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Drago L. Topical Antibiotic Therapy in the Ocular Environment: The Benefits of Using Moxifloxacin Eyedrops. Microorganisms 2024; 12:649. [PMID: 38674593 PMCID: PMC11052454 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Moxifloxacin is a fourth-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic available for ophthalmic use. It inhibits two enzymes involved in bacterial DNA synthesis, covering Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. This spectrum allows for the formulation of self-preserving bottle solutions, while its interesting pharmacological profile is distinguished by efficacy at low tissue concentrations and by an infrequent dose regimen due to its long duration on ocular tissues. This enhances patient compliance, promoting its use in children. The human eye hosts several microorganisms; this collection is called the ocular microbiota, which protects the ocular surface, assuring homeostasis. When choosing an antibiotic, it is appropriate to consider its influence on microbiota. A short dose regimen is preferred to minimize the impact of the drug. Moxifloxacin eyedrops represent an effective and safe tool to manage and prevent ocular infections. As healthcare providers face the complexity of the ocular microbiota and microbial resistance daily, the informed use of moxifloxacin is necessary to preserve its efficacy in the future. In this regard, it is well known that moxifloxacin has a lower capacity to induce resistance (an optimal WPC and MPC) compared to other quinolones, but much still needs to be explored regarding the impact that fluoroquinolones could have on the ocular microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Drago
- UOC Laboratory of Clinical Medicine with Specialized Areas, IRCCS Multimedica Hospital, 20138 Milan, Italy;
- Clinical Microbiology and Microbiome Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
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2
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Safonova TN, Pateyuk LS. [Features of water-electrolyte component of the tear fluid]. Vestn Oftalmol 2023; 139:106-113. [PMID: 36924522 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2023139011106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Tear production is a complex multi-step process that can be arbitrarily divided into three stages: «primary» secretion by the acinar cells of the main lacrimal glands, formation of «secondary» lacrimal fluid in the ducts of the main lacrimal glands, and «tertiary» modification of the tear composition in the conjunctival sac. This article highlights mechanisms of water and electrolytes secretion in the process of tear fluid production and describes the particularities of distribution of the membrane transport proteins in the lacrimal gland and the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Safonova
- Krasnov Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - L S Pateyuk
- Krasnov Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
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3
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Sadig RR, Allende A, Hall G, Tran D, Madigan MC, Watson SL, Ooi KGJ. Motilin Receptor Expression Found in the Human Main and Accessory Lacrimal Glands. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2022; 30:1553-1558. [PMID: 33974477 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2021.1903937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study, we investigated the presence of motilin receptors (MR) in adnexal tissue including the human main lacrimal gland. METHOD 17 adnexal human specimens comprising of 11 isolated human main lacrimal gland specimens, four full-thickness human eyelid excisions and two exenterations containing full-thickness eyelid and portions of the main lacrimal gland were immunolabelled with a rabbit polyclonal human MR antibody. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that all main lacrimal gland specimens (13/13, 100%) were positive for MR expression with a predominance (10/13 (77%) of grade 1+ punctate distribution. Motilin receptors were not found in eccrine glands, cutaneous sebaceous glands, glands of Zeis or glands of Moll (0/6, 0%). We also confirmed MR expression in the accessory lacrimal gland tissue. CONCLUSION In summary, we discovered the MR receptor in the lacrimal and accessory lacrimal gland - the significance of which, in the lacrimal gland, remains unclear - but motilin may play a role in the muscarinic control of aqueous tear secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Sadig
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alexandra Allende
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology Park Lab, Sydney, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Hall
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology Park Lab, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dinh Tran
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology Park Lab, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Kenneth G-J Ooi
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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4
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Mauduit O, Delcroix V, Umazume T, de Paiva CS, Dartt DA, Makarenkova HP. Spatial transcriptomics of the lacrimal gland features macrophage activity and epithelium metabolism as key alterations during chronic inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1011125. [PMID: 36341342 PMCID: PMC9628215 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1011125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The lacrimal gland (LG) is an exocrine gland that produces the watery part of the tear film that lubricates the ocular surface. Chronic inflammation, such as Sjögren's syndrome (SS), is one of the leading causes of aqueous-deficiency dry eye (ADDE) disease worldwide. In this study we analyzed the chronic inflammation in the LGs of the NOD.B10Sn-H2b/J (NOD.H-2b) mice, a mouse model of SS, utilizing bulk RNAseq and Visium spatial gene expression. With Seurat we performed unsupervised clustering and analyzed the spatial cell distribution and gene expression changes in all cell clusters within the LG sections. Moreover, for the first time, we analyzed and validated specific pathways defined by bulk RNAseq using Visium technology to determine activation of these pathways within the LG sections. This analysis suggests that altered metabolism and the hallmarks of inflammatory responses from both epithelial and immune cells drive inflammation. The most significant pathway enriched in upregulated DEGs was the "TYROBP Causal Network", that has not been described previously in SS. We also noted a significant decrease in lipid metabolism in the LG of the NOD.H-2b mice. Our data suggests that modulation of these pathways can provide a therapeutic strategy to treat ADDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Mauduit
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Vanessa Delcroix
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Takeshi Umazume
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- The Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Cullen Eye Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Darlene A Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Helen P Makarenkova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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5
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Glasgow BJ. Tear Lipocalin and Lipocalin-Interacting Membrane Receptor. Front Physiol 2021; 12:684211. [PMID: 34489718 PMCID: PMC8417070 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.684211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tear lipocalin is a primate protein that was recognized as a lipocalin from the homology of the primary sequence. The protein is most concentrated in tears and produced by lacrimal glands. Tear lipocalin is also produced in the tongue, pituitary, prostate, and the tracheobronchial tree. Tear lipocalin has been assigned a multitude of functions. The functions of tear lipocalin are inexorably linked to structural characteristics that are often shared by the lipocalin family. These characteristics result in the binding and or transport of a wide range of small hydrophobic molecules. The cavity of tear lipocalin is formed by eight strands (A-H) that are arranged in a β-barrel and are joined by loops between the β-strands. Recently, studies of the solution structure of tear lipocalin have unveiled new structural features such as cation-π interactions, which are extant throughout the lipocalin family. Lipocalin has many unique features that affect ligand specificity. These include a capacious and a flexible cavity with mobile and short overhanging loops. Specific features that confer promiscuity for ligand binding in tear lipocalin will be analyzed. The functions of tear lipocalin include