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Banou L, Tsani Z, Arvanitogiannis K, Pavlaki M, Dastiridou A, Androudi S. Radiotherapy in Uveal Melanoma: A Review of Ocular Complications. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:6374-6396. [PMID: 37504330 PMCID: PMC10378371 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30070470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma represents the most prevalent form of primary malignant intraocular tumor in adults. Historically, enucleation was considered the gold-standard approach in the treatment of uveal melanoma. Currently, radiotherapy is the most commonly used therapy, aiming at a better quality of life. However, radiotherapy can result in several ocular complications, some of which may be vision-threatening. Radiation-induced dry eye, scleral necrosis, cataract, rubeosis iridis, neovascular glaucoma, radiation retinopathy, maculopathy, and optic neuropathy are the most common complications. This article aims to summarize the current literature regarding the ocular complications after radiotherapy, as well as their clinical features, risk factors, and management strategies. A thorough understanding of these issues is crucial for ophthalmologists and oncologists to provide optimal patient care, improve visual outcomes, and minimize long-term complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamprini Banou
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Zoi Tsani
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | | | - Maria Pavlaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Anna Dastiridou
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Sofia Androudi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
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2
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Liton PB, Boesze-Battaglia K, Boulton ME, Boya P, Ferguson TA, Ganley IG, Kauppinnen A, Laurie GW, Mizushima N, Morishita H, Russo R, Sadda J, Shyam R, Sinha D, Thompson DA, Zacks DN. AUTOPHAGY IN THE EYE: FROM PHYSIOLOGY TO PATHOPHYSOLOGY. AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2023; 2:2178996. [PMID: 37034386 PMCID: PMC10078619 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2023.2178996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic self-degradative pathway that promotes the degradation and recycling of intracellular material through the lysosomal compartment. Although first believed to function in conditions of nutritional stress, autophagy is emerging as a critical cellular pathway, involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Autophagy dysregulation is associated with an increasing number of diseases, including ocular diseases. On one hand, mutations in autophagy-related genes have been linked to cataracts, glaucoma, and corneal dystrophy; on the other hand, alterations in autophagy and lysosomal pathways are a common finding in essentially all diseases of the eye. Moreover, LC3-associated phagocytosis, a form of non-canonical autophagy, is critical in promoting visual cycle function. This review collects the latest understanding of autophagy in the context of the eye. We will review and discuss the respective roles of autophagy in the physiology and/or pathophysiology of each of the ocular tissues, its diurnal/circadian variation, as well as its involvement in diseases of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma B. Liton
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Pathology, Duke School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael E. Boulton
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Neuroscience and Movement Science. Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A. Ferguson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ian G. Ganley
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Anu Kauppinnen
- Faculty of Health and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gordon W. Laurie
- Departments of Cell Biology, Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hideaki Morishita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Rossella Russo
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Glaucoma Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Jaya Sadda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Debasish Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cell Biology, and Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Debra A. Thompson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David N. Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Chidlow G, Chan WO, Wood JPM, Casson RJ. Investigations into photoreceptor energy metabolism during experimental retinal detachment. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1036834. [PMID: 36467607 PMCID: PMC9716104 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1036834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal detachment is a sight-threatening disorder, which occurs when the photoreceptors are separated from their vascular supply. The aim of the present study was to shed light on photoreceptor energy metabolism during experimental detachment in rats. Retinal detachment was induced in the eyes of rats via subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate. Initially, we investigated whether detachment caused hypoxia within photoreceptors, as evaluated by the exogenous and endogenous biomarkers pimonidazole and HIF-1α, as well as by qPCR analysis of HIF target genes. The results showed no unequivocal staining for pimonidazole or HIF-1α within any detached retina, nor upregulation of HIF target genes, suggesting that any reduction in pO2 is of insufficient magnitude to produce hypoxia-induced covalent protein adducts or HIF-1α stabilisation. Subsequently, we analysed expression of cellular bioenergetic enzymes in photoreceptors during detachment. We documented loss of mitochondrial, and downregulation of glycolytic enzymes during detachment, indicating that photoreceptors have reduced energetic requirements and/or capacity. Given that detachment did not cause widespread hypoxia, but did result in downregulated expression of bioenergetic enzymes, we hypothesised that substrate insufficiency may be critical in terms of pathogenesis, and that boosting metabolic inputs may preserve photoreceptor bioenergetic production and, protect against their degeneration. Thus, we tested whether supplementation with the bioavailable energy substrate pyruvate mitigated rod and cone injury and degeneration. Despite protecting photoreceptors in culture from nutrient deprivation, pyruvate failed to protect against apoptotic death of rods, loss of cone opsins, and loss of inner segment mitochondria, in situ, when evaluated at 3 days after detachment. The regimen was also ineffective against cumulative photoreceptor deconstruction and degeneration when evaluated after 4 weeks. Retinal metabolism, particularly the bioenergetic profiles and pathological responses of the various cellular subtypes still presents a considerable knowledge gap that has important clinical consequences. While our data do not support the use of pyruvate supplementation as a means of protecting detached photoreceptors, they do provide a foundation and motivation for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glyn Chidlow
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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4
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It is time for a moonshot to find “Cures” for diabetic retinal disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 90:101051. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Robinson KJ, Yuan K, Plenderleith SK, Watchon M, Laird AS. A Novel Calpain Inhibitor Compound Has Protective Effects on a Zebrafish Model of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102592. [PMID: 34685571 PMCID: PMC8533844 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is a hereditary ataxia caused by inheritance of a mutated form of the human ATXN3 gene containing an expanded CAG repeat region, encoding a human ataxin-3 protein with a long polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat region. Previous studies have demonstrated that ataxin-3 containing a long polyQ length is highly aggregation prone. Cleavage of the ataxin-3 protein by calpain proteases has been demonstrated to be enhanced in SCA3 models, leading to an increase in the aggregation propensity of the protein. Here, we tested the therapeutic potential of a novel calpain inhibitor BLD-2736 for the treatment of SCA3 by testing its efficacy on a transgenic zebrafish model of SCA3. We found that treatment with BLD-2736 from 1 to 6 days post-fertilisation (dpf) improves the swimming of SCA3 zebrafish larvae and decreases the presence of insoluble protein aggregates. Furthermore, delaying the commencement of treatment with BLD-2736, until a timepoint when protein aggregates were already known to be present in the zebrafish larvae, was still successful at removing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fused-ataxin-3 aggregates and improving the zebrafish swimming. Finally, we demonstrate that treatment with BLD-2736 increased the synthesis of LC3II, increasing the activity of the autophagy protein quality control pathway. Together, these findings suggest that BLD-2736 warrants further investigation as a treatment for SCA3 and related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Ross BX, Jia L, Kong D, Wang T, Hager HM, Abcouwer SF, Zacks DN. Conditional Knock out of High-Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) in Rods Reduces Autophagy Activation after Retinal Detachment. Cells 2021; 10:2010. [PMID: 34440779 PMCID: PMC8394251 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
After retinal detachment (RD), the induction of autophagy protects photoreceptors (PR) from apoptotic cell death. The cytoplasmic high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) promotes autophagy. We previously demonstrated that the deletion of HMGB1 from rod PRs results in a more rapid death of these cells after RD. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that the lack of HMGB1 accelerates PR death after RD due to the reduced activation of protective autophagy in the retina after RD. The injection of 1% hyaluronic acid into the subretinal space was used to create acute RD in mice with a rhodopsin-Cre-mediated conditional knockout (cKO) of HMGB1 in rods (HMGB1Δrod) and littermate controls. RD sharply increased the number of apoptotic cells in the outer nuclear layer (ONL), and this number was further increased in HMGB1Δrod mouse retinas. The activation of autophagy after RD was reduced in the HMGB1Δrod mouse retinas compared to controls, as evidenced by diminished levels of autophagy regulatory proteins LC3-II, Beclin1, ATG5/12, and phospho-ATG16L1. The cKO of HMGB1 in rods increased the expression of Fas and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in detached retinas, promoting apoptotic cell death. In conclusion, endogenous HMGB1 facilitates autophagy activation in PR cells following RD to promote PR cell survival and reduce programmed apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing X. Ross
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (B.X.R.); (L.J.); (D.K.); (T.W.); (H.M.H.); (S.F.A.)
