compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that Ccl2 expression by Müller cells promotes the infiltration of monocytes/microglia, thereby contributing to the neuroinflammatory response and photoreceptor death following retinal injury. Modulation of exaggerated chemokine responses using siRNA may have value in reducing inflammation-mediated cell death in retinal degenerative disease such as AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Rutar
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Building 131, Garran Rd, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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Myśliwska J, Smardzewski M, Marek-Trzonkowska N, Myśliwiec M, Raczyńska K. Expansion of CD14+CD16+ monocytes producing TNF-α in complication-free diabetes type 1 juvenile onset patients. Cytokine 2012; 60:309-17. [PMID: 22484242 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We concentrated on the complication-free phase of juvenile onset type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) searching for associations between concentration of inflammatory factors TNF-α, CRP and VEGF and two monocyte subsets the CD14(++)CD16(-) and CD14(+)CD16(+). We analysed a randomly selected group of 150 patients without complications (disease duration 2.74 ± 2.51 years) at the start of the project and 5 years later. They were compared with 24 patients with retinopathy (6.53 ± 3.39 years of disease) and 30 healthy volunteers. Our results indicate that in the complication-free period the concentration of TNF-α significantly increased and continued to increase after retinopathy was established. After 5 years the percentage and absolute number of CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes doubled in complication-free patients. Our study indicates that the size of CD14(+)CD16(+) monocyte subset may be used alternatively to CRP values as an indicator of inflammation grade. Our results imply the necessity of trials using anti-TNF-α therapy in the complication-free phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Myśliwska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańs, Poland.
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Field MG, Yang D, Bian ZM, Petty HR, Elner VM. Retinal flavoprotein fluorescence correlates with mitochondrial stress, apoptosis, and chemokine expression. Exp Eye Res 2011; 93:548-55. [PMID: 21767533 PMCID: PMC3206137 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction occur before apoptosis in many retinal diseases. Under these conditions, a larger fraction of flavoproteins become oxidized and, when excited by blue-light, emit green flavoprotein fluorescence (FPF). In this study, we evaluated the utility of FPF as an early indicator of mitochondrial stress, pre-apoptotic cellular instability, and apoptosis of human retinal pigment epithelial (HRPE) cells subjected to hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) or monocytes (unstimulated or interferon-γ-stimulated) in vitro and of freshly-isolated pieces of human and rat neural retina subjected to H(2)O(2)ex vivo. Increased FPF of HRPE cells exposed to H(2)O(2) correlated with reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and increased apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. HRPE cells co-cultured with monocytes had increased FPF that correlated in a time-dependent manner with reduced ΔΨm, increased apoptosis, and early expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines, interleukin-8 (IL8) and monocyte chemotactic factor-1 (MCP1), which are known to be induced by oxidative stress. Increased FPF, reduced ΔΨm, and upregulation of IL8 and MCP1 occurred as early as 1-2 h after exposure to stressors, while apoptosis did not occur in HRPE cells until later time points. The antioxidant, N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), inhibited increased FPF and apoptosis of HRPE cells subjected to H(2)O(2). Increased FPF of human and rat neural retina also correlated with increased apoptosis. This study suggests that FPF is a useful measure of mitochondrial function in retinal cells and tissues and can detect early mitochondrial dysfunction that may precede apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Field
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dongli Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Zong-Mei Bian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Howard R. Petty
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Victor M. Elner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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