the following: antimicrobial activities, scavenger of toxic and tear disruptive compounds, endonuclease activity, and inhibition of cysteine proteases. In addition, tear lipocalin binds and may modulate lipids in the tears. Such actions support roles as an acceptor for phospholipid transfer protein, heteropolymer formation to alter viscosity, and tear surface interactions. The promiscuous lipid-binding properties of tear lipocalin have created opportunities for its use as a drug carrier. Mutant analogs have been created to bind other molecules such as vascular endothelial growth factor for medicinal use. Tear lipocalin has been touted as a useful biomarker for several diseases including breast cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetic retinopathy, and keratoconus. The functional possibilities of tear lipocalin dramatically expanded when a putative receptor, lipocalin-interacting membrane receptor was identified. However, opposing studies claim that lipocalin-interacting membrane receptor is not specific for lipocalin. A recent study even suggests a different function for the membrane protein. This controversy will be reviewed in light of gene expression data, which suggest that tear lipocalin has a different tissue distribution than the putative receptor. But the data show lipocalin-interacting membrane receptor is expressed on ocular surface epithelium and that a receptor function here would be rational.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J. Glasgow
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Downie LE, Bandlitz S, Bergmanson JPG, Craig JP, Dutta D, Maldonado-Codina C, Ngo W, Siddireddy JS, Wolffsohn JS. CLEAR - Anatomy and physiology of the anterior eye. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2021; 44:132-156. [PMID: 33775375 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A key element of contact lens practice involves clinical evaluation of anterior eye health, including the cornea and limbus, conjunctiva and sclera, eyelids and eyelashes, lacrimal system and tear film. This report reviews the fundamental anatomy and physiology of these structures, including the vascular supply, venous drainage, lymphatic drainage, sensory innervation, physiology and function. This is the foundation for considering the potential interactions with, and effects of, contact lens wear on the anterior eye. This information is not consistently published as academic research and this report provides a synthesis from all available sources. With respect to terminology, the report aims to promote the consistent use of nomenclature in the field, and generally adopts anatomical terms recommended by the Federative Committee for Anatomical Terminology. Techniques for the examination of the ocular surface are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Downie
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Stefan Bandlitz
- Höhere Fachschule für Augenoptik Köln, Cologne School of Optometry, Germany; School of Optometry, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jan P G Bergmanson
- Texas Eye Research and Technology Center, University of Houston College of Optometry, United States
| | - Jennifer P Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Debarun Dutta
- School of Optometry, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Carole Maldonado-Codina
- Eurolens Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - William Ngo
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education, School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada; Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 14W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
| | | | - James S Wolffsohn
- School of Optometry, Aston University, Birmingham, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
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7
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Jakobiec FA, Eagle RC, Selig M, Ma L, Shields C. Clinical Implications of Goblet Cells in Dacryoadenosis and Normal Human Lacrimal Glands. Am J Ophthalmol 2020; 213:267-282. [PMID: 32006483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate an enlarged dacryoadenotic lacrimal gland and normal lacrimal glands for the presence of goblet cells (mucocytes). DESIGN Retrospective clinicopathologic series. METHODS An enlarged lacrimal gland (dacryoadenosis) without obvious histopathologic alterations was extensively evaluated histochemically, immunohistochemically, and ultrastructurally to detect the presence of goblet cells and to compare the findings with those in five normal lacrimal glands. RESULTS Granular, zymogen-rich pyramidal acinar cells in normal glands predominated over a previously not reported subpopulation of nongranular, pale-staining cells in both dacryoadenotic and normal lacrimal glands. These cells histochemically stained positively with mucicarmine and Alcian blue. Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic evaluations established that there was a displacement or replacement of cytoplasmic gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 and CK 7-positive tonofilaments in the pale acinar cells by myriad mucus granules. The goblet cells constituted approximately 2% of the normal acinar cells and 5% of dacryoadenotic acinar cells. A depletion of myoepithelial cells and ectopic intra-acinar ductular cells were also observed in dacryoadenosis. CONCLUSION Dacryoadenosis is caused by an increase in the number of acini without individual acinar cell hyperplasia. A normal cytologic feature of the lacrimal gland is the presence of acinar goblet cells that had been long overlooked; they are increased in number in dacryoadenosis. Intra-acinar ductular cells and the scattered loss of myoepithelial cells are other abnormalities in dacryoadenosis. The presence of lacrimal gland goblet cells may have physiologic implications for the precorneal tear film and its derangements as well as for the histogenesis of mucus-producing carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick A Jakobiec
- David G. Cogan Laboratory of Ophthalmic Pathology, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Ralph C Eagle
- Department of Pathology, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Martin Selig
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lina Ma
- David G. Cogan Laboratory of Ophthalmic Pathology, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carol Shields
- Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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8
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Tear Lactoferrin and Features of Ocular Allergy in Different Severities of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction. Optom Vis Sci 2019; 95:930-936. [PMID: 30234832 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Meibomian gland dysfunction, but not atrophy, was associated with lower tear lactoferrin concentration, greater dry eye, and allergic symptoms, indicating greater inflammation and discomfort in patients with lower meibomian gland expressibility. PURPOSE Meibomian gland dysfunction can potentially damage adjacent palpebral structures, which may induce inflammation in accessory lacrimal glands and affect lactoferrin secretion. This study aimed to examine the relationships between the severity of meibomian gland dysfunction with tear lactoferrin, conjunctival cell morphology, and clinical features of ocular allergy. METHODS Forty subjects were divided into two groups based on the severity of meibomian gland plugging and expressibility and secondarily based on its atrophy. Dry eye and allergy questionnaires; slit-lamp examination, including lid telangiectasia; and meibography were performed. Tear lactoferrin concentration was measured using TearScan 270 MicroAssay. Impression cytology was performed on the upper palpebral conjunctiva, and goblet cell density and epithelial squamous metaplasia were quantified. RESULTS Twenty-two subjects with meibomian gland dysfunction were categorized into severely obstructed group (case), whereas 19 subjects had minimal/no obstruction (comparison). Lower lactoferrin (1.3 ± 0.4 vs. 1.7 ± 0.4 mg/mL, P = .007), greater dry eye (7 [1 to 10] vs. 2 [0 to 5], P = .03), and allergy symptoms (9 [4 to 23] vs. 6 [0 to 9], P = .05) were found in the cases compared with the comparisons. There were no differences in conjunctival cell morphology between groups. The plugging score was correlated with lactoferrin concentration (ρ = -0.43, P = .006), dry eye (ρ = 0.36, P = .02), and allergic symptoms (ρ = 0.33, P = .04). Greater lid margin telangiectasia was associated with meibomian gland obstruction, but not atrophy. CONCLUSIONS Meibomian gland activity/dysfunction, but not atrophy, may be associated with increased inflammation on the ocular surface. The inflammation may be sufficient to reduce tear lactoferrin production from damage to accessory lacrimal glands and/or meibomian gland and result in increased symptoms.