| | - Lin Jia
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (B.X.R.); (L.J.); (D.K.); (T.W.); (H.M.H.); (S.F.A.)
| | - Dejuan Kong
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (B.X.R.); (L.J.); (D.K.); (T.W.); (H.M.H.); (S.F.A.)
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (B.X.R.); (L.J.); (D.K.); (T.W.); (H.M.H.); (S.F.A.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Heather M. Hager
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (B.X.R.); (L.J.); (D.K.); (T.W.); (H.M.H.); (S.F.A.)
| | - Steven F. Abcouwer
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (B.X.R.); (L.J.); (D.K.); (T.W.); (H.M.H.); (S.F.A.)
| | - David N. Zacks
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (B.X.R.); (L.J.); (D.K.); (T.W.); (H.M.H.); (S.F.A.)
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Differential Response of Müller Cells and Microglia in a Mouse Retinal Detachment Model and Its Implications in Detached and Non-Detached Regions. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081972. [PMID: 34440741 PMCID: PMC8394779 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal detachment (RD) is a sight-threatening condition, leading to photoreceptor cell death; however, only a few studies provide insight into its effects on the entire retinal region. We examined the spatiotemporal changes in glial responses in a mouse RD model. In electroretinography, a- and b-waves were reduced in a time-dependent manner. Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed a gradual decrease in the outer nuclear layer throughout the retinal region. Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay showed that TUNEL-positive photoreceptors increased 5 days after RD and decreased by 14 days. Glial response was evaluated by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, Müller glial marker) and Iba-1 (microglial marker) and osteopontin (OPN, activated microglial marker). GFAP immunoreactivity increased after 7 days in complete RD, and was retained for 14 days. OPN expression increased in microglial cells 3–7 days after RD, and decreased by 14 days in the detached and border regions. Although OPN was not expressed in the intact region, morphologically activated microglial cells were observed. These retinal glial cell responses and photoreceptor degeneration in the border and intact regions suggest that the effects of RD in the border and intact retinal regions need to be understood further.
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Mathew B, Chennakesavalu M, Sharma M, Torres LA, Stelman CR, Tran S, Patel R, Burg N, Salkovski M, Kadzielawa K, Seiler F, Aldrich LN, Roth S. Autophagy and post-ischemic conditioning in retinal ischemia. Autophagy 2021; 17:1479-1499. [PMID: 32452260 PMCID: PMC8205079 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1767371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ischemia is a major cause of vision loss and a common underlying mechanism associated with diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy and central retinal artery occlusion. We have previously demonstrated the robust neuroprotection in retina induced by post-conditioning (post-C), a brief period of ischemia, 24 h, following a prolonged and damaging initial ischemia. The mechanisms underlying post-C-mediated retinal protection are largely uncharacterized. We hypothesized that macroautophagy/autophagy is a mediator of post-C-induced neuroprotection. This study employed an in vitro model of oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) in the retinal R28 neuronal cell line, and an in vivo rat model of retinal ischemic injury. In vivo, there were significant increases in autophagy proteins, MAP1LC3-II/LC3-II, and decreases in SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1) in ischemia/post-C vs. ischemia/sham post-C. Blockade of Atg5 and Atg7 in vivo decreased LC3-II, increased SQSTM1, attenuated the functional protective effect of post-C, and increased histological damage and TUNEL compared to non-silencing siRNA. TUNEL after ischemia in vivo was found in retinal ganglion, amacrine, and photoreceptor cells. Blockade of Atg5 attenuated the post-C neuroprotection by a brief period of OGD in vitro. Moreover, in vitro, post-C attenuated cell death, loss of cellular proliferation, and defective autophagic flux from prolonged OGD. Stimulating autophagy using Tat-Beclin 1 rescued retinal neurons from cell death after OGD. As a whole, our results suggest that autophagy is required for the neuroprotective effect of retinal ischemic post-conditioning and augmentation of autophagy offers promise in the treatment of retinal ischemic injury.Abbreviations: BECN1: Beclin 1, autophagy related; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DR: diabetic retinopathy; EdU: 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine; ERG: Electroretinogram; FITC: Fluorescein isothiocyanate; GCL: Ganglion cell layer; GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein; INL: Inner nuclear layer; IPL: Inner plexiform layer; MAP1LC3/LC3: Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; OGD: Oxygen-glucose deprivation; ONL: Outer nuclear layer; OP: Oscillatory potential; PFA: Paraformaldehyde; PL: Photoreceptor layer; post-C: post-conditioning; RFP: Red fluorescent protein; RGC: Retinal ganglion cell; RPE: Retinal pigment epithelium; RT-PCR: Real-time polymerase chain reaction; SEM: Standard error of the mean; siRNA: Small interfering RNA; SQSTM1: Sequestosome 1; STR: Scotopic threshold response; Tat: Trans-activator of transcription; TUNEL: Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biji Mathew
- Department of Anesthesiology, And College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Monica Sharma
- Department of Anesthesiology, And College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leianne A. Torres
- Department of Anesthesiology, And College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Clara R. Stelman
- Department of Anesthesiology, And College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sophie Tran
- Department of Anesthesiology, And College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Raj Patel
- Department of Anesthesiology, And College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nathan Burg
- Department of Anesthesiology, And College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maryna Salkovski
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Konrad Kadzielawa
- Department of Anesthesiology, And College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Figen Seiler
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leslie N. Aldrich
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven Roth
- Department of Anesthesiology, And College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Liu Y, Che X, Zhang H, Fu X, Yao Y, Luo J, Yang Y, Cai R, Yu X, Yang J, Zhou MS. CAPN1 (Calpain1)-Mediated Impairment of Autophagic Flux Contributes to Cerebral Ischemia-Induced Neuronal Damage. Stroke 2021; 52:1809-1821. [PMID: 33874744 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.032749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, China (Y.L., Y. Yao, Y. Yang, R.C., M.-S.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China (Y.L., X.C., H.Z., X.F., X.Y., J.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, China (J.L.)
| | - Xiaohang Che
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, China (Y.L., Y. Yao, Y. Yang, R.C., M.-S.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China (Y.L., X.C., H.Z., X.F., X.Y., J.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, China (J.L.)
| | - Haotian Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, China (Y.L., Y. Yao, Y. Yang, R.C., M.-S.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China (Y.L., X.C., H.Z., X.F., X.Y., J.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, China (J.L.)
| | - Xiaoxiao Fu
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, China (Y.L., Y. Yao, Y. Yang, R.C., M.-S.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China (Y.L., X.C., H.Z., X.F., X.Y., J.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, China (J.L.)
| | - Yang Yao
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, China (Y.L., Y. Yao, Y. Yang, R.C., M.-S.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China (Y.L., X.C., H.Z., X.F., X.Y., J.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, China (J.L.)
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, China (Y.L., Y. Yao, Y. Yang, R.C., M.-S.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China (Y.L., X.C., H.Z., X.F., X.Y., J.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, China (J.L.)
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, China (Y.L., Y. Yao, Y. Yang, R.C., M.-S.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China (Y.L., X.C., H.Z., X.F., X.Y., J.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, China (J.L.)
| | - Ruiping Cai
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, China (Y.L., Y. Yao, Y. Yang, R.C., M.-S.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China (Y.L., X.C., H.Z., X.F., X.Y., J.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, China (J.L.)
| | - Xiangnan Yu
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, China (Y.L., Y. Yao, Y. Yang, R.C., M.-S.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China (Y.L., X.C., H.Z., X.F., X.Y., J.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, China (J.L.)
| | - Jingyu Yang
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, China (Y.L., Y. Yao, Y. Yang, R.C., M.-S.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China (Y.L., X.C., H.Z., X.F., X.Y., J.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, China (J.L.)
| | - Ming-Sheng Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, China (Y.L., Y. Yao, Y. Yang, R.C., M.-S.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China (Y.L., X.C., H.Z., X.F., X.Y., J.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, China (J.L.)
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Zhang ZY, Sun YJ, Song JY, Fan B, Li GY. Experimental models and examination methods of retinal detachment. Brain Res Bull 2021; 169:51-62. [PMID: 33434623 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Retinal detachment refers to the separation of the retinal neuroepithelium and pigment epithelium, usually involving the death of photoreceptor cells. Severe detachment may lead to permanent visual impairment if not treated properly and promptly. According to the underlying causes, retinal detachment falls into one of three categories: exudative retinal detachment, traction detachment, and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Like many other diseases, it is difficult to study the pathophysiology of retinal detachment directly in humans, because the human retinal tissues are precious, scarce and non-regenerative; thus, establishing experimental models that better mimic the disease is necessary. In this review, we summarize the existing models of the three categories of retinal detachment both in vivo and in vitro, along with an overview of their examination methods and the major strengths and weaknesses of each model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yuan Zhang
- Second Hosp Jilin Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, 218 Zi Qiang St, Changchun, 130041, PR China.
| | - Ying-Jian Sun
- Second Hosp Jilin Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, 218 Zi Qiang St, Changchun, 130041, PR China.
| | - Jing-Yao Song
- Second Hosp Shandong Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, 247 Bei Yuan St, Jinan, 250031, PR China.
| | - Bin Fan
- Second Hosp Jilin Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, 218 Zi Qiang St, Changchun, 130041, PR China.
| | - Guang-Yu Li
- Second Hosp Jilin Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, 218 Zi Qiang St, Changchun, 130041, PR China.