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Kalmodia S, Son KN, Cao D, Lee BS, Surenkhuu B, Shah D, Ali M, Balasubramaniam A, Jain S, Aakalu VK. Presence of Histatin-1 in Human Tears and Association with Aqueous Deficient Dry Eye Diagnosis: A Preliminary Study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10304. [PMID: 31311993 PMCID: PMC6635511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46623-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine if histatin-1 (H1) is present in normal human tears and whether tear levels of H1 varied between normal patients and those with aqueous deficient dry eye disease (ADDE). Patient samples were obtained from 11 normal patients and 11 severe ADDE patients. Relevant patient characteristics, including age, sex, and dry eye disease (DED) diagnostic parameters were collected. Multiple qualitative and quantitative methods were used to compare the concentration of H1 between patient groups. Mixed linear modeling was used to compare H1 levels between groups, and diagnostic performance was assessed using the receiver-operator-characteristic (ROC). ADDE patients had significantly lower H1 concentrations (85.9 ± 63.7 ng/ml) than the normal group (891.6 ± 196.5 ng/ml) (p < 0.001), while controlling for age and sex. ROC analysis indicated that H1 concentration is potentially a biomarker for ADDE (area under curve = 0.96). Reclassification of patients by DED parameters including, Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) (≤13, >13) and Schirmer I (without anesthesia) (<10 mm, ≥10 mm) showed significant differences in H1 level (OSDI, p = 0.004) and Schirmer I ((p = 0.010). In conclusion, this is the first preliminary report of the presence of H1 in human tears. H1 concentrations are lower in ADDE patients and H1 may have diagnostic potential in evaluation ADDE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Kalmodia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Kyung-No Son
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Dingcai Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Bao-Shiang Lee
- Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Bayasgalan Surenkhuu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Dhara Shah
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Marwan Ali
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Arun Balasubramaniam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Sandeep Jain
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Vinay Kumar Aakalu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA.
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Yu V, Bhattacharya D, Webster A, Bauskar A, Flowers C, Heur M, Chintala SK, Itakura T, Wilson MR, Barr JT, Jeong S, Wang M, Fini ME. Clusterin from human clinical tear samples: Positive correlation between tear concentration and Schirmer strip test results. Ocul Surf 2018; 16:478-486. [PMID: 30077709 PMCID: PMC6175631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between tear concentration of the homeostatic protein clusterin (CLU) and dry eye signs and symptoms, and to characterize tear CLU protein. METHODS Two independent studies were conducted, one in Tucson (44 subjects), the other in Los Angeles (52 subjects). A cohort study design was employed to enroll patients without regard to dry eye diagnosis. Dry eye signs and symptoms were assessed using clinical tests. Tear samples were collected by Schirmer strip, and also by micropipette at slit lamp when possible. CLU from both sample types was quantified by immunoassay. The relationship between CLU concentration and clinical test scores was determined by Pearson's correlation coefficient (for individual eyes) and multiple linear regression analysis (including both eyes). CLU was also evaluated biochemically by western blotting. RESULTS In the Tucson cohort, a positive correlation was observed between tear CLU concentration and results of the Schirmer strip test, a measure of tear flow (p = 0.021 includes both eyes). This result was corroborated in the Los Angeles cohort (p = 0.013). The mean tear CLU concentration was 31 ± 14 μg/mL (n = 18 subjects, 33 eyes; range = 7-48 μg/mL). CLU from clinical tear samples appeared biochemically similar to CLU from a non-clinical tear sample and from blood plasma. CONCLUSIONS Results support the hypothesis that an optimal concentration of tear CLU is important for ocular surface health, and that this drops below the effective threshold in dry eye. Tear CLU measurement might identify patients that could benefit from supplementation. Information about concentration will aid development of therapeutic dosage parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Yu
- MD Program, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dhruva Bhattacharya
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Andrew Webster
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aditi Bauskar
- PhD Program in Medical Biology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Charles Flowers
- USC Roski Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martin Heur
- USC Roski Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shravan K Chintala
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tatsuo Itakura
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark R Wilson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joseph T Barr
- The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Shinwu Jeong
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, USC Roski Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mingwu Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Fini
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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11
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Oydanich M, Epstein SP, Gadaria-Rathod N, Guers JJ, Fernandez KB, Asbell PA. In Vivo Efficacy of Histatin-1 in a Rabbit Animal Model. Curr Eye Res 2018; 43:1215-1220. [PMID: 29945490 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1490772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose/Aim: Corneal abrasions and nonhealing corneal epithelial defects are common conditions that cause pain and sometimes are slow to heal. Histatins, a family of histidine-rich peptides, have been implicated in oral and skin epithelial wound healing, and have been shown to be effective in vitro in human corneal epithelial cells. The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of histatin-1 on corneal epithelial wound healing in rabbits. MATERIALS & METHODS Twenty-two (22) rabbits were separated into four treatment groups, each containing 3-7 rabbits. Treatments included three histatin-1 formulations (0.1 ug/ml. 1 ug/ml, and 10 ug/ml) and one inactive vehicle, one drop given three times per day. Eight (8) mm circular wounds were created using 0.5 ml of 20% ethyl alcohol in the right eye of each rabbit. A masked observer photographed each eye twice daily using slit-lamp biomicrophotography. Wound area was analyzed by using ImageJ. Statistical analysis was conducted using Graphpad Prism. RESULTS Wound recovery was faster in animals given 0.1 ug/ml, 1 ug/ml, and 10 ug/ml when compared to the vehicle solution at 6, 24, and 30 hours after wound creation (p < 0.01). No adverse events were observed in any eyes. When analyzing area under the curve, % recovered area was higher overall in the 0.1 ug/ml (p < 0.01), 1 ug/ml (p < 0.01), and 10 ug/ml (p < 0.001) groups when compared to the vehicle solution. Hourly healing rate was also observed to be faster in the 0.1 ug/ml, 1 ug/ml, and 10 ug/ml groups (p < 0.001) at 24 hours postinjury suggesting an accelerated healing process as compared to the vehicle group. CONCLUSION This study represents the first in vivo experiment evaluating and confirming the efficacy of topical histatin on the corneal epithelium wound healing. Further studiesare warranted to better understand the mechanism and safety of topical histatin-1 in corneal epithelial wound-healing and its potential role for human disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Oydanich
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Mount Sinai Medical Center , New York , New York , USA
| | - Seth P Epstein
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Mount Sinai Medical Center , New York , New York , USA
| | - Neha Gadaria-Rathod