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11
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Niu R, Wang J, Geng C, Li Y, Dong L, Liu L, Chang Y, Shen J, Nie Z, Zhang Y, Hu B. Tandem mass tag-based proteomic analysis reveals cathepsin-mediated anti-autophagic and pro-apoptotic effects under proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:973-990. [PMID: 33293479 PMCID: PMC7835038 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is a severe complication of diabetes and can cause blindness. However, the available therapeutic modalities to PDR have unsatisfactory efficacies and incur adverse effects, which is due to the paucity in the understanding of pathogenic mechanisms responsible for the disease. In this study, tandem mass tag labeling technology combined with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry were utilized to identify differentially expressed proteins in vitreous humor of patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and PDR. The data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD021788. Afterwards, the downregulated protein expression of Cathepsin B, D, and L was verified in vitreous and serum of another cohort. The gene expression profiling of the 3 cathepsins was confirmed in blood cells of an extra cohort. Furthermore, in high glucose (HG)-treated retinal vascular endothelial cell cultures recapitulating the cathepsin expression patterns, Cathepsin B or D downregulation mediated the HG-induced anti-autophagic and pro-apoptotic effects, thereby may contribute to vascular lesions under hyperglycemia. This study demonstrates previously undescribed expression patterns of cathepsins, reveals a novel cathepsin-involved pathogenic mechanism under PDR, and sheds light on potential therapeutic targets to this debilitating retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Niu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jindan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Geng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yahong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lijie Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuwen Chang
- Hetian District People's Hospital, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jianqun Shen
- Hetian District People's Hospital, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zetong Nie
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bojie Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
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12
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Ross BX, Choi J, Yao J, Hager HM, Abcouwer SF, Zacks DN. Loss of High-Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) Protein in Rods Accelerates Rod Photoreceptor Degeneration After Retinal Detachment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:50. [PMID: 32460314 PMCID: PMC7405795 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.5.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinal detachment (RD) disrupts the nutritional support and oxygen delivery to photoreceptors (PRs), ultimately causing cell death. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) can serve as an extracellular alarmin when released from stressed cells. PRs release HMGB1 after RD. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between HMGB1 and PR survival after RD. Methods Acute RD was created by injection of hyaluronic acid (1%) into the subretinal space in C57BL/6 mice and mice with a rhodopsin-Cre-mediated conditional knockout (cKO) of HMGB1 in rods (HMGB1ΔRod). Immunofluorescence (IF) in retinal sections was used to localize HMGB1, rhodopsin, and Iba-1 proteins. Optical coherence tomography and electroretinography were used to quantify retinal thickness and function, respectively. The morphology of the retina was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin. Results HMGB1 protein was localized to the nuclei of all retinal neurons, including PRs, with cones staining more intensely than rods. HMGB1 protein was also found in the inner and outer segments of cones but not rods. Creation of RD caused a dramatic increase of HMGB1 protein IF in rods. cKO of HMGB1 in rods did not affect retinal structure or function. However, after RD, loss of rods and reduction in the thickness of the outer nuclear layer were significantly increased in the HMGB1ΔRod retinas as compared to the control. Interestingly, depletion of HMGB1 in rods did not affect the activation and mobilization of microglia/macrophages normally seen after RD. Conclusions Increased HMGB1 expression in stressed rods may represent an intrinsic mechanism regulating their survival after RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing X. Ross
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Joanne Choi
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Jingyu Yao
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Heather M. Hager
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Steven F. Abcouwer
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - David N. Zacks
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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13
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Phosphoinositides in Retinal Function and Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040866. [PMID: 32252387 PMCID: PMC7226789 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol and its phosphorylated derivatives, the phosphoinositides, play many important roles in all eukaryotic cells. These include modulation of physical properties of membranes, activation or inhibition of membrane-associated proteins, recruitment of peripheral membrane proteins that act as effectors, and control of membrane trafficking. They also serve as precursors for important second messengers, inositol (1,4,5) trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. Animal models and human diseases involving defects in phosphoinositide regulatory pathways have revealed their importance for function in the mammalian retina and retinal pigmented epithelium. New technologies for localizing, measuring and genetically manipulating them are revealing new information about their importance for the function and health of the vertebrate retina.
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14
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Yu S, Framme C, Menke MN, Berger LE, Zinkernagel MS, Munk MR, Wolf S, Ebneter A. Neuroprotection with rasagiline in patients with macula-off retinal detachment: A randomized controlled pilot study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4948. [PMID: 32188915 PMCID: PMC7080767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61835-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective efficacy of rasagiline in pseudophakic patients who had surgery for macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). This was a 6-month, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Patients presenting with acute macula-off RRD were recruited and randomized 1:1 to receive rasagiline 1 mg/day or placebo for 7 days. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and optical coherence tomography were acquired 1 day before as well as 2 days, 3 weeks, 3 months and 6 months after surgery. We screened 26 patients with RRD whereof 23 were eventually included and randomized. The primary outcome was final BCVA. Secondary outcomes included central retinal thickness (CRT) and adverse events (AE). We evaluated photoreceptor cells (prc) recovery through morphological measurements. The baseline characteristics were comparable between groups. BCVA significantly improved in both groups (letters gained: rasagiline 61.5 ± 18.1 vs placebo 55.3 ± 29.2, p = 0.56), but no significant inter-group difference was found at any visit. CRT was stable 3 weeks after surgery onwards, with no inter-group difference. No treatment-emergent AE occurred. Significant prc restoration was observed from 3 weeks to 6 months after surgery, without inter-group difference at either visit. Ellipsoid zone integrity (β = 0.517, p = 0.008) and foveal bulge (β = 0.387, p = 0.038) were significant predictors of good final BCVA. In conclusion, perioperative oral treatment with rasagiline 1 mg/day for 7 days did not show significant benefits on visual or anatomical outcomes in macula-off RRD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqing Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Framme
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, D-30625, Germany
| | - Marcel Nico Menke
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kantonsspital Aarau, Herzogstrasse 15, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Lieselotte Erika Berger
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Sebastian Zinkernagel
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marion Rohit Munk
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Ebneter
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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15
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Liu X, Xie J, Yang L, Li Y, He Y, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Su G. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells enhance autophagy and help protect cells under hypoxic and retinal detachment conditions. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:3346-3358. [PMID: 32003125 PMCID: PMC7131940 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to evaluate the protective role and mechanisms of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in hypoxic photoreceptors and experimental retinal detachment. The cellular morphology, viability, apoptosis and autophagy of hypoxic 661w cells and cells cocultured with BMSCs were analysed. In retinal detachment model, BMSCs were intraocularly transplanted, and then, the retinal morphology, outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness and rhodopsin expression were studied as well as apoptosis and autophagy of the retinal cells. The hypoxia‐induced apoptosis of 661w cells obviously increased together with autophagy levels increasing and peaking at 8 hours after hypoxia. Upon coculturing with BMSCs, hypoxic 661w cells had a better morphology and fewer apoptosis. After autophagy was inhibited, the apoptotic 661w cells under the hypoxia increased, and the cell viability was reduced, even in the presence of transplanted BMSCs. In retina‐detached eyes transplanted with BMSCs, the retinal ONL thickness was closer to that of the normal retina. After transplantation, apoptosis decreased significantly and retinal autophagy was activated in the BMSC‐treated retinas. Increased autophagy in the early stage could facilitate the survival of 661w cells under hypoxic stress. Coculturing with BMSCs protects 661w cells from hypoxic damage, possibly due to autophagy activation. In retinal detachment models, BMSC transplantation can significantly reduce photoreceptor cell death and preserve retinal structure. The capacity of BMSCs to reduce retinal cell apoptosis and to initiate autophagy shortly after transplantation may facilitate the survival of retinal cells in the low‐oxygen and nutrition‐restricted milieu after retinal detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jia'nan Xie
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Longfei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Li
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuxi He
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zaoxia Liu
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guanfang Su
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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16
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Ma M, Li B, Zhang M, Zhou L, Yang F, Ma F, Shao H, Li Q, Li X, Zhang X. Therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on retinal detachment. Exp Eye Res 2019; 191:107899. [PMID: 31866431 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinal detachment (RD) induces ischemia and oxygen deficiency in the retina and results in multiple pathological events; photoreceptor cell degeneration and death is the eventual cause of vision decline. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) in a rat retinal detachment (RD) model. The model was developed using a subretinal injection of 1% hyaluronic acid in male Sprague-Dawley rats. MSC-Exos were sub-retinally injected at the time of retinal separation to study their therapeutic function. The retinal expression levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and MCP-1 were detected by RT-PCR, the autophagy-related protein 5 (Atg5) and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (LC3) were detected by Western blot, and apoptosis was examined using TUNEL assays at 3 days following RD. Retinal structure was observed at 7 days post-RD. Proteomic analysis was also performed to detect proteins carried by MSC-Exos using iTRAQ-based technology combined with one-dimensional nano LC-nano-ESI- MS/MS. We found that expression of TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly reduced, the LC3-II to LC3-I ratio was enhanced and cleavage of Atg5 was decreased after MSC-Exo treatment. Treatment with MSC-Exos also suppressed photoreceptor cell apoptosis and maintained normal retinal structure when compared to control groups. Proteomic analysis revealed that MSC-Exos contained proteins with anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic effects. These results suggest that MSC-Exos have therapeutic effects on RD-induced retinal injury and can be used to reduce effects of retinal detachment on photoreceptor cell degeneration in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, 251 Fukang Road, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Bing Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, 251 Fukang Road, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, 251 Fukang Road, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Fuhua Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, 251 Fukang Road, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Feifei Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, 251 Fukang Road, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, USA
| | - Qiutang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, USA
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, 251 Fukang Road, Tianjin, 300384, China.
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, 251 Fukang Road, Tianjin, 300384, China.
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17
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Prominin-1 Modulates Rho/ROCK-Mediated Membrane Morphology and Calcium-Dependent Intracellular Chloride Flux. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15911. [PMID: 31685837 PMCID: PMC6828804 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane morphology is an important structural determinant as it reflects cellular functions. The pentaspan membrane protein Prominin-1 (Prom1/CD133) is known to be localised to protrusions and plays a pivotal role in migration and the determination of cellular morphology; however, the underlying mechanism of its action have been elusive. Here, we performed molecular characterisation of Prom1, focussing primarily on its effects on cell morphology. Overexpression of Prom1 in RPE-1 cells triggers multiple, long, cholesterol-enriched fibres, independently of actin and microtubule polymerisation. A five amino acid stretch located at the carboxyl cytosolic region is essential for fibre formation. The small GTPase Rho and its downstream Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase (ROCK) are also essential for this process, and active Rho colocalises with Prom1 at the site of initialisation of fibre formation. In mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells we show that Prom1 is required for chloride ion efflux induced by calcium ion uptake, and demonstrate that fibre formation is closely associated with chloride efflux activity. Collectively, these findings suggest that Prom1 affects cell morphology and contributes to chloride conductance.
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18
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Wang F, Gómez-Sintes R, Boya P. Lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cell death. Traffic 2018; 19:918-931. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Wang
- Unit Biotechnology and Cell Signaling/Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg; Illkirch France
| | - Raquel Gómez-Sintes
- Departament of Cellular and Molecular Biology; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC; Madrid Spain
| | - Patricia Boya
- Departament of Cellular and Molecular Biology; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC; Madrid Spain
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19
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Liu S, Chen Y, Chen Z, Xing Y, Shen Y. Immunohistochemical profile of long-standing traumatic retinal detachment in atrophic globe in a young patient. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:2387-2391. [PMID: 30186481 PMCID: PMC6122497 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptor cell death is the ultimate cause of irreversible vision loss in retinal detachment (RD). The present study aimed to investigate the retinal changes in a case of long-standing traumatic RD in a young patient. The RD-induced atrophic globe was examined following enucleation. A control eye acquired from a deceased donor (normal histology; age- and sex-matched) was evaluated correspondingly. Frozen sections of retina tissue were assessed by immunofluorescence staining. The atrophic retina demonstrated structural disruption along with reduction in the retinal outer nuclear layer/inner nuclear layer thickness ratio. Photoreceptor degeneration was noted with complete loss of the outer segment of short-wavelength sensitive (S) cones. In addition, Müller cell hypertrophy was observed across the retinal nuclear layers. These results indicate that RD without successful medical treatment may lead to retinal atrophy associated with disruption of retinal integrity, dramatic S cones loss and subretinal gliosis. Further clarifications of the mechanisms underlying photoreceptor cell death and glial cell reprogramming may facilitate the design of novel therapeutic strategies for RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiliang Liu
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yiqiao Xing
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yin Shen
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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20
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Tsoka P, Matsumoto H, Maidana DE, Kataoka K, Naoumidi I, Gravanis A, Vavvas DG, Tsilimbaris MK. Effects of BNN27, a novel C17-spiroepoxy steroid derivative, on experimental retinal detachment-induced photoreceptor cell death. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10661. [PMID: 30006508 PMCID: PMC6045604 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28633-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal detachment (RD) leads to photoreceptor cell death secondary to the physical separation of the retina from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium. Intensifying photoreceptor survival in the detached retina could be remarkably favorable for many retinopathies in which RD can be seen. BNN27, a blood-brain barrier (BBB)-permeable, C17-spiroepoxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has shown promising neuroprotective activity through interaction with nerve growth factor receptors, TrkA and p75NTR. Here, we administered BNN27 systemically in a murine model of RD. TUNEL+ photoreceptors were significantly decreased 24 hours post injury after a single administration of 200 mg/kg BNN27. Furthermore, BNN27 increased inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as, two markers of gliosis 24 hours post RD. However, single or multiple doses of BNN27 were not able to protect the overall survival of photoreceptors 7 days post injury. Additionally, BNN27 did not induce the activation/phosphorylation of TrkAY490 in the detached retina although the mRNA levels of the receptor were increased in the photoreceptors post injury. Together, these findings, do not demonstrate neuroprotective activity of BNN27 in experimentally-induced RD. Further studies are needed in order to elucidate the paradox/contradiction of these results and the mechanism of action of BNN27 in this model of photoreceptor cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Tsoka
- Laboratory of Optics and Vision, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Angiogenesis Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hidetaka Matsumoto
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel E Maidana
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keiko Kataoka
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Irene Naoumidi
- Laboratory of Optics and Vision, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Achille Gravanis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Demetrios G Vavvas
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Miltiadis K Tsilimbaris
- Laboratory of Optics and Vision, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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21
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Choi JA, Kim YJ, Seo BR, Koh JY, Yoon YH. Potential Role of Zinc Dyshomeostasis in Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and -9 Activation and Photoreceptor Cell Death in Experimental Retinal Detachment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 59:3058-3068. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong A Choi
- Neural Injury Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Jeon Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo-Ra Seo
- Neural Injury Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Koh
- Neural Injury Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Hee Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Cheng SY, Wang SC, Lei M, Wang Z, Xiong K. Regulatory role of calpain in neuronal death. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:556-562. [PMID: 29623944 PMCID: PMC5900522 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.228762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains are a group of calcium-dependent proteases that are over activated by increased intracellular calcium levels under pathological conditions. A wide range of substrates that regulate necrotic, apoptotic and autophagic pathways are affected by calpain. Calpain plays a very important role in neuronal death and various neurological disorders. This review introduces recent research progress related to the regulatory mechanisms of calpain in neuronal death. Various neuronal programmed death pathways including apoptosis, autophagy and regulated necrosis can be divided into receptor interacting protein-dependent necroptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition-dependent necrosis, pyroptosis and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1-mediated parthanatos. Calpains cleave series of key substrates that may lead to cell death or participate in cell death. Regarding the investigation of calpain-mediated programed cell death, it is necessary to identify specific inhibitors that inhibit calpain mediated neuronal death and nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-ying Cheng
- Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shu-chao Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ming Lei
- Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Xie J, Zhu R, Peng Y, Gao W, Du J, Zhao L, Chi Y, Yang L. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha regulates photoreceptor cell autophagy after retinal detachment. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17108. [PMID: 29215050 PMCID: PMC5719449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17400-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptor cell death is the ultimate process underlying many retinal diseases, including retinal detachment (RD). Both autophagy and inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), participate in photoreceptor cell death after RD. In this study, we examined whether TNF-α inhibition would impact the autophagy of photoreceptors and reduce the death of photoreceptors after retinal detachment (RD). RD models were created in C57BL/6J mice by a subretinal injection of 1% hyaluronic acid. The TNF-α inhibitor infliximab was administered via intraperitoneal injection two hours before RD. The levels of TNF-α and the autophagy-related proteins Atg5 and LC3B were assayed by immunofluorescence at 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days following RD. Apoptosis was examined at 3 days post-detachment via TUNEL assays. Photoreceptor cell counts were assessed at 7 days after RD. After RD, the protein levels of LC3B and Atg5 increased and reached a peak at 3 days, which decreased at 7 days. The expression of LC3B and Atg5 was prolonged and increased at a slower rate with TNF-α inhibition. The moderate augmentation and extension of autophagy through TNF-α inhibition resulted in the reduction of apoptosis and the enhancement of photoreceptor cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 1 Xi'anmen Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Ruilin Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 1 Xi'anmen Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 1 Xi'anmen Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Wenna Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 1 Xi'anmen Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Jiantong Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 1 Xi'anmen Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 1 Xi'anmen Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Ying Chi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 1 Xi'anmen Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 1 Xi'anmen Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China.
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Schaefer K, Mahajan M, Gore A, Tsang SH, Bassuk AG, Mahajan VB. Calpain-5 gene expression in the mouse eye and brain. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:602. [PMID: 29157313 PMCID: PMC5697233 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2927-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Our objective was to characterize CAPN5 gene expression in the mouse central nervous system. Mouse brain and eye sections were probed with two high-affinity RNA oligonucleotide analogs designed to bind CAPN5 RNA and one scramble, control oligonucleotide. Images were captured in brightfield. Results CAPN5 RNA probes were validated on mouse breast cancer tumor tissue. In the eye, CAPN5 was expressed in the ganglion cell, inner nuclear and outer nuclear layers of the retina. Signal could not be detected in the ciliary body or the iris because of the high density of melanin. In the brain, CAPN5 was expressed in the granule cell layers of the hippocampus and cerebellum. There was scattered expression in pons. The visual cortex showed faint signal. Most signal in the brain was in a punctate pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie Schaefer
- Omics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - MaryAnn Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Anuradha Gore
- Omics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA. .,Palo Alto Veterans Administration, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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25
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Schaefer KA, Toral MA, Velez G, Cox AJ, Baker SA, Borcherding NC, Colgan DF, Bondada V, Mashburn CB, Yu CG, Geddes JW, Tsang SH, Bassuk AG, Mahajan VB. Calpain-5 Expression in the Retina Localizes to Photoreceptor Synapses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:2509-21. [PMID: 27152965 PMCID: PMC4868102 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We characterize calpain-5 (CAPN5) expression in retinal and neuronal subcellular compartments. Methods CAPN5 gene variants were classified using the exome variant server, and RNA-sequencing was used to compare expression of CAPN5 mRNA in the mouse and human retina and in retinoblastoma cells. Expression of CAPN5 protein was ascertained in humans and mice in silico, in mouse retina by immunohistochemistry, and in neuronal cancer cell lines and fractionated central nervous system tissue extracts by Western analysis with eight antibodies targeting different CAPN5 regions. Results Most CAPN5 genetic variation occurs outside its protease core; and searches of cancer and epilepsy/autism genetic databases found no variants similar to hyperactivating retinal disease alleles. The mouse retina expressed one transcript for CAPN5 plus those of nine other calpains, similar to the human retina. In Y79 retinoblastoma cells, the level of CAPN5 transcript was very low. Immunohistochemistry detected CAPN5 expression in the inner and outer nuclear layers and at synapses in the outer plexiform layer. Western analysis of fractionated retinal extracts confirmed CAPN5 synapse localization. Western blots of fractionated brain neuronal extracts revealed distinct subcellular patterns and the potential presence of autoproteolytic CAPN5 domains. Conclusions CAPN5 is moderately expressed in the retina and, despite higher expression in other tissues, hyperactive disease mutants of CAPN5 only manifest as eye disease. At the cellular level, CAPN5 is expressed in several different functional compartments. CAPN5 localization at the photoreceptor synapse and with mitochondria explains the neural circuitry phenotype in human CAPN5 disease alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie A Schaefer
- Omics Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Marcus A Toral
- Omics Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 3Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Gabriel Velez
- Omics Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 3Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Allison J Cox
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Sheila A Baker
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 5Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Nicholas C Borcherding
- Omics Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 3Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Diana F Colgan
- Omics Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Vimala Bondada
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Charles B Mashburn
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Chen-Guang Yu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - James W Geddes
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Barbara & Donald Jonas Stem Cell Laboratory, and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Alexander G Bassuk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 9Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
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26
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Yao J, Jia L, Feathers K, Lin C, Khan NW, Klionsky DJ, Ferguson TA, Zacks DN. Autophagy-mediated catabolism of visual transduction proteins prevents retinal degeneration. Autophagy 2016; 12:2439-2450. [PMID: 27753525 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1238553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway critical to preventing the accumulation of cytotoxic proteins. Deletion of the essential autophagy gene Atg5 from the rod photoreceptors of the retina (atg5Δrod mouse) results in the accumulation of the phototransduction protein transducin and the degeneration of these neurons. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that autophagic degradation of visual transduction proteins prevents retinal degeneration. Targeted deletion of both Gnat1 (a gene encoding the α subunit of the heterotrimeric G-protein transducin) and Atg5 in the rod photoreceptors resulted in a significantly decreased rate of rod cell degeneration as compared to the atg5Δrod mouse retina, and considerable preservation of photoreceptors. Supporting this we used a novel technique to immunoprecipitate green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged autophagosomes from the retinas of the GFP-LC3 mice and demonstrated that the visual transduction proteins transducin and ARR/arrestin are associated with autophagosome-specific proteins. Altogether, this study shows that degradation of phototransduction proteins by autophagy is necessary to prevent retinal degeneration. In addition, we demonstrate a simple and easily reproducible immunoisolation technique for enrichment of autophagosomes from the GFP-LC3 mouse retina, providing a novel application to the study of autophagosome contents across different organs and specific cell types in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Yao
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Lin Jia
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Kecia Feathers
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Chengmao Lin
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Naheed W Khan
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- b Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.,c Department of Molecular , Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Thomas A Ferguson