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Mount Sinai Medical Center , New York , New York , USA
| | - John J Guers
- b Department of Exercise Science , Stockton University , Galloway , New Jersey , USA
| | - Karen B Fernandez
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Mount Sinai Medical Center , New York , New York , USA
| | - Penny A Asbell
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Mount Sinai Medical Center , New York , New York , USA
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12
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Bao Y, Li J, Zhu Y. Mammary Analog Secretory Carcinoma With ETV6 Rearrangement Arising in the Conjunctiva and Eyelid. Am J Dermatopathol 2018; 40:531-535. [PMID: 29251639 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000001062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mammary analog secretory carcinoma (MASC) of salivary gland is a recently described neoplasm that morphologically and immunohistochemically resembles secretory carcinoma of the breast. Genetically, both of them harbor ETV-6-NTRK-3 fusion rearrangement. One case of primary MASCs arising from the eyelid is reported. The patient was a 52-year-old man. Microscopically, the tumor exhibited nodular aggregation of solid, tubular, and microcystic/macrocystic structures. Characteristic "colloid-like" eosinophilic secretory material was present within intraluminal spaces. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for mammaglobin, S-100, STAT5a, vimentin, GCDFP-15, AE1/AE3, EMA, and CK7 and were negative for DOG-1, CK5/6, and SMA. A dual color break-apart fluorescence in situ hybridization probe identified rearrangement of the ETV6 gene locus on chromosome 12. The patient had no history of breast or salivary gland tumor. The tumor was completely excised, and the patient has no evidence of recurrent disease or metastasis after 1-year follow-up. A diagnosis of primary MASC was rendered. MASC has never been reported occurring in ocular region. This type of secretory carcinoma probably originates from sweat glands or accessory lacrimal glands, Wolfring and Krause. This unique case expands the clinicopathologic landscape of MASCs for better characterization of this rare entity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiang Li
- Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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13
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Ghasemi H, Askari N, Moaiedmohseni S, Faghihzadeh S, Kabudanian Ardestani S, Faghihzadeh E, Ghazanfari T. The Association between ocular problems and Serum Testosterone, Prolactin and Thyroglobulin concentrations in Delayed phase of Sulfur Mustard exposure. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 13:63-70. [PMID: 29731797 PMCID: PMC5929390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Aside from direct toxic effects, Sulfur Mustard (SM) induced serum hormone abnormalities may aggravate ocular complaints, including Ocular Surface Discomfort (OSD) (burning, itching, and redness), dry eye sensation, photophobia, blurred vision, foreign body sensation, and pain. The aim of the current study was to investigate the possible association of ocular complaints with serum hormone concentrations in chronic phase of Sulfur Mustard (SM) exposure. METHODS As a part of Sardasht Iran Cohort Study (SICS), 372 SM-exposed patients and 128 non-exposed participants were enrolled. Ocular complaints and ocular surface biomicroscopic conditions and serum hormones were compared. RESULTS The exposed with tearing group had significantly higher mean serum levels of testosterone and prolactin (ng/mL) than controls (5.75 vs. 4.75, P=0.031; 11.71 vs. 8.42, P=0.009). The exposed with OSD group had significantly higher mean serum levels of prolactin than controls (12.48 vs. 6.90, P=0.002). The exposed with photophobia group had significantly higher mean serum levels of testosterone than the matched exposed (6.25 vs. 5.65, P=0.013). The exposed with blurred vision group had significantly higher mean serum levels of Thyroglobulin (Tg) (ng/mL) than the matched exposed (65.73 vs. 32.6, P=0.003). CONCLUSION Higher mean serum levels of testosterone (in exposed with tearing and photophobia) and prolactin (in exposed with tearing and OSD) may play protective roles against SM effects. Higher mean serum levels of Tg may deteriorate the tear film integrity and optical surface, which causes blurred vision. In the chronic phase of SM toxicity, some ocular surface problems are associated with alterations in the serum concentrations of testosterone, prolactin, and Tg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ghasemi
- Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, I.R. Iran,Dept. of Ophthalmology, Shahed University, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Nayere Askari
- Dept. of biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, I.R Iran.
| | | | - Soghrat Faghihzadeh
- Dept. of Biostatistics and Social Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, I.R. Iran
| | | | - Elham Faghihzadeh
- Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Tooba Ghazanfari
- Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, I.R. Iran,Corresponding information: Tooba Ghazanfari, Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, I.R Iran. Tel: +98-2188964792, Fax: +98-2188966310, E-mail: ;
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14
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Rosenbaum JT, Choi D, Harrington CA, Wilson DJ, Grossniklaus HE, Sibley CH, Salek SS, Ng JD, Dailey RA, Steele EA, Hayek B, Craven CM, Edward DP, Maktabi AMY, Al Hussain H, White VA, Dolman PJ, Czyz CN, Foster JA, Harris GJ, Bee YS, Tse DT, Alabiad CR, Dubovy SR, Kazim M, Selva D, Yeatts RP, Korn BS, Kikkawa DO, Silkiss RZ, Sivak-Callcott JA, Stauffer P, Planck SR. Gene Expression Profiling and Heterogeneity of Nonspecific Orbital Inflammation Affecting the Lacrimal Gland. JAMA Ophthalmol 2017; 135:1156-1162. [PMID: 28975236 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.3458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Importance Although a variety of well-characterized diseases, such as sarcoidosis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis, affect the lacrimal gland, many patients with dacryoadenitis are diagnosed as having nonspecific orbital inflammation (NSOI) on the basis of histology and systemic disease evaluation. The ability to further classify the disease in these patients should facilitate selection of effective therapies. Objective To test the a priori hypothesis that gene expression profiles would complement clinical and histopathologic evaluations in identifying well-characterized diseases and in subdividing NSOI into clinically relevant groups. Design, Setting, and Participants In this cohort study, gene expression levels in biopsy specimens of inflamed and control lacrimal glands were measured with microarrays. Stained sections of the same biopsy specimens were used for evaluation of histopathology. Tissue samples of patients were obtained from oculoplastic surgeons at 7 international centers representing 4 countries (United States, Saudi Arabia, Canada, and Taiwan). Gene expression analysis was done at Oregon Health & Science University. Participants were 48 patients, including 3 with granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 28 with NSOI, 7 with sarcoidosis, 4 with thyroid eye disease, and 6 healthy controls. The study dates were March 2012 to April 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was subdivision of biopsy specimens based on gene expression of a published list of approximately 40 differentially expressed transcripts in blood, lacrimal gland, and orbital adipose tissue from patients with sarcoidosis. Stained sections were evaluated for inflammation (none, mild, moderate, or marked), granulomas, nodules, or fibrosis by 2 independent ocular pathologists masked to the clinical diagnosis. Results Among 48 patients (mean [SD] age, 41.6 [19.0] years; 32 [67%] female), the mclust algorithm segregated the biopsy specimens into 4 subsets, with the differences illustrated by a heat map and multidimensional scaling plots. Most of the sarcoidosis biopsy specimens were in subset 1, which had the highest granuloma score. Three NSOI biopsy specimens in subset 1 had no apparent granulomas. Thirty-two percent (9 of 28) of the NSOI biopsy specimens could not be distinguished from biopsy specimens of healthy controls in subset 4, while other examples of NSOI tended to group with gene expression resembling granulomatosis with polyangiitis or thyroid eye disease. The 4 subsets could also be partially differentiated by their fibrosis, granulomas, and inflammation pathology scores but not their lymphoid nodule scores. Conclusions and Relevance Gene expression profiling discloses clear heterogeneity among patients with lacrimal inflammatory disease. Comparison of the expression profiles suggests that a subset of patients with nonspecific dacryoadenitis might have a limited form of sarcoidosis, while other patients with NSOI cannot be distinguished from healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Rosenbaum
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland.,Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Health System, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Dongseok Choi
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland.,Oregon Health and Science University-Portland State University School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland.,Graduate School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - David J Wilson
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | | | - Cailin H Sibley
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Sherveen S Salek
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland.,Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Health System, Portland, Oregon
| | - John D Ng
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Roger A Dailey
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Eric A Steele
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Brent Hayek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Deepak P Edward
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azza M Y Maktabi
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hailah Al Hussain
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Valerie A White
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter J Dolman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Craig N Czyz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ohio University, Columbus.,Ophthalmic Surgeons and Consultants of Ohio, Columbus
| | - Jill A Foster
- Ophthalmic Surgeons and Consultants of Ohio, Columbus.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Gerald J Harris
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Youn-Shen Bee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Veteran's General Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - David T Tse
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Sander R Dubovy
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Michael Kazim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Dinesh Selva
- Ophthalmology Network, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - R Patrick Yeatts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Bobby S Korn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego
| | - Don O Kikkawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego
| | | | | | - Patrick Stauffer
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Stephen R Planck
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland.,Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Health System, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
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15
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Sullivan DA, Rocha EM, Aragona P, Clayton JA, Ding J, Golebiowski B, Hampel U, McDermott AM, Schaumberg DA, Srinivasan S, Versura P, Willcox MDP. TFOS DEWS II Sex, Gender, and Hormones Report. Ocul Surf 2017; 15:284-333. [PMID: 28736336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the most compelling features of dry eye disease (DED) is that it occurs more frequently in women than men. In fact, the female sex is a significant risk factor for the development of DED. This sex-related difference in DED prevalence is attributed in large part to the effects of sex steroids (e.g. androgens, estrogens), hypothalamic-pituitary hormones, glucocorticoids, insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 and thyroid hormones, as well as to the sex chromosome complement, sex-specific autosomal factors and epigenetics (e.g. microRNAs). In addition to sex, gender also appears to be a risk factor for DED. "Gender" and "sex" are words that are often used interchangeably, but they have distinct meanings. "Gender" refers to a person's self-representation as a man or woman, whereas "sex" distinguishes males and females based on their biological characteristics. Both gender and sex affect DED risk, presentation of the disease, immune responses, pain, care-seeking behaviors, service utilization, and myriad other facets of eye health. Overall, sex, gender and hormones play a major role in the regulation of ocular surface and adnexal tissues, and in the difference in DED prevalence between women and men. The purpose of this Subcommittee report is to review and critique the nature of this role, as well as to recommend areas for future research to advance our understanding of the interrelationships between sex, gender, hormones and DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Sullivan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Eduardo M Rocha
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pasquale Aragona
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ocular Surface Diseases Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Sicily, Italy
| | - Janine A Clayton
- National Institutes of Health Office of Research on Women's Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juan Ding
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye & Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Blanka Golebiowski
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ulrike Hampel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alison M McDermott
- The Ocular Surface Institute, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Debra A Schaumberg
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sruthi Srinivasan
- Centre for Contact Lens Research, School of Optometry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Piera Versura
- Department of Specialized, Experimental, and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mark D P Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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16
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Abstract
Pain associated with mechanical, chemical, and thermal heat stimulation of the ocular surface is mediated by trigeminal ganglion neurons, while cold thermoreceptors detect wetness and reflexly maintain basal tear production and blinking rate. These neurons project into two regions of the trigeminal brain stem nuclear complex: ViVc, activated by changes in the moisture of the ocular surface and VcC1, mediating sensory-discriminative aspects of ocular pain and reflex blinking. ViVc ocular neurons project to brain regions that control lacrimation and spontaneous blinking and to the sensory thalamus. Secretion of the main lacrimal gland is regulated dominantly by autonomic parasympathetic nerves, reflexly activated by eye surface sensory nerves. These also evoke goblet cell secretion through unidentified efferent fibers. Neural pathways involved in the regulation of meibomian gland secretion or mucin release have not been identified. In dry eye disease, reduced tear secretion leads to inflammation and peripheral nerve damage. Inflammation causes sensitization of polymodal and mechano-nociceptor nerve endings and an abnormal increase in cold thermoreceptor activity, altogether evoking dryness sensations and pain. Long-term inflammation and nerve injury alter gene expression of ion channels and receptors at terminals and cell bodies of trigeminal ganglion and brainstem neurons, changing their excitability, connectivity and impulse firing. Perpetuation of molecular, structural and functional disturbances in ocular sensory pathways ultimately leads to dysestesias and neuropathic pain referred to the eye surface. Pain can be assessed with a variety of questionaires while the status of corneal nerves is evaluated with esthesiometry and with in vivo confocal microscopy.