- d Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - David N Zacks
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
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27
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External Drainage for Primary Surgical Management of Uveal Melanoma Exudative Retinal Detachment. Retina 2016; 37:1006-1007. [PMID: 27685679 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000001337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Boya P, Esteban-Martínez L, Serrano-Puebla A, Gómez-Sintes R, Villarejo-Zori B. Autophagy in the eye: Development, degeneration, and aging. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 55:206-245. [PMID: 27566190 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic pathway that promotes the degradation and recycling of cellular components. Proteins, lipids, and even whole organelles are engulfed in autophagosomes and delivered to the lysosome for elimination. In response to stress, autophagy mediates the degradation of cell components, which are recycled to generate the nutrients and building blocks required to sustain cellular homeostasis. Moreover, it plays an important role in cellular quality control, particularly in neurons, in which the total burden of altered proteins and damaged organelles cannot be reduced by redistribution to daughter cells through cell division. Research has only begun to examine the role of autophagy in the visual system. The retina, a light-sensitive tissue, detects and transmits electrical impulses through the optic nerve to the visual cortex in the brain. Both the retina and the eye are exposed to a variety of environmental insults and stressors, including genetic mutations and age-associated alterations that impair their function. Here, we review the main studies that have sought to explain autophagy's importance in visual function. We describe the role of autophagy in retinal development and cell differentiation, and discuss the implications of autophagy dysregulation both in physiological aging and in important diseases such as age-associated macular degeneration and glaucoma. We also address the putative role of autophagy in promoting photoreceptor survival and discuss how selective autophagy could provide alternative means of protecting retinal cells. The findings reviewed here underscore the important role of autophagy in maintaining proper retinal function and highlight novel therapeutic approaches for blindness and other diseases of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Boya
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lorena Esteban-Martínez
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Serrano-Puebla
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Gómez-Sintes
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Villarejo-Zori
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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29
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Serrano-Puebla A, Boya P. Lysosomal membrane permeabilization in cell death: new evidence and implications for health and disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1371:30-44. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Serrano-Puebla
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC; Madrid Spain
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC; Madrid Spain
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30
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Pastor JC, Rojas J, Pastor-Idoate S, Di Lauro S, Gonzalez-Buendia L, Delgado-Tirado S. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical consequences. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015. [PMID: 26209346 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
During the last four decades, proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) has defied the efforts of many researchers to prevent its occurrence or development. Thus, PVR is still the major complication following retinal detachment (RD) surgery and a bottle-neck for advances in cell therapy that require intraocular surgery. In this review we tried to combine basic and clinical knowledge, as an example of translational research, providing new and practical information for clinicians. PVR was defined as the proliferation of cells after RD. This idea was used for classifying PVR and also for designing experimental models used for testing many drugs, none of which were successful in humans. We summarize current information regarding the pathogenic events that follow any RD because this information may be the key for understanding and treating the earliest stages of PVR. A major focus is made on the intraretinal changes derived mainly from retinal glial cell reactivity. These responses can lead to intraretinal PVR, an entity that has not been clearly recognized. Inflammation is one of the major components of PVR, and we describe new genetic biomarkers that have the potential to predict its development. New treatment approaches are analyzed, especially those directed towards neuroprotection, which can also be useful for preventing visual loss after any RD. We also summarize the results of different surgical techniques and clinical information that is oriented toward the identification of high risk patients. Finally, we provide some recommendations for future classification of PVR and for designing comparable protocols for testing new drugs or techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Carlos Pastor
- Retina Group, IOBA (Eye Institute), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Jimena Rojas
- Retina Group, IOBA (Eye Institute), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario Austral, Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Salvador Pastor-Idoate
- Retina Group, IOBA (Eye Institute), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester Vision Regeneration (MVR) Lab at NIHR/Wellcome Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Salvatore Di Lauro
- Retina Group, IOBA (Eye Institute), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia
- Retina Group, IOBA (Eye Institute), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Santiago Delgado-Tirado
- Retina Group, IOBA (Eye Institute), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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31
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Esteban-Martínez L, Boya P. Autophagic flux determination in vivo and ex vivo. Methods 2015; 75:79-86. [PMID: 25644445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly dynamic process that mediates the degradation of cellular constituents inside lysosomes. It is characterized by the formation of autophagosomes, double membrane organelles that engulf cytosolic components and organelles and degrade their contents upon fusion with lysosomes. Upregulation of autophagy in response to specific stimuli can be determined by evaluating autophagic flux. This is achieved by comparing the number of autophagosomes in the absence and presence of lysosomal inhibitors. While the determination of autophagic flux in isolated cells is well-documented, few studies have described its determination in tissues or in vivo. Here, we describe the evaluation of autophagic flux both in vivo and ex vivo in several tissues, after treatment with lysosomal inhibitors and exposure to classical autophagy-inducing stimuli. This method uses LC3 lipidation, as determined by Western blot, fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Our findings demonstrate that autophagic flux can be evaluated in vivo and ex vivo in several tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Esteban-Martínez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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32
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Lysosomal membrane permeabilization and autophagy blockade contribute to photoreceptor cell death in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:476-87. [PMID: 25501597 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa is a group of hereditary retinal dystrophies that normally result in photoreceptor cell death and vision loss both in animal models and in affected patients. The rd10 mouse, which carries a missense mutation in the Pde6b gene, has been used to characterize the underlying pathophysiology and develop therapies for this devastating and incurable disease. Here we show that increased photoreceptor cell death in the rd10 mouse retina is associated with calcium overload and calpain activation, both of which are observed before the appearance of signs of cell degeneration. These changes are accompanied by an increase in the activity of the lysosomal protease cathepsin B in the cytoplasm of photoreceptor cells, and a reduced colocalization of cathepsin B with lysosomal markers, suggesting that lysosomal membrane permeabilization occurs before the peak of cell death. Moreover, expression of the autophagosomal marker LC3-II (lipidated form of LC3) is reduced and autophagy flux is blocked in rd10 retinas before the onset of photoreceptor cell death. Interestingly, we found that cell death is increased by the induction of autophagy with rapamycin and inhibited by calpain and cathepsin inhibitors, both ex vivo and in vivo. Taken together, these data suggest that calpain-mediated lysosomal membrane permeabilization underlies the lysosomal dysfunction and downregulation of autophagy associated with photoreceptor cell death.