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17
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Aakalu VK, Parameswaran S, Maienschein-Cline M, Bahroos N, Shah D, Ali M, Krishnakumar S. Human Lacrimal Gland Gene Expression. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169346. [PMID: 28081151 PMCID: PMC5231359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of human lacrimal gland biology and development is limited. Lacrimal gland tissue is damaged or poorly functional in a number of disease states including dry eye disease. Development of cell based therapies for lacrimal gland diseases requires a better understanding of the gene expression and signaling pathways in lacrimal gland. Differential gene expression analysis between lacrimal gland and other embryologically similar tissues may be helpful in furthering our understanding of lacrimal gland development. METHODS We performed global gene expression analysis of human lacrimal gland tissue using Affymetrix ® gene expression arrays. Primary data from our laboratory was compared with datasets available in the NLM GEO database for other surface ectodermal tissues including salivary gland, skin, conjunctiva and corneal epithelium. RESULTS The analysis revealed statistically significant difference in the gene expression of lacrimal gland tissue compared to other ectodermal tissues. The lacrimal gland specific, cell surface secretory protein encoding genes and critical signaling pathways which distinguish lacrimal gland from other ectodermal tissues are described. CONCLUSIONS Differential gene expression in human lacrimal gland compared with other ectodermal tissue types revealed interesting patterns which may serve as the basis for future studies in directed differentiation among other areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar Aakalu
- Lacrimal Cell Biology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sowmya Parameswaran
- Radheshyam Kanoi Stem Cell Laboratory, Vision Research Foundation, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mark Maienschein-Cline
- Research Informatics Core, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Neil Bahroos
- Research Informatics Core, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Dhara Shah
- Lacrimal Cell Biology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Marwan Ali
- Lacrimal Cell Biology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Subramanian Krishnakumar
- Radheshyam Kanoi Stem Cell Laboratory, Vision Research Foundation, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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18
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Ali M, Shah D, Pasha Z, Jassim SH, Jassim Jaboori A, Setabutr P, Aakalu VK. Evaluation of Accessory Lacrimal Gland in Muller's Muscle Conjunctival Resection Specimens for Precursor Cell Markers and Biological Markers of Dry Eye Disease. Curr Eye Res 2016; 42:491-497. [PMID: 27612554 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2016.1214966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The accessory lacrimal glands (ALGs) are an understudied component of the tear functional unit, even though they are important in the development of dry eye syndrome (DES). To advance our understanding of aging changes, regenerative potential, and histologic correlates to human characteristics, we investigated human ALG tissue from surgical samples to determine the presence or absence of progenitor cell markers and lacrimal epithelial markers and to correlate marker expression to relevant patient characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS ALG tissues obtained from Muller's muscle conjunctival resection (MMCR) specimens were created using tissue microarrays (TMAs). Immunofluorescence staining of MMCR sections was performed using primary antibodies specific to cell protein markers. Cell marker localization in TMAs was then assessed by two blinded observers using a standardized scoring system. Patient characteristics including age, race, and status of ocular surface health were then compared against expression of stem cell markers. RESULTS Human ALG expressed a number of epithelial markers, and in particular, histatin-1 was well correlated with the expression of epithelial markers and was present in most acini. In addition, we noted the presence of precursor cell markers nestin, ABCG2, and CD90 in ALG tissue. There was a decrease in precursor cell marker expression with increasing age. Finally, we noted that a negative association was present between histatin-1 expression and DES. CONCLUSIONS Thus, we report for the first time that human ALG tissues contain precursor marker-positive cells and that this marker expression may decrease with increasing age. Moreover, histatin-1 expression may be decreased in DES. Future studies will be performed to use these cell markers to isolate and culture lacrimal epithelial cells from heterogeneous tissues, determine the relevance of histatin-1 expression to DES, and isolate candidate precursor cells from ALG tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Ali
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Dhara Shah
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Zeeshan Pasha
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Sarmad H Jassim
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Assraa Jassim Jaboori
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Pete Setabutr
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Vinay K Aakalu
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
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19
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Hodges RR, Dartt DA. Signaling Pathways of Purinergic Receptors and Their Interactions with Cholinergic and Adrenergic Pathways in the Lacrimal Gland. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2016; 32:490-497. [PMID: 27463365 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2016.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Purinergic receptors play a key role in the function of the lacrimal gland (LG) as P1 purinergic receptors A1, A2A, and A2B, P2X1-7 receptors, and many of the P2Y receptors are expressed. METHODS This review examines the current knowledge of purinergic receptors in the LG as well as the signaling pathways activated by these receptors. RESULTS These receptors are expressed on the acinar, ductal, and myoepithelial cells. Considerable crosstalk exists between the pathways activated by P2X7 receptors with those activated by M3 muscarinic or α1D adrenergic receptors. The mechanism of the crosstalk between P2X7 and M3 muscarinic receptors differs from that of the crosstalk between P2X7 and α1D adrenergic receptors. CONCLUSIONS Understanding purinergic receptors and how they modulate protein secretion could play a key role in normal and pathological responses of the LG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin R Hodges
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Darlene A Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
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20
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Fini ME, Bauskar A, Jeong S, Wilson MR. Clusterin in the eye: An old dog with new tricks at the ocular surface. Exp Eye Res 2016; 147:57-71. [PMID: 27131907 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The multifunctional protein clusterin (CLU) was first described in 1983 as a secreted glycoprotein present in ram rete testis fluid that enhanced aggregation ('clustering') of a variety of cells in vitro. It was also independently discovered in a number of other systems. By the early 1990s, CLU was known under many names and its expression had been demonstrated throughout the body, including in the eye. Its homeostatic activities in proteostasis, cytoprotection, and anti-inflammation have been well documented, however its roles in health and disease are still not well understood. CLU is prominent at fluid-tissue interfaces, and in 1996 it was demonstrated to be the most highly expressed transcript in the human cornea, the protein product being localized to the apical layers of the mucosal epithelia of the cornea and conjunctiva. CLU protein is also present in human tears. Using a preclinical mouse model for desiccating stress that mimics human dry eye disease, the authors recently demonstrated that CLU prevents and ameliorates ocular surface barrier disruption by a remarkable sealing mechanism dependent on attainment of a critical all-or-none concentration in the tears. When the CLU level drops below the critical all-or-none threshold, the barrier becomes vulnerable to desiccating stress. CLU binds selectively to the ocular surface subjected to desiccating stress in vivo, and in vitro to LGALS3 (galectin-3), a key barrier component. Positioned in this way, CLU not only physically seals the ocular surface barrier, but it also protects the barrier cells and prevents further damage to barrier structure. CLU depletion from the ocular surface epithelia is seen in a variety of inflammatory conditions in humans and mice that lead to squamous metaplasia and a keratinized epithelium. This suggests that CLU might have a specific role in maintaining mucosal epithelial differentiation, an idea that can now be tested using the mouse model for desiccating stress. Most excitingly, the new findings suggest that CLU could serve as a novel biotherapeutic for dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elizabeth Fini
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine and Departments of Cell & Neurobiology and Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcatraz St., Suite 240, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9037, USA.
| | - Aditi Bauskar
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate Program in Medical Biology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcatraz St., Suite 240, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9037, USA.
| | - Shinwu Jeong
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine and Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcatraz St., Suite 240, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9037, USA.
| | - Mark R Wilson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522 Australia.
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21
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Evaluating the Functionality of Conjunctiva Using a Rabbit Dry Eye Model. J Ophthalmol 2016; 2016:3964642. [PMID: 27088007 PMCID: PMC4818808 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3964642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. To assess the conjunctival functionality in a rabbit dry eye (DE) model. Methods. Nictitating membrane, lacrimal and Harderian glands were surgically excised from male New Zealand white rabbits using minimally invasive surgery. Fluorescein/rose Bengal staining of ocular surface (OS) and Schirmer test were done before (BE) and after excision (AE). The expression of interleukin- (IL-) 1β, tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α, and MUC5AC proteins were estimated by immunoblotting from conjunctival impression cytology specimens. MUC5AC mRNA was quantified as well. The effect of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) blockers on tear production and potential differences (PD) of OS were assessed under anesthesia in rabbits with and without surgery. Results. Increase in corneal and conjunctival staining was observed 1 month AE compared to BE. Schirmer tests failed to show decrease in tear production. Elevated IL-1β, and TNF-α, 1 month AE indicated inflammation. MUC5AC expression was elevated 1 month AE. ENaC blockers did not improve tear production in rabbit eyes AE but characteristic changes in PD were observed in rabbits with surgery. Conclusions. DE biomarkers are important tools for OS assessment and MUC5AC expression is elevated in rabbit DE. PD measurement revealed significant electrophysiological changes in rabbits with surgery.
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22
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Abstract
Background Study of human lacrimal cell biology is limited by poor access to tissue samples, heterogeneous cell composition of tissue and a lack of established lacrimal epithelial markers. In order to further our understanding of lacrimal cell biology, we sought to find a better marker for human lacrimal epithelial cells, compared to what has been reported in the literature. Methods We utilized human Muller’s muscle conjunctival resection (MMCR) specimens containing accessory lacrimal gland (ALG) and cadaveric main lacrimal gland (MLG) as sources of lacrimal tissue. Candidate markers were sought using human ALG tissue from MMCR specimens, isolated by laser capture microdissection (LCM). Affymetrix® analysis was performed on total RNA isolated from FFPE samples to profile transcription in ALG. MMCR tissue sections were assessed by immunofluorescence using antibodies for histatin-1, lactoferrin, E-cadherin (E-cad) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (ASMA). Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis was performed to analyze the expression of histatin-1, E-cad and lactoferrin from cadaveric MLG. Results Histatin-1 is expressed in ALG and MLG, localizes to lacrimal epithelium, and to a greater degree than do other putative lacrimal epithelial markers. Conclusions Histatin-1 is a good marker for human lacrimal epithelium in ALG and MLG and can be used to identify lacrimal cells in future studies.
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Paus R, Burgoa I, Platt CI, Griffiths T, Poblet E, Izeta A. Biology of the eyelash hair follicle: an enigma in plain sight. Br J Dermatol 2016; 174:741-52. [PMID: 26452071 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Because of their crucial impact on our perception of beauty, eyelashes constitute a prime target for the cosmetic industry. However, when compared with other hair shafts and the mini-organs that produce them [eyelash hair follicles (ELHFs)], knowledge on the biology underlying growth and pigmentation of eyelashes is still rudimentary. This is due in part to the extremely restricted availability of human ELHFs for experimental study, underappreciation of their important sensory and protective functions and insufficient interest in understanding why they are distinct from scalp hair follicles (HFs) (e.g. ELHFs produce shorter hair shafts, do not possess an arrector pili muscle, have a shorter hair cycle and undergo greying significantly later than scalp HFs). Here we synthesize the limited current knowledge on the biology of ELHFs, in humans and other species, their role in health and disease, the known similarities with and differences from other HF populations, and their intrinsic interethnic variations. We define major open questions in the biology of these intriguing mini-organs and conclude by proposing future research directions. These include dissecting the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie trichomegaly and the development of in vitro models in order to interrogate the distinct molecular controls of ELHF growth, cycling and pigmentation and to probe novel strategies for the therapeutic and cosmetic manipulation of ELHFs beyond prostaglandin receptor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Paus
- The Dermatology Research Centre, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K.,Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - I Burgoa
- The Dermatology Research Centre, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K.,Instituto Biodonostia, Hospital Universitario Donostia, Paseo Dr Begiristain s/n, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - C I Platt
- The Dermatology Research Centre, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K
| | - T Griffiths
- The Dermatology Research Centre, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K
| | - E Poblet
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Murcia, Spain
| | - A Izeta
- Instituto Biodonostia, Hospital Universitario Donostia, Paseo Dr Begiristain s/n, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain
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24
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Ubels JL, Glupker CD, Schotanus MP, Haarsma LD. Involvement of the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways in ultraviolet B-induced apoptosis of corneal epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2015; 145:26-35. [PMID: 26559338 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to elucidate the pathway by which UVB initiates efflux of K(+) and subsequently apoptosis in human corneal limbal epithelial (HCLE) cells. The initial focus of the study was on the extrinsic pathway involving Fas. HCLE cells transfected with Fas siRNA were exposed to 80-150 mJ/cm(2) UVB and incubated in culture medium with 5.5 mM K(+). Knockdown of Fas resulted in limited reduction in UVB-induced caspase-8 and -3 activity. Patch-clamp recordings showed no difference in UVB-induced normalized K(+) currents between Fas transfected and control cells. Knockdown of caspase-8 had no effect on the activation of caspase-3 following UVB exposure, while a caspase-8 inhibitor completely eliminated UVB activation of caspase-3. This suggests that caspase-8 is a robust enzyme, able to activate caspase-3 via residual caspase-8 present after knockdown, and that caspase-8 is directly involved in the UVB activation of caspase-3. Inhibition of caspase-9 significantly decreased the activation of caspases-8 and -3 in response to UVB. Knockdown of Apaf-1, required for activation of caspase-9, resulted in a significant reduction in UVB-induced activation of caspases-9, -8, and -3. Knockdown of Apaf-1 also inhibited intrinsic and UVB-induced levels of apoptosis, as determined by DNA fragmentation measured by TUNEL assay. In UVB exposed cultures treated with caspase-3 inhibitor, the percentage of apoptotic cells was reduced to control levels, confirming the necessity of caspase-3 activation in DNA fragmentation. The lack of effect of Fas knockdown on K(+) channel activation, as well as the limited effect on activation of caspases-8 and -3, strongly suggest that Fas and the extrinsic pathway is not of primary importance in the initiation of apoptosis in response to UVB in HCLE cells. Inhibition of caspase-8 and -3 activation following inhibition of caspase-9, as well as reduction in activation of caspases-9, -8, and -3 and DNA fragmentation in response to Apaf-1 knockdown support the conclusion that the intrinsic pathway is more important in UVB-induced apoptosis in HCLE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Ubels
- Department of Biology, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
| | | | | | - Loren D Haarsma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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25
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Lacritin and other autophagy associated proteins in ocular surface health. Exp Eye Res 2015; 144:4-13. [PMID: 26318608 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Advantage may be taken of macroautophagy ('autophagy') to promote ocular health. Autophagy continually captures aged or damaged cellular material for lysosomal degradation and recyling. When autophagic flux is chronically elevated, or alternatively deficient, health suffers. Chronic elevation of flux and stress are the consequence of inflammatory cytokines or of dry eye tears but not normal tears invitro. Exogenous tear protein lacritin transiently accelerates flux to restore homeostasis invitro and corneal health invivo, and yet the monomeric active form of lacritin appears to be selectively deficient in dry eye. Tissue transglutaminase-dependent cross-linking of monomer decreases monomer quantity and monomer affinity for coreceptor syndecan-1 thereby abrogating activity. Tissue transglutaminase is elevated in dry eye. Mutation of arylsulfatase A, arylsulfatase B, ceroid-lipofuscinosis neuronal 3, mucolipin, or Niemann-Pick disease type C1 respectively underlie several diseases of apparently insufficient autophagic flux that affect the eye, including: metachromatic leukodystrophy, mucopolysaccharidosis type VI, juvenile-onset Batten disease, mucolipidosis IV, and Niemann-Pick type C associated with myelin sheath destruction of corneal sensory and ciliary nerves and of the optic nerve; corneal clouding, ocular hypertension, glaucoma and optic nerve atrophy; accumulation of 'ceroid-lipofuscin' in surface conjunctival cells, and in ganglion and neuronal cells; decreased visual acuity and retinal dystrophy; and neurodegeneration. For some, enzyme or gene replacement, or substrate reduction, therapy is proving to be successful. Here we discuss examples of restoring ocular surface homeostasis through alteration of autophagy, with particular attention to lacritin.