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Li HY, Ruan YW, Ren CR, Cui Q, So KF. Mechanisms of secondary degeneration after partial optic nerve transection. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:565-74. [PMID: 25206855 PMCID: PMC4146235 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.130093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary degeneration occurs commonly in the central nervous system after traumatic injuries and following acute and chronic diseases, including glaucoma. A constellation of mechanisms have been shown to be associated with secondary degeneration including apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, derangements in ionic homeostasis and calcium influx. Glial cells, such as microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, have also been demonstrated to take part in the process of secondary injury. Partial optic nerve transection is a useful model which was established about 13 years ago. The merit of this model compared with other optic nerve injury models used for glaucoma study, including complete optic nerve transection model and optic nerve crush model, is the possibility to separate primary degeneration from secondary degeneration in location. Therefore, it provides a good tool for the study of secondary degeneration. This review will focus on the research progress of the mechanisms of secondary degeneration using partial optic nerve transection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ying Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China ; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yi-Wen Ruan
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China ; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chao-Ran Ren
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China ; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qi Cui
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China ; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Department of Ophthalmology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China ; GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China ; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China ; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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34
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Cuenca N, Fernández-Sánchez L, Campello L, Maneu V, De la Villa P, Lax P, Pinilla I. Cellular responses following retinal injuries and therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 43:17-75. [PMID: 25038518 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Retinal neurodegenerative diseases like age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and retinitis pigmentosa each have a different etiology and pathogenesis. However, at the cellular and molecular level, the response to retinal injury is similar in all of them, and results in morphological and functional impairment of retinal cells. This retinal degeneration may be triggered by gene defects, increased intraocular pressure, high levels of blood glucose, other types of stress or aging, but they all frequently induce a set of cell signals that lead to well-established and similar morphological and functional changes, including controlled cell death and retinal remodeling. Interestingly, an inflammatory response, oxidative stress and activation of apoptotic pathways are common features in all these diseases. Furthermore, it is important to note the relevant role of glial cells, including astrocytes, Müller cells and microglia, because their response to injury is decisive for maintaining the health of the retina or its degeneration. Several therapeutic approaches have been developed to preserve retinal function or restore eyesight in pathological conditions. In this context, neuroprotective compounds, gene therapy, cell transplantation or artificial devices should be applied at the appropriate stage of retinal degeneration to obtain successful results. This review provides an overview of the common and distinctive features of retinal neurodegenerative diseases, including the molecular, anatomical and functional changes caused by the cellular response to damage, in order to establish appropriate treatments for these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Cuenca
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain; Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies "Ramon Margalef", University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Laura Fernández-Sánchez
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Laura Campello
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Victoria Maneu
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pedro De la Villa
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Pedro Lax
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Isabel Pinilla
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lozano Blesa University Hospital, Aragon Institute of Health Sciences, Zaragoza, Spain
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35
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Matsumoto H, Kataoka K, Tsoka P, Connor KM, Miller JW, Vavvas DG. Strain difference in photoreceptor cell death after retinal detachment in mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:4165-74. [PMID: 24854853 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the potential for mouse genetic background to effect photoreceptor cell death in response to experimental retinal detachment (RD). METHODS Retinal detachment was induced in three inbred mouse strains (C57BL/6, BALB/c, and B6129SF2) by subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate. A time course of photoreceptor cell death was assessed by TUNEL assay. Total photoreceptor cell death was analyzed through comparing the outer nuclear layer (ONL)/inner nuclear layer (INL) ratio 7 days post RD. Western blot analysis or quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) were performed to assess cell death signaling, expression of endogenous neurotrophin, and levels of apoptosis inhibitors 24 hours after RD. Inflammatory cytokine secretion and inflammatory cell infiltration were quantified by ELISA and immunostaining, respectively. RESULTS The peak of photoreceptor cell death after RD was at 24 hours in all strains. Photoreceptor cell death as well as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and interleukin 6 secretion at 24 hours after RD was the highest in BALB/c, followed in order of magnitude by C57BL/6 and B6129SF2. Conversely, nerve growth factor expression and ONL/INL ratio were the lowest in BALB/c. Apoptosis signaling was higher in C57BL/6, whereas necroptosis signaling was higher in C57BL/6 and BALB/c. Autophagic signaling was higher in BALB/c. X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) and survivin protein levels were lower in C57BL/6 and BALB/c, respectively. Macrophage/microglia infiltration was higher in C57BL/6 and BALB/c at 24 hours after RD. CONCLUSIONS Photoreceptor cell death after RD was significantly different among the three strains, suggesting the presence of genetic factors that affect photoreceptor cell death after RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Matsumoto
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Keiko Kataoka
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Pavlina Tsoka
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Kip M Connor
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Joan W Miller
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Demetrios G Vavvas
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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