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26
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Flores-Páez LA, Zenteno JC, Alcántar-Curiel MD, Vargas-Mendoza CF, Rodríguez-Martínez S, Cancino-Diaz ME, Jan-Roblero J, Cancino-Diaz JC. Molecular and Phenotypic Characterization of Staphylococcus epidermidis Isolates from Healthy Conjunctiva and a Comparative Analysis with Isolates from Ocular Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135964. [PMID: 26275056 PMCID: PMC4537226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a common commensal of healthy conjunctiva and it can cause endophthalmitis, however its presence in conjunctivitis, keratitis and blepharitis is unknown. Molecular genotyping of S. epidermidis from healthy conjunctiva could provide information about the origin of the strains that infect the eye. In this paper two collections of S. epidermidis were used: one from ocular infection (n = 62), and another from healthy conjunctiva (n = 45). All isolates were genotyped by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), detection of the genes icaA, icaD, IS256 and polymorphism type of agr locus. The phenotypic data included biofilm production and antibiotic resistance. The results displayed 61 PFGE types from 107 isolates and they were highly discriminatory. MLST analysis generated a total of 25 STs, of which 11 STs were distributed among the ocular infection isolates and lineage ST2 was the most frequent (48.4%), while 14 STs were present in the healthy conjunctiva isolates and lineage ST5 was the most abundant (24.4%). By means of a principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and a discriminant analysis (DA) it was found that ocular infection isolates had as discriminant markers agr III or agr II, SCCmec V or SCCmec I, mecA gene, resistance to tobramycin, positive biofilm, and IS256+. In contrast to the healthy conjunctiva isolates, the discriminating markers were agr I, and resistance to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin and oxacillin. The discriminant biomarkers of ocular infection were examined in healthy conjunctiva isolates, and it was found that 3 healthy conjunctiva isolates [two with ST2 and another with ST9] (3/45, 6.66%) had similar genotypic and phenotypic characteristics to ocular infection isolates, therefore a small population from healthy conjunctiva could cause an ocular infection. These data suggest that the healthy conjunctiva isolates do not, in almost all cases, infect the eye due to their large genotypic and phenotypic difference with the ocular infection isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. Flores-Páez
- Department of Microbiology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan C. Zenteno
- Instituto de Oftalmología Fundación Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Carlos F. Vargas-Mendoza
- Department of Zoology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Rodríguez-Martínez
- Department of Immunology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario E. Cancino-Diaz
- Department of Immunology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Janet Jan-Roblero
- Department of Microbiology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan C. Cancino-Diaz
- Department of Microbiology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The interplay of different structures belonging to either the anterior segment of the eye or its accessory visual apparatus, which all share common embryological, anatomical, functional, and physiological features, is discussed. Explanation of such terms, as ocular surface, lacrimal functional unit, and ocular surface system, is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Safonova
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11 A, B, Rossolimo St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119021
| | - L S Pateyuk
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11 A, B, Rossolimo St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119021
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28
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Truong S, Cole N, Stapleton F, Golebiowski B. Sex hormones and the dry eye. Clin Exp Optom 2014; 97:324-36. [PMID: 24689906 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The greater prevalence of dry eye in women compared to men suggests that sex hormones may have a role in this condition. This review aims to present evidence for how sex hormones may affect the ocular structures involved in the production, regulation and maintenance of the normal tear film. It is hypothesised that hormone changes alter the homeostasis of the ocular surface and contribute to dry eye. Androgens impact on the structure and function of the meibomian and lacrimal glands and therefore androgen deficiency is, at least in part, associated with the aetiology of dry eye. In contrast, reports of the effects of oestrogen and progesterone on these ocular structures and on the conjunctiva are contradictory and the mechanisms of action of these female-specific sex hormones in the eye are not well understood. The uncertainty of the effects of oestrogen and progesterone on dry eye symptoms is reflected in the controversial relationship between hormone replacement therapy and the signs and symptoms of dry eye. Current understanding of sex hormone influences on the immune system suggests that oestrogen may modulate a cascade of inflammatory events, which underlie dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Truong
- The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
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29
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Lacritin and the tear proteome as natural replacement therapy for dry eye. Exp Eye Res 2013; 117:39-52. [PMID: 23769845 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tear proteins are potential biomarkers, drug targets, and even biotherapeutics. As a biotherapeutic, a recombinant tear protein might physiologically rescue the ocular surface when a deficiency is detected. Such a strategy pays more attention to the natural prosecretory and protective properties of the tear film and seeks to alleviate symptoms by addressing cause, rather than the current palliative, non-specific and temporary approaches. Only a handful of tear proteins appear to be selectively downregulated in dry eye, the most common eye disease. Lacritin and lipocalin-1 are two tear proteins selectively deficient in dry eye. Both proteins influence ocular surface health. Lacritin is a prosecretory mitogen that promotes basal tearing when applied topically. Levels of active monomeric lacritin are negatively regulated by tear tissue transglutaminase, whose expression is elevated in dry eye with ocular surface inflammation. Lipocalin-1 is the master lipid sponge of the ocular surface, without which residual lipids could interfere with epithelial wetting. It also is a carrier for vitamins and steroid hormones, and is a key endonuclease. Accumulation of DNA in tears is thought to be proinflammatory. Functions of these and other tear proteins may be influenced by protein-protein interactions. Here we discuss new advances in lacritin biology and provide an overview on lipocalin-1, and newly identified members of the tear proteome.
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30
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Ocular surface development and gene expression. J Ophthalmol 2013; 2013:103947. [PMID: 23533700 PMCID: PMC3595720 DOI: 10.1155/2013/103947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The ocular surface-a continuous epithelial surface with regional specializations including the surface and glandular epithelia of the cornea, conjunctiva, and lacrimal and meibomian glands connected by the overlying tear film-plays a central role in vision. Molecular and cellular events involved in embryonic development, postnatal maturation, and maintenance of the ocular surface are precisely regulated at the level of gene expression by a well-coordinated network of transcription factors. A thorough appreciation of the biological characteristics of the ocular surface in terms of its gene expression profiles and their regulation provides us with a valuable insight into the pathophysiology of various blinding disorders that disrupt the normal development, maturation, and/or maintenance of the ocular surface. This paper summarizes the current status of our knowledge related to the ocular surface development and gene expression and the contribution of different transcription factors to this process.